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Chapter 12Chapter 12
Psychological Disorders
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The medical model takes a “disease” view, while
psychology sees psychological disorder as an
interaction of biological, cognitive, social, and
behavioral factors
What is PsychologicalWhat is PsychologicalDisorder?Disorder?
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What is PsychologicalWhat is PsychologicalDisorder?Disorder?
Psychopathology –Any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts inappropriate to the situation and leading to personal distress or the inability to achieve important goals
Synonymous terms include:Mental illness
Mental disorder
Psychological disorder
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What is PsychologicalWhat is PsychologicalDisorder?Disorder?
Three classic signs suggest severe psychological disorder • Hallucinations• Delusions• Severe affective disturbances
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Changing Concepts ofChanging Concepts ofPsychological Disorder:Psychological Disorder:
The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
Behavioral perspective – Abnormal behaviors can be acquired through behavioral learning – operant and classical conditioning
Cognitive perspective – Abnormal behaviors are influenced by mental processes – how people perceive themselves and their relations with others
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The Biopsychology of Mental DisorderThe Biopsychology of Mental Disorder
Although most psychologists have reservations about the medical model, the do not deny the influence of biology on thought and behavior
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Distress Maladaptiveness
Irrationality Unpredictability
Unconventionality and undesirable
behavior
Indicators of AbnormalityIndicators of Abnormality
Other signs of a disorder are more subtle, and a diagnosis depends heavily on clinical judgment
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How are PsychologicalHow are PsychologicalDisorders Classified?Disorders Classified?
The most widely used system, found in the DSM-IV, classifies disorders by
their mental and behavioral symptoms
DSM IVDSM IV
Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the big book of disorders.
DSM will classify disorders and describe the symptoms.
DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible cures.
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Overview of DSM-IV Overview of DSM-IV Classification SystemClassification System
DSM-IV –Fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the most widely accepted classification system in the United StatesNeurotic disorder or neurosisPsychotic disorder or psychosis
In multiaxial diagnosis, professionals look at the entire person, not just their “abnormal” behavior
Two Major Classifications in the DSMTwo Major Classifications in the DSM
Neurotic Disorders
Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally.
Psychotic Disorders
Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions.
John Wayne Gacy
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Mood DisordersMood Disorders
Major depression – Form of depression that does not alternate with maniaSeasonal affective disorder (SAD) –
Believed to be caused by deprivation of sunlight
Bipolar disorder – Mental abnormality involving swings of mood from mania to depression
Major DepressionMajor Depression
A.K.A. unipolar depression
Unhappy for at least two weeks with no apparent cause.
Depression is the common cold of psychological disorders.
Seasonal Affective DisorderSeasonal Affective Disorder
Experience depression during the winter months.
Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight.
Treated with light therapy.
Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder
Formerly manic depression.
Involves periods of depression and manic episodes.
Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable).
Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode.
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder – Characterized by persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any external cause
Panic disorder – Marked by panic attacks that have no connection to events in a person’s present experience
Agoraphobia – Fear of public places/open spaces
Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety.
the patient fears something awful will happen to them.
They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Phobias– A group of anxiety disorders involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation
Preparedness hypothesis – Notion that we have an innate tendency, acquired through natural selection, to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors
Generalized Anxiety DisorderGeneralized Anxiety DisorderGADGAD
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia.
Panic DisorderPanic Disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.
Obsessive-compulsive disorderObsessive-compulsive disorder
Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action.
Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive hand washing.
PhobiasPhobias
A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread.
Must be an irrational fear.
Phobia List
Post-traumatic Stress DisorderPost-traumatic Stress Disordera.k.a. PTSDa.k.a. PTSD
Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event.
Memories of the event cause anxiety.
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Somatoform DisordersSomatoform Disorders
Somatoform disorders – Psychological problems appearing in the form of bodily symptoms or physical complaints
Conversion disorder – Somatoform disorder marked by paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but with no discernable physical cause
HypochondriasisHypochondriasis
Has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause.
They usually believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more severe illnesses.
Conversion DisorderConversion Disorder
Report the existence of severe physical problems with no biological reason.
Like blindness or paralysis.
Pol Pot
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Somatoform DisordersSomatoform Disorders
Glove Anesthesia
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Somatoform DisordersSomatoform Disorders
Hypochondriasis – Somatoform disorder involving excessive concern about health and disease
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Dissociative Dissociative amnesiaamnesia
DissociativeDissociativefuguefugue
Depersonalization Depersonalization disorderdisorder
Dissociative Dissociative identity disorderidentity disorder
Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
Dissociative disorders – Group of pathologies involving “fragmentation” of the personality
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A psychologically induced loss of memory for personal information
Dissociative Dissociative amnesiaamnesia
Dissociative fugue
Depersonalization disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
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Dissociative amnesia with the addition of “flight” from one’s home, family, and job
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative fugueDissociative fugue
Depersonalization disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
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Abnormality involving the sensation of mind and body having separated
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization Depersonalization disorderdisorder
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
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Condition in which the individual displays multiple identities
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization disorder
Dissociative Dissociative identity disorderidentity disorder
Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
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Eating DisordersEating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa – Eating disorder involving persistent loss of appetite that endangers an individual’s health – stemming from psychological reasons rather than organic causes
Bulimia – Eating disorder characterized be eating binges followed by “purges,” induced by vomiting or laxatives; typical initiated as a weight-control measure
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Schizophrenic DisordersSchizophrenic Disorders
Schizophrenia – Psychotic disorder involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions
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Major Types of SchizophreniaMajor Types of Schizophrenia
DisorganizedDisorganized
CatatonicCatatonic
ParanoidParanoid
UndifferentiatedUndifferentiated
ResidualResidual
PositivePositive
NegativeNegative
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DisorganizedDisorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Major Types of SchizophreniaMajor Types of Schizophrenia
Features incoherent speech, hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior
Residual Type
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Disorganized
CatatonicCatatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Major Types of SchizophreniaMajor Types of Schizophrenia
Involves stupor or extreme excitement
Residual Type
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Disorganized
Catatonic
ParanoidParanoid
Undifferentiated
Major Types of SchizophreniaMajor Types of Schizophrenia
Prominent feature: combination of delusions and hallucinationsResidual Type
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Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
UndifferentiatedUndifferentiated
Major Types of SchizophreniaMajor Types of Schizophrenia
Persons displaying a combination of symptoms that do not clearly fit in one of the other categories
Residual Type
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Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Major Types of SchizophreniaMajor Types of Schizophrenia
Individuals who have had a past episode of schizophrenia but are free of symptoms
Residual TypeResidual Type
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PositivePositiveSchizophreniaSchizophrenia
NegativeSchizophrenia
Major Types of SchizophreniaMajor Types of Schizophrenia
Any form in which the person displays active symptoms(e.g. delusions, hallucinations)
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PositiveSchizophrenia
NegativeNegativeSchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Major Types of SchizophreniaMajor Types of Schizophrenia
Any form distinguished by deficits, such as withdrawal and poverty of thought processes
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Possible Causes of SchizophreniaPossible Causes of Schizophrenia
Evidence for the causes of schizophrenia has been found in a variety of factors including genetics, abnormal brain structure, and biochemistry
Diathesis-stress hypothesis –Genetic factors place the individual at risk, but environmental stress factors transform this potential into an actual schizophrenic disorder
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Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders
Personality disorders – Conditions involving a chronic, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships, or impulse control
Narcissistic Personality DisorderNarcissistic Personality Disorder
Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance.
Thinking that you are the center of the universe.
Antisocial Personality DisorderAntisocial Personality Disorder
Lack of empathy.
Little regard for other’s feelings.
View the world as hostile and look out for themselves.
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Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders
Borderline personality disorder – An unstable personality given to impulsive behavior
Dependent Personality DisorderDependent Personality Disorder
Rely too much on the attention and help of others.
Histrionic Personality DisorderHistrionic Personality Disorder
Needs to be the center of attention.
Whether acting silly or dressing provocatively.
Obsessive –Compulsive Personality Obsessive –Compulsive Personality DisorderDisorder
Overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors.
Not as extreme as OCD anxiety.
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Adjustment Disorders and Other Adjustment Disorders and Other Conditions That May Be a Focus Conditions That May Be a Focus
of Clinical Attentionof Clinical Attention
Mild depressionMild depression
Physical Physical complaintscomplaints
Marital Marital problemsproblems
Academic Academic problemsproblems
Parent-child Parent-child problemsproblems
BereavementBereavement MalingeringMalingering
Job problemsJob problems
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Developmental DisordersDevelopmental Disorders
Autism – A developmental disorder marked by disabilities in language, social interaction, and the ability to understand another person’s state of mind
Dyslexia – A reading disability, thought by some experts to involve a brain disorder
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Developmental DisordersDevelopmental Disorders
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – A developmental disability involving short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in remaining inactive for any period
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ShynessShyness
Shyness, a distressing pattern of avoiding or withdrawing from social contact is treatable, but it is not a DSM-IV disorder
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Ideally, accurate diagnoses lead to proper treatments, but diagnoses may also become
labels that depersonalize individuals and ignore the
social and cultural contexts in which their problems arise
What are the ConsequencesWhat are the Consequencesof Labeling People?of Labeling People?
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The Plea of InsanityThe Plea of Insanity
Insanity –A legal term, not a psychological or psychiatric one, referring to a person who is unable, because of a mental disorder or defect, to conform his or her behavior to the law
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End of Chapter 12End of Chapter 12