ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
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Role of Local Community in Enhancement of Tourism
(With Reference to Jabalpur Region)
Mrs. Gunjan Shrivastav
ABSTRACT
Local people are the real carriers of culture and traditions. They are the only ones who know the
importance of their tourist places and its cultural heritag. They had learnt the historical or mythological stories
related to tourist places nearby from their forefathers. Therefore their support can be very useful for the development
of tourism at any place.
Successfully planning for tourism development requires the active support and involvement of the local
community. It is important to plan tourism so that it does not compromise their quality of life. The issues that can be
included are over-crowding their localities, undue changes in social values, increased demand that raises the price
of consumer commodities, and degradation of the natural environment.
Concept
According to UNESCO, “the aim is not only to preserve increasingly numerous items of cultural property
but also to safeguard complexes which go far beyond single large monuments or individual buildings. The idea of
the heritage has now been broadened to include both the human and the natural environment, both architectural
complexes and archaeological sites, not only the rural heritage and the countryside but also the urban, technical or
industrial heritage, industrial design and street furniture.
Furthermore the preservation of the toursim sites and cultural heritage now covers the non-physical cultural
heritage, which includes the sigh and symbols passed on by oral transmission, artistic and literary forms of
expression, languages, ways of life, myths, beliefs and rituals value systems and traditional knowledge and know-
how.
In Jabalpur region various monuments are not protected. They are being continuously damaged by people.
Even their stones, doors, decorative motifs and sculpture are taken out and sold. Here the contribution of local
population is needed, to extend their help to local bodies, and voluntary agencies in the protection of historical
heritage.
Participation of local People in the Conservation of Heritage
The most important aspect of conservation is the participation of local people. Local participation is‘the
ability of local communities to influence the outcome of development projects that have an impact on them.
Educational efforts should be made with the help of press to build public awareness.
The participation of local people can be increased by organizing workshops and meetings. All research and
information collected from the local people can be synthesized. The skills of youth can be gained by involving them
in the conservation. The ecotourism project team together with the community could develop an action plan for
implementing solutions to identified problems. Participation therefore plays a key role in the initiative, as it
empowers people to play a role in the decision making process, where in many cases it is only those who are
politically connected or affluent who are involved in the control and management of the enterprise. Development
initiatives have better results if being implemented according to the suggestions of local people. Tourism policies
should no longer concentrate on economic and technical necessities alone, but rather emphasise the demand for an
unspoiled environment and consideration of the needs of the local people. This softer approach places the natural
and cultural resources at the forefront of planning and development, instead of as an afterthought.”2
Therefore it
becomes more important to adopt Alternative Tourism.
Alternative Tourism is a term that encompasses various applications, (appropriate, eco-friendly, soft,
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
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responsible, controlled and people to people tourism). This responsible tourism saves displacing local people from
traditional life-style and original culture. This more sensitive approach to tourism development strives to satisfy the
needs of local people and tourists and the host country in a complementary way.
Presently, Mass tourism is not preferred for the fact that it dominates tourism of a region, its environment
and its people. Thus, Alternative tourism is form of tourism that advocates an approach opposite to mass tourism.
Advantages of Alternative Tourism
Families will acquire managerial skills.
Alternative Tourism will generate direct revenue for community members, thus benefitting the local
community.
Alternative Tourism will also help to preserve local traditions.
Alternative Tourism is ideal for travelers who prefer close contacts with local people.
Alternative Tourism will promote intercultural understanding.
Local people are the first to recognize the benefits of conserving their natural-resources-base, much more so
than large developers who don’t live in the area. Therefore, it is important that the local people should be involved.
uch involvement can take the form of community representatives who speak for various elements of the population3
Education plays a key role and local people should be allowed to develop their own educational
programmes for tourists. This will inspire them to shape and design tourism according to their needs and desire. It
should be seen that tourists must abide by the structured guidelines developed by local people.
Local people should be given responsibility by involving them in preparing management plans, which is
also important from the point of view of both the community development and development of the country.
Planning is for the benefit of the people, and they should be involved in the planning and development of
tourism in their areas. Tourism development should be aimed at to protect natural and socio-cultural resources and
improve the welfare of local people, while enhancing monetary gains and market access.4
Linking Communities,
tourism and conservation, through this involvement, tourism development will reflect a consensus of what the
people want. Also, if residents are involved in planning and development decisions and if they understand the
benefits the tourism can bring –they will more likely support it.5
An important aspect of sustainable development is emphasizing community based tourism. This approach
to tourism focuses on community involvement in the planning and development process, and developing the types of
tourism, which generate benefits to local communities. It applies techniques to ensure that most of the tourism goes
to local residents and not to the outsiders.6 Maximizing benefits to local residents typically results in tourism growth
and their active participation in the conservation of local tourism resources.
The benefits accruing to local communities are also beneficial to the country, through the income and
foreign exchange earned, employment generated and the support that local communities give to national tourism
development and conservation policies is beneficial to the country.7
The Contribution of Local People in the Conservation of Heritage in Jabalpur Region
The credit of development of cultural heritage of Jabalpur in earlier periods goes to Raja Gokul Das and
Beohar Raghubir Singh. Raja Gokul Das loaned money to the Jabalpur Municipality in 1881 for the construction of
Khandari water works to solve the problem of lack of water.8
Rajman Rajeshri Beohar Raghubeer Singh was the last jagirdar of Jabalpur to whose ancestors the estates
were granted by descendents of Rani Durgavati or acts of nationalism, patriotism, and bravery in the battlefield. In
the memory of Beohar Raghubeer Singh ‘Beohar Bagh’ is named.
The era of literary activities had begun with Pt. Makhanlal Chaturvedi and Shri Madhav Rao Sapre. Seth
Govind Das, grandson of Raja Gokul Das created enthusiasm in the youth for literary activities by opening
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
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Rashtriya Hindi Mandir and Sharda Bhavan Pustakalaya in 1915.
Pt. Dwarka Prasad Mishra was the president of Jabalpur Municipal Committee from 1932-36. After
independence he became home minister. As a journalist he successfully edited ‘Lokmat’. He was Minister of
Education in 1955.He was Vice Chancellor of Sagar University from 1956-62 and became the Chief Minister of
M.P. in 1963.
Among the literary personalities were Pt. Kunjilal Dubey, who later became the speaker of M.P. Assembly,
and the Finance Minister, Beohar Rajendra Singh a prolific writer, Pt. Matadeen Shukla, at one time editor of
‘Madhuri’, Pt. Kamta Prasad Guru and Shri Harishankar Parsai, progressive writer of satire.
Pt. Lajjashankar Jha was bestowed the title of D. Litt., by the Jabalpur University in 1964. He was also
awarded with Sahitya Vachaspati in 1968 by Hindi Sahitya Sammelan. The same year Jabalpur Corporation
honoured him.
Shri Bhawani Prasad Tiwari was a poet, writer and seven times Mayor of Jabalpur Corporation. He was
honoured with the title of Padmashri and translated Gitanjali of Rabindra Nath Tagore in Hindi.
Dr. M.C. Choubey, an A.M.S., Medical Practitioner of Jabalpur had given great contribution in
conservation of culture of Jabalpur in the form of literature. The important works are ‘Jabalpur: The Past Revisited’
and ‘Tripuri’. The illustrations of Shri Vishnu Agnihotri, made the works immensely admirable.
Shri Ram Manohar Sinha is highly appreciated in painting. He was student of Nandlal Bose of Shanti
Niketan. He illustrated the original manuscript of the constitution of India. Shri Vishnu Agnihotri, Shri Kamta Sagar
and Shri Amritlal Vegad are also reputed artists.
Shri Amritlal Vegad did his studies from Shanti Niketan and was trined under able teachers like Nandlal
Bose. He joined as teacher at Institute of Fine Arts in Jabalpur. He was awarded with Sahitya Akedemi Award in
2004 for his travelogue- ‘Saundarya ki Nadi Narmada’14
He was also awarded Madhya Pradesh Rajya Sahitya
Award for his various works. He is also a recipient of the Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan award in Hindi.15
Vegad
has accomplished the entire Narmada Parikrama (literally , circumambulation, walking along the entire river bank)
commencing from his city Jabalpur right up till Bharuch in Gujarat and back, finally completing his parikrama by
1999.16
His other two travelogues are “Amritasya Narmada”, and “Teere Teere Narmada”.
Among the few great man of Jabalpur Region, there is always mention of Rajneesh (Osho). He has marked
his times with his thoughts and vision. He taught in Jabalpur University for 9 years. His global intellectual impact
can be seen by the number of disciples.
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi developed the Transcendental Meditation technique and was the leader and guru
of a worldwide organization. He had trained nearly 40,000 TM teachers and taught the Transcendental Meditation
technique to more than five million people and founded thousands of teaching centre and hundreds of colleges,
Universities and schools.
Shri Premnath, Arjun Rampal, Ashutosh Rana and Raghubeer Yadav are well known for their
performances in cinema. Rajnikant Trivedi, Kulkarni Bandhu and K.K. Naikar are famous in the field of comedy.
Jadugar Anand, as magician achieved success internationally. Smt. Sushila Bai Pohankar, Shri Ajay Pohankar and
Adesh Shrivastava earned great fame in the field of music. In the field of photography Shashin and Rajnikant Yadav
are acknowledged.
Local artists such as painters and sculptors had also contributed in the promotion of heritage. Numerous
committees welcome the tourists and local public wholeheartedly in their well decorated pandals during Durga
Pooja and Ganesh Utsav festivals. These members work hard 2-3 months prior to the festivals to decorate the pandal
in an innovative and unique style each year. This healthy competition develops the spirit of better performance the
next year. These committees also held Chal Samaroh (Grand procession of idols) in festive manner but peacefully.
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
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Conclusion :Thus we can say that contribution of local people works in two ways in the conservation of heritage.
They are the one who had preserved traditional art, craft, and cultural heritage. Secondly, they can be involved in the
planning and management of tourism. Also local people become the main pillars, offering to tourists in a sustainable
form, local products in which they have pride as things representing their locality, so developing and sharing
emotions and happiness between tourists and themselves (local residents) making at the same time a contribution to
the development of tourism of the local area concerned.
REFERENCES :
1. Agrawal Prateek, Aspects of Cross Cultural Interaction and Tourism, Mohit publications, New Delhi, 2005
2. Badan B.S.& Harish Bhatt, Tourism planning and development, Commonwealth publishers, New Delhi, 2007
3. Choubey M.C, Jabalpur, The Past Revisited, INTACH, 1993
4. Competition Science Vision, February, 2005
5. Gaur Mahendra, Indian Affairs Annual, Volume 2, 2007
6. Gutirrez Eileen, Kristin Lamoureux, Seleni Metus, The George Washington University, New York, 2005
7. River of life and learning-Chat from Amrit lal Vegad by Parul Sharma Singh-The Hindu, 25 February 2011
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
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usr`Ro dk leLr ekuoh; fØ;kvksa esa egRo gS ijUrq iztkrkfU=d O;oLFkk esa eq[;r% fuEu Lrjksa ij bldk egRo
cgqr vf/kd gSA usr`Ro ,d lkekftd fØ;k gS blfy, lkekftd foKkuksa & fo’ks"k :i ls lekt'kkL= vkSj jktuhfr
foKku ds Nk=kas dks bldk v/;;u djus esa fo’ks"k :fp jgh gSA blds lkFk gh lkekftd vkfFkZd ifjorZu dh izfØ;k Hkh
mfpr usr`Ro ds izfreku ds dkj.k ls eUn ;k rhoz xfr ls pyrh gS vkSj usrRo ,d izkphu dyk gS ftldk lH;rk dh
fujUrjrk esa vkSj mls vkxs c<kus esa fo’ks"k egRo jgrk gSA blds lkFk gh uxjh; lektksa dh c<+rh tfVyrkvksa dks ns[krs
gq, turk dks laxfBr djus dh vfr vko’;drk gS ftlls O;fDr vkSj lewg feydj usr`Ro iznku dj ldsaA
vr% usr`Ro ,d lkekftd rF; gS vkSj usr`Ro dks ,d rqyukRed /kkj.kk dgk tk ldrk gS ftldk vfHkizk; gS
fd ftl O;fDr esa usr`Ro ds xq.k ik;s tkrs gSa mlesa vuqlj.k djus ds Hkh xq.k vo’; jgrs gSa ijUrq tc O;fDr dh
vuqlj.k djus dh izofRr dh rqyuk esa O;fDr dh vkns’kiw.kZ izofRr vf/kd izHkkoh ;k fodflr gksus yxrh gS vkSj
vf/kdrj turk LoHkkoo’k bls Lohdkj djus yxrh gS rHkh og O;fDr lewg esa usrk ds in dks vftZr dj ysus esa leFkZ
gks tkrk gSA
usr`Ro dks le>kus ds fy, cgqr ls fo}kuksa us bldh ifjHkk"kk,a nh gSa] ijUrq lHkh fo}ku fdlh ,d ifjHkk"kk ij
lger ugh gSa vr% usr`Ro ds ckjs esa le;≤ ij fo}kuksa }kjk nh x;h ifjHkk"kkvksa esa ls dqN dk v/;;u fuEu izdkj
ls fd;k tk ldrk gS & fyaMesu us usrk dks ,d ,slk O;fDr dgk gS] ftlds fu.kZ;ksa] Hkkoukvksa vkSj ;qfDr;ksa dks lewg
}kjk fo’okl vkSj dk;Z ds vk/kkj ds :i esa viuk;k tkrk gSa vr% muds vuqlkj % "A Leader is an individual whose
rationalizations, judgements and feelings are accepted by the group as bases of belief and action.”
blh izdkj ds fopkjksa dks vksMosZ VhM us O;Dr djrs gq, dgk gS fd usrRo O;fDr;ksa dk ,d lkekU; y{; dh
izkfIr djus dk ,d iz;kl gSA
muds vuqlkj "Leadership is the activity of influencing people to co-operate to some goal which they come
to find desirable.” cksxkMZl us Hkh usrRo ds ckjs esa vius fopkj izdV djrs gq, dgk gS fd usrk ,d ,slk O;fDr gksrk gS
ftldk turk ij fo’ks"k izHkko gksrk gSA muds vuqlkj "A Leader is a person who exerts special influence over a
number of people. Everyone exercises special influence over at least a few other persons, but we cannot say that
such activity is leadership. there must be both special influence and number of people involved.”
cukZMZ us Hkh usr`Ro ij fopkj djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd usrRo O;ogkj ds ml xq.k dks izdV djrk gS ftlds }kjk
lg;ksx vftZr djus ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA
"Any person who is more than ordinarily efficient in carrying psychological stiMuli to other and is thus
effective in conditioning collective responses may be called a leader.”
fiQuj ,oa isLFkl us usr`Ro dh la{ksi esa ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq;s O;Dr fd;k gS fd %& usrRo okafNr y{;ksa dh izkfIr
ds fy;s O;fDr;ksa ds ,d lewg dks izsfjr ,oa lefUor djus dh fØ;k gSA
blh çdkj lsdyu ,oa gMlu us Hkh usr`Ro ds ckjs esa O;Dr djrs gq;s dgk gS fd% ßfdlh lewg ds mn~ns’;ksa dks
vftZr djus ds fy;s O;fDr;ksa dks lk>s iz;Ru djus ds fy, izsfjr djuk gh usr`Ro gSA
vr% la{ksi esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd usr`Ro ,d O;ogkj gS tks vuq;kf;vksa ds O;ogkj dh rqyuk esa vf/kd
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
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izHkko’kkyh gksrk gSa tks vuq;kf;vksa dks mn~ns’; vftZr djus esa lgk;rk iznRr djrk gS vkSj mUgsa lUrq"V Hkh djrk gSa vr%
usr`Ro ,d ,slk O;ogkj gS ftlds ek/;e ls vuq;kf;vksa dks funsZf'kr] fu;fU=r vkSj izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA
usr`Ro dks usrk vkSj vuq;kf;vksa ds lUnHkZ esa gh le>uk mi;qDr jgrk gSA usr`Ro ds usrk vkSj vuq;k;h gh nks
eq[; vax gksrs gSa] usr`Ro ds vUrxZr usrk ds vuq;kf;vksa esa usrk ds izfr vikj HkfDr ;k leiZ.k dh Hkkouk jgrh gS D;ksafd
dksbZ usrk 'kfDr ds cy ij ;k Hk; mRiUu djds ;k Mjk /kedk dj vf/kd fnuksa rd vius vuq;kf;;ksa dh ln~Hkkouk vkSj
lg;ksx dh Hkkouk ij vk/kkfjr ugha jg ldrkA ;fn dksbZ usrk lQy usr`Ro dh bPNk j[krk gS rks mlds fy;s ;g
vfuok;Z gks tkrk gS fd og vius vuq;kf;vksa ds fopkjksa] Hkkoukvksa] laosxksa] fØ;kvksa] izfrfØ;kvksa ds vuqlkj gh viuk
O;ogkj LFkkfir djs vkSj muds vuqlkj gh leLr dk;Z lEiUu djsA
vr% usr`Ro ls vfHkizk; gS fd tc O;fDr ,d fof'k"V jktuhfrd okrkoj.k esa ,d fof'k"V fLFkfr dks vftZr dj
ysrk gS rks og vius xq.kksa ;k {kerkvksa ds }kjk nwljs O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkjksa dks izHkkfor djus yx tkrk gS rks bls gh
usr`Ro dh fLFkfr dgrs gSa ijUrq ;g /;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd usrk dk vius vuq;kf;;ksa ij dsoy ek= ,d rjQk gh
izHkko ugh jgrk gS vfirq usrk ds vuq;k;h Hkh vius O;ogkj ls usrk ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrs jgrs gSa ijUrq usrk esa
nwljksa ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djus dh vR;f/kd {kerk ik;h tkrh gSA blh dkj.k ls usrk vius vuq;kf;;ksa ds O;ogkj
dks vf/kd izHkkfor djus esa leFkZ jgrk gSA blds lkFk gh lkFk ;g Hkh ns[kuk vfuok;Z gks tkrk gS fd vuq;kf;;ksa ;k
nwljksa ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor dj ysuk gh usr`Ro ugh dgk tk ldrk gS vfirq O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkjksa ;k vuq;kf;;ksa ds
O;ogkjksa dks ,d fuf’pr ;k bPNkuqlkj fn’kk esa ifjofrZr djus dk uke gh usrRo gSA ;gka ij ;g Hkh ns[kus dh
vko’;drk gS fd dHkh&dHkh Hkzeo’k usr`Ro vkSj izHkqRo dks ,d gh eku fy;k tkrk gSA usrRo dh /kkj.kk dks le>us esa
;g /;ku j[kus dh ckr gS fd usr`Ro vkSj izHkqRo nks fHkUu&fHkUu /kkj.kk,a gSaA
izHkqRo esa 'kfDr ;k lRrk dk rRo vfuok;Z :i ls tqM+k gksrk gSA izHkqRo }kjk O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkjksa esa tks ifjorZu
djuk gksrk gS og dsoy ncko ds }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gS ijUrq usr`Ro O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkjksa esa tks Hkh ifjorZu ykrk gS og
bPNk }kjk ykrk gSA blds lkFk gh ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k gS fd usr`Ro dh lQyrk gsrq usrk vkSj mlds vuq;kf;;ksa esa
ikjLifjd lg;ksx] ?kfu"Vrk] R;kx vkSj leiZ.k dh Hkkouk dk gksuk vko’;d gS tcfd izHkqRo dks fcuk fdlh lg;ksx
vkSj ?kfu"Vrk ds Hkh ge cuk;s j[kus esa leFkZ gks ldrs gSa ;g Hkh ,d rF; gS fd usr`Ro esa izxfr’khy O;ogkj ij cy
fn;k tkrk gS tcfd izHkqRo esa :f<okfnrk gh vf/kd izHkkoh jgrh gSa bruk lc dqN gksrs gq, Hkh dqN fo}ku bl ckr ij
cy nsrs gSa fd usr`Ro dh foospuk izHkqRo ds :i esa gh dh tkuh pkfg, vkSj nksuksa dks vyx ugh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
la{ksi esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd usr`Ro esa fuEu ckrksa ij eq[; cy fn;k tkrk gS &
1- usr`Ro esa nks i{k jgrs gSa tSls & usrk vkSj vuq;k;hA blesa usrk vius vuq;kf;;ksa dh rqyuk esa vuq;kf;;ksa ds O;ogkjks
ls izHkkfor gksus dh vis{kk vius O;ogkj ls mUgsa gh vf/kd izHkkfor djrk gSA
2- usr`Ro ,d rjg ls fof'k"V O;ogkj gS ftlds vUrxZr leiZ.k] izHkqRo] vkxzg vkSj lq>ko dk feJ.k jgrk gSA
3- usr`Ro esa vuq;kf;;ksa ds O;ogkjksa dks ,d fuf’pr fn’kk iznku dh tkrh gS vFkkZr~ usr`Ro fu;ksftr gksrk gS vfu;ksftr
ughaA
4- usr`Ro ls lEcfU/kr izHkko ncko ls LoPNUn ugh jgrk gS vkSj bls lkekU;r% bPNk ls gh viuk;k tkrk gSA usr`Ro esa
ncko dsoy ek= usrk ds uSfrd izHkko dk gh gks ldrk gS] ftls O;fDr viuh bPNk ls xzg.k djrk gSA
5- usr`Ro dh ,d fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr gksrh gS vkSj ifjfLFkfr dk vFkZ {ks= ls gS vkSj O;fDr fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj ds O;fDr;ksa
ls izHkkfor jgrk gSA
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6- usr`Ro }kjk O;ogkjksa esa gksus okyk ifjorZu lk/kkj.kr;k mRrstuk }kjk izHkkfor jgrk gSA
lkekU;r% usr`Ro ls vfHkizk; ,d ,slh fLFkfr ls fy;k tkrk gS ftlesa O;fDr vU; leku xq.k/kehZ O;fDr;ksa ds
e/; iz/kkurk dks izkIr djds muls viuh bPNk ds vuqlkj dk;Z djkus es leFkZ gks tkrk gSaA blfy;s usr`Ro dk vfHkizk;
funsZf'kr djus ls fy;k tkrk gSA vr% usr`Ro ,d ,slh vUrfuZfgr O;fDrxr {kerk dk uke gS tks tUetkr vkSj
ekufldrk ls lEcfU/kr gS ftls foLr`r izf’k{k.k ds mijkUr vftZr fd;k tkrk gSA ,syu us bldh O;k[;k izcU/kdh;
{kerk vFkok O;fDrxr vkSj tUetkr xq.k ds :i esa dh gSA blds lkFk gh ;gka ij bl rF; dks Li"V djuk Hkh mfpr
izrhr gksrk gS fd usr`Ro vFkkZr fu;U=.k dh {kerk Hk; ds vk/kkj ij ugha pyrh gS cfYd ;g izkd`frd gksrh gSA lkekU;
y{;ksa dh izkfIr gsrq O;fDr;ksa dks le>k&cq>kdj lg;ksx vftZr djus dh 'kfDr ds :i esa gh bls viuk;k tkrk
gSAblfy, usrRo O;fDr;ksa dks izHkkfor djus dh 'kfDr ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;gka O;fDr viuh bPNk ls leFkZu nsus
ds fy;s rRij jgrs gSaA
vr% usr`Ro dks Li"V :i esa le>us ds fy;s dgk tk ldrk gS fd usr`Ro ds vUrxZr ifjfLFkfr;ka] leFkZd vkSj
usrk dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA blfy, usr`Ro ,d ,slh {kerk dk uke gS ftlds vUrxZr O;fDr vius xq.kksa ls vius leFkZdksa
dks lkekU; y{; vftZr djus gsrq izsj.kk nsrk gS vkSj bl y{; dks izkIr djus dk Hkh iz;kl djrk gSA vr% usrRo ls dbZ
xq.kksa dh tkudkjh dk vkHkkl feyrk gS tSls % nwjnf'kZrk] fu.kZ; dh {kerk] y{; fu/kkZfjr djus dh ;ksX;rk] tu lEidZ]
O;fDr esa psruk tkxzr djus dh {kerk vkSj nwljs yksxksa dks vkxs lkFk ysdj pyus dh {kerk vkfnA la{ksi esa usr`Ro rhu
ckrksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS %& tSls fu.kZ; dh {kerk] leFkZdksa dks ,df=r djus dh 'kfDr vkSj tulEidZ lk/kuksa dh izxk<+
bPNkA bUgsa vf/kd Li"V djus ds fy;s ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd fu.kZ; dh {kerk ,d lQy usr`Ro ds fy;s vR;f/kd
vifjgk;Z gSA blds cy ij gh ,d lQy usrk vius leFkZdksa rFkk laxBu dks fodkl ds iFk ij vkxs c<+k ldrk gS
vkSj dk;Z ds izfr bPNk tkxzr djus eas leFkZ gks ldrk gSA usrk ;fn mfpr le; ij mfpr fu.kZ; ugha ysrs gSa rks
leFkZdksa ;k laxBu dh dk;Z djus dh {kerk ij foijhr izHkko Hkh iM+ ldrk gSAvr% ;g ns[kus dh vfuok;Zrk gS fd
jk"Vªh;] vUrjkZ"Vªh;] ifjfLFkfr dh i"BHkwfe] tuleqnk; dh ekax o ekufldrk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, gh usrRo }kjk fu.kZ;
fy;s tk;saA tks usr`Ro ,slk djus esa leFkZ gks tkrk gS mlh dk izHkko jktuhfr ij LFkk;h :i eas gks tkrk gSA ykspiw.kZ
fu.kZ; lnSo gkfudkjd gh jgrs gSa ykHkdkjh ugha ijUrq le;kuqlkj mfpr fu.kZ; rks rHkh lEHko gks ldrs gSa tcfd usr`Ro
dyiuk’khy gksus ds lkFk&lkFk mttoy Hkfo"; ds izfr Li"V vkSj fodklksUeq[k ;kstuk;sa j[krk gksA ,slh n’kk esa gh
usr`Ro Hkkoh y{;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk iznku dj ldus esa leFkZ gks ldrk gSA
leFkZdksa dks laxfBr djus dh 'kfDr Hkh usrRo ds fy;s izeq[k vko’;drk gS ftlds }kjk gh izfrc) leFkZdksa ds
lewg dks rS;kj djus esa usrk leFkZ gks ldrs gSa ijUrq usr`Ro ds izfr izfrc)rk mlh le; vk ldrh gS tcfd usr`Ro
fuf’pr n'kZu vkSj ;kstuk ij vk/kkfjr gksA ;fn og O;fDr] leqnk; ;k laLFkku dks Li"V fn’kk cks/k iznku djus esa leFkZ
ugha g S rks izfrc) leFkZdksa dk leFkZu mls izkIr gksuk dfBu gS vkSj ,slh n’kk vkus ij og voljoknh O;fDr;ksa ls
izHkkfor gksdj laxBu ,oa O;oLFkk dks gkfu ig¡qpk ldrk gSA blfy, ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd usr`Ro ds fy, ,d
lqLi"V fopkj/kkjk] y{; ,oa ;kstuk ds vuqlkj gh fo’okl ik= vkSj izfrc) leFkZdksa dks rS;kj djus dh vfuok;Zrk Hkh
lnSo cuh jgrh gSA
tulEidZ vkSj tupsruk ds fodkl dh vfuok;Zrk Hkh usr`Ro ds fy;s lnSo gh cuh jgrh gS D;ksafd tu psruk
dks ubZ fn’kk ;k vk;ke iznku djus esa leFkZ usr`Ro ,d mPp dksfV dk usr`Ro dgk tkrk gSA tupsruk dk fodkl rHkh
gks ldrk gS tc usrRo vk/kqfudhdj.k ds izfr vkLFkkoku vkSj xfr’khy gks ,oa lekt dks cnyus dh 'kfDr mlds ikl
gks D;ksafd lk/kkj.k tu ifjorZu ykus ds izfr lnSo gh bPNk j[krk gSA ;g ns[kus esa vk;k gS fd ifjorZu vkSj
vk/kqfudrk ges’kk ?kfu"V :i esa lEcfU/kr gksrs gSaA bl n`f"Vdks.k ls izfrfØ;koknh ;k ijeijkoknh usr`Ro tuleFkZu
vftZr djus esa lQy ugh gks ikrk gSA ;g Hkh tkuus dh vko’;drk gS fd fodkl’khy usr`Ro O;kid tu lEidZ djus
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
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esa Hkh leFkZ jgrk gS D;ksafd ifjofrZr lekt dks le>usa dh 'kfDr mlh esa jgrh gS vkSj le; dh uCt dks igpkuus ;k
le>usa dh lkeF;Z Hkh og j[krk gSA fu"d"kZ :i esa ;gh dg ldrs gSa fd vPNs usr`Ro gsrq nwjnf'kZrk] fu.kZ; ysus dh
{kerk] dyiuk’khyrk] Hkfo"; ds fy, Li"V ;kstuk,a fufeZr djuk] tupsruk dks fodflr djus dh 'kfDr] O;kid tu
lEidZ vkSj fu"i{k fu.kZ; vfuok;Z rRo gks ldrs gSaA
Lindeman, E.C.: "Social Discovery,” New York, 1924
Tead, Ordway, : "The Art of Leadership”, New York, 1935
Bogardus, E.S.: "Leaders and Leadership”, New York, 193.
Bernard, L.L., : "IntroduCtion to Social Psychology”, New York, 1926
Piffner John. M. and Peasthus, Robert. V.: "Public Administration,” New York, The Ronald Press Company,
1960
Secklon, Hudson : "Organisation and Management,”
Robert Tannenbaem and Fred Massarik (eds.), "Leadership and Organisation : A Behavioural Science
Approach, : London, 1961
Koontz and O'Donell, Principal of Management, McGraw Hill, NewYork, 1955
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 9
Hkkjr esa Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn lu~ 1950 esa tutkrh; leqnk;ksa dh igpku dj 212 tutkrh; leqnk;ksa dh lwph rS;kj
dj vuqlwfpr tutkrh; vf/kfu;e 1950 dks ykxw fd;k x;kA bl lwph esa lHkh tutkrh; leqnk; vusd dkj.ko’k
’kkfey ugha fd;s tk ldsA Qyr% dkQh fojks/k ds ckn bls /;ku esa j[krs gq, ^^ fiNM+h tkfr vk;ksx** dk xBu fd;k
x;k ftlds vuqeksnu ls iwoZ esa cukbZ xbZ lwph la’kksf/kr dh x;hA blds lkFk gh ^^ jkT; iquxZBu dkuwu** ykxw fd;k
x;k ftlds rgr jkT; dh lwfp;ksa esa ifjorZu gqvkA ^^bu lwphc) tutkfr;ksa dks gh vuqlwfpr tutkfr dgk tkrk gSA**
vHkh Hkh cgqr ls tutkrh; leqnk; bl lwph esa ’kkfey ugha gks ik;s gSA
lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa us buds vfodflr :Ik dks /;ku esa j[kdj bUgsa fo’ks"k egRo nsrs gq,] fodkl gsrq lafo/kku
ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa vkSj /kkjkvksa esa buds fy, fo’ks"k lqfo/kkvksa dh O;oLFkk dhA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds r`rh; Hkkx& ekSfyd
vf/kdkj] prqFkZ Hkkx&jkT; dh uhfr funsZ’kd rRo] n’ke~ Hkkx& vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr {ks=] }kn’k Hkkx&laifRr
bR;kfn] lksygoka Hkkx&fof’k"V iz;kstu ds }kjk buds fodkl dks vfuok;Z ekuk gSA blds fy;s Hkkjr ljdkj us dkQh
ljkguh; iz;kl fd;s gSaA tutkrh; lykgdkj ifj"kn dh fu;qfDr dh xbZ gSA laiw.kZ Hkkjrh; tutkfr;ksa dh lgk;rk gsrq
lafo/kku ds 338 osa vuqPNsn esa jk"Vªifr }kjk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ,oa tkfr;ksa ds fy;s i`Fkd dfe’uj dh fu;qfDr dh
x;h bUgsa fo’ks"k vf/kdkjh dk ntkZ fn;k x;k gSA
Lora= Hkkjr dh izFke tux.kuk 1951 ds vuqlkj dqy tula[;k esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh tula[;k yxHkx
,d djksM+ baD;kuos yk[k FkhA lu~ 1956 esa jkT;ksa ds iquxZBu ds ckn Hkkjr dh vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh tula[;k
yxHkx nks djksM+ iPphl yk[k gks x;hA iqu% 1961 dh tux.kuk dh izLrqfr ij mudh la[;k yxHkx nks djksM+ fuU;kuos
yk[k x;hA lu~ 1971 dh tux.kuk izfrosnu dks ns[kus ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd mudh mRrjksRrj c<+ksRrjh gqbZ gSA blds
vuqlkj mudh tula[;k rhu djksM+ vLlh yk[k iUnzg gtkj cklB gks x;hA lu~ 1981 dh tux.kuk ds izFke izfrosnu
ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa tutkfr;ksa dh dqy vkcknh ¼vle dks NksM+dj½ ikap djksM+ lksyg mUurhl gtkj gks x;hA 1971 ls
1981 ds chp tutkrh; tula[;k esa o`f) yxHkx nks djksM+ dh gqbZA
1- vkU/kz izns’k 435-03 16-50 3-81
2- vle 149-58 19-20 12-48
3- fcgkj 563-53 49-33 8-76
4- xqtjkr 266-97 37-34 13-99
5- gfj;k.kk 100-37 & &
6- fgekpy izns’k 34-60 1-42 4-09
7- tEew vkSj d’ehj 46-11 & &
8- dsjy 213-41 2-69 1-26
9- e/;izns’k 116-54 83-87 20-14
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 10
10- egkjk"Vª 504-11 29-54 5-86
11- ef.kiqj 10-73 3-34 31-17
12- es?kky; 10-12 814 80-43
13- dukZVd 292-99 2-31 0-79
14- ukxkyS.M 5-16 4-58 88-61
15- mM+hlk 419-45 50-72 23-11
16- iatkc 135-51 & &
17- jktLFkku 257-66 31-26 12-13
18- rfeyukMq 411-99 3-12 0-76
19- f=iqjk 15-66 4-51 28-95
20- mRrj izns’k 883-42 1-99 0-22
21- Ikf’pe caxky 443-12 25-33 5-72
1- v.Meku&fudksckj }hi lewg 1-15 8-18 15-52
2- v:.kkpy izns’k 4-68 3-69 79-02
3- p.Mhx<+ 2-57 & &
4- nknjk vkSj uxj gosyh 0-74 0-64 66-89
5- fnYyh 40-66 & &
6- xksvk] neu vkSj }hi 8-58 0-08 0-93
7- y{k}hi 0-32 0-30 93-75
8- Ikkf.Mpsjh 4-72 & &
II iii
1- vkU/kz izns’k 3]176
2- fcgkj 5]811
3- xqtjkr 4]948
4- fgekpy izns’k 197
5- dukZVd 1]825
6- e/;izns’k 11]987
7- dsjy 261
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 11
8- egkjk"Vª 5]772
9- ef.kiqj 388
10- es?kky; 1]076
11- ukxkyS.M 651
12- mM+hlk 5]915
13- jktLFkku 4]183
14- flfDde 74
15- rfeyukMq 520
16- f=iqjk 584
17- mRrj izns’k 233
18- if’pe caxky 3]71
19- v.Meku&fudksckj }hi lewg 22
20- v:.kkpy izns’k 441
21- nknjk vkSj uxj gosyh 82
22- xksvk] neu vkSj }hi 11
23- y{k}hi 38
24 fetksje 462
dqy 51]629
Hkkjr esa tutkfr;ksa ds HkkSxksfyd forj.k dks /;ku esa j[kdj loZizFke ch-,l-xqgk ¼1951½ us bls rhu tutkfr;ksa
{ks=ksa esa foHkDr fd;k %&
lfEefyr {ks=ksa if’pe dh vksj f’keyk o ysg] iwoZ dh vksj ylkbZ ioZr vkSj fe’keh ekxZ]
bu {ks=ksa esa tutkfr leqnk; iwohZ d’ehj] iwohZ iatkc] fgekpy izns’k] mRrjh mRrj izns’k] vle o flfDde esa ik;s tkrs
gSaA bl {ks= dh eq[; tutkfr;ka jkaHkk] [kklh] vdk] MQyk] fejh] vikrkuh] ukxk] dqdh yqlkbZ ysipk] xkjks] xSyksax]
tkSulkjh] yjosjh] d.kZQwyh] Fkk:] xqTtj o ykEck gSA
bl {ks= ds varxZr fcgkj] caxky] nf{k.kh mRrj izns’k] e/;izns’k] nf{k.kh jktLFkku esa mRrjh eq.Mk]
mjkWo] gks] [kksaM] Hkwfet] yk/kk] dksjk] xksaM] cSxk] Hkhy ehuk nkej vkfn gSA
bl {ks= ds eq[; tutkrh; izns’k gSnjkckn] eSlwj] vkU/kzizns’k rfeyukMq vkSj dksphu gSA vusd
tutkfr;ka v.Meku&fudksckj }hi lewgksa esa fuokl djrh gSA bl {ks= dh izeq[k tutkfr;ka psUpq] b:yk] ifu;u]
dknkj] VksMk] dksVk rFkk iqy;u vkfn gSA
etwenkj ,oa enku us Hkh xqgk ds gh forj.k vk/kkj dks Lohdkj djrs gq, tutkfr;ksa dks rhu gh Hkkxksa esa forfjr fd;k
gSA
’;kekpj.k nqcs ¼1960½ us pkj {ks=h; foHkktu fd;s gS %&
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
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1- mRrj iwohZ {ks=
2- e/;orhZ {ks=
3- nf{k.kh {ks=
4- if’peh {ks=
blesa rhu rks xqgk ds gh leku gSa ij pkSFks ds varxZr e/;orhZ {ks= esa jktLFkku vkSj egkjk"Vª ,oa xqtjkr ds lâ;knzh ds
tutkfr;ksa dk if’peh {ks= ekuk x;k gSA
;ksxs’k vVy ¼1960½ us Hkh bls fuEufyf[kr pkj {ks=ksa esa ckaVk gSA
1- mRrjh ,oa mRrj iwohZ {ks=
2- if’pe ,oa mRrj & if’peh {ks=
3- e/;orhZ {ks=
4- nf{k.k {ks=
ch-ds-jk; oEeuZ us ¼1971½ us fofHkUu Hkkjrh; {ks=ksa esa jgus okys tutkrh; lewgksa ds ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd
laca/kksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, bUgsa fuEukafdr ikap Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k gS &
blds varxZr vle] es?kky;] ukxkySaM] ef.kiqj] v:.kkpy i zns’k] fetksje ,oa f=iqjk vkrs gSaA
blds varxZr mRrjh mRrj izns’k ds igkM+h {ks= ,oa fgekpy
izns’k vkrs gSaA
blesa if’pe caxky] fcgkj] mM+hlk] e/;izns’k rFkk vkU/kzizns’k dks ’kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
blds varxZr rfeyukMq] dsjy ,oa dukZVd j[ks x;s gSaA
;g jktLFkku] xqtjkr ,oa egkjk"Vª dks feykdj ekuk x;k {ks= gSA
Åij fn;s x;s oxhZdj.kksa dks iqu% laokjrs gq, yfyrk izlkn fo|kFkhZ us 1976 esa ,d u;k oxhZdj.k izLrqr
fd;kA blesa mUgksaus pkj iz/kku {ks= pqus ,oa }hi lewgksa dk ,d vyx {ks= ekukA fo|kFkhZ }kjk oxhZÑr {ks= fuEukafdr
gS&
blds varxZr mUgksaus rhu mi{ks= ekus gSaA ¼d½ mRrj iwohZ fgeky; {ks= ¼[k½ e/;orhZ fgeky; {ks=
¼x½ mRrj&if’peh fgeky; {ks=A mRrj iwohZ fgeky; {ks= ¼nkftZfyax½ v:.kkpy izns’k] ukxkySaM] ef.kiqj] fetksje ,oa
f=iqjk j[kk gSA e/;orhZ fgeky; {ks= esa mRrj izns’k ,oa fcgkj ds rjkbZ {ks=ksa dks ’kkfey fd;k x;k gSA mRrj if’peh
fgeky; {ks=] fgekpy izns’k] tEew ,oa d’ehj dks feykdj cuk;k x;k gSA bl {ks= dh tutkrh; tula[;k 12-33
izfr’kr gSA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 13
;g {ks= fcgkj] if’peh caxky mM+hlk rFkk e/;izns’k dk lfEefyr {ks= gSA bl {ks= esa
tutkfr;ksa dh lokZf/kd vkcknh 55-4 izfr’kr jgrh gSA
blesa jktLFkku] xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª] xksok] nknjk vkSj uxj goyh vkrs gSaA ;gka dh tutkfr;ksa
dh la[;k yxHkx ,d djksM+ gSA bl {ks= esa 26-1 izfr’kr tutkfr fuokl djrh gSA
blesa mUgksaus vkU/kzizns’k] rfeyukMq] dukZVd vkSj dsjy dks j[kk gSA bl {ks= esa 6-49 izfr’kr
tutkfr fuokl djrh gSA
bl u;s {ks= dks ,dne i`Fkd j[kuk fo|kFkhZ dk ljkguh; dne gS D;ksafd bl {ks= esa fuokl djus
okys tutkfr;ksa ds fo"k; esa vHkh Hkh tkudkjh ugha gSA ;Fkk & lksisu] tkjok] lsUVsusfye bR;kfnA bl {ks= esa vUMeku &
fudksckj }hi lewg ,oa y{k}hi dks j[kk x;k gSA
bl {ks= esa tutkfr;ksa dh vuqekfur la[;k 0-13 izfr’kr gSA
;gka ,d rkfydk ds ek/;e ls bu {ks=ksa esa ik;h tkus okyh izeq[k tutkfr;ksa ds uke fn;s tk jgs gSa &
1- fgekpy {ks= xn~nh] xqTtj] HkksV] fdUukSjk] Fkk:] dqdh] fetks] dpkjh] gekj] fcelk] ukxk
vkfnA vusd mitkfr;ka Hkh gS ;Fkk] f=iqjh] fj;ku] FkMkÅ vkfnA
2- e/; Hkkjrh; {ks= laFkky] eq.Mk] mjkWao] gks] Hkwfet] yks/kk] dks;k] [kks.M] xksaM] lksoj] xMck]
dekj] cSxk] HkwbZckWa] dksjdw] gYck vkfn
3- if’pe Hkkjrh; {ks= Ekhuk] Hkhy] MQyks] ?kkfV;k] xehr lg;knzh] dksuh] egknsoh] dksad.k vkfnA
4- nf{k.k Hkkjrh; {ks= xksaM] dks;k] v.Mh] Hks:dwyw] dks.Mk Mksjk] b:yk] ekyk] dqjkoku] uSdkMk]
;jkok] iqfy;u] ifu;u] dknj vkfnA
5- }hi lewg {ks= v.Mekuh] vksaxs] tjkok] ’kWkEisu] lsUVsusyl vkfnA
Hkkjr dh tutkfr;ksa dk iztkrh; rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij v/;;u djus ds ckn fofHkUu] fo}kuksa ;Fkk &
ch-,u-xqgk ¼1935½ ,oa Mh-,u- etwenkj ¼1944½] gcZV gksi fjtys ¼1991½ us bUgsa oxhZÑr fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa
jgus okys iztkfr;ksa ds oLrqr% dksbZ izR;{k izek.k miyC/k ugha FksaA vr% izek.kksa ds vHkko esa iztkrh; rRoksa dh ppkZ ds
laca/k esa enku ,oa etwenkj dk dFku fd ^^Hkkjrh; iztkrh; bfrgkl laca/kh lHkh ,sfrgkfld fufeZfr;ksa dks
vVdy&ckft;ksa ij vk/kkfjr djuk iM+rk gS]** iw.kZr% lR; gSA oSls orZeku le; esa iztkrh; vo/kkj.kkvksa dh ppkZ djus
dh ijaijk dk vUr gks pqdk gSA
u`’Rofefr ds vk/kkj ij fjtys us loZizFke Hkkjrh; iztkfr;ksa dk oxhZdj.k djrs gq, bls lkr iztkfr izdkjksa esa foHkkftr
fd;k gSA os gS &
1- rqdZ& bZjkuh
2- b.Mks& vk;Z
3- lkbFkks& nzfoM+
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 14
4- vk;Z & nzfoM+
5- eaxksy& nzfoM+
6- eaxksy
7- nzfoM+
bu lkrksa izdkjksa dks rhu ewy izdkjksa ;Fkk & eaxksy] nzfoM+ vkSj baMks & vk;Z dk foLrkj ekuk tk ldrk gSaA
Hkkjrh; tutkfr;ksa dh iztkfr dk laca/k nzfoM+ ,oa eaxksy ds lkFk ekuk tkrk gSaA ;gka mijksDr lkrksa iztkfr;ksa ds laca/k
esa laf{kIr fooj.k nsuk mi;qDr gksxkA
bl iztkfr esa fjtys us mRrj if’peh lhek izkUr ds vQxku vkSj cywfpLrku ds cyksp vkSj czkgqbZ
yksxksa dks j[kk gSA ;s yksx rqdhZ vkSj bZjkuh rRoksa ds lfEeJ.k dk izfrQy gSA budk vkSlr ls Åapk dn] xksjk jax] dkyh
;k Hkwjh vka[ks] pkSM+k flj] yach ukd vkSj vf/kd cky;qDr flj gksrk gSA
bl iztkfr ds yksx iatkc] jktLFkku vkSj d’ehj esa ik;s tkrs gSaA budk dn Åapk] jax xksjk] vk¡[ks
dkyh] psgjs ij ?kus cky] yEck flj] iryh ukd gksrh gSA
e/;izns’k] xqtjkr vkSj dqxZ ds igkM+h {ks=ksa esa bl iztkfr ds yksx ik;s tkrs gSaA blds eq[;
izfrfuf/k egkjk"Vª ds ejkBk czkEg.k dqxZoklh dqxZ vkSj xqtjkr ds uxj czkEg.k gSaA bl iztkfr dk fuekZ.k] lk;fFk;u ,oa
nzfoM+ rRoksa ls ekuk x;k gSA budk flj pkSM+k] de nk<+h&ew¡Ns] e/;e dn] lqUnj ukd ¼vf/kd yEch ugha½ rFkk jax xksjk
gksrk gSA
blesa iatkc dh iwohZ lhek] mRrjizns’k] jktLFkku] vkSj fcgkj ds dqN Hkkxksa esa ik;s tkus okys lewg gSaA
budk flj yEck] dn e/;e] gYdk Hkwjk ;k dkyk jax rFkk ukd b.Mks&vk;Z ls FkksM+h pkSM+h gksrh gSA budk dn Hkh muls
de gksrk gSA
caxky vkSj mM+hlk esa ik;s tkus okys dqN ekuo lewg bl iztkfr ds vUrxZr j[ks x;s gSA bls eaxksy
vkSj nzfoM+ dk fefJr :Ik ekuk x;k gSA budk flj pkSM+k] ukd e/;e] dgha&dgha piVh] jax dkyk] dn e/;e vkSj psgjs
ij ?kus cky gksrs gSaA
iwohZ Hkkjr esa bl iztkfr ds vf/kdrj yksx ik;s tkrs gSaA fo’ks"kdj usiky ,oa vle esa budh la[;k
vf/kd gSA budk flj pkSM+k] jax ihyk] nk<+h ew¡N ds uke ij ux.; cky] dn dkQh NksVk ;kfu vkSlr ls de] ukd
iryh vkSj pkSM+h nksuksa izdkj dh] psgjk pkSM+k] vk¡[kksa ds Åij ek¡l dh eksVh ijr ds dkj.k iydsa >qdh gqbZ gksrh gSaA
rfeyukMq] vkU/kzizns’k fo’ks"kdj gSnjkckn] e/;izns’k ds nf{k.kh Hkkx ,oa fcgkj ds NksVk ukxiqj esa bl iztkfr ds
yksx ik;s tkrs gSaA buds loZizeq[k izfrfuf/k ifu;u vkSj NksVk ukxiqj ds laFkky gSaA budk dn NksVk] jax dkyk] ?kqqa?kjkys
cky] dkyh vk¡[ks] yEck flj] vkSj ukd cgqr pkSM+h gksrh gSA
Hkkjrh; tutkfr;ksa dh iztkrh; jpuk dk oxhZdj.k xqgk us 1952 esa izLrqr fd;k tks fuEufyf[kr gS%&
1- nf{k.k Hkkjr ds dknj] b:yk vkSj ifuZ;ku vius ?kqa?kjkys ckyksa ds dkj.k fuf’pr :Ik esa fufxzVh dk izfrfuf/kRo djrsa
gSaA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 15
2- Hkkjr ds e/; {ks= dh tutkfr;ksa dks izksVks&vkWLVsªyk;M dk lnL; dgk x;kA
3- mRrj iwohZ Hkkjr ds pkSM+s flj okys eaxksyk;Mksa esa vk¡[k vkSj psgjs ls lacaf/kr fof’k"V y{k.k ik;s x;sA
4- e/;e dn] Åaps flj okys] e/;e ukd okys FkksMs+ fHkUu izdkj ds eaxksyk;M czEgiq= ?kkVh {ksa= ds fuoklh gSA
1931 dh tux.kuk ds nkSjku xqgk us dsoy 2000 fljksa dk u`rRofefrd ekiu fd;k FkkA vius v/;;u ds
fu"d"kksaZ dks xqgk us Ik;kZIr~ lkaf[;dh; leFkZu ugha fn;k gS rkfd;s Lohdk;Z gks ldsaA lkFk gh uewuksa dk vkSlr vkdkj
vi;kZIr gSA uewuksa ds chp vUrj djus gsrq iz;qDr lh- vkj- ,y- fof/k Hkh O;kid :Ik esa LohÑr fof/k ugha gSA ljdkj us
Hkh fufxzVh rRo fl)kar ds bfrgkl dh jpuk dh gS fdUrq u`rRodfefr ,oa lhje foKku ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr esa budh
[kkst djus esa mudh vlQyrk dk mYys[k Hkh bUgkasus fd;k gSA
mijksDr rF;ksa dh tkudkjh ds ckn fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjr esa iztkrh; rRoksa dh v{kq.krk
ugha jgh oju~ O;kid :Ik esa bu rRoksa dk lfEeJ.k gqvk gSA iztkrh; jpuk ds laca/k esa u;s rRoksa ;k fopkjksa ij orZeku
le; esa ’kk;n gh dksbZ dk;Z py jgk gks D;ksafd bl rjg dk dksbZ v/;;u izdk’k esaa ugha vk;k gSA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 16
lgk;d izk/;kid¼bfrgkl½ ’kk- ts- ih- oekZ LukrdksRrj] dyk&okf.kT; egkfo|ky; fcykliqj ¼N-x-½
izR;sd lekt esa laLdkjksa dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gkssrk gSA lalkj ds izR;sd lekt esa dqN u dqN fu/kkZfjr laLdkj
gksrs gSA mu laLdkjksa esa dqN deZdk.M] vkpkj&fopkj rFkk vuq"Bku ik;s tkrs gSA okLrfodrk rks ;g gS fd tks laLÑfr
ftruh vf/kd izkphu gksrh gS mlesa laLdkjksa dk egRo Hkh mruk gh vf/kd gksrk gSA ;g lekt pkgsa if’pe dk
HkkSfrdoknh lekt gks vFkok iw.kZr;k ,d vkfne lekt gks] blesa thou ds dqN fo’ks"k Lrjksa ij laLdkjksa dh fo|ekurk
vo’; gh feysxhA
laLdkj ’kCn dk iz;ksx vusd vFkksaZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA laLdkj dk ’kkfCnd vFkZ ’kqf)] lq/kkj ;k lkQ&lQkbZ gSA
vr% ge dg ldrs gS fd thou dks ifj’kq) djus ds fy, leqfpr <ax ls fd;s x;s dk;Z i)fr dks gh laLdkj dgrs gSA
laLdkj ’kCn dk vf/kd mi;qDr Ik;kZ; vaxzsth dk Sacrament ’kCn gSA ftldk vFkZ ^^’kqf) dh /kkfeZd fØ;kvksa rFkk
O;fDr ds ’kkjhfjd] ekufld rFkk ckSf)d ifjLdkj ds fy, fd;s tkus okys vuq"Bkuksa ls gS ftlls og ¼O;fDr½ lekt dk
iw.kZ fodflr lnL; gks ldsA** la{ksi esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd laLdkj dk vFkZ mu ^^ifo= vuq"Bkuksa ls gS tks ’kkjhfjd]
ckSf)d] lkekftd ,oa vk/;kfRed ifjLdkj ds fy, fd;s tkrs gSA** bl vFkZ esa tUe laLdkj ls e`R;q rd thou ds
fofHkUUk i{kksa ls lacaf/kr d`R;ksa dh ,d tfVy izfØ;k gksrh gSA bl izdkj laLdkjksa dks bruk egRo fn;k tkrk gS rFkk ;g
fo’okl fd;k tkrk gS fd laLdkjksa dks lEiUUk fd;s fcuk O;fDr dk thou dnkfi iw.kZ ugha gksrkA
mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd laLdkj og /kkfeZd fof/k&fo/kku gS tks izrhdkREkd :Ik ls O;fDr ds tSfod]
ekufld vkSj lkaLÑfrd thou dk ifjLdkj djds mls ,d lkekftd] lakLÑfrd izk.kh cukus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA ;g
O;fDr ds Øfed fodkl dh izfØ;k ls lEcU/k gS rFkk laLdkj dk dk;Z O;fDr dh vkUrfjd {kerkvkssa dk lgh :Ik esa
ekxZ&funsZ’ku djuk gSA laLdkj os ek/;e gS ftuds }kjk O;fDr;ksa dks lekt ds ewY;ksa izfrekuksa rFkk vkn’kksaZ ls ifjfpr
djk;k tkrk gSa rFkk mu vkn’kksaZ ds vuq:Ik lekt esa O;ogkj djus dh f’k{kk nh tkrh gSA
izR;sd lekt esa dqN fu/kkZfjr laLdkj gksrs mjkao lekt Hkh fuf’pr o fu/kkZfjr laLdkjksa dk ikyu djrk gS tks
fuEukuqlkj gS %&
tUe laLdkj ekuo thou dh egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk gksrh gS ftldss ek/;e ls ,d u;s ekuo dk bl lalkj esa inkiZ.k
gksrk gSA ;g ekrk&firk ds lkFk ifjtuksa ds fy, fo’ks"k [kq’kh dk fnu gksrk gSA
mjkao ijEijk ds vuqlkj tc cgq xHkZorh gksrh gS rc mls izFke laLdkj ls lEiUu fd;k tkrk gS ftls ^vpjSy deuk*
vFkok ^tksnk deuk* dgk tkrk bl laLdkj dks xHkZorh gksus ds nks ls ikap eghus ds vUnj lEiUu fd;k tkrk gSA bl
laLdkj dks lEIkUu djus dk Ekdln xHkZLFk f’k’kq vkSj ek¡ ij fdlh izdkj dh foifRr u vk;sA dgk tkrk gS fd bl
laLdkj dks lEiUu ugha djus ij izlo esa O;o/kku mRiUu gksrk gSA ;fn izlo Bhd&Bhd gks Hkh tk, rks ek¡ dk nw/k
Ik;kZIr ek=k esa miyC/k ugha gksrkA bl laLdkj ds vHkko esa tPPkk&cPpk nksuksa dks chekj gksus dh vk’kadk cuh jgrh gS
rFkk gksus okyh lUrku ’kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld :Ik ls fodykax Hkh iSnk gks ldrk gSA bl laLdkj dks lEiUUk djkus dh
izfØ;k esa oj&o/kq nksuksa ifjokj ds lnL; mifLFkr jgrs gSA bl laLdkj dks lEiUu djkus ds fy, dbZ vko’;d oLrqvksa
dh t:jr iM+rhgSA ,d fo’ks"k iwtu fof/k }kjk bl laLdkj dks lEiUu fd;k tkrk gSA bl iwtu fof/k dsvuqlkj Ik’kqvksa
dh cfy nh tkrh gSA bl cfy esa HksM+ ;k lwvj gksrk gSA bl laLdkj esa tks Hkh O;; gksrk gS mls oj&o/kw nksuksa ifjokj
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 17
ogu djrs gSA bl laLdkj ds Ik’pkr~ xHkZorh efgyk fuf’pr gksdj lHkh ikfjokfjd dk;ksaZ esa lfØ; Hkkx ysus dk vFkZ
gksrk gS fd ’kkjhfjd :Ik ls og ranq:Lr jgrh gS rFkk izlo ds nkSjku mls d"V de gksxkA lekt esa dqN ,slh ekU;rk,a
Hkh gSa ftls ifr&iRuh dks ekuuk iM+rk gSA xHkZorh efgyk dks vdsys dgha ckgj tkus ugha fn;k tkrk gSA lkFk esa ;g Hkh
ijEijk gS fd xHkZorh efgyk ds lkFk&lkFk mlds ifr dks Hkh ’ke’kku esa tkuk fu"ks/k gksrk gSA rkfd gksus okyhlUrku ij
fdlh Hkwr&izsr dk utj u yx tk,A xHkZorh efgyk dks ikfjokfjd dk;ksaZ esa lfØ; ;ksxnku rks nsrh gS ij cks>k <+ksus ds
dk;ksaZls mls cpuk iM+rk gSA
dHkh&dHkh ejs gq, cPPksdk tUe gksrk gS ftls ^^Qsadok cPpk** dgk tkrk gSA ,sls cPps dks xkscj xM~<+s esa xkM+rs gSA
dHkh&dHkh tUe ds le;gh cPps dk nkar ik;k tkrk gSA ,sls cPps dks ^^jk{kl cPPkk** ;kus Hkwr&cPpk dgk tkrk gSA ,sls
cPps dks ued nsdj ekj Mkyk tkrk gSA orZeku lekt esa ;g xyr ijEijk yxHkx lekIr gks x;k gSA yksxksa dh /kkj.kk
gS fd ,sls cPps tUeus ls L=h fo/kok gksrh gSA dHkh ,sls cPPks dk tUe Hkh gksrk gS ftldh ukfHk ejh gqbZ ugha gksrh g SA
bldks ^^lrekl** dgk tkrk gSA ,sls cPps ds thus dh laHkkouk de jgrh gSA vkB eghusesa Hkh tUe gksrk gSa ftls
^^vkBekl** dgk tkrk gSA ,slk cPpk cgqr detksj gksrk gSaA
mjkao lekt esa cgqr dqN yksxksa dks fyax igpkuus dh fof/k dk Hkh Kku gksrk gSA ;fn xHkZ esa yM+dk gks rks ek¡ dh
fuEufyf[kr fo’ks"krk,a fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa %&
Ekkrk dk psgjk ek;wl fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] pyrs le; og nkfgus iSj dks ?klhVrh gqbZ vkxs c<+rh gS] og nkfguk gkFk vf/kd
fgykrh gS vkSj vkxs Qsadrh tkrh gSA cSBrs oDr og nkfguh vksj vf/kd >qddj cSBrh gS] mldk ’kjhj cks> ls ges’kk
nkfguh vksj >qdk jgrk gSA tc xHkZorh L=h iryh gks] mldh vka[ks ?kqlh gqbZ gks vkSj og cSBus dss Ik’pkr~ tehu ls mBrs
le; nkfgus gkFk dk vk/kkj ysrh rks fuf’pr gh yM+dk tUe gksrk gSA
;fn xHkZ esa yM+dh gks rks ekrk dh fuEufyf[kr fo’ks"krk,a fn[kkbZ nsrh gS%&
Ekkrk dk psgjk ek;wl ugha cfYd lkekU; jgrk gSA ekrk pyrs le; ck;ka iSj tehu ij ?klhVrh tkrh gS vkSj cka;k gkFk
vf/kd fgykrh vkSj Qsadrh gSA ;fn mBrs le; cka;s gkFk dk vk/kkj ysdj mBrh gS rks xHkZ esa yM+dh gksrh gSA
;fn fdlh naifRr dks lUrku izkIr u gks rks budk bykt ns’kh tM+h&cwVh ls fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn izlo ds ckn ek¡&cPps
dks ;fn fdlh izdkj dh rdyhQ ;k ijs’kkuh gks rks bl leL;k dk lek/kku Hkh ns’kh tM+h&cwVh ls gh fd;k tkrk gSA
;fn fdlh nEifRr dks vkxs vkSj lUrku ugha pkfg, ;k nks cPpksa ds chp le; dk vUrjky j[kuk gks rks Hkh ns’kh
tM+h&cwVh dh nokbZ nh tkrh gSA blds vfrfjDr ekfld /keZ dh vfu;ferrk] ekfld /keZ dh vf/kdrk] ekfld /keZ dk
de gksuk] ckj&ckj xHkZikr] xHkkZoLFkk esa jDrL=ko] ,d cPpk gksus ds ckn nwljk ugha gksus ij] ’kh?kz izlo ds fy,] izlo
ds Ik’pkr~ isV nnZ] nw/k ugha gksus ls nw/k c<+kus ds fy, rFkk vU; lHkh izdkj dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku ns’kh tM+h&cwVh
ls fd;k tkrk gSA
¼x½ tUe ds le; ^^dqljSu**¼ferkfuu½ dh enn %&
izlo ds le; ^^dqljSu** ,oa cqtxZ efgyk,a izlwrk L=hdh enn djrh gSA vktdy ^^dqljSu** dks ferkfuu dk uke fn;k
x;k gSA ;fn izlo ljyrk ls u gks] fdlh rjg dh dfBukbZ gks jgh gks rks vks>s ds ek/;e ls /kqou mM+krs rFkk
vko’;drk vuqlkj HksaV p<+krs gSA vc cPPks dk TkUe gksrk gS rks dqljSu ukHkh&ukM+h dks yxHkx N% bap yEck NksM+dj
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 18
/kkxs ls cka/k nsrh gSA blds Ik’pkr~ xquxqus lkns ikuh ls uotkr f’k’kq dks ugyk;k tkrk gSSA izlwrk ds nnZ vkSj FkdkoV
dks nwj djus ds fy, mls FkksM+k nk: fn;k tkrk gS ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ;g jDrL=ko dks de djus esa enn djrk gSA
tUe ds fnu esa [kqf’k;kyh esa gkafM;k ckaVk tkrk gSA fudV laca/kh vkdj bl [kq’kh esa ’kkfey gksrs gSA tUe ds pkj&ikap
fnuksa ds Ik’pkr~ ukfHk viusvki fxj tkrk gSA bls ?kj ds njokts ds ikl pqi&pki xkM+ fn;k tkrk gSSA
¼2½ NBh ;k ukedj.k laLdkj %&
bl laLdkj esa rhu ckrsa vkrh gS& ek¡ dk ’kqf)dj.k] f’k’kq dk eq.Mu rFkk cPps dk ukedj.kA ;g jLe cPps ds tUe ysus
ds Ik’pkr~ NBosa fnu esa lEiUu gksus ds dkj.k NBh dgykrk gSA mjkao lekt es a cPps dh NBh ,oa ukedj.k laLdkj dks
lekjksg ds lkFk mYykle; okrkoj.k esa lEiUu fd;k tkrk gSA bl fo’ks"k fnu esa cPps ds ekrk&firk ds }kjk vius
leLr lxs&lacaf/k;ksa dks rFkk xkao ds izk;% lHkh ifjokjksa dks vkeaf=r fd;k tkrk gSA blh fnu cPps dk ukedj.k rFkk
cPps dh ek¡ dk ’kqf)dj.k mjkao lekt ds ijEijk ds vuqlkj lEiUu fd;k tkrk gSA ek¡ dk ’kqf)dj.k dh fof/k ds
vualkj NBh ds fnu mlds foLrjk&diM+s vkfn lkQ fd;k tkrk gSA ?kj dh lQkbZ ds fy, xkscj ls fyikbZ fd;k tkrk
gSA rc izlqrk Lo;a dks gYnh vkSj ljlksa dk rsy ls lkQ djrs gSa rFkk u;s diM+s igu dj ikuh ykus ds fy, MkM+h
¼dqavk dk NksVk :i½ ;k dqavk tkrh gSA lkFk esa og ?kM+k] nksuk esa flanwj] ljlksa dk rsy] vkx /kqou rFkk vjiu pkoy
ysdj tkrh gS] MkM+h igqapdj og vkx esa /kqou tykrh] viju] fNV~Vh] rsy flanwj feykdj MkM+h ds ydM+h ;k iRFkj ij
Vhdk nsrh gS vkSj og mls rhu ckj lyke djds vius Åij MkM+h dk ikuh fNM+drh gSA var esa ?kM+s esa ikuh ysrs gq, ?kj
okil vkrh gSA ek¡ ds ’kqf)dj.k ds Ik’pkr~ cPps ds ’kqf)dj.k ds fy, mlds flj ds cky dk eqaMufd;k tkrkgSA blds
fy, vkaxu esa iwjc&if’pe pVkbZ fcNkdj ,d cM+h Fkkyh vkSj ,d ljbZ iRrh dk nksuk j[kk tkrk gSA mlds Ik’pkr~
nknk ;k ukuk vFkok dksbZ vu; cky mrkjus ds fy, mLrjk ysdj vkrk gS vkSj cPps dk cky dks fHkxkdj mldk eaqMu
dj fn;k tkrk gSA eaqMu ds le; cPps ds cky dks ,d nksus esa lgstdj j[kk tkrk gSA blds Ik’pkr~ cPps ds ukedj.k
laLdkj dh jLe ’kq: gksrk gSA ;fn f’k’kq yM+dk gks rks ifjokj ds nknk ;k ukuk ls firj ¼fe=½ vkSj ;fn yM+dh gks rks
nknh ;k ukuh ls firj ¼l[kh½ dh [kkst vjok pkoy dks Fkkyh esa Hk; ikuh ds Åij NksM+dj dh tkrh gSA bl fof/k dks
lEiUu djus ds fy, xkao ds dqN cqtqxZ iwoZ fn’kk dh vksj eqag djds pVkbZ esa cSB tkrs gSA rFkk muds lkeus ,d Fkkyh
esa ikuh ,oa ,d nksus esa /kku j[kk tkrk gSA mlh nksus esa nwc ?kkl] gYnh] vkSj ,d :Ik;s dk ,d flDdk Hkh j[kk tkrk
gSA blds i’pkr~ ml jLe dh lQyrk ds fy, bZ’oj rFkk iwoZtksa ls izkFkuk mjkao Hkk"kk esa dh tkrh gSA izkFkZuk esa bu
’kCnksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS& ^^gs bgyksd vkSj ijyksd ds gekjs iwoZtksa] ge yksx vki lcksa ls vkf’k"k ekax jgs gSA
gekjh tks Hkh xyrh gks] {kek dhft,A ge lcksa dks ldq’ky jf[k,A ge iapx.k nlksa vaxqfy;ksa ls nqgkbZ ns jgs gSA gs
egkizHkq&bZ’oj ge uhps iapx.k vkSj LoxZ esa ijes’oj&iapksa ij vkidh nf"V gSa vki dkSugS vkSj fdlds lkFk tqM+s gS\ crk
nsa u fNik,aA** bl izkFkZuk ds Ik’pkr~ mu cSBs iapksa esa ls dksbZ ,d cqtqxZ /kku dk ,d nkuk ysdj mldk fNydk uk[kwuksa
ls gVkrk gSA vkSj poy ds nkus dks Fkkyh ds fLFkj iuh ij lko/kkuh ls NksM+rk gSA ;g pkoy dk igyk nkuk bZ’oj ds
uke ij gksrk gSA
nwljk pkoy iapksa ds uke ij Fkkyh esa j[ks ikuh ij NksM+k tkrk gSA rRi’pkr~ pkoy dk rhljk nkuk f’k’kq ds
uke ls ty ij NksM+rs gq, fdlh iwoZt dk uke fy;k tkrk gSA ikuh ij fxjk;s x;s rhuksa pkoy dks ikuh esa rSjrs jguk
pkfg,A ;fn bZ’oj ds uke ls ikuh ij NksM+k x;k pkoy dk igyk nkuk vkSj f’k’kq ds fy, mlds iwoZtksa ds uke Mkys
x;s pkoy dk rhljk nkuk Fkkyh esa j[kk ikuh ij rSjrs gq, nksuksa vkil esa tqM+ tk, rks ikuh esa NksM+rs oDr ftl iwoZt
dk uke fy;k x;k gks mlh dk uke f’k’kq dks fn;k tkrk gSA bl lekt esa ,slh ekU;rk gS fd ftl iwoZt ds uke f’k’kq
dk firj cSBrk gS mlh iwoZt dk vf/kdka’k xq.k&lw= ml cPps ij mrjrk gSA bl izdkj cPps dk ukedj.k rFkk ek¡ dk
’kqf)dj.k ,d fnu lEiUu gksrk gSA izk;% cPps dk uke&tUefnu ;k LFkku ds uke ls j[kk tkrk gS tSls %& ;fn lkseokj
ds fnu f’k’kq dk tUe gqvk gks rks lksejk@lksejh uke j[kk tkrk gSA eaxyokj ds fnu tUe gksus ij eaxjk&eaxjh] cq/kokj
dks tUe ysus ij cq/kok&cq/kuh] rFkk ,rokj dks tUe gksus ij ,rok@,rokjh uke j[kk tkrk gSA
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mjkao lekt ifjorZ’khy lekt gSA vktdy fnuksa ds uke ls cPpksa dk ukedj.k dh iqjkru i)fr yxHkx
lekIr gks x;h gSA orZeku esa cPps ds ekrk&firk dh bPNkuqlkj f’k’kq dk uke j[kk tkrk gSSA
;fn cPps ds uke ls ikuh esa NksM+k x;k pkoy vius dqy ds iwoZtksa ds uke esa ugha tqM+k rks gYnh ihldj ikuh ds lkFk
feykdj nwc ?kkl ij Mkyrs gq, cPps ds flj mM+sy fn;k tkrk gSA bl fof/k ls cPps dks ifo= fd;k tkrk gSA rRi’pkr~
cPps dks ugyk;k tkrk gSA
blds Ik’pkr~ cPps dh nknh nqHkuh esa gafM;k ¼tks pkoy dk curk gS½ ykrh gS rFkk lcls igys cPps dk iSj /kksrs
gq, viuh Hkk"kk esa dgrh gS yks iSj /kks jgh gw¡ xqLlk u djuk vk Sj jksuk erA f’k’kq ds iSj /kksus ds Ik’pkr~ lHkh vfrfFk;ksa
ds iSj Hkh /kks;s tkrs gS vkSj gfM+;k ckaVk tkrk gSA cPps dks mldh nknh ;k ukuh lHkh yksx viuh bPNkuqlkj iSls] diM+s
;k vU; phtsa nku ds :Ik esa nsrs gSA ftlds uke ij firj cSBk gks og cPps ds dej esa dj/kkuh cka/k nsrk gS vkSj og Hkh
nku djrk gSA blds Ik’pkr~ g"kksZYykl ds lkFk [kku&iku ds ckn lHkh vfrfFk;ksa dh fcnkbZ dh tkrh gSA
1& mjkao lekt esa ekrk,a vius cPpksa dh ns[kjs[k lko/kkuh ls djrh gSA cpiu esa mUgsa cklh ikuh ls ugykus dk fjokt
gSA cPps dks ugykus ds ckn vkS"kf/k ;qDr rsy ls iwjs ’kjhj dh ekfyl dh tkrh gSA cPps dks Hkwr&izsr dk izHkko u iM+s
;k fdlh dk utj u yxs bl Hk; ls os cPps ds gkFk esa daxu iguk nsrh gSA cPps dh vR;f/kd jksus rFkk nw/k fiykus ds
ckotwn pqi u gksus ij ek¡ cPps ij fdlh dk utj yxk le>dj vkx esa ljlksa] ued] fepZ vkfn dks tykdj bl
leL;k dk lek/kku djus dh dksf’k’k djrh gSA bl rjg vius cPps dh ns[kHkky iwjh lrZdrk ds lkFk dh tkrh gSA
2& 5 o"kZ ds ckn tc nw/k dk nkar VwVus yxrk gS rks VwVs nkarksa dks ?kj ds NRr esa Qsadk tkrk gSA
3& fd’kksj voLFkk esa ekrk&firk vius cPpksa dks izR;sd izdkj ds dke&dkt dh f’k{kk nsrs gSA yM+ds&iq:"kksa ds lHkh
izdkj ds dkeksa dks ?kj&ifjokj esa lh[krs gSA gy pykuk] dqnkyh pykuk] [ksr esa cht cksuk] cks>k <+ksuk] dbZ rjg ds
?kjsyw lkeku cukuk] rFkk [ksrh x`gLFkh ds vU; dk;ksaZ dk Hkh ?kj esa izf’k{k.k ysrs gSA yM+fd;ka& pVkbZ cukuk] flykbZ
djuk] >kMw cukuk] [kkuk cukuk] vkfn vusd izdkj ds dk;Z ifjokj ls gh lh[krh gSa dqN fo’ks"k dk;ksZ ,oa ckrksa ds
izf’k{k.k ds fy, 12 o"kZ ds ckn yM+ds&yM+fd;ka nksuksa lkekftd izf’k{k.k ?kj ^^/kqedqfM+;k** tkrs gSA
4& & ikfjokfjd thou esa lkgl vkSj /kS;Z dks c<+kus ds fy, 12 o"kZ dh mez esa gh yM+ds vius ck;sa gkFk esaa
^^flDdk** cSBkrs gSA blds fy, os vius gkFk esa Fkwd&ikuh yxkdj] ml ij lw[kk xkscj nsdj vkx yxk nsrs gSa ;k fpFkM+s
dk ^^lsM+rk** ¼cRRkh½ cuk;k tkrk gS vkSj mls ckag ij [kM+k dj fn;k tkrk gS rFkk Åijh Nksj ij vkx yxk nh tkrh gSA
ftlls gkFk dh peM+h tydj fpfUgr gks tkrh gSA flDds dh la[;k 3&7 rd gksrh gSA flDdk cSBkus dk rkRi;Z ;g
gksrk gS fd os ikfjokfjd dk;Z&Hkkj laHkkyus ds bPNqd gSA blls mudh lgu&’kfDr dh ijh{kk Hkh gksrh gSA
5& blh vof/k esa mudk ^^tqM+ks&pqV~Bh** j[kk tkrk gSA igys ;g ugha dkVk tkrk Fkk fdUrq vU; tkfr;ksa }kjk ^^>qcyw**
dgs tkus ds dkj.k vk/kqfud le; esa ^^tqM+ks&fpV~Bh** dkVdj mlds Lfkku esa pqanh j[k fn;k tkrk gSA ekrk &firk
20&30 lsj /kku dk eksM+k cukdj mlds Åij yM+ds dks cSBkrs gSa vkSj mls ljlksa rsy fiykrs gSA fQj mlds cky dks
dkVdj ^^tqM+ks&fpV~Bh** ds :Ik esa pqanh j[k nsrs gSA
6& mjkao yksx viuh cfPp;ksa dh xksnuk djkrs gSa rkfd muesa lHkh izdkj dh nq[k%&rdyhQksa dks lgu djus
dh {kerk vk tk,A ;g 7&8 o"kZ dh mez esa djk;k tkrk gSA xksnuk ekykfju cqf<+;k djrh gSA loZizFke xksnusokyh tyrs
cRrh dks crZu ls <ddj dkfy[k rS;kj djrh gSA fQj dkfy[k esa rsy feykdj] mlesa [kEHks okyh lwbZ dks Mwck&Mqckdj
yM+dh dh peM+h ij cuk;s x;s fp= Hkksadrh tkrh gSA ckn esa xquxqus ikuh ls /kksdj gYnh vkSj rsy yxk nsrh gSA dqN
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fnuksa ckn peM+h dh Åijh ijr mM+ tkrh gS vkSj ’kjhj ij lkQ fp= fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA xksnuk gkFk] iSj] Nkrh rFkk dej
vkfn esa fd;k tkrk gSA
7& bl vof/k esa yM+dh dks lHkh izdkj ds Jaxkj nsdj irjh ij cSBk;k tkrk rFkk mldk firk mlds cky dks [kksy
nsrk gS] ftls mldh ek¡ ;k vU; vkSjrsa iqu% cf<+;k ls cuk nsrh gSA bls gh ^^eqyqj [kksik** dgk tkrk gSA blds ckn lsa
mlds cky dks dksbZ enZ ugha [kksy ldrk gSA
/kqedqfM+;k nks ’kCnksa ls cuk gS /kqe$dqfM+;kA /kwe dk vFkZ&lkFk&lkFk lksuk RkFkk dqfM+;k dk vFkZ& NksVk ?kjA
mjkao lekt ds vfookfgr ;qod&;qofr;ksa ds lksus ds fy;s izR;sd xkao esa nks NksVs ?kj gksrs gSA mls /kqedqfM+;k dgrs gSA
/kqedqfM+;k mjkao tu tkfr;ksa ds ikfjokfjd] lkekftd] jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd rFkk lkaL—frd thou ls lacaf/kr izf’k{k.k
dsUnz gSA izR;sd xkao esa /kqedqfM+;k nks izdkj ds gksrs gS %&
1- Tkksa[k ,M+ik ¼yM+dksa dk ?kj½ & ftlesa yM+ds izf’k{k.k ysrs gSA
2- isYyks ,M+ik ¼yM+fd;ksa dk ?kj½ & blesa yM+fd;ka izf’k{k.k ysrh gSA
izR;sd xkao esa ukp&ukp rFkk lkekftd&lkaL—frd lekjksg iapk;r vkfn ds fy, fuf’pr LFkku gksrk gS ftls ml
Hkk"kk esa v[kkM+k dgrs gSA tks izk;% xkao ds e/; esa gksrk gSA bl v[kkM+k esa xkp&xku ls ysdj xkao ds izR;sd izdkj
ds dk;ZØe lEiUu gksrs gSA blh v[kkM+k ds lehi ^^/kqedqfM+;k** gksrk gSA /kqedqfM+;k esa ,d gh cM+k dejk gksrk gSA
nhokj feV~Vh ds cuk;s tkrs gSA Nr ?kklQwl ;k [kijs ls <ds gksrs gSA tehu ¼QlZ½ dPps gksus ds dkj.k bldh
lkQ&lQkbZ ds fy, xkscj ls fyikbZ dh tkrh gSA yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa ds fy, vyx&vyx /kqedqfM+;k cuk;k tkrk gSA
yM+ds ,oa yM+fd;ka nksuksa ,d&nwljs ds /kqedqfM+;ksa esa izos’k ugha dj ldrsA bldk vFkZ & isYyks ,M+ik esa yM+dksa dk
,oa tksa[k ,M+ik esa yM+fd;ksa dk izos’k oftZr gSa ;fn dksbZ yM+dh ;k yM+dk ,d&nwljs ds /kqedqfM+;k esa izos’k djrs
idM+s tkrs gS rks mUgsas lekt ds }kjk nf.Mr fd;k tkrk gSA
/kqedqfM+;k esa izos’k ds fy, U; wure mez 12 o"kZ j[kk x;k gSA bl la[;k esa yM+ds 22 o"kZ dh mez rd RkFkk
yM+fd;ka 18 o"kZ dh vk;q rd izf’k{k.k izkIr dj ldrh gSA
/kqedqfM+;k esa izf’k{k.k gsrq ;qod&;qofr;ksa dks rhu lewgksa esa ckaVk tkrk gSA
izFke lewg esa & 12 ls 15 o"kZ dh vk;q rdA
f}rh; lewg esa & 16 ls 18 o"kZ dh vk;q rdA
r`rh; lewg esa & 19 ls 22 o"kZ dh vk;q rdA
yM+ds&yM+fd;ka ekrk&firk dh Loh—fr o vuqefr ls gh /kqedqfM+;k esa izos’k ysrs gSA bl la[;k esa Hkkoh thou dh
lQyrk ds fy, thou dh lHkh i{kksa dh f’k{kk nh tkrh gSA dgk tkrk gS fd mjkao lekt esa /kqedqfM+;k dk bruk
egRoiw.kZ Lfkku gS fd bldh lnL;rk xzg.k fd;s cxSj yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa dh ’kknh lEiUu ugha gksrh gSA
bl izdkj xkao ds izR;sd ifjokj ds yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa dks /kqedqfM+;k dh lnL;rk xzg.k djuk vfuok;Z gSA
/kqedqfM+;k esa izf’k{k.k lekIr djus ds Ik’pkr~ gh yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa dks fookg ;ksX; ekuk tkrk gSA
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/kqedqfM+;k esa izos’k gsrq ?kj&ifjokj R;kxuk ugha iM+rkA cfYd jkr esa dqN ?kUVs izf’k{k.k ysus ds Ik’pkr~ leLr
izf’k{kq /kqedqfM+;k esa gh lks tkrs gSA os lHkh izf’k{kq lqcg vius ikfjokfjd dk;Z ds fy, vius ?kj okil vk tkrs gSA
’kke dks iqu% ;qod&;qofr;ksa dks izf’k{k.k dsUnz /qedqfM+;k vkuk iM+rk gSA ;g dke fujUrj tkjh jgrk gSA tc rd
fd izf’k{k.k iwjk u gksA
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1- frdhZ MkW- ds:fce NksVk ukxiqj ds vkfnoklh;ksa dk oSokfgd ijiajk;s ,oa
orZeku LkEkL;k;sa i`- 11&12
2- dqtwj cz- fe[kk,y ,Lk- ts- mjkao laL—fr i`- 5&10
3- frdhZ CkksuhQkl izlUueq[k mjkao i`- 26&28
4- YkM+dk Qk- tksu ,l- ts- vkfnoklh vk/;kfRedrk i`- 33&39
5- xqIrk MkW- vkj- ds- Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa laLFkk;sa i`- 108&110
6- eq[kthZ johUnzukFk Hkkjrh; lekt Ok laL—fr i- 441&442
7- ’kekZ MkW- jkeukFk Hkkjrh; lekt laLFkk;as Ok laL—fr i- 166
8- ’kekZ MkW- fceykpj.k >kj[k.M dh tutkfr;ka i- 386
9- Okgh i`- 390
10- feat MkW- fnokdj Ekq.Mk ,oa mjkao /kkfeZd bfrgkl i`- 414&115
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GOOD GOVERNANCE AND HOLY GITA
Khyati Mishra
MEANING OF GOOD GOVERNANCE
The term ‘governance’ includes governmental institutions as well as the informal, non-governmental
regulatory mechanisms, governance, thus, is a network of multiple agenciesc and organisation than fixed
government agencey or department. In 1992 world bank was the first one to use the concept of governance and good
governance.
Conventionally, Governance deals with the capacity of government to designm formulate and implement
policies and in general, to discharge government function, It is a type of political system and the manner in which
power is exercised in utilising country’s economic and social resources for development.
Good Governance is a type of governance in which everyone is happy, where everyone gets an equal
opportunity to develop their full potential. It is related to efficient and effective adminstration in a democratic
framework. It aims at improving the quality of life of the people, it includes high level of organisational
effectiveness. We can say that Good governance is the adoption of new values of governance to establish greater
efficiency, legitimacy and credibility of the system. In all we can say that it is citizens-friendly, citizen-caring and
responsive adminstration.
Good Governance would involve role of government only in core, strategic and soverign functions. This
may mean, the government whose primary business is to govern, should govern the least, leaving man, society,
institutions and all else to govern themselves. This is reflected in privatisation, coporatisation and contracting out,
etc. Good Governance is central to creating and sustaining an environment, which fosters equitable development and
it si an essential complement to sound economic policies. Empowerment is a precondition of good governance. The
feature of good governance are public sector management, legar framework for the development, accountability,
information and transparency and empowerment etc. It emphasis on open market friendly and competitive
economics, human rights observance and support for democratisation. The application of New Public Management
helps in operationalising the concept of good governance.1
The apporach in Good Governance has been criticised by many persons as an encourachment upon the
soverignty of nations. It is said that the donor agencies including World Bank cannot dictate as to which form of
governemnt should previal in any country The approach has also been critcised for spreading the gospal of
capitalism. The emphasis on preducing the role of government and increasing the role of market appears to paint in
this direction. Emphasising a single model of governance by the donor agencies is similar to advocating one best
1,2
Vikram, Singh, Public Adminstration, New Delhi, 2007
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way of management of the classical theory. It is assumed that the system of ‘Good Governance’ as prevalising in the
developed countries is the panacea for the its prevailing in underdeveloped countries. Alternative methdos of
collective problems solving by a society should not be ignored.2
The concept of ‘Governance’ is not new. It is as old as human civilization. Simple ‘governance’ means :
the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented not implemented. The concept
of ‘Good governance’ derives its relevance in the context of misgovernance-which includes non-feasance, over-
feasance and malf-seasance. In many countries the democratic form of government has proved to be ineffective for
checking swindling of public funds for private gains by the elected leaders as well as permanent bureaceats mususe
of power, fraud, chicanery and embezzelment of funds are systematically perpetrated by the leaders of government
and their unions. Mis-governance is found all around, especially in the developing countries, in rampant degree. The
concept of good governance becomes attractive as a remedy against this state of affairs. The concept of good
governance becomes attaractive as a remedy against this state of affairs. The concept of good government is not
new. Kautilyal in the treatise Arthashastra elaborated the traits of the king of a well governed state : “in the
happiness of is subjects lies his happiness, in their welfare, whatever please himself, he does not consider as good,
but whatever please his subjects he considers as good.” Mahatma Gandhi had propounded the concept of ‘Su-raj’.3
Good Governance aims at providing an environment in which all citizen irrespective of class, caste and
gender can develop to their full poteltial. In addition, good also aim at providing pblic services effectively and
equitably to the citizens.
The concept of governance has acquired increased importance since 1990s largely because international aid
agencies began to recognise its absence as a serious barrier to economic development of the developing countries, which
has been their avowed objective. It is the failure in developmental efforts that brought forth into prominence the need for
as well as identification of the principal elements or constituents of good governance. But the pursuit of it is as old as our
civilization. The terms ‘good governance’ however comprehends botht he processes and procedures as well as substantial
concerns. It is only then that sustainable developed is really possible.4
EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT
The concept of “good governance” after emerges as a model to compare ineffective economics or political
bodies with viable economics and political bodies. The concept centers on the responsibility of governments and
governing bodies to meet the needs of the massesas as opposed to select groups in society because contries often
described as “most successful” are western liberal democratic states, good governance standards often measure other
state institutions against the states. Aid organization and the authorities of developed countires often will focus the
meaning of “good governance” to a set of requirements that conform to the organization’s agenda, making “good
governance” imply many different things in many different context.
The concept of governance has acquired increased importance since 1990s largely because international
aid agencies began to recognize its absence as a series barrier to economic development of the developing countries,
which has been their avowed objective. It is the failure in developmental efforts that broughtforth into prominence
the need for as well as identification of the principal elements or constituents of good governance. But the pursuit of
3 B.L. Fadia, Dr. Kuldeep Fadia, Public Administration : Administrative Theories and Concepts, Agra, 2011.
4 Ibid.
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it is as old as our civilization. The term ‘good governance’ however, comparehend both the processes and
procedures as well as substantial concerns. It is only then that sustainable development is really possible.5
World Bank Document on Sub-Saharan Africa
In 1989, the concept of ‘governance’ was for the first time highlighted ina World Bank Document on Sub-
Saharan Africa. By good governance was mean, at that time, sound development management. Four key dimensions
identified inthis contest were :-
(a) Public Sector Mangement
(ii) Accountability
(iii) Legal Framework for development ; and
(iv) Lnformation and transparency.
The Book Document in sub-Saharan Africa had this to say : “Improving governance would begin with an
assessment of the institutional environment (with emphasis ont he key governance elements of accountability, rule
law, openess and transparancy which determines the patrimonial profile of the country : high when all other factors
are absent ans low when they are present”.6
World Bank’s document entitled ‘Governance and Development (1992)’, puts it, “governance is defined as
the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for
development’. From its lending experience inmany developing countries, the bank came to realize that ‘good
governance is central to creating and sustaining an environemnt which fosters strong and equitable development,
anad it is an essential complement to sound economic policies. The three distinct aspects are identified in the
conceptualization of ‘governance’ :
(i) The form of political regime (parliamentary or presidential, military or civilian and authoritarian or
democratic ;
(ii) The process by which authority is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social
resources, and
(iii) The capacity of government to design, formulate and implement policies and in general to discharge
government functions.
Recounting its wide experience, the Bank Document narrates vividly the problems of ‘governance’. For
instance, despite technical soundness, programmes and projects have often failed to produce desired result.7 Laws are
not enforced properly and there are after design in implementation. Privatized production and market led growth do not
succeed unless investors face clear rules and institutions. In the absence of proper accounting systems, budgetary
policies cannot be implemented or monitored. Many a time, procurement systms encourage corrpution and distort
public investiment priorities. Again failure to invlve beneficiaries and others affected in the design and implementation
of projects has often led to substantial erosien of their sustainabilty.
5 Meetika Srivastava, Good Governance –Concept, Meaning and features : A Detailed Study, Social science research publication,
2009 6 Meetika Srivastava, Good Governance –Concept, Meaning and features : A Detailed Study, Social science research publication,
2009. 7 Public Administration Administrative Theories and Concepts by Prof. B.L. Fadia, Dr. Kuldeep Fadia.
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Against this background of mat-governance, the Bank has attempted to facus on some of the key
dimensions of ‘governance’, such as public sector management accountability, the legam framework for
development, and information and transparency, as already stated.
The Bank has identified a number of aspects of good governance which has assumed significance for the
developed and the developing countries. These factor deal with political and administrative aspects, which are as
follow :
(1) Political accountability including the aceptability of political system by people and regular elections to
legistimize the exercise of political power.
(2) Freedom of association and participation by various religious, social, economic cultural and professional
groups in the process of governance.
(3) An established legal framework based on the rule of low and independence of judiciary to protect human
rights, secure social justice and guard against exploitation and abuse of power.
(4) Bureaucratic accountability ensuring a system to monitor and control the performance of government
offices and officials in relation to quality of service, inefficiency and abuse of discretionary power. The
related determinants include openess and transparency in administrative.
(5) Freedom of information needed for formulation of public policies, decision-making, monitoring and
evaluation of government performance.
(6) A sound administrative system leading to efficiency and effectiveness, this in term, means the value for
money and cost effectiveness.
(7) Co-operation between the government and civil society organisations.
View of OECD Countries
Most pronounced political menaing of ‘governance’ apeared in the policy directives of the OECD countries, laying
down conditionalities for reciving economic assistance. The OECD documents sought to link development assistance, with (a)
participatory development, (b) huamn rights, and (c) democratization. The key components of ‘governance’ were identified as :-
(1) Legitmacy of government
(2) Accountability of political and official elements of government.
(3) Competence of governments to make policy and deliver services; and
(4) Respect for human rights and the Rule of Law.
INDIAN PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERSTANDINGS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE
Modern management practices and theories were developed during the last 150 years, ever since the
industrial organisations of the west began to get established. It is a popular belief that globally renowned
corporations adopt best practices and manage their organisations very well. Against this backdrop consider the
following stastics about how organisations are managed according to a study made in 1997. In his book, The Living
Company, Geus mentioned that most large and apparently successful corporations are profoundly unhealthy.
According to the study, the average life expectancy of Fortune 500 companies was 40-50 years. One third of
companies listed in fortune 500 in 1970 vanished by 1983 and 40% of all ...... created companies last less than 10
years. Such a high rate of infant morbality of organiations point to primitive stages of managment that we are in
today.
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If we conduct a survey of mamagers of modern corporations we may infer that managers in these
organisations experience stress, struggle for power and a work environment that stifles rather than releases human
imagination, energy and commitment. Many senior executives in companies today will agree to the fact that even
after several years of management training we have hardly made significant progress in adressing some of the
vexing issues. Thuese include, among others, dealing with people around us, understanding what motivates oneself,
doing one’s work in the most efficient manner, making leaders for high performance organisations and creating
organisation that can live long. On the other hand, we often notice that there is a disconnect between quality of life
at large and work life. We also have serious issues about sustenance of firms and the environment in the long run.
Given this sate of affaris, it indeed imples one to look for alternative paradigms for better management
practices. The goal of this article is to stimulate thinking in the minds of management researcher and practitioners
the enormous potential that ancient Indian literature has in suggesting better alternative for management. We will
explore some aspects of these from one of the sacred spiritual texts of ancient times, viz, Srimad Bhagavad Gita- a
text for spirutual progress and self-realization. Through this article we do not hazard to undermine the primary
objective of this holy text nor do we advocate a self-study mode leading to some of the managment lessons that one
can derive. The sacred texts are to be studied first under the guidance of a competent and spiritually evolved gurec.
We may later contemplate on multilide of ideas that the texts offer after this initial training. We merely point to the
endless list of benefits that the text offers to a management practitioner and illustrate it by culling out come ideas
that one may find very useful to apply.
(i) ‘Gita’ -
India’s one of the greatest contributions to the world is Holy Gita.
Arjuna got mentally depressed when he saw his relatives with whom he has to fight. The Bhagvad Gita is
preached in the battle field Kurukshetra by Lord Krishna to Arjuna as a sounselling to do his duty. It has got all the
management tactics to achieve the mental equilibrium.
Good Governance has become part and parcel in everyday life, be it at home, office, facory, government, or
in any other organization where a grroup of human beings assemble for a common purpose, management principal
come into play through their various facts like management of time, resources, personal, materials, machinery,
finance, planning, priorities, policies and practice.
Good Governance leads to a systematic way of doing all activities in any field of human efforts. It is about
keeping oneself engaged in interactive relationship with other human beings in the course of performing one’s duty.8
Its strikes harmony in working-equilibrium in through and actions, goals and achievements, plans and
performance, products and markets.it resolves situations of scarcities bethey in the physical, tecnhical or human
fields through maximum utilization with the minimum available processes to achieve the goal.
The lack of good governance will cause disorder, confusion, wastage, delay, destruction and even
depression. Managing men, money and material in the best possible way according to circumstances and enviroment
is the most important and essential factor for a succesful governance. Managing men is supposed have the best
tactics. Man is the first syllable in governance which speaks volumes on the role and significance practices. From
the pre-historic days of aborigines to the present day of robots and computer the ideas of governing available
resources have been in existence in some form or other. When the world has become a big global village now,
8 B. Mahadevenm Management Lessons from the Bhagvad Gita, 2008
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management practices have become more complex and what was once considered a golden rule is now throught to
be an an archromism.9
Good Governance Guidelines from Bhagvad Gita
There is an important distinction between effectiveness and efficiency in governance.
(1) Effectiveness is doing the right things and
(2) Efficicncy is doing things right
The general prncipal of effective governance can be applied in every fields the differences being mainly in
the application thair in principles. Again effective governance is not limited in its application. Only to business or
industrial enterprises but to all organisation.
The functions of Good Governance can briefly smmed up as under :-
(1) Focusing a vision and planning the strategy to realise such vision.
(2) Cultivaitng the art of leadership.
(3) Establishing the institutional excellence and building innovative organisation.
(4) Developing human resources.
(5) Term building and team work.
(6) Delegation, motivation and communication and
(7) Reviewing performance and taking corrective steps whenever called for
Thus, governance is a process in search of excettence to align people and get them committed to work for a
common goal to the maximum social benefit.
The critical question in every governance is how to be effective. The answer to this fundamental question is
found in Bhagvad Gita wich repeatedly proclaims that ‘you try to manage yourself’. The reason is that unless the
governance reaches a level of excellence and effectiveness that sets him apart from the others whom he is managing,
he will be merely a face in the crowd and not an cachiever.
In this context the Bhagvad Gita expounded thousands of years ago by the Super Governance Guru
Bhagwan Sri Krishna enlightens us on all governing techniques leading to a hermonious and blissful state of affairs
as againt conflicts, tensions, lowest efficiency and least productivity absence of motivation and lack of work culture
etc common to most of the Indian enterprises today.
The modern governing concepts like vision, leadership motivation source : Bhagvad Gita and Good
Governance excellence in work, achieving goals, meaning of work, attitude towards work, nature of individual,
decision-making, planning etc., are all discussed in the Bhagvad Gita with a sharp insight and first analysis to drive
through our confused grey matter making it highly liable to become a part of the modern governing syllabus. It may
be noted that while western design on governance deals with the problems at superficial, material, external and
peripheral levels, the ideas countained in the Bhagvad Gita tackle the issue from the grass roots level of human
thinking of man is improved, it will automatically enhance the quality of his actions and their results.
9 Ibid
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The governance thoughts emanating from the western countries particularly the U.S.A. are based mostly on
the lure for materialism and a perennail thrist for profit irrespective of the quality of the means adopted to achieve
that goal. This phenomenon has its source in abundance in the west particularly the U.S.A. governance by
materialism caught the fancy of ..... the countries the world over, India ......... trend. 10
Our country has been in the
forefrout in importing those ideas mainly because of its centuries old indoctriuation by the colonial rulers which
included in us a feeling that anything Western is always good and anything Indian is always inferior. Hance our
governance schools have spring up on the foundations of materialistic approach wherein no place of importance was
given a holistic view.
Some of the modern governance concepts in the light of the Bhagvad Gita which is a primer of governance
by values.
(1) Utilization of available resources
The first thing is to choose wisely and utilise optinallly the scasce resources of one has to succeed in his
venture. During t he curtain raiser before the Mahabharata War, Duryodyana choose Sri Krishna’s large army for his
help while Arjuna selected Sri Krishna wisdom for hsi support. This episode gives us a clue as to who is an effective
manager.
(2) Work Commitment
The popular verse of the Gita advises non-attachment to the fruits or results of actions performed in the
course of one’s duty. Dedicated work has to mean ‘work for the sake of work’. If we are always calculating the date
of promotion for putting in our efforts, then such work cannot be commitment oriented causing excellence int he
result but it will be promotion-oriented resulting in inevitable disappointments. By tilting the performance towards
the anticipated benefits, the quality of performance of the present duty suffers an account of the mental agitations
caused by the anxiities of the future. Another reason for non-attachment to results is the fact that workings of the
world are not designed to positively respond to our calculations and hence expected fruits may not always be
forthcoming.
So, the Gita tells us not to mortgage the present commitment to an uncertain future. If we are not able to
measure up to this height, then surely the fault lies with us and not with the teaching.
Some People argue that being unattached to the consequences of one action would one unaccountable as
accountability is a much tauted word these days with the vigilance department sitting on our shoulders. However.
We have to understand that the entire second chapter has arisen as a sequel to the temporarily lost sense of
accountability on the part of Arjuna in the first chapter of the Gita in performing his suadharma11
.
Bhagvad Gita is full of advice on the theory of cause and effect, making the doer responsible for the
consequences of his deeds. The Gita, while advising detachment from the avarice of selfish gains by discharging
one’s accepted duty does not absolve anybody of the consequences arising from dischange of his responsibilities.
This verse is a brilliant guide to the operating governance for psychological energy conservation and a
prevent method against stress and burn-outs in the work situations. Learning managerial stress prevention methods
are quite costly now days and if only we understand the Gita we get the required cure free of cost.
10
M.P. Bhattathiry, Bhagvad Gita and Good Governnace, www.keralaonline.com 11
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Thus, the best means for effective work performance is to become the work itself. Attaining this state of
vishkama karma is the right attitude to work because it prevents the ego, the mind from dissipation through
speculation on future gains or losses.
It has been presumed for long that satisfying lowre needs of a worker like adequate food, clothing and
shelter, recognition, appreciation, status, personality development etc. are the key factors in the motivational theory
of personnel management.
It is the common experience that the spirit of grievances from the clerk to the director is identical and only
their scales and composition vary. It should have been once the lower order needs are more than satified, the director
should have no problem in optimising his countribution to the organisation. But more often than not, it does not
happen like that; the eagle soars high but keeps its eyes firmly fixed on the dead animal below. On the country a
lowly paid school teacher, a self-employed artisan, ordinary artists demonstrate higher levels of self-realisation
despite poor satisfaction of their lower order needs12
.
This situation is explained by the theory of self-transcendence or self-realisation propounded in the
Gita self-transcendence is overcoming insuperable obstackes in one’s path. It involves ressoning egoism,
putting other before oneself, co-operation, harmony, trust, sacrificing lower needs for higher goals, seeing
others in you and youself in others etc. The partrait of a self-realising person is that he is a man who aims at
his own position and underrates everything else. On the other hand the self-transcenders are the visionaries and
innovaters. Their resolute efforts enable them to achieve the appartently impossible. They overcome all
barriers. To reach their goal.
The work must be done with detachment. ‘This is because it is the eto which spoils the work’. If this is not
the backbone of the theory of motivation which the modern scolars talk about what else is it? I would say that this is
not merely a theory of motivation but it is a theory of insiration.
The Gita further advises to perform action with loving attention to the divine which imples redirection of the
empirical self away from its egocentric needs, desires and passion for creating suitable conditions to perform actions in
pursuit of excellence. Working for love is freedom in action which is described as disinterested work in the Gita. It is
on the basis of holistic vision that Indians have developed the work-ethos of life. They found that all work irrespective
jof its nature have to be directed towards a single purpose that is the manifestation of essential divinity in man by
working for the good of all beings loksangraha. This vision was presented to us in the very first mantra of isopauishad
which says that whatever exists in the universe is enveloped by God. How shall we enjoy this life then, if all are one ?
The answer it provides is enjoy and strengthen life by sacrificing your selfishness by not coveting other’s wealth. The
same motivation is given by Sri Krishna in the third chapter of Gita when he says that ‘he who shares the wealth
generated only after serving hte people, through work done as a sacrifice for them, is freed from all the sins. On the
contrary those who earn wealth only for themselves, eat sins that lead to frustration and failure13
.
The disinterested work finds expression in devotion, surrender and equipoise. The former two are
psychological while the third is the strong willed determination to keep the mind free of and above the dualistic pulls
of daily expericnces. Detached involvement in work is the key tomental equanimity or the state of nirdwanda. This
attitude leads to a stage where the worker begins to feel the presence of the supreme intelligence guiding the
empirical individual intelligence. Such de-personalified intelligence is best suited for those who sincerely believe in
the supremacy of organisational goal as compared to narrow personal success and achievement.
12
B. Mahadevenm Management Lessons from the Bhagvad Gita, 2008 13
B. Mahadevenm Management Lessons from the Bhagvad Gita, 2008
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Work culture means vigorous and orderous eforts in pursuit of a given on chosen task. When Bhagwan Sri
Krishna rebukes Arjuna in the strongest words for his unmanliness and irrbeticity in recoiling from his righteous duti
it is nothing but a drawn call for the highest work culture. Poor work culture is the result of terms guna overtaking
one’s mindset. Bhagwan’s stinging rebuke is to bring out the temporariy dorment rajo guna in Arjuna. Sri Krishna
elaborates on two types of work ethic viz. Daivi sampat or divine work culture and asuri sampat or demonic work
culture.
Daivi work culture– means fearlesness, purity, self-control, sacrifice, straight forwardness, self denial,
calmness, absence of fault firding, absence of greed, gentleness, modesty, absence of envy and pride.
Asari work culture- means egoism, delivion, desire-centric imporper performance, work which is not
oriented towards service. It is to be noted that mere work ethic is not enough in as much as a hardened criminal has
also a very good work culture. What is needed is a work ethic conditioned by ethics in work.14
It is in this lifht that the counsel ‘yogah karmasu kausalam’ should be understood. Kausalam means skill
or method a technique of work which is an indispensable component or work ethic. Yogah is defined in the Gita
itself as ‘samatvam yogah cehyate’ meaning unchanging equipoise of mind. Tikal tells us that performing actions
with the special device of an equable mind is yoga. By making the equable mind as the bed0rock of all actions
Gita evolved the goal of unification of work ethic with ethics in work, for without ethical proces no mind can
attain equipoise. A.S. says that skill in performance of one’s duty consists in maintaining the evenness of m ind in
success and failure because the calm mind in failure will lead him to deeper introspection and see clearly where
the process went wrong so that corrective steps could be taken to avoid such shortcomings in future.
The principle of reducing our attachment to personal gains from the work done or controlling the oversion
to personal lesses emunicated is the foolproof persccription for attaining equanivity. The common apprehension
about this principle that it will lead to lack of incentive for effort and work, striking at the very root of work ethic is
not valid because the advice is to be juded as relevant to man’s overriding quest for true mental happiness. Thus,
while the common place theories on motivation lead us to bandage, the Gita theory takes us to freedom and real
happiness.
The gita further explaine the theory of non-attachment to the results of work, the import of which is as
under :
If the result of sincere effor is a success, the entire credit should not be appropriated by the doer alone.
It the result of sincere effort is a failure, then too the entire does not accure to the doer.
Thefarmer attitude mollifies arrogance and conceit while the latter prevents excessive despondency, de-
motivation and self-pity. 15
Thus both these disporitions saffeguard the doer against psychological viluerability which is the cause for
the modern manager’s companious like diabetes, high B.P., ulcers etc. Assimilation of the ideas behind the Gita
leads us to the wider spectrum there is also another dimension in the work ethic. If the karmayoga is blended with
bhaktiyoga there the work itself becomes worship, a seva yoga.
14
B. Mahadevenm Management Lessons from the Bhagvad Gita, 2008 15
B. Mahadevenm Management Lessons from the Bhagvad Gita, 2008
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The Ultimate Message of Gita for Good Governance - The despondent position of Arjuna in the first chapter of
the Gita is a typical human situation which may come in the life as well men of action some tiem or other. Sri
Krishna by sheer power of his inspiring words raised the level of Arjuna’s mind from the state of inertia to the state
of righteious action, from the state of faithfulness to the state of faith and self-confidence in the ultimate victory of
Dharma (ethical action). They are the powerful words of courage, of strength, of self-confidence of faith in ones
own infinite power, of the glory, of valour int eh life of active, people and of the need for intense calmness in the
midst of intense action.
When Arjuna got over his desponding and stood ready to fight, Sri Krishna gave him the gospel for using
his spirit of intense action not for his own benefit, not satisfying his own greed and desire but for using his action for
the ood of many, with waith int he ultimate victory of ethics over unethical action and truth over untruth. Arjuna
responds by emphatically declaring that all his delusions were removed and that he is ready to do what expected of
him in the given situation.
Sri Krishna’s advice with regard to temporary failures int he actions is ‘No doer of good ever ends in
misery’. Every action should produece results; good action process good results and evil begets nothing but evil.
Therefore, always act well and be rewarded.16
And finally the Gita’s consoling message for all men of action is : He who follows My ideal in all walks by
life without losing faith in the ideal or never deviating from it, I provide him with all that he needs (Yoga) and
protect what he has already got (Kshema).
In conslucion the purpose of this article is not to suggest discarding of the western model of efficiency
dynamism and striving for excellence but to make these ideals tumed to the India’s holistic attitude of lokasangraha
for the welfare of many, for the good of many. The idea is that these management skills should be India-centric and
not America-centric. Swami V. Says a combination of both these approaches wil certainly create future leads of
India who will be for superior to any that have ever been in the world.
16
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xSj&ljdkjh m|ksxksa ij nf"Vikr djsa rks gesa Kkr gksrk gS fd ftys esa ’kkW okWysal daiuh] ls.Vªy gspjht] tcyiqj
gspjht] fQfuDl iksYVªh] def’kZ;y vkWVkseksckbZYl] eksguyky gjxksfoannkl chM+h m|ksx tSlh cM+h bdkbZ;ka dk;Zjr gSa
vkSj bils vusd {ks=h; yksxksa dks jkstxkj feyk gqvk gSA
ftys esa j{kk laLFkkuksa ls lacaf/kr izeq[k ogn] e/;e m|ksxksa dks lfEefyr djrs gq, nl miØe LFkkfir gS] rFkk
y?kq vkSj dqVhj m|ksx ds varxZr o"kZ 2003 ekpZ rd dh fLFkfr esa 13604 bdkbZ;k¡ iath—r gSaA 4 ftuesa [kfut ,oa —f"k
vk/kkfjr m|ksxksa ds vfrfjDr uV&cksYV] psu fyad] IykfLVd eksYMsM oLrq,a] vkj-lh-lh-ikbZi] duQsDlujh] iksYVªh] Ik’kq
vkgkj] jsfM;sVj] jcj ikVZ~l] lc eflZcy iEi] vkbZLØhe] peZ m|ksx] gLr f’kYi] jsMhesM lyokj lwV] isaV&’kVZ]
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 34
fjQsDVªht] lksfM;e flfydsV] dyj fixesaV] isaVl] fMLVsaij] VªkalQkeZj] ih-Ogh-lh- ikbZi] uedhu] elkysa] dkWih m|ksx]
vk;qosZfnd nokbZ;ka] lksMkokVj] feujy okVj] vkWVk pDdh] fj&jksfyax fey] Lvksu Øs’kj] ekcZy m|ksx vkfn ls lacaf/kr
NksVh cM+h bdkbZ;ka dk;Zjr gSaA
ljdkjh vkSj xSj&ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds vykok tcyiqj ftys esa eq[; :Ik ls LVsV cSad] lsaVªy cSad] bykgkckn
cSad lfgr 25 jk"Vªh;—r cSadksa dh yxHkx 127 ’kk[kk,¡ ,oa futh o lgdkjh {ks=ksa dh 5 ’kk[kk,a ftys esa dkj;Zjr gSa vkSj
vihu ;kstukvksa vkSj ’krksaZ ds v/khu /kujkf’k dks tek djus rFkk y?kq] dqVhj] e/;e vkSj ogn m|ksxksa dks nh?kZdkyhu
_.k iznku dj jgh gSaA txyiqj ftys ds varZxr pwafd y?kq vkSj e/;e Lrj dh vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ;ka gh dk;Zjr gSa]
blfy, ;s cSad bUgha LFkkvksa dks _.k nsus dk dk;Z dj jgh gSaA 5 orZeku esa ,d tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij tcyiqj uxj ds
yxHkx lHkh NksVs&cM+s nqdkunkj] O;kikjh] vk<+fr;s vkSj m|eh cSadksa ls uxn lk[k vkSj vfxze dh lqfo/kk ds lkFk y?kq
,oa e/;edkyhu _.k izkIr dj jgs gSa tks mudh dk;Z’khy iawth dks lgtrk ls miyC/k djk jgh gSA blfy, uxj ds
vkS|ksfxd <kaps dh ppkZ djrs le; ;gk¡ bl ckr dk mYys[k djuk vko’;d gS fd uxj esa bu cSafdx lqfo/kkvksa ds
vfrfjDr pwafd vU; <kapkxr lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko gS blfy, ;gka y?kq m|ksx {ks= esa vfr y?kq bdkbZ;ka gh LFkkfir gqbZ gSa
vkSj vkt rd lapkfyr gks jgh gSaA6
vko’;drk bl ckr dh gS fd tcyiqj ftys esa vkSj vf/kd la[;k esa vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ;ka LFkkfir dh tk;s vkSj
cM+s iSekus dh bdkbZ;ka Hkh LFkkfir dh tk,a rkfd ftys dk vkS|ksfxd Lo:Ik cnys tks ftys dh vkfFkZd lef) vkSj
lEiUurk dks c<+kus esa lgk;d gks A
ftys esa foi.ku O;oLFkk visf{kr :Ik ls ftys ds O;olkf;;ksa] m|fe;ksa ds fy;s fodflr voLFkk esa gS] pwafd ;g
ftyk lM+d ekxZ ls vU; ftyksa ls eq[; :Ik ls tqM+k gqvk gSa] vkSj vius vkl&ikl ds ftyksa dh vis{kk vf/kd fodflr
gSA vr% 8&10 ftyksa dh vko’;drk dh iwfrZ ;gka ls cjkcj gksrh gSaA ftys esa o eq[; :Ik ls tcyiqj ’kgj esa Fkksd o
QqVdj cktkj Ik;kZIr :Ik ls fodflr gSaA ftys esa eq[; cktkj ds vykok {ks=h; Lrj ds izeq[k cktkj o xzkeh.k vapyksa esa
fu;fer o lkIrkfgd gkV cktkj ds ek/;e ls NksVs&cM+s O;kikjh ;gka ds yksxksa dh vko’;drk dh iwfrZ esa layXu gSaA
tcyiqj ftys ds varxZr lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ uxj tcyiqj gSA blh uxj ds lkekftd ifjp; ls laiw.kZ ftys
dk ifjp; izkIr gksrk gSA vkpk;Z fouksok Hkkos us bl uxj dks laLdkj/kkuh dk uke fn;k Fkk] tks ;gka ds laLdkjksa dks
izfrfcafcr djrk gSA tcyiqj uxj dh laL—fr cgqjaxh dgh tk ldrh gS] D;ksafd ;gka fHkUu&fHkUu tkfr] /keZ] Hkk"kk
lEiznk;] oxZ ds yksx fuokl djrs gSa vkSj muds vkpj.k ls ;gka dh lkekftd psruk Li"V gksrh gSaA
tcyiqj esa fgUnq] eqfLye] flD[k] bZlkbZ] tSu] ikjlh] ekjokM+h] xqtjkrh] caxkyh] fla/kh] vkfn lEiznk;ksa ds yksx
vius&vius /keZ Hkk"kk vkSj lEiznk; dh ijEijkvksa dk ikyu djrs gq, fuokl djrs gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd uxj dh laL—
fr xqynLrs dh Hkkafr iqf"ir vkSj iYyfor gks jgh gSA
tcyiqj ftys dh tula[;k dk ,d cM+k Hkkx fgUnqvksa dk gSA ;s yksx uxjh; {ks=ksa esa [kM+h fgUnh vkSj xzkeh.k
{ks=ksa esa cqansy[kaMh T;knk cksyrs gSaA uxj ds izR;sd {ks= esa bl lEiznk; ds yksxksa ds }kjk vusd NksVs&NksVs eafnj cuok,
x;s gSaA tgka iwjs o"kZ Hkj os rht R;kSgkjksa dk vk;kstu djrs gSa vkSj cM+h J)k ds lkFk mlesa Hkkx ysrs gSaA ftys esa fgUnq
fofHkUu m|ksx /ka/kksa ds vykok O;olkf;d {ks= ,oa fofHkUu izdkj dh ukSdfj;ksa esa dk;Zjr gSaA tcyiqj ftys esa eq[;r%
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 35
edj laØkafr] clar iapeh] gksyh] pS= dh ukS nqxkZ] xq: iwf.kZek] tUeks"Veh] x.kifr iwtu] jk[kh] ’kjn dh ukS nqxkZ]
nhikoyh] ’kjn iwf.kZek vkfn cgqr mRlkg ds lkFk euk;k tkrk gSaA tcyiqj ds fgUnw tUek"Veh ij —".k th dk tqywl]
n’kgjk ij nqxkZ izfrekvksa dk tqywl] x.ks’k foltZu dk tqywl vkfn cM+s vkd"kZd <ax ls eukrs gSaA blds vykok vU;
/kkfeZd R;kSgkjksa ij Hkh lkoZtfud vk;kstuksa dh ijEijk gSA bl izdkj ftys dh fgUnw laL—de cgqr le) vkSj lEiUu
gSaA
tcyiqj ftys dh vkcknh dk ,d Hkkx tSu lEiznk; ds yksxksa dk gSA uxj esa fnxEcj vkSj ’osrkEcj nksuksa gh
izdkj ds yksx gSaA ;s yksx Hkh eq[;r% diM+k O;olk; esa layXu gSaA bUgksaus tcyiqj ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa eafnj cukdj
mlds vklikl jguk vkjaHk fd;k vkSj le;≤ ij vius /kkfeZd rht R;kSgkjksa dks eukrs gSaa tcyiqj esa tula[;k dk
,d Hkkx eqlyekuksa dk Hkh gSA ftys esa buds Hkh nks oxZ fl;k vkSj lqUuh fuokl djrs gSaA ;s yksx bZn vkSj jetku ds
R;kSgkjksa dks eukrs gSaA bl oxZ ds yksx eq[;r% isVh] vyekjh] :bZ dh /kqukbZ e’khuksa dh fji;sfjax] lCth vkfn ds
O;olk;ksa o y?kq m|ksx /ka/kksa ls viuh vkthfodk pykrs gSaA
tcyiqj esa xq:ukudnso dks ekuus okys flD[k leqnk; ds yksx Hkh cM+h ek=k esa gSaA bl lEiznk; ds yksx
eq[;r% vkWVkseksckbYl] ydM+h Vky vkSj VªkaliksVZ O;olk;] e’khu fjis;fjax fofHkUu VsfDudy m|ksx /ka/kksa esa dk;Zjr gSaA
bl lEiznk; ds yksxksa us Hkh tcyiqj esa fHkUu&fHkUu LFkkuksa ij xq:}kjksa dh Lfkkiuk dh gSa] tgka ;s vius leLr rht
R;kSgkjksa dks eukrs gSaA tcyiqj esa bZlkbZ lEiznk; ds yksxksa dh la[;k Hkh Ik;kZIr ek=k esa miyC/k gSaA bu yksxksa us Hkh uxj
ds vyx&vyx {ks=ksa esa vius ppZ cuk j[ks gSaA tgka ;s fu;fer vkrs&tkrs gSa] vkSj vius rht&R;kSgkjksa dks eukrs gSaA
bZlkbZ lEiznk; ds yksx O;olkf;d {ks= esa rks de gSa ysfdu fHkUu&fHkUu bdkbZ;ksa esa ukSdfj;ka dj jgs gSaA
mi;qZDr lEiznk;ksa ds vykok uxj esa vU; /keksZ vkSj lEiznk;ksa ds yksx Hkh fuokl djrs gSa vkSj vius&vius /keZ
vkSj lEiznk; dh jhfr&fjoktksa ds {ks=ksa esa vius&vius lkeqnkf;d Hkouksa dk fuekZ.k dj fy;k gSaA tgka os fHkUu&fHkUu
voljksa ij ,df=r gksdj vyx&vyx izdkj ds vk;kstu djrs gSa vkSj viuk thou&;kiu dj jgs gSaA blesa dPNh tSu
lekt] ey;kyh lekt] fØ’p;u lekt] dk;LFk lekt] czkEg.k lekt vkfn eq[; gSaA
tcyiqj dh laL—fr us iqf"ir&iYyfor djus esa ;gka dh lkfgfR;d vkSj lkaL—frd xfrfof/k;ka lnSo ls gh
egRoiw.kZ jgh gS] vkSj bu xfrfof/k;kas dks vkxs c<+kus esa lkfgfR;d xfrfof/k;ksa dh lapsruk esa layXu laLFkk,a tcyiqj
lkfgR; la?k] ’kkjnk Hkou iqLrdky;] fe= la?k] feyu] xqatu dyk lnu] foospuk] xkSjo ukV~; eap ds lkFk fofHkUu ukeh
lkfgR;dkj lsB xksfoannkl] ia- xaxkizlkn vfXugks=h] ia- ckyeqdaqn f=ikBh] ia- }kjdk izlkn feJ] jkes’oj izlkn xq:] ia-
Hkokuhizlkn] lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku] O;aX;dkj gfj’kadj ijlkbZ] ia- jklfcgkjh ik.Ms;] ia- gfj—".k f=ikBh] MkW- jktdqekj
frokjh ^lqfe=* vkfn vusdkusd gLrk{kjksa us bl uxjh dh lkfgfR;d xfjek dks c<+k;k gSA blds vykok lkfgfR;d
i=&if=dk;sa] deZohj] dsljh] igy] izgjh] lj;w] lkSjHk ds lkFk nSfud lekpkj&i= uoHkkjr] uohu nqfu;k] nSfud
HkkLdj] ns’kca/kq] ;qx/keZ] t;yksd] Lora= er] fgUnh ,Dliszl] Vh&VkbZEl] le; pØ vkfn i=ksa us ftys dh tkx:drk
dks cuk, j[kus esa viuk laiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
”
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 36
jkuh nqxkZorh fo’ofo|ky;] tcyiqj e-iz-
^^lkekftd xfr’khyrk ls lkekftd thou esa ik;s tkus okys ml LFkkukUrj.k dh izfØ;k dk
cks/k gksrk ftlds varxZr lekt ds lnL; ,d in ls nwljs in vFkok ,d LFkku ;k is’ks ls nwljs LFkku ;k is’ks dh vksj
pyk;eku gksrs gSaA vfr la{ksi esa lkekftd xfr’khyrk lekt ds lnL;ksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr in ;k is’ks esa gksus okys
gsj&Qsj dh ifjpk;d gSA**
euq"; dk lnSo ls ifjorZu’khy jguk ifjorZu gh xfr’khyrk ykrh gS] vkSj ifjorZu izÑfr dk ,d vpwd fu;e
gS] pwafd lekt vkSj lekt esa jgus okys izR;sd O;fDr tks fdlh Hkh oxZ] tkfr] /keZ] leqnk; ;k lEiznk; ds gks ;s lHkh
izÑfr dk gh vax gS vr% fdlh Hkh ,sls lekt dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrh tks fd iw.kZr;k fLFkj gks gka ;g lR; gS
fd izR;sd lekt esa ifjorZu dh xfr ,d leku ugha gk srh dksbZ lekt nzqrxfr ls xfr’khy gS rks dksbZ lekt ean xfr
ls lekt dh xfr’khyrk dk rkRi;Z gS ,d lkekftd O;oLFkk esa O;fDr dk ,d fLFkfr ls nwljh fLFkfr esa LFkkukUrj.k
ftlds QyLo:Ik bl LrjhÑr] lkekftd thou esa O;fDr;ksa ds fofHkUu lewg ,oa Lrj ik;s tkrs gS] ftudk Lrj ,d
leku ugha gksrk gS izR;sd O;fDr lHkh lewg dk lnL; ugha gks ldrk blfy;s dbZ ckj og ,d lewg dh lnL;rk
R;kxdj nwljs lewg dh lnL;rk xzg.k djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA blfy;s dgk tkrk gS fd lkekftd xfr’khyrk dk
rRo izR;sd lekt esa fo|eku gSA
tgka ij ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl dk o.kZu gksrk gS] ogka Lor% gh vius dykRed dkS’ky esa n{k ijEijkxr
f’kYidkjksa ds dk;Z dk mYys[k gksrk gS] D;ksafd ijEijkxr f’kYidkj ds fcuk ekuo lH;rk laLÑfr rFkk fodkl dh ckrsa
,d dYiuk ek= yxrh gSaA f’kYidkjksa us izkphu dky ls ysdj orZeku rd fofHkUu dykvksa esa vius lk/kkj.k ls ifg;k
vkSj tknqbZ gkFkksa ls feydj fujkdkj feV~Vh dks dykRed :Ik esa <kyk gSA blus vius dkS’ky ls ’kL; ’;keyk /kjrh dks
ltkus esa dksbZ dlj ckadh ugha j[khA
orZeku esa e`.k f’kYidkjksa dh fLFkfr dh ckr djsa rks vktknh ds 68 o"kZ char tkus ds ckn Hkh budh lkekftd
fLFkfr esa ifjorZu gqvk vFkok ugha D;k f’kYidkjksa dh n’kk mruha n;uh; gS ftruh fd iwoZ esa FkhA QdZ rks bruk gSa fd
eq[kkSVk cny x;k ysfdu psgjk ugha cnykA
19oha lnh ds mRrjk)Z esa vaxszth ’kklu dky ds izHkko ls Hkkjrh; lkekftd Lrj.k esa /khjs&/khjs ifjorZu vkus
yxkA ;gha ls lkekftd xfr’khyrk dk izkjaHk gqvkA Hkkjr esa vkt led{k rFkk mnxz nksuksa izdkj dh xfr’khyrk Li"Vr%
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vf/kdrj xfr’khyrk mnxz izÑfr dh gS] rFkk blesa Hkh vkjksgh lkekftd xfr’khyrk vf/kd ns[kh tk
ldrh gSA vaxzsth ’kklu dky esa fuEukafdr dkj.kksa ls xfr’khyrk esa o`f) gqbZ gS &
1- vk/kqfud f’k{kkA
2- ukSdjh ds u;s&u;s volj uohu O;olk;A
3- vkokxeu rFkk lapkj lk/kuksa esa o`f)A
4- ’kwnz iz’kklfud <kaps dk xBuA
5- uxjhdj.k rFkk vkS|ksxhdj.kA
6- vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;kA
7- turk esa jktuSfrd psruk dh o`f)A
8- lekt lq/kkj vkanksyuA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 37
Hkkjr tSls can lekt esa lkekftd xfr’khyrk izkjaHk esa rks de xfr ls gqbZ ijarq tSls&tSls tu psruk c<+rh xbZ
vkSj f’k{kk o ukSdfj;ksa ds volj c<+rs x;s lkekftd xfr’khyrk esa Hkh fujarj o`f) gksus yxhA Hkkjr esa vaxszth
’kklu dky rFkk Lora=rk izkfIr ds Ik’pkr~ lkekftd xfr’khyrk ls lekt esa fuEufyf[kr ifjorZu vk;s &
1- la;qDr ifjokjksa dk fo?kVu gqvk D;ksafd ukSdjh is’kk djus okys O;fDr viuh ifRu vkSj cPpksa dks ysdj viuh
ukSdjh djus ds LFkku ij jgus yxrs gSa rFkk muds ifjokj ds ckdh lnL; xkao o mlh LFkku ij jg tkrs gSa
tgka ds os jgus okys gSaA
2- ijEijkxr O;kolkf;d lajpuk blls izHkkfor gqbZ gS] D;ksafd xfr’khyrk ds dkj.k ih<+h nj ih<+h ,d gh
O;olk; dj ikuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA
3- lnL;ksa ij ifjokj dk fu;a=.k de gqvk gS] D;ksafd i<+s&fy[ks O;fDr la;qDr ifjokj esa drkZ ds fujadq’k ’kklu
esa ugha jguk pkgrsA
4- fookg dh ekU;rkvksa esa ifjorZu gqvk gSA ,dkadh ifjokjksa esa jgus okys i<+s&fy[ks ;qod&;qofr;ka vkt Lo;a
vius thoulkFkh dk p;u djus ds fy;s rRij jgrs gSA
5- tkfr O;oLFkk es ifjorZu gqvk gSaA ,d vksj rks tkfr O;oLFkk ls lacaf/kr [kku&iku ds izfrca/k lekIr gks x;s gSa]
rks nwljh vksj varj tkfr; fookgksa dks Hkh izksRlkgu feyk gSA
6- Hkkjrh; lekt dh ijEijkxr ljapuk Hkh blls izHkkfor gqbZ gSa lHkh ijEijkxr vk/kkj blls izHkkfor gq, gSa vkSj
;g can O;oLFkk ls ,d yphyh O;oLFkk cu x;h gSA dqN yksxksa dk rks ;gka rd dguk gS fd vkt tkfr
O;oLFkk o.kZ O;oLFkk esa ifjofrZr gksus yxh gSA
7- blls uxjhdj.k dh izfØ;k dks izksRlkgu feyk gS ukSdjh ds vf/kdka’k volj uxjksa rFkk vkS|ksfxd {ks=ksa esa tkrs
gSa vkSj blls xfr’khyrk dh izfØ;k dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA
8- lkekftd xfr’khyrk ls Hkkjr esa O;olkf;d fo’ks"khdj.k esa Hkh of) gqbZ gSA vkt ftruk fo’ks"khdj.k gesa
fofHkUu O;olk;ksa esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA mruk Hkkjrh; lekt esa igys dHkh ugha FkkA
lkekftd xfr’khyrk dh of) ls Hkkjrh; lekt esa egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu gq,] ijarq fQj Hkh vusd fon~oku
vkt bl ckr dks Lohdkj djrs gSa fd tkfrokn] {ks=h;rk] Hkk"kkokn bR;kfn dkjdksa us Hkkjr esa lkekftd
xfr’khyrk dh xfr dks vo:) fd;k gqvk gSA /khjs&/khjs bl lHkh esa f’kfFkyrk ls bl esa of) vo’; gqbZ gS]
ijarq vHkh Hkh xfr’khyrk larks"ktud :Ik ls ugha gks jgh gSA
Hkkjr es a lkekftd xfr’khyrk dh izfØ;k ,d laØafr dky ls xqtj jgha gSA fons’kh lekt’kkfL=;ksa us
bl ij fopkj djus dk iz;kl fd;k ftuesa Msfol] ohlsat o VkWYdV ikjlal] tkWulu] okVkseksj o V~;wfeu ds
uke izfl) gSA [ksn dh ckr gS d ;gka ds Lrjhdj.k dh O;oLFkk tkfr O;oLFkk dks izk;% Bhd <ax ls ugha
le>k x;k gS vkSj u gh mldh uohure fLFkfr ds vuqlkj v/;;u fd;k x;k gS] tSlk V~;wfeu us tkfr;ksa dks
tks vLi’kZ gSa eafnj esa iwtk djus fofHkUu O;olk;ksa esa dk;Z djus dh NwV vkSj fo’ks"k le; ij lkoZtfud :Ik ls
izdV gksus dh vkKk ugha gSa V~;wfeu us ifjofrZr izfrekuksa dk mYys[k ugha fd;k gS D;ksafd Hkkjr esa vc vLi’kZrk
dkuwu }kjk rks vijk/k gS gh cfYd O;ogkj esa Hkh ,d cM+h lhek rd vc ugha ns[kk tkrkA
Lora=rk ds ckn 1950 dk dky ,d fo’ks"k lekt&’kkL=h egRo dk dky jgkA x.kra= dh LFkkiuk ds
u;s lafo/kku ij vk/kkfjr lerkewyd lekt dh vksj Hkkjr vkxs c<+us yxkA Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa ;g dky
fo’ks"k egRo dk blfy;s gSa] fd lafo/kku ds varxZr gj O;fDr dks vkxs c<+us dk lekt volj fn;k x;k gSA
lafo/kku esa ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dh ckr dh xbZ rkfd Hkkjr dk izR;sd ukxfjd viuh ;ksX;rk] xq.k ,oa ifjJe ds
vk/kkj ij lekt esa vkxs c<+ lds ;g ijEijkxr Hkkjrh; lkekftd ewY; ,oa izfreku ds izfrdwy gSA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 38
orZeku Hkkjr esa vkS|ksxhdj.k] uxjhdj.k] vk/kqfudhdj.k] laLÑfrdj.k ,oa ubZ oS|kfud O;oLFkk us
la;qDr :Ik ls feydj tkfr O;oLFkk esa O;kid ifjorZu fd;s gSaA vkS|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k lHkh tkfr;ksa ds lnL;
lkFk feydj dk;Z dj jgs gS] ftlds dkj.k laca/kksa esa xfr’khyrk vk jgh gSA uxjhdj.k ds varxZr O;fDr xkao ls
’kgjksa esa vkdj dke&/ka/ks dh ryk’k esa uxjksa dh tfVy laLÑfr esa foyhu gks jgs gSaA fo|ky;ksa rFkk egkfo|ky;ksa
esa lHkh tkfr ds yksx lkFk cSBdj fo|k v/;;u dj jgs gSaA tgka tkfr izFkk dk fHkUu Lo:Ik gSa ogka Hkkjr esa lHkh
/keksZ dks leku ekuk x;k gSa rFkk mUgsa ,d lk lEeku fn;k x;k gS] blls Hkh xfr’khyrk dks cy feyk gSA tkfr
izFkk esa /keZ dk izHkko de gks x;k gS blds pyrs vkt ’kgjksa esa vDlj varj tkfr; fookg ftls izse fookg Hkh
dgk tkrk gS fd ?kVuk,a ?kVrh jgrh gSA ,e-,u- Jhfuokl dh laLÑfrdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk ls ;g Li"V tkfgj gksrk
gS fd uhph tkfr;ksa }kjk Åaps tkfr;ksa dh udy o deZdk.M cnydj viuh fLFkfr Åij mBkus dk iz;kl djrk gS
og Åaps oa’k ds ukeksa o dk;ksZ dk vuqdj.k djrk gSA vusd tkfr;ksa us vius u;s uke j[k fy, gSa rFkk vusd fuEu
tkfr ds lnL; mPp f’k{kk ikdj mPp O;olk;ksa esa yx x;s gSaA ftudh tkfr O;oLFkk esa rks uhph fLFkfr gSa] ij
O;olk; esa mPp gSa vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gSa fd Hkkjrh; lekt esa lkeqfgr xfr’khyrk dh izfØ;k py jgh gSaA
xako dh rqyuk esa ’kgjksa ds varxZr lkekftd xfr’khyrk dh izfØ;k dqN T;knk gh rst gSaA lsok ,oa
O;olk; ds ;gka u;s&u;s volj izkIr gksrs gSaA mPp f’k{kk dh lqfo/kk,a csgrj gSa rFkk xako dh rqyuk esa ’kgjksa esa
/kkfeZd va/kfo’okl Hkh de gSA pwafd tkfr /keZ ij vk/kkfjr gSa vkSj uxjksa esa /kkfeZd fo’okl esa deh vkbZ gS blfy;s
tkfr O;oLFkk ds fu;e dkuwuksa esa Hkh dqN fo’ks"k <hy iM+h gSaA tkfr dh txg Lrj.k dk egRoiw.kZ vk/kkj oxZ
curk tk jgk gSA ’kgjksa ds yksx vc tkfr dh mPprk ij mruk fopkj u dj O;fDr ds in ij ij O;olk; ds
vk/kkj ij lekt esa mudh fLFkfr ds ckjs esa fopkj djrs gSaA ;g lgh gSa fd ’kgjksa esa tkfrokn dqN T;knk gh QSyk
gSA blds ckotwn oxZ O;oLFkk ’kgjksa ds varxZr dkQh tM+ tek pqdh gSA thou ds ewY;ksa esa /ku laifRr in ,oa
lRrk esa fgLlsnkjh dk egRo igys dh rqyuk esa dkQh vf/kd gks x;k gSA vkxs c<+us dh izfr;ksfxrk ds dkj.k
lekt esa dkQh vfLFkjrk iSnk gks x;kh gSA vesfjdu ekuo ’kkL=h tsEl flYoxZ ¼1968½ us vius v/;;uksa esa ;g
rF; Lohdkj fd;k gS fd Hkkjrh; lekt esa igys dh rqyuk esa cgqr T;knk [kqykiu vk x;k gSA lkekftd
xfr’khyrk ds lEca/k esa tks rF; ekStwn gSa mu rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr dks vc ,d can lekt dh Js.kh esa ugha
j[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g lgh gS fd ik’pkR; ns’kksa dh rqyuk esa ;gka xfr’khyrk de gS ij vkt ftruh xfr’khyrk
Hkkjrh; lekt esa ekStwn gSa mldh rqyuk bl ns’k ds fdlh Hkh ,sfrgkfld dky esa ugha dh tk ldrh gSA
1- nfyrksa ds nfyr ¼2007½ & gjfd’ku larks"kh] lLrk lkfgR; e.My izdk’kuA
2- Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa lkekftd leL;k;sa & izks- ,e-,y-xqIrkA
3- Hkkjr esa lekt & MkW- /keZohj egktu ,oa MkW- deys’k egktu] foosd izdk’kuA
4- vkj-,l- ’kekZ & ’kqnzkt bu ,sf’k;k bf.M;kA
5- ih-oh-;ax & lkbZufVfQd lks’ky loZs ,.M fjlpZA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 39
¼jktuhfr 'kkL=½ izHkkjh izkpk;Z] 'kkldh; egkfo|ky; fuokl] e.Myk] e-iz-
Hkkjr esa tUe ls ysdj e`R;q rd efgyk,¡ HksnHkko dk lkeuk djrh jgh gSA f'k{kk] LokLF;] fyaxkuqikr]
vkfFkZd Hkkxhnkjh vkfn vusd izeq[k ladsrd ns'k esa iq:"kksa ds eqdkcys efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa fo|eku vlarqyu dh
vksj gh b'kkjk djrs gSA ySafxad lekurk dk fl)kar Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds izLrkouk] ewyHkwr vf/kdkjksa] ewyHkwr dÙkZO;ksa
vkSj funsZ'kd fl)karksa esa Li"V :Ik ls mYysf[kr gSA lafo/kku u dsoy efgyk lekurk dh ckr djrk gSA cfYd
jkT;ksa dks efgykvksa ds i{k esa foHksndkjh uhfr;k¡ cukus dh 'kfDRk Hkh iznku djrk gSA gky ds o"kksZa esa efgykvksa dh
fLFkfr ds fu/kkZj.k esa efgyk&l'kfDRkdj.k dh igpku dsUnzh; eqn~ns ds :Ik esa dh xbZ gSA
l'kfDrdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dh 'kq:vkr lu~ 1985 essa uSjksch esa gksus okys efgyk vUrZjk"Vªh; lEesyu esa gqbZ FkhA
^efgyk l'kfDrdj.k* ds ihNs ewy fopkj efgykvksa dh fLFkfr iq:"kksa dh rqyuk esa ftu&ftu {ks=ksa esa fuEu Fkh] mu
{ks=ksa esa mUgsas etcwr cukus ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA 'kfDr'kkyh iq:"k leqnk; ds lkFk leku Lrj ij vkus ds fy,
rkfd lÙkk dk larqyu cus vkSj fyax lEca/kh lÙkk la?k"kZ esa FkksM+k Bgjko vk;sA
Hkkjr esa ^^efgyk l'kfDrdj.k** dh /kkj.kk dk lh/kk vFkZ ;g gS fd mu lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ,oa ck/kkvksa
dks nwj fd;k tk,] ftuds dkj.k Lora= Hkkjr esa lekUkrk ds laoS/kkfud vf/kdkj ikrs gq, Hkh Hkkjrh; ukjh] iq:"kksa
ds leku Lrj ij ij ugha igaqp ldh gSA ukjh lekt dk v/kkZ'ka gksrh gS] vLrq ukjh ds fuEu fLFkfr gksus dk
rkRi;Z lekt dk fuEu gksuk gSA vr% ukjh l'kfDrdj.k dk lh/kk lEca/k lekt ds l'kfDrdj.k ls gksrk gSA
blfy, tc ukjh dk l'kfDrj.k gksrk gS rks og lekt Hkh fujUrj l'kfDrdj.k dh jkg ij vkxs c<+rk tkrk gS 90
ds n'kd esa ,d rjQ tgk¡ jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx] jk"Vªh; efgyk dks'k tSls efgyk laxBuksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZ] rks
ogha nwljh rjQ f=Lrjh; iapk;rksa ,oa uxj fudk;ksa ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa ds fy, 33 izfr'kr vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk
dh xbZ vkSj lkFk gh 9oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1997&2000½ ds vUrxZr ?kksf"kr ukS eq[; mn~ns';ksa esa ls ,d mn~ns'; ds
:i esa ^^efgyk l'kfDrdj.k** dks LFkku fn;k x;kA ftlds QyLo:i vc efgyk;sa Lof'k{kk $ Lojkstxkj $
Lolqj{kk LokyEcu l'kfDrdj.k ds iSekus ij Lo;a dk ekiu djrs gq, iz[kj o eq[kj gks jgh gSaA vkt ns'k esa
lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj O;kolkf;d {ks=ksa esas Hkh lHkh oxksZa ,oa leqnk;ksa dh efgyk;sa vius xq.k deZ vkRefo'okl vkSj
f'k{kk ds vk/kkj ij cM+h la[;k esa MkWDVj] bathfu;j] izksQslj] iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh] odhy] tt] oSKkfud] ik;yV]
lsuk ;gk¡ rd dh varfj{k Hkh muls vNwrk ugha jgk gSA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa of.kZr mu mica/kksa dks Kkr djuk ftlus efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dh jkg
dks lqxe cuk;k rFkk efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks lqfuf'pr dj efgyk 'kfDr lEiUurk gsrq fofo/k dkuwuksa ds fuekZ.k
esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg fd;kA
vius vki esa O;kidrk dks ?ksjs gSA ;g O;fDr o lewg nksuksa Lrjksa ij fHkUu&fHkUu gks ldrk
gSA tgk¡ 'kfDr Lrj ij bls fu.kkZ;kRed Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds fy, ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ogha lewg ds Lrj ij Hkkxhnkjh
fuHkkus ds vFkZ esaA l'kfDrdj.k 'kCn O;fDrxr o lkeqnkf;d nksuksa Lrjksa ij vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkekftd] ckSf)d
'kfDr ds c<+kus ds vFkZ esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g 'kCn euksoSKkfud o nk'kZfud ifjizs{; esa Lo;a lgk;rk oxZ o
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 40
vfHkizsj.kkRed oSKkfudksa ds mPp Lrj rd la?k"kZ'khy jgrk gSA bl izdkj ;g Lo;a viuh {kerkvksa esa vkRefo'okl
c<+kus dk uke gSA l'kfDrdj.k ls ge lnSo ;g ekax djrs gS fd og ck/; :i ls O;ogkfjd dk;Z lapkyu esa
izdV gksA bl izdkj l'kfDrdj.k esa fuEu igqyvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tk ldrk gS%&
1- O;fDrxr o lkewfgd gkykrksa esa fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk vkukA
2- fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, lk/kuksa o lwpukvksa rd iga¡qpkukA
3- lkewfgd fu.kZ; izfØ;k Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkus dh {kerk fuekZ.k djukA
4- ifjorZu fuekZ.k dh {kerk ds ckjs esa ldkjkRed {kerk gksukA
5- O;fDrxr vFkok lkewfgd gkykrksa dks etcwr djus ds fy, lh[kus o dkS'kyksa dks izkIr djus dh {kerk
dk fodkl djukA
6- f'k{kk o lfØ;rk ds ijLij dk;ksZa ls nwljksa ds fopkjksa dks tkuus dh {kerk dk fodkl djukA
7- Lo;a ds izHkkoksa dks dHkh u lekIr gksus okyh fodkl izfØ;k esa vko';d :i ls lfEefyr djukA
bl izdkj ;fn ge l'kfDrdj.k dks efgykvksa ds lanHkZ esa tksM+s rks efgykvksa ds O;fDrxr&lkewfgd Lrj ij
vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd] ckSf)d fodkl dks mudk l'kfDrdj.k dg ldrs gSa] ysfdu ewy vFkksZa esa blh
fodkl esas ;k l'kfDrdj.k dh izfØ;k esa mudh fu.kZ; {kerk gksuh ijeko';d gSA rHkh lkFkZd :i ls l'kfDrdj.k
dh izfØ;k lEiUu gksxhA l'kfDrdj.k vaxzsth ds ^^,EikojesaV** 'kCn dk fgUnh i;kZ; gSA vkWDlQksMZ fMD'kujh ds
vuqlkj ^^fdlh fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr esa fdlh O;fDr ;k lewg dks lÙkk o in nsus dh izfØ;k gh mldk l'kfDrdj.k
gSA**
Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn ls gekjs ns'k esa efgykvkssa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa jktuSfrd :i ls fodkl ds leku
volj miyC/k djkus rFkk mUgsa HkyhHkk¡fr fodflr gksus ds fy, lafo/kku esa dqN fo'ks"k O;oLFkk,¡ dh x;h gSA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk efgykvksa dks iq:"kksa ds led{k lHkh lqfo/kk,¡ iznku dh x;h gSA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&15 dh
O;oLFkkvksa ds vuqlkj fyax vFkok /keZ] tkfr] tUe LFkku vkfn ds vk/kkj ij fdlh ds lkFk fdlh Hkh izdkj dk
HksnHkko ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSaA vUkqPNsn&16 esa yksd lsok esas L=h vkSj iq:"k dks fcuk Hksn fd;s volj dh
lekurk iznku dh x;hA vuqPNsn&19 esa dksbZ Hkh ukxkfjd] pkgs L=h gks vFkok iq:"k mls vfHkO;fDr dh leku :i
ls LorU=rk iznku dh x;h gSA buds vfrfjDr vU; dqN vuqPNsnksas esa mUgsa vkj{k.k vkfn dh Hkh O;oLFkk,¡ dh x;h
gSaA
bl izdkj gekjs lafo/kku esa Hkkjr ds lHkh L=h vkSj iq:"kksa dks cjkcjh dk vktknh dk] 'kks"k.k ls cpko dk] /kkfeZd
vktknh dk] laLd`fr ,oa f'k{kk vkfn lHkh vf/kdkj leku :i ls izkIr fd;s x;s gSaA f=Lrjh; xzke iapk;rksa vkSj
'kgjh fudk;ksa esa lHkh Lrjksa ij efgykvksa dks ,d frgkbZ in vkjf{kr djus gsrq lafo/kkuu esa 73 ok¡ vkSj 74 ok¡
la'kks/ku fd;k x;k gSA QyLo:i bu {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+h gSA
vuqPNsn& 14& jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd o lkekftd {ks=ksa esa leku vf/kdkj ,oa voljA
vuqPNsn& 15& fyax ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko fuf"kf)A
vuqPNsn& 15¼3½& efgykvksa ds i{k esa ldkjkRed HksnHkko dk vf/kdkjA
vuqPNsn& 39& vkthfodk ds leku lk/u rFkk leku dk;Z ds fy, leku osruA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 41
vuqPNsn& 42& dk;Z dh U;k;ksfpr ,oa ekuoh; n'kk,¡ rFkk izlwfr lqfo/kk,¡A
vuqPNsn& 51¼M½& efgykvksa izfr vieku&tud izFkkvksa ds R;kx dk ekSfyd nkf;RoA
vuSfrd O;kikj ¼fuokj.k½] vf/kfu;e] 1956
izlwfr lqfo/kk vf/kfu;e] 1961
nsgt fu"ks/k vf/kfu;e] 1961
L=h vf'k"V :i.k ¼fu"ks/k½] vf/kfu;e] 1986
lrh izrk ¼fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1987
?kjsyw fgalk ls efgykvksa dk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 2005
dkj[kkuk vf/kfu;e] 1958
U;wure etnwjh vf/kfu;e] 1948
leku ikfjJfed vf/kfu;e] 1976
deZpkjh jkT; chek vf/kfu;e] 1948
ckxku Je vf/kfu;e] 1951
caf/kr Je i)fr ¼mRiknu½ vf/kfu;e] 1976
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973 ds laxr micU/k
fof/k O;olk;h ¼efgyk½ vf/kfu;e] 1923
izlo iwoZ funku rduhd ¼fofu;eu vkSj nq:i;ksx fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1994
dqVqEc U;k;ky; vf/kfu;e] 1984
Hkkjrh; mÙkjkf/kdkj lekiu vf/kfu;e] 1925
xHkZ dk fpfdRlh; lekiu vf/kfu;e] 1971
cky&fookg vojks/k vf/kfu;e] 1929
fgUnw fookg vf/kfu;e] 1955
fgUnw mÙkjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] 1956 ¼o"kZ 2005 esa la'kks/ku½
Hkkjrh; fookg foPNsn vf/kfu;e] 1969
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 42
mi;qZDr dkuwuksa ds vfrfjDr efgykvksa ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd mRFkku rFkk vf/kdkfjrk ds fy, fofHkUu foHkkxksas
}kjk efgykvksa ls lac) vusdkusd dk;ZØeksa dk lapkyu fd;k tk jgk gS ;Fkk&LVsi] Lo;a fl)k] Lo'kfDr]
Lokoyacu] Lok/kkj] ifjokj ijke'kZ dsUnz] vYikof/k izokl x`g] ekuoh&lja{k.k vfHk;ku] Lolgk;rk lewg] dke/ksuw
;kstuk] LoLFk ljoh ;kstuk] viuh csVh&viuk /ku] iap/kjk ;kstuk] nsoh :id ;kstuk] fd'kksjh&ckfydk ;kstuk
vkfn pyk;h tk jgh gSaA
mi;qZDr leLr dkuwuksa ,oa ;kstukvksa dks ns[kdj ;gh dgk tk ldrk gS fd ljdkj us efgyk&l'kfDrdj.k gsrq
viuh rjQ ls Hkjld iz;Ru fd;kA vc ljdkj }kjk fd;s x;s iz;klksa ds ifj.kke ij fopkj djrs gSa&
1981&1991 ds n'kd esa efgyk lk{kjrk ,oa efgyk lk{kjrk n'kdh; of) nj Øe'k% 39-29 izfr'kr ,oa 9-44
izfr'kr Fkh] tks 1991&2001 ds nkSjku 54-16 izfr'kr ,oa 14-87 izfr'kr gks xbZ] ifj.kkeLo:i 1981&91 esa
iq:"k&efgyk lk{kjrk nj dk vUrj 24-84 izfr'kr ls ?kVdj 1991&2001 esas 20-69 izfr'kr gks x;k] tks f'k{kk ds
{ks= esa efgykvksa dh izxfr dks iznf'kZr djrk gS] ysfdu iq:"kksa dh lk{kjrk nj 75-26 izfr'kr dh rqyuk esa efgyk
lk{kjrk nj 54-16 izfr'kr vHkh Hkh cgqr de gSA
orZeku le; esa efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ,d cgn~ v/;;u dk fo"k; gSA efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ls vFkZ vkt ds lekt esa
efgykvksa dh lqn`<+ fLFkfr] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkaLd`frd {ks= esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh ,oa ;ksxnku ls fy;k
tkrk gSA
l'kfDrdj.k lEHkor% fuEufyf[kr ;k blh izdkj dh {kerkvksa dks feykdj gS%&
1- Lo;a fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk gksukA
2- mfpr fu.kZ; ysus ds fy;s tkudkjh rFkk lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk gksA
3- dbZ fodYi miyC/k gksuk ftuls pquko fd;k tk ldsA
4- lkewfgd fu.kZ; ds ekeyksa esa viuh ckr cyiwoZd j[kus dh leFkZrkA
5- cnyko ykus dh {kerk ij ldkjkRed fopkjksa dk gksukA
6- Lo;a dh O;fDrxr ;k lkewfgd 'kfDr csgrj djus ds fy;s dkS'ky lh[ksu dh {kerkA
7- vU;ksa dh fopkj/kkjk dks yksdrkaf=d rjhds ls cnyus dh {kerkA
8- fodkl izfØ;k rFkk fpjaUru o LOk;a dh igy }kjk cnykoksa ds fy;s HkkxhnkjhA
9- Lo;a dh ldkjkRed Nfo esa of) ,oa /kCcksa ls mHkjukA
fiYybZ ¼1995½ ds vuqlkj ^l'kfDrdj.k] ,d lfØ; ,oa cgqvk;keh izHkko j[kus okyh izfØ;k gSA ftlds }kjk
efgyk ;k nfyr ;k lewg vFkok oxZ dks lHkh {ks=ksa esas izfrHkkxh cukus ds lkFk&lkFk mlesa tkx`fr vkSj ekufld
lcyrk fodflr djrh gSA ftlls lkekftd ifjorZu dks lkef;d fn'kk iznku dh tk ldsA
vktknh ds ckn bl nkSj esa efgyk mRFkku] efgykvksa ds mRihM+Uk] la=kl] 'kks"k.k ds fo:) dne mBkus ds fy,
vky bf.M;k MseksØsfVd owesal ,lksfl,'ku] vky bf.M;k dksvkfMZus'ku desVh vkWQ ofdZax owesal] lsaVj Qkj owesal
MsoyiesaV LVMht] TokbaV owesal izksxzke] efgyk n{krk lfefr] us'kuy QsMjs'ku Qkj ofdZax owesal] Y.M.C.A. uked
lkr~ Lora= efgyk laxBuksa }kjk rS;kj lekukUrj ifjizs{; ;kstuk 1989 ls 1975 dh Hkkjrh; efgyk lq/kkj lfefr
dh jiV ds lq>koksa dks fØ;kfUor djus ds fy, dsUnz ljdkj }kjk cuk;k x;k efgyk vk;ksx Hkh efgykvks dh
cngkyh jksdus] muds gdksa dh c<+krh fn'kk esa ukdke jgk gS] vkSj dkxth [kkukiwfrZ djus ds vykok nkos dqN Hkh
fd, tk,a] dqN [kkl djus esa dke;kc ugha gks ldk gSA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 43
vlfy;r esa jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx dk dk;Z efgykvksa dks laoS/kkfud :i ls feys vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djuk] mudh
lgk;rk djuk] mudh f'kdk;rksa ij /;ku nsuk] dkuwuh lykg iznku djuk] fjiksVZ rS;kj djuk] efgykvksa ds mRFkku
o fodkl ls lacaf/kr vuq'kalk ljdkj dks nsukA fiNys dqN o"kksZa esa efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh lqj{kk ,oa muds fgrksa
ds fy, vyx&vyx ljdkjksa us dbZ ;kstuk,¡ cuokbZ ij efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa dksbZ cnyko ugha vk;kA
1- ljLorh gSnj] ¼1996½] Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; efgyk uhfr] i- la- 453 ¼L=h vkfLerk% lkfgR; vkSj fopkj/kkjk ls
vkHkkj½
2- lghck jgekuh] ¼2006½] Hkkjrh; eqfLye efgyk ,oa l'kfDrdj.k] v/;;u ifCy'klZ ,aM fMLVªhC;wVlZ] ubZ fnYyh]
i`"B& 20A
3- mik/;k; jes'k rFkk mik/;k; laKk] ¼2004½ vkt dk L=h vkanksyu% 'kCnlalk/ku] ubZ fnYyhA
4- flag] mes'k izrki] xxZ jkts'k dqekj] ¼2012½] ^^efgyk l'kfDrdj.k% fofHkUUk vk;ke**] v/;;u ifCy'klZ ,.M
fMLVªhC;wVlZ] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B& 239&40-
5- Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] ¼1999½ lsUVªy ykW ifCyds'ku] i`"B& 5&26
6- ;kstuk] vDVwCkj&2006] i"B 19]41A
7- ;kstuk] vDVwCkj&2006] i`"B 39A
8- ts-ds- fiYybZ] ¼1995½] ohesu ,.M bEikWojesUV] Kku ifCyf'kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh]
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 44
vfrfFk fo}ku] vFkZ’kkL=] ’kkldh; ’;ke lqanj vxzoky egkfo|ky; flgksjk] tcyiqj ¼e0iz0½
izLrqr ’kks/k i= esa vkS|ksxhdj.k esa iw¡th cktkj ds egRo dks izfrikfnr fd;k x;k g SA larqfyr vkSj lefUor
vkfFkZd fodkl ds vax ds :i esa vkS|ksxhdj.k dks v)Z fodflr ns’kksa ds fodkl dk ,d cgn vkSj vfuok;Z fgLlk ekuk
tkrk gSA vkS|ksxhdj.k esa iw¡th cktkj ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kV ds :i esa Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA iw¡th cktkj ds }kjk foRrh;
vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ dh tkrh gSA iw¡th cktkj og LraHk gS ftl ij vkS|ksfxd txr dh uhao j[kh tkrh gSA
ns’k ds vkS|ksxhdj.k ds fy, i;kZIr ek=k esa iwa¡th dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA ;g iwa¡th vko’;d ek=k esa
rFkk mfpr le; ds vanj m|ksxksa dks miyC/k gks tkuh pkfg, ;fn ,slk ugha gksrk rks ;g LokHkkfod gh gS fd
vkS|ksxhdj.k dh xfr mruh rho z ugha gksxh ftruk ge pkgrs gSaA Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd {ks= dh nh?kkZof/k foRr dh
vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds lqfodflr iw¡th cktkj dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ tks m|ksxksa dh foRrh; vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ djsaA
Hkkjrh; iw¡th cktkj esa Lora=rk izkfIr ds i’pkr ~ dkQh izxfr dh gSA Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd foRr
vf/kdka’kr% dqN fons’kh ,tsUlh x`gksa rFkk Hkkjrh; izca/k vfHkdrkZ x`gk sa }kjk gh miyC/k fd;k tkrk FkkA rRi’pkr Hkkjrh;
iw¡th cktkj esa dbZ lq/kkj fd;s x;sA iw¡th cktkj }kjk nh?kZdkyhu _.kksa ds ysu nsu dh laLFkkxr lqfo/kk vkSj O;oLFkk
miyC/k djk;h xbZ gSA m|ksxksa dh foRrh; vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ fof’k"V foRrh; laLFkkvksa }kjk dh xbZA ;s laLFkk,¡
izR;{k rFkk vizR;{k lgk;rk izfrHkwfr;ksa ds Ø;] vfHkxksiu] _.kksa ds Hkqxrku dh xkjaVh vkfn ds :i esa Ø;&foØ; dk
dk;Z djrh gSA lkFk gh m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk] foLrkj ,oa lapkyu gsrq rduhdh ijke’kZ Hkh iznku djrh gSA bl mn~ns’;
gsrq iwa¡th cktkj dks lqn`<+ cuk;k x;k tks foRrh; vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ dj lds A
izLrqr ’kks/k dk;Z ds mn~ns’; fuEu gSa &
iw¡th cktkj dh vko’;drk vkSj egRo dk s izfrikfnr djuk gSA
nh?kZdkyhu foRr dh izkfIr ds fy, iw¡th] cktkj dh Hkwfedk dk fo’y s"k.k djuk gSA
fiNM+s vkS|ksfxd {ks=ksa dh iw¡thxr leL;k ds funku ds fy, lq>ko nsuk gSA
izLrqr ’kks/k fuEu ekU;rkvksa ij vk/kkfjr gS &
iw¡th cktkj ds }kjk fuos’k izo`fRr dks izksRlkgu feyrk gS A
iw¡th cktkj ds }kjk m|ksxksa dh foRrh; vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ gksrh gSA
cpr djus dh izofRr dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA
izLrqr’kks/k gsrq if=dkvksa] iqLrdksa rFkk baVjusV ij miyC/k lkexzh dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA
Lora=rk ds iwoZ Hkkjr esa nh?kZdkyhu foRr iwfrZdjus okyh laLFkkvksa dk loZFkk vHkko FkkA Hkkjr esa
O;kikfjd cSad] vkaXy O;kikfjd cSadksa dh ijEijk ds vuqlkj dsoy vYidkyhu foRr dh iwfrZ djrs Fks A ,slh n’kk esa ns’k
dh vkSZ|ksfxd ,oa O;kikfjd laLFkkvksa dks vius lk/kuksa ij fuHkZj jguk gksrk FkkA 1918 esa vkS|ksfxd vk;ksx us nh?kZdkyhu
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 45
foRr iwfrZ ds fy, ns’k esa ^^vkS|ksfxd cSadksaa ** d s [kksys tkus ds lq>ko fn;s FksA blls dqN gh igys VkVk bUMfLVª;y cSad
dh LFkkiuk dh tk pqdh FkhA fdUrq nqHkkZX;o’k ;s lc cSad dqN o"kksZ ds dk;Zdky ds ckn gh lekIr dj fn, x;s A budh
vlQyrk dk eq[; dkj.k bl fn’kk esa vuqHko dk vHkko Fkk A f}rh; fo’o;q) dh vof/k esa Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa esa foLrkj
,oa fodkl dh vko’;drk vuqHko dh x;h A ;q) ds ckn Hkh m|ksxksa ds fodsUnzhdj.k ,oa vk/kqfudhdj.k ds flyflys esa
nh?kZdkyhu foRr iks"k.k ds fy;s Hkkjh ek=k esa iw¡th dh ek¡x c<+hA bl izdkj Lora=rk ds i’pkr iw¡th cktkj dk vfLrRo
gqvk A
iwa¡th cktkj ls rkRi;Z nh?kZdkyhu foRr ls gSA lokZf/kd foLr`r vFkZ esa J`¡[kykc) /kkjkvksa esa fufeZr og ,slk ra=
gSa ftlds ek/;e ls tu leqnk; dh cprsa vkS|ksfxd vkSj O;kikfjd miØeksa ds lkFk gh lkoZtfud vf/kdkjh ox Z dks Hkh
miyC/k djk;h tkrh gSaA cpr laLFkkvksa tSls cpr cSad] fofu;ksx izU;klksa ;k fofu;kstu daifu;k¡ fof’k"V foRrh; fuxesa
rFkk Lda/k foif.k;k¡ ;k ’ks;j cktkj izeq[k gS tks feydj iwa¡th cktkj cukrs gSa vkSj mlds ?kVd dgykrs gSa A iw¡th cktkj
dks ,d lsfodk ds :i esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gS tks m|ksxksa dh vko’;drkvksa dks iwjk djsa A ,d vkn’kZ iw¡th cktkj
vkfFkZd fodkl dh vfuok;Z ’krZ gS] vkSj fdlh Hkh ns’k esa iw¡th cktkj dk fodkl fuHkZj djrk gS cprksa dh miyfC/k vkSj
fofu;kstu ijA iw¡th cktkj dk ;g nkf;Ro gh gS fd og i¡wath dh ek¡x dh /kkjk dks lokZf/kd ykHkizn fcUnqvksa dh vksj
izokfgr djs A bl izdkj ns’k esa O;fDrxr ,oa laLFkkxr cprksa dk fofu;ksx mRiknu dk;ksZ dsk djus ds fy, laxfBr
iwa¡th cktkj dk fodkl ,d vfuok;Z ’krZ gSA m|ksx O;kikj ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk gh iw¡th dh eka¡x esa o`f) gksrh pyh
tkrh gS vkSj mlds lkFk&lkFk cpr ,oa fofu;ksx dh laHkkoukvksa dk fodkl gksus ls laxfBr iwa ¡th cktkj ds fodkl ds fy,
mRjksRrj vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk pyk tkrk gSA ns’k dh ljdkj Hkh fons’kksa ls _.k ysdj fjtoZ cSad vFkok
LVsV cSad dh uhfr;ksa dks mfpr eksM nsdj cM+s O;kikfjd cSadksa dk jk"Vªhdj.k djds dsUnzh; Lrj vkSj jkT; Lrj ij e/;e
dkyhu ,oa nh?kZdkyhu foRRk dh iwfrZ ds fy, fo’k"sk fuxeksa dh LFkkiuk djds fons’kksa ,oa fo’o cSad vkfn vUrjkZ"Vªh;
foRr laLFkkvksa vkSj fons’kh ljdkjksa ls foRrh; lgk;rk izkIr djsa A tksfd ns’k ds laxfBr iw¡th cktkj esa u, jDr dk
lapkj dj ldsa A ns’k esa orZeku esaa futh rFkk lkoZtfud nksuksa gh {ks=ksa }kjk i¡wath dh ek¡x dh tkrh jgh gSA ftls ns’k
dk laxfBr iw¡th cktkj iw.kZr% djus dh fLFkfr esa gSA tksfd vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds fy, ,d LokLF; dk izrhd gSA bl
izdkj iw¡th cktkj ftruk fodflr gksxk mruk vkS|ksxhdj.k dh xfr esa rhozrk yk;h tk ldsxh A
m|ksxksa ds fodkl esa iw¡th cktkj egRoiw.kZ ra= dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS] tks vkS|ksxhdj.k dh xfr dks c<+kus esa
enn djrk gSA ’kh?kzz vkS|ksxhdj.k ds xfreku ?kVd vkSj izfreku ds :i esa iw ¡th cktkj dk gksuk vR;ko’;d gSA ns’k
dk iw¡th cktkj ftruk vf/kd lqn`<+ gksxk m|ksx mrus fodkl dh vksj vxzlj gksxsa A vr% ftl izdkj ’kjhj esa dksf’kdk
ra=ksa dks lqpk: :i ls dk;Z djus ds fy, jDr dh vko’;drk gksrh gS] mlh izdkj m|ksxksa dk fodkl fcuk iw¡th
cktkj ds vfLrRo foghu gSA
esgrk] vkj-lh- ^^dSSfiVy ekdsZV bu bafM;k QkWj IysUM xzksFk ** ] 1965
,u-lh-,-bZ-vkj- ^^dSSfiVy ekdsZV bu , IysuM bdksukWdh**] 1966 ist 65^66
fjtoZ cSad vkWQ bafM;k cqysfVu 2014]
flUgk] ,l-,e-,u- ^^ n dSSfiVy ekdsZV vkWQ bafM;k**] 1960 ist & 2] 14] 102] 156
’kekZ d`".k dqekj& ^^n bafM;u euh ekdsZV** 1974 ist 87&88
fefyUn dksBkjh] ^^vkS|ksfxd vFkZ’kkL=** 2013 ] ist 10&12
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 46
'kks/kkFkhZ] tUrq foKku foHkkx]
'kkldh; vkn'kZ foKku egkfo|ky; Lo'kklh] tcyiqj ¼e-ç-½
ueZnk unh Hkkjr ds e/; Hkkx esa iwjc ls if'pe dh vksj cgus okyh e/; çns'k vkSj xqtjkr jkT; dh
,d çeq[k unh gS] tks xaxk ds leku iwtuh; gSA egkdky ioZr ds vejd.Vd f'k[kj ls ueZnk unh dh mRifÙk gqbZ gSA
ueZnk unh dks e/;çns'k dh thou&js[kk dgk tkrk gSA ueZnk Hkkjrh; çk;}hi dh lcls çeq[k vkSj Hkkjr dh ikapoh cM+h
unh ekuh tkrh gSAlexz ekuo laL—fr dk bfrgkl ufn;ksa dk bfrgkl gS] lewpk vrhr ufn;ksa ds dwyksa ls >kadrk lk
fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;qxksa&;qxksa ls iwftr ueZnk ekuo lH;rk] laL—fr vkSj ijEijk dh çokfgdk gSA lefiZr vUos"kdks vkSj
'kks/kkfFkZ;ks }kjk ueZnk ij fd;s x, 'kks/k ij vk/kkfjr bl 'kks/k foospuk ds ek/;e ls ueZnk ij ik, tkus okys thoksa dh
fofo/krk ,oa mu thoksa ds }kjk ty dh xq.koÙkk dh igpku cjxh cka/k] Xokjh?kkV ,oa HksM+k?kkV esa 'kks/k djrs gq, o"kZ
2014&2016 esa tUrqIyod dh 42 çtkfr] ikni Iyod ds 7 lewg o Qaxl dh 12 çtkfr] csUFkksl ¼,ukfyMk] vFkksZiksMk]
eksyLdk½ dh 42] frrfy;ksa dh 25] vksMksusVk dh 37 çtkfr] eksyLd dh 13] edfM+;ks dh 26 ,oa eRL; dh 25] jsIVkby
¼liZ½ dh 18] if{k;ksa dh 77 çtkfr;ksa ds lkFk dqy 324 çtkfr dh [kkst esa csUFkksl dh 42 çtkfr ueZnk ty esa çkIr dh
xbZ] ftlls jlk;uksa dk ç;ksx fd;s fcuk ge bUgsa ladsrd ds :i esa ç;ksx dj ty ds xq.koÙkk dh igpku dj ldsxsA
% ueZnk] çtkfr] fofo/krk] çnw"k.k] csUFkksl-
foU/;] lriqM+k o esdy ioZr ds laf/k LFky esa cM+h gh lqjE; okfn;ka gSA ;gh og LFky gS ftls vejdaVd
dgk tkrk gSA vejdaVd dk lkSan;Z vuqie gSA ueZnk Hkkjr dh ikap cM+h ufn;ksa esa fxuh tkrh gS] e/;çns'k ds
vejdaVd dh esdy ioZr Js.kh ls fudyh ueZnk unh 1312 fdyksehVj dk yack lQj r; djds xqtjkr esa HkM+kSp ds
lehi vjc lkxj dh [kackr dh [kkM+h esa leqæ ls tk feyrh gSA ueZnk 1077 fdyksehVj e/; çns'k] 74 fdyks ehVj
egkjk"Vª dks Li'kZ djrh gq,] 179 fdyks ehVj xqtjkr esa cgrh gS ¼jke çlkn ikBd] 2015½ ysfdu unh dk 87 çfr'kr
ty çokg e/;çns'k esa gksus ls] bl unh dks e/;çns'k dh thou js[kk dgk tkrk gSA
ueZnk rV ij cls xkao] NksVs&cM+s 'kgjksa] NksVs&cM+s vkS|ksfxd miØeksa vkSj jklk;fud [kkn vkSj dhVuk'kdksa ds
ç;ksx ls dh tkus okyh [ksrh ds dkj.k mnxe ls lkxj foy; rd ueZnk çnwf"kr gks xbZ gS vkSj ueZnk rV ij rFkk unh
dh viokg {ks= esa ouksa dh deh ds dkj.k vkt ueZnk esa ty Lrj Hkh 20 o"kZ igys dh rqyuk esa ?kV x;k gSA ,sls esa
ueZnk dks çnw"k.k eqä djuk le; dh lcls cM+h t:jr cu xbZ gSA
ueZnk dk mnxe LFky vejdaVd Hkh 'kgj ds foLrkj vkSj i;ZVdksa ds vkokxeu ds dkj.k ueZnk ty çnw"k.k
dk f'kdkj gks x;k gSA blds ckn] 'kgMksy] ckyk?kkV] e.Myk] f'kouh] fM.Mksjh] dVuh] tcy iqj] nkeksg] lkxj]
ujflagiqj] fNanokM+k] cSrwy] gks'kaxkckn] gjnk] jk;lsu] lhgksj] [k.Mok] bUnkSj] nsokl] [kjxksu] /kkj] >kcqvk vkSj cM+okuh
ftyksa ls xqtjrh gqbZ ueZnk egkjk"Vª vkSj xqtjkr dh vksj cgrh gS] ysfdu bu lHkh ftyksa esa ueZnk dks çnwf"kr djus okys
ekuo fufeZr lHkh dkj.k ekStwn gSA veykbZ isij fey 'kgMksy] vusd 'kgjksa ds ekuo ey vkSj nwf"kr ty dk viokg]
gks'kaxkckn esa Hkkjr ljdkj ds lqj{kk dkxt dkj[kkus] cM+okuh esa 'kjkc dkj[kkusa] ueZnk dks çnwf"kr djrk gSA tcyiqj
dk çkphu uke tcfyiÙku Fkk] ueZnk tcyiqj esa 60 fdyks ehVj çokfgr gksrh gS tks cjxh cka/k] Xokjh?kkV] fryokjk?kkV
ls gksrh gq, HksMk?kkV esa /kq¡vk/kkj :i ys ysrh gSA vusd dkj.kksa ls blesa QSys çnw"k.k dks jksdus gsrq yxkrkj 'kks/k ueZnk
tkjh gSA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 47
ueZnk esa ik, tkus okys dhVksa dh miyC/krk ,oa fofo/krk ls ikuh dh xq.koÙkk dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk ;s
dhV ikuh ds çnw"k.k lwpd dk dk;Z djrs gSA ¼fLeFk] 1999½ ,fUyM~l vFkksZiksM~l ,oa eksyLd dh çtkfr;ka ikuh ds
çnw"k.k ds vPNs ladsrd gksrs gS bUgsa csUFkksl dh laKk nh tkrh gSA bu csUFkksl dks igpku dj VsDlksukseh dh lgk;rk ls
ge mUgsa oxhZ—r djrs gS fQj muds fo'ks"k xzqi }kjk mudh igpku djrs gS vkf[kj ;s fdl çdkj dk çnw"k.k fn[kk jgs
gSA tcyiqj ds lUnHkZ esa bldh Hkwfedk blfy, vko';d gS D;ksfd ueZnk us lcls T;knk LFkku tcyiqj dks gh fn;k gSA
ueZnk th oSjkX; dh vf/k"Bk=h ewfrZeku Lo:i gSA xaxk th Kku dh] ;equk th Hkfä dh] czãiq=k rst
dh] xksnkojh ,s'o;Z dh] —".kk dkeuk dh vkSj ljLorh th foosd ds çfr"Bku ds fy;s lalkj esa vkbZ gSaA lkjk lalkj
budh fueZyrk vkSj vkstfLork o ekaxfyd Hkko ds dkj.k vknj djrk gS o J)k ls iwtu djrk gSA ekuo thou esa ty
dk fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gSA ;gh egRo thou dks LokFkZ] ijekFkZ ls tksM+rk gSA ueZnk rVoklh ek¡ ueZnk ds d#.kke; o
okRlY; Lo:i dks cgqr vPNh rjg ls tkurs gSaA
jkek;.k rFkk egkHkkjr vkSj ijorhZ xzaFkksa esa bl unh ds fo"k; esa vusd mYys[k gSaA ikSjkf.kd vuqJqfr ds vuqlkj
ueZnk dh ,d ugj fdlh lkseoa'kh jktk us fudkyh Fkh ftlls mldk uke lkseksn~Hkok Hkh iM+ x;k FkkA xqIrdkyhu
vejdks'k esa Hkh ueZnk dks lkseksn~Hkok dgk gSA
dkfynkl us Hkh ueZnk dks lkseçHkok dgk gSA j?kqoa'k esa ueZnk dk mYys[k gSA es?knwr esa jsok ;k ueZnk dk lqUnj
o.kZu gSAokYehfd jkek;.k esa Hkh ueZnk dk mYys[k gS] blds i'pkr ds 'yksdksa esa ueZnk dk ,d ;qorh ukjh ds :i esa
lqanj o.kZu gSA egkHkkjr esa ueZnk dks _{kioZr ls mn~Hkwr ekuk x;k gSA Hkh"eioZ esa ueZnk dk xksnkojh ds lkFk mYys[k
gSA Jhen~Hkkxor esa jsok vkSj ueZnk nksuksa dk gh ,d LFkku ij mYys[k gSA 'kriFk czkã.k us jsoksÙkjl dh ppkZ dh gS] tks
ikVo pkØ ,oa LFkifr ¼eq[;½ Fkk] ftls l`¥~t;ksa us fudky ckgj fd;k FkkA ikf.kfu ds ,d okfrZd us 'efg"eR' dh
O;qRifÙk efg"k ls dh gS] bls lkekU;r: ueZnk ij fLFkr ekfg"erh dk gh :ikUrj ekuk x;k gSA blls çdV gksrk gS fd
lEHkor: okfrZddkj dks ¼yxHkx bZŒiwŒ pkSFkh 'krkCnh esa ½ ueZnk dk ifjp; FkkA j?kqoa'k esa jsok ¼vFkkZr~ ueZnk½ ds rV ij
fLFkr ekfg"erh dks vuwi dh jkt/kkuh dgk x;k gSA
tku iM+rk gS fd dgha&dgha lkfgR; esa bl unh ds iwohZ ;k igkM+h Hkkx dks jsok ¼'kkfCnd vFkZ% mNyus&dwnus
okyh½ vkSj if'peh ;k eSnkuh Hkkx dks ueZnk ¼'kkfCnd vFkZ—ueZ ;k lq[k nsus okyh½ dgk x;k gSA ¼fdUrq egkHkkjr ds
mi;qZä m)j.k esa mnxe ds fudV gh unh dks ueZnk uke ls vfHkfgr fd;k x;k gS½A ueZnk ds rVorhZ çns'k dks Hkh
dHkh&dHkh ueZnk uke ls gh fufnZ"V fd;k tkrk FkkA fo".kqiqjk.k ds vuqlkj bl çns'k ij 'kk;n xqIrdky ls iwoZ vkHkhj
vkfn 'kwætkfr;ksa dk vf/kdkj FkkA
egkHkkjr ,oa dfri; iqjk.kksa esa ueZnk dh ppkZ cgq/kk gqbZ gSA eRL; iqjk.k] in~e iqjk.k] deZ iqjk.k us
ueZnk dh egÙkk ,oa mlds rhFkksaZ dk o.kZu fd;k gSA eRL; iqjk.k ,oa in~e iqjk.k vkfn esa ,slk vk;k gS fd ml LFkku ls
tgk¡ ueZnk lkxj esa feyrh gS] vejd.Vd ioZr rd] tgk¡ ls og fudyrh gS] 10 djksM+ rhFkZ gSaA vfXu iqjk.k ,oa dweZ
iqjk.k ds er ls Øe ls 60 djksM+ ,oa 60 lglz rhFkZ gSaA ukjnh; iqjk.k dk dFku gS fd ueZnk ds nksuksa rVksa ij 400
eq[; rhFkZ gSa] fdUrq vejd.Vd ls ysdj lk<+s rhu djksM+ gSaA ou ioZ us ueZnk dk mYys[k xksnkojh ,oa nf{k.k dh vU;
ufn;ksa ds lkFk fd;k gSA mlh ioZ esa ;g Hkh vk;k gSa fd ueZnk vkurZ ns'k esa gS] ;g fç;axq ,oa vkez&dq¥~tksa ls ifjiw.kZ
gS] blesa os= yrk ds forku ik;s tkrs gSa] ;g if'pe dh vksj cgrh gS vkSj rhuksa yksdksa ds lHkh rhFkZ ;gk¡ ¼ueZnk esa½
Luku djus dks vkrs gSaA eRL; iqjk.k ,oa in~e iqjk.k us mn~?kks"k fd;k gS fd xaxk du[ky esa ,oa ljLorh dq#{ks= esa
ifo= gS] fdUrq ueZnk lHkh LFkkuksa esa] pkgs xzke gks ;k ouA ueZnk dsoy n'kZu&ek= ls ikih dks ifo= dj nsrh gS;
ljLorh ¼rhu fnuksa esa½ rhu Lukuksa ls] ;equk lkr fnuksa ds Lukuksa ls vkSj xaxk dsoy ,d Luku lsA fo".kq/keZlw= us Jk)
ds ;ksX; rhFkksaZ dh lwph nh gSa] ftlesa ueZnk ds lHkh LFkyksa dks Jk) ds ;ksX; Bgjk;k gSA ueZnk dks #æ ds 'kjhj ls
fudyh gqbZ dgk x;k gS] tks bl ckr dk dfoRoe; çdVhdj.k ek= gS fd ;g vejd.Vd ls fudyh gS tks egs'oj ,oa
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 48
mudh iRuh dk fuokl&LFky dgk tkrk gSA ok;q iqjk.k esa ,slk mn~?kksf"kr gS fd ufn;ksa esa Js"B iquhr ueZnk firjksa dh
iq=h gS vkSj bl ij fd;k x;k Jk) v{k; gksrk gSA eRL; iqjk.k ,oa dweZ iqjk.k dk dFku gS fd ;g 100 ;kstu yEch ,oa
nks ;kstu pkSM+h gSA çks- ds-oh- jaxLokeh vk;axj us dgk gS fd eRL; iqjk.k dh ckr Bhd gS] D;ksafd ueZnk okLro esa
yxHkx 800 ehy yEch gSA fdUrq nks ;kstu ¼vFkkZr~ muds erkuqlkj 16 ehy½ dh pkSM+kbZ Hkzked gSA eRL; iqjk.k ,oa dweZ
iqjk.k dk dFku gS fd ueZnk vejd.Vd ls fudyh gSa] tks dfyax ns'k dk if'peh Hkkx gSA
vejd.Vd ioZr ,d rhFkZ gS tks czãgR;k ds lkFk vU; ikiksa dk ekspu djrk gS vkSj ;g foLrkj esa ,d ;kstu
gSA ueZnk dk vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ rhFkZ gS ekfg"erh] ftlds LFky ds fo"k; esa fo}kuksa esa erHksn jgk gSA vf/kdka'k ys[kd
;gh dgrs gSa fd ;g vksadkj ekU/kkrk gS tks bUnkSj ls yxHkx 40 ehy nf{k.k ueZnk esa ,d }hi gSA bldk bfrgkl iqjkuk
gS] ckS) xzUFkksa esa ,slk vk;k gS fd v'kksd egku~ ds jkT;dky esa eksXxfyiqÙk frLl us dbZ ns'kksa esa /kkfeZd nwr&e.My Hk sts
Fks] ftuesa ,d nwre.My efg"ke.My dks Hkh Hkstk x;k FkkA MkŒ ¶yhV us efg"ke.My dks ekfg"erh dgk gSA egkHkk";dkj
dks ekfg"erh dk Kku Fkk] dkfynkl us bls jsok ls f?kjh gqbZ dgk gSA m|ksxioZ] vuq'kklu ioZ] Hkkxor iqjk.k ,oa in~e
iqjk.k esa ekfg"erh dks ueZnk ;k jsok ij fLFkr ekuk x;k gSA
djhc 50 lkyksa ls fd, tk jgs 'kks/k us ;g Li"V dj fn;k fd ueZnk unh esa ik, tkus okys esa<d vkSj
eNfy;ksa lfgr vU; tho&tarqvksa dh dbZ çtkfr;ksa dk vfLrRo gh ugha cpsxkA unh ij cka/k] çnw"k.k] clkgV] taxyksa dh
dVkbZ dk flyflyk ;fn ugha Fkek rks vxys 25 lkyksa esa bl unh dh tSo fofo/krk iwjh rjg [kRe gks tk,xhA blesa
200 ls T;knk çtkfr;ka yqIrçk; dxkj ij igqap pqdh gSaA twyksftdy losZ v‚Q bafM;k ¼paæk ,oa vfrfjä 2010½ }kjk
laHkor% ;g lcls yack 'kks/k dk;Z gSA
ueZnk ds ikuh esa c<+rs çnw"k.k dk vanktk blh ckr ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd vejdaVd esa gh dqN LFkkuksa ij
ueZnk esa lw{e tho ¼bZ&dksykbZ½ dh la[;k 3 yk[k ls 3-5 yk[k rd ikbZ xbZ gSA bls isV dh chekfj;ksa dk eq[; dkj.k
ekuk tkrk gSA e/; çns'k çnw"k.k fu;a=.k cksMZ] Hkksiky 2007 dh fjiksVZ ls lkQ gS fd ueZnk dh lsgr ueZnk ds tkap
okys LFkkuksa esa lhvksMh ¼jlk;u ?kqfyr v‚Dlhtu½ dh ek=k vf/kd ikbZ xbZ gS] tks fd ekud Lrj ls Ng ls nl xquk
rd vf/kd gSA bls fo'ks"kK ueZnk ds fy, fpark dk fo"k; ekurs gSaA
ueZnk foU/;kpy vkSj lriqM+k ioZr Jsf.k;ksa dks foHkkftr djrh gS vkSj mudh lhek,a
cukrh gSA ueZnk ds ty esa bu nksuksa ioZr Jsf.k;ksa ij ikbZ tkus okyh tM+h&cwfV;ka] [kfut vkSj yo.k ?kqys gksrs gSaA bl
fo'ks"krk ds dkj.k gh ueZnk {ks= esa çkf.k;ksa vkSj Qlyksa dh fofo/krk gSA lalkj esa ,slk dksbZ i'kq ;k i{kh ugha gS ftldh
çtkfr ;k uLy ueZnk {ks= esa ugha ikbZ tkrh vkSj ,slh dksbZ Qly ugha] ouLifr ugha tks ueZnk dh ?kkfV;ksa esa ugha iSnk
gksrh gksA Hkys gh le; ds /kkjs ij vc foyqIr gks x, gksa ysfdu Mk;uklksj ls lksu fpjS;k rd ds thok'e ueZnk {ks= esa
feysa gSa vkSj ;gh fofo/krk,a ,oa cgqrk;r Qlyksa dh gSA ;g cgqr vn~Hkqr gS fd ueZnk {ks= esa mu thoksa ds thok'e vkSj
[kfutksa ds va'k Hkh feys gSa tks leqæ esa ik, tkrs gSaA ;g ueZnk dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr vkSj ç—fr ds jgL; esa gh gS fd
ueZnk iwoZ ls if'pe dh vksj cgrh gSA blds fdukjs ik, tkus okys [kfutksa] vkS"kf/k;ksa] jRuksa dks çkIr djus vkSj
'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds fufeZr fuoklksa ls laidZ dh ykylk ds dkj.k gh bldh ifjØek djus dh ijaijk cuh gksxh ftlus vc
/kkfeZd :i ys fy;k] ikiksa ls eqfä vkSj iq.; vfiZr djus dk Hkko ys fy;k ¼jke çlkn ikBd] 2015½A
;g ,d vk'p;Ztud la;ksx gh gS fd nqfu;k ds ftu oSKkfudksa us ueZnk {ks= esa vkfnekuo ds fpUg vkSj
Mk;uklksj ds thok'e [kksts gSa mUgksaus ueZnk dh ifjØek gh dh gSA mUgksaus çR;sd fdukjs feêh ds uewuksa] iRFkjksa ds uewus
vkSj ouLifr;ksa dh tM+ ,d= dh gks] çkphudky esa ,sls oSKkfud vkSj ekuoh; vuqla/kku ds fy, gh çkphudky esa
vUos"k.kdrkZvksa us ueZnk fdukjs dh ;k=k vkjaHk dhA pwafd ml tekus esa fgald thoksa vkSj yqVsjksa ds Hk; ls cpus ds fy,
xzqi cukdj ;k=k dk Lo:i fodflr gqvk] ueZnk dk tks ifjØek iFk vkt gSA mlds fdukjs _f"k;ksa ds vkJe cus gSaA
;g lHkh vkJe f'k{kk] laLdkj vkSj 'kks/k&vuqla/kku ds dsUæ gqvk djrs FksA ftuesa ifjØek djus okyksa dks Kku feyrk
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 49
Fkk] ;k ,d ckr ;g Hkh gks ldrh gS fd bu vkJeksa esa pyus okys fujUrj 'kks/k ds ifj.kkeksa ls lekt dks voxr djkus
ds fy, t:jr muls laidZ djus ds fy, fudyrs gks ftlus vkxs pydj ifjØek dk :i ys fy;kA pwafd ufn;ksa esa
dsoy ueZnk dh ifjØek djus dh ijaijk gS ckdh dh ughaA xaxk unh dh Hkh ifjØek ugha gksrhA bl ij ,d Lora= 'kks/k
dh t:jr gS tks vaxzstksa ls çHkkfor 'kks/k ls iwjh rjg eqä gksA
oSKkfudksa us ueZnk ?kkVh esa 2422 fofHkUu çtkfr;ksa dks fpfàr fd;kA blesa 665 d'ks:dh;
¼jh<+ okys½] 1757 vd'ks:dh; çk.kh ¼fcuk jh<+ okys½ gSa paæk ,oa vfrfjä] 2010½A ;s lHkh çk.kh dqy 40 çdkj ds çk.kh
lewgksa dk çfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaA blesa 155 çdkj dh eNfy;ka] 115 çdkj ds esa<d] 62 çdkj ds mHk;pj] 345 çdkj ds
i{kh vkSj 88 çdkj ds Lru/kkjh tho gSaA buesa ls 200 ls T;knk çtkfr;ka foyqfIr dh dxkj ij igqap pqdh gSaA buesa
eNfy;ka] Lru/kkjh] i{kh vkSj frrfy;ka Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
1940 ds fjdkMZ dks vk/kkj ekusa] rks ueZnk unh esa eNfy;ksa dh 68 çtkfr;ka ikbZ tkrh FkhaA vc buesa ls MSfu;ks]
xjjk ewfy;k] vkjsDFkhl] ,EcyhlsIl] ,jsfLFkfVd gkjk tSlh çtkfr;ka yxHkx xk;c gks pqdh gSaA ogha uksjksIVsjl] fprkyk]
Dysfj;l] VkjI;wfVVsjk ¼xksYMu egk'khj½] ysihtsflQsyh 'kkbl ¼xquxqp½ vkSj pUuk foyqfIr dh dxkj ij gSaA
;g vk'p;Ztud] fdarq lR; gS fd ueZnk ?kkVh esa dHkh egkxt&LVsxksM‚u] 'kqrqjeqxZ]
fgIiksiksVsel vkfn tho jgk djrs Fks] tks vkt Hkkjr esa gh ugha ik, tkrs gSaA blh çdkj uhyfxjh ;k ;wdsfyIVl dk o`{k
ftls ge v‚LVªsfy;k ls vk;k fons'kh o{k le>rs gSa] yk[kksa o"kZ igys fMaMkSjh&eaMyk ds fudV ?kq?kok esa ik;k tkrk FkkA
tcyiqj esa Mk;uklksj dk igyk thok'e rHkh [kkstk tk pqdk Fkk] tc Mk;uklksj 'kCn çpyu esa Hkh ugha FkkA /kkj ftys
esa ckx ds fudV ikMY;k ouxzke esa Mk;uklksj ds 100 ls vf/kd vaMksa ds thok'e gky gh esa feys gSaA oSKkfud crkrs g Sa
fd LVhou fLiycxZ dh çfl) fQYe Þtwjkfld ikdZß esa fn[kk, x, Hk;kud Vh&jsol Mk;uklksj tSlk ekalkgkjh fo/oald
Mk;uklksj dHkh Hk:p ls ysdj tcyiqj rd ,dN= jkt fd;k djrk FkkA oSKkfudksa us bls ueZnk ?kkVh dk jktlh
Mk;uklksj dgrs gq, bldk uke jktkl‚jl ueZnsfUll fd;k gSA blds vfrfjä Hkh ueZnk ?kkVh ls 'kkdkgkjh vkSj
ekalkgkjh Mk;uklksjksa dh dbZ çtkfr;ksa dh igpku oSKkfudksa }kjk dh xbZ gSA
eaMyk esa feys 'ka[k ds thok'e ç'kkar egklkxj ds {ks= ls feys thok'eksa ls feyrs gSaA çkSaMo dqy dh çtkfr ds
tks thok'e ueZnk {ks= esa feys oSls vkLVªsfy;k esa Hkh feysa gkfFk;ksa ds thok'e vÝhdk ds çkphu gkfFk;ksa ds thok'eksa ls
esy [kkrs gSaA
ujflagiqj ftys esa ueZnk o bldh lgk;d 'ksj unh ds vklikl rks foyqIr oU;&çkf.k;ksa ds brus thok'e feys
gSa fd bl {ks= dks thok'eksa dk [ktkuk gh dgk tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ ls —".ke`x] lkaHkj] xkSj] fgIiksiksVsel] rsanq, tSls
vusd oU;&çkf.k;ksa ds thok'e feyus ls yxrk gS fd ;g {ks= çkxSfrgkfld LoxZ FkkA blh rjg lhgksj ftys ds ueZnk
rVh; xk¡o gFkukSjk esa yxHkx ik¡p yk[k lky iqjkus ueZnk ekuo dk thok'e feyuk eksgu tksnM+ks vkSj gM+Iik dh [kkst
ls Hkh vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA
e/; çns'k dh laLdkj/kkuh ds :i esa fo[;kr tcyiqj esa tgka ueZnk 60 fdyksehVj çokfgr
gksdj yksxks dks LoPN ty ns jgh ogha 52 rkykc i;kZIr ty okys {ks= dks bafxr dj jgk] iwoZdky ls gh ;gka thoksa dh
miyC/krk jgh iqjkrRo ds vo'ks"k bl ckr dh iqf"V djrs gSA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 50
1- çksVkstksvk 07
2- IysfVgsysfEUFkl 12
3- jksfVQsjk 27
4- ,ukfyMk 35
5- vFkksZiksMk 53
6- vjsfDuMk 11
7- bUlsDVk ¼leLr lewg½ 1380
8- eksyLdk 39
9- eRL; 155
10- ,fEQfc;k 15
11- jsfIrfy;k 62
12- ,fol 345
13- eSesfy;k 88
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 51
Ø-
1- tUrqIyod vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj
2015 2- ikni Iyod vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj
2016 3- Qaxl vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj
2015 4- csUFkksl ¼tyh;½ vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj
2015 5- frrfy;ka vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj
2015 6- vksMksusVk vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj
2015 7- eksyLdk vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj
2015 8- edfM+;ka ¼vjsfDuMk½ vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj
2015 9- eRL; vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj
2015 10- jsIVkby ¼liZ½ vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj
2015 11- i{kh vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj
2015
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 52
vtqZu ,oa vU; ¼2016½ us ,ukfyMk] vFkksZiksMk ,oa eksyLdk dh çtkfr;ksa dh lgk;rk ls jlk;uksa
dk ç;ksx fd;s fcuk gh ueZnk ty çnw"k.k dk fu;a=.k ,oa çnw"k.k dh igpku ij 'kks/k dk;Z dj 12 yk[k dh tul¡[;k
;qä laLdkj/kkuh&tcyiqj ds yksxks dks LoPN ueZnk ty fey lds bl ij viuk 'kks/k dk;Z fd;s buds 'kks/kkuqlkj ueZnk
esa ik, tkus okys dhVksa dh miyC/krk ,oa fofo/krk ls ikuh dh xq.koÙkk dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk ;s dhV ikuh ds
çnw"k.k lwpd dk dk;Z djrs gSA ,fUyM~l vFkksZiksM~l ,oa eksyLd dh çtkfr;ka ikuh ds çnw"k.k ds vPNs ladsrd gksrs gS
bUgsa csUFkksl dh laKk nh tkrh gSA bu csUFkksl dks igpku dj VsDlksukseh dh lgk;rk ls ge mUgsa oxhZ—r djrs gS fQj
muds fo'ks"k xzqi }kjk mudh igpku djrs gS vkf[kj ;s fdl çdkj dk çnw"k.k fn[kk jgs gSA
tSls ikuh esa ik, tkus okys blksiksMk&veksfu;k ds çfr viuk ladsr] ØLVsf'k;k&ikuh ds cM+s gq, ih-,p ,oa
rkieku dks] ikuh esa vkDlhtu dh vf/kd vko';drk ¼mPp&Mh-vks½ gS] bl gsrq&IysdksIrsjk] de gksus ij eksyLdk]
vkxsZfud çnw"k.k gsrq vksMksusVk tSls dbZ çtkfr;k vPNs çnw"k.k ladsrd fd Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gS] ftUgsa vklkuh ls igpku
dj vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS] dkj.k ;g gS fd ikuh ds ijh{k.k gsrq iSjkehVj yxk;s tkrs gS ftles ge jlk;uksa dk
ç;ksx djrs gS] tks dgha u dgha ls cká L=ksrksa }kjk unh esa feydj çnw"k.k djrs gS] ,d 'kks/k losZ ls ;g vuqeku yxk;k
tk ldrk gS fd ;fn ,d fnu esa ge 25 iSjkehVj ySc esa ty ijh{k.k gsrq yxkrs gS ftles ges 20 yhVj ds vkl ikl
jlk;uksa dh vko';drk gksxh] rks ,d ekg esa 600 yhVj vkSj ,d o"kZ esa 7300 yhVj jlk;uksa fd t:jr iM+sxh] tks
fdlh ,d ySc dk vuqeku gS] ,sls ;fn rhuks jkT; ds lHkh ySc dks ysdj ckr dgh tk; rks vuqekur% 50 yk[k yhVj ls
T;knk jlk;u ç;ksx flQZ ikuh ds ijh{k.k gsrq yxk;s tkrs gS] ,d vksj ge 'kq)rk fd ckr djrs gS rks nwljh vksj ge
Lo;a bls dgha u dgha çnwf"kr djrs gS] jlk;uksa }kjk ijh{k.k mruk gksa ftruk vko';d gksa] vr% ueZnk ty LokLF;
ijh{k.k dgh LokLF; ?kkrd u cu tk;s bl gsrq jlk;uksa dk ç;ksx de dj ge csUFkksl fd lgk;rk ls ikuh ds çnw"k.k
ij fu;a=.k ik lds ;g csgrj mik; gksa ldrk gS D;ksfd ;s csUFkksl ikuh esa ik, tkus okys thoksa ds çkFkfed Hkkstu Hkh
gksrs gS] vksMksusVk fQ'k dk çkFkfed Hkkstu gS tks iksLV ykoZy voLFkk esa ePNjksa ds ykokZ dks [kkrs gS ¼blds }kjk ge
eysfj;k mRiUu djus okys ePNjksa ij Hkh fu;a=.k ik ldrs gS½] bl çdkj dbZ çtkfr;ka viuh Hkwfedk,a nsrh gSA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
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dsoy tSo fofo/krk dk gh laj{k.k ugha&vfirq buls tqM+h vU; ijaijkvksa o yksd ekU;rkvksa dk laj{k.k vkSj ubZ
ih<+h ds chp QSyko Hkh t:jh gSA rkfd os ;g tku ldsa fd Hkkjr ds n'kZu esa foKku rFkk i;kZoj.k i{k vge~ jgs gSa vkSj
bl lc ij vey ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dks etcwrh çnku djsxkA blds lkFk gh tSo&fofo/krk ls tqM+h dgkorsa&
yksdekU;rkvksa dks Hkh çdk'k esa iqu: yk;k tkuk pkfg;sA
e/; çns'k ds lanHkZ esa ns[ksa rks ueZnk unh dks lefiZr vkfn xq# 'kadjkpk;Z th }kjk jfpr ueZnk v"Vd rks
ueZnk th ds bdksy‚ftdy flLVe ds laj{k.k dk gh b'kkjk djrk gSA eNfy;ka] dNq,] exjePN] if{k;ksa dk dyjo&
blds eq[; fo"k; gSa] ysfdu vQlksl dh ckr gS fd ueZnk esa exjePN] eNfy;ka vkSj dNqvksa ds thou ij xgjk ladV
Nk jgk gS- dHkh bl unh dh igpku jgh egk'khjk eNyh rks yqIr gh gks jgh gS] blfy;s oU; çkf.k;ksa ds lexz laj{k.k ds
fy;s vko';d gS fd gekjs çk—frd lalk/kuksa& ioZr] taxy] ufn;ka] ukyksa ds Hkh laj{k.k dk ekgkSy cusA ;s lalk/ku gh
ekuo rFkk vU; tho&tarqvksa ds thou dk cqfu;knh vk/kkj gSA
1. Rai, S., Shukla, A. Sharma, A. and Ahirwar, B. (2016) Arjun Shukla et al. published work on the fauna of
river Narmada, Jabalpur Region : A Review, International journal of Fisheries and Aquatic studies, 4(3) :
372-377.
2. Chandra, K., Sharma, R.M. and Ojha, P. (2010) a Compendium on the faunal resources of narmada basin in
Madhya Pradesh, rec. zool. surv. India, Occ. paper no. 310 : 1-152.
3. Ram Prasad Pathak (2015) Narmada Parikrama, Gondi Public trust, mandala. 1-197.
4. Smith M.J., Kay W.R., Edward D.H.D., Papas P.J., Richardson K., Simpson J.C., Pinder A.M., Cale D.J.,
Horwitz P.H.J., Davis J.A., Yung F.H., Norris R.H. and Halse S.A. (1999) AusRivAS: Using
macroinvertebrates to assess ecological condition of rivers in Western Australia. Freshwater Biology, 41(2):
269-283.
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
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Effect of Nitrogen based fertilizers on the testis of Fresh water teleost Channa punctatus
during Spawining period
Dr. Namrata Shrivastava, Department of Zoology Govt. M.H. College of Home Science, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Abstract :Nitrogen is an essential macro nutrient for human beings and aquatic animals. It is known to growth
element of tissues and protects the injury to the animals. The present study was designed to investigate the acute
effect of nitrogen on the testis of fresh water teleost Channa punctatus. Nitrogen amount is increases so early
spawning are starts, but pyknosis condition is start. Amount of nitrogen is given after 24hr. During the Spawining
period effect of nitrogen is shows very high, because its culturable fish so the maturation is delayed. So the
fishermen can effect. Channa have a high nutrition value. In this fish spermiation is starts in March. Spawining
occurs in September to October when marked environmental changes particularly the suddenly increase in the
quantity of food and dissolved oxygen and moderate photoperiod temperature is associated with spawning.
Key words :Channa punctatus, Pyknosis, Nitrogen.
Introduction:The president investigation has an objective find out the impact nitrogen based inorganic and organic
fertilizers on reproductive organs of fresh water teleost Channa punctatus. Here we can use UREA. Nitrogen is the
important element of fertilizers it is already present in the soil as well as given outside also. Most of the workers
have studied the effects of the lethal concentration of fertilizers on the fish mortality and their behavior; some
workers are studies effect of fertilizers on the gonads. The present study is therefore to note the histopathological
changes in the testis of fish Channa punctatus after intoxication of different concentration of Urea. The fertilizers
effect on testis of fish studied by Mathur (1962) Dutta et al (1992) showed that the germ cells are affected by the
more uses of fertilizers. Much more studies have been carried out to explain the reproductive system, reproductive
cycle and reproductive periodicity in the number of fishes. Recently extensive uses of nitrogen fertilizers have been
started in Indian fish farming. No doubt fertilizers enhanced the productivity of fish culture, but on the other hand in
aquatic system is decrease the productivity resulting in the low production rate of fish.
Materials and Methods: Different experiments were set up in lab for study. In the first set of aquarium ten
male and ten female fishes were kept as control fishes , and in second set of aquarium ten pairs of fishes
were kept in sub-lethal concentration of respective chemical fertilizer viz Di ammonium phosphate for the
complete period of reproductive cycle. Present study concern only spawning period. Fishes were dissected and
weight and volume of the ovary were recorded. Ovaries were fixed in Bonin’s and Zinker’s fluid and paraffin
blocks were made, sections were cut at 5μ and stained with PAS, CAHP and Hemotaxylin eosin methods.
Observation: In the Channa punctatus the Spawining period starts in the middle January to till the end of May. In
experimental fish testis is triangular shape enclosed with in thin layer of peritoneum, the connective tissue, blood
vessels, epithelial cells and somniferous tubules are the important parts in the histology of the testis.
The six stages are found Testis-
1- Primary spermatogonia
2- Secondary spermatogonia
3- Primary spermatocytes
4- Secondary spermatocytes
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
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5- Spermatids
6- Spermatozoa
Spawining period is prolonged in the experimental fish Channa punctatus as oxygen requirement of fish low in
comparison to other groups teleost. The testis with completely filled with spermatids and spermatozoa.
During the Spawining period the activety of testis reaches up to their extremity and the maximum value of
gono somatic index and volume reached recorded. This justifies that metabolic rate with in testis is very high and
process of spermatogenesis is very active. At the end of Spawining period a gradual decrease in these values has
been noticed. This indicates that testis have started their resting phase .For the calculation of gonosomatic index the
following formula has been applied.
GSI =. (A/B) X 100
Where ,
A=Weight of testis
B=Body weight of fish
Results:
Toxicity of chemical fertilizers play a significant role in the total process of fish reproduction as intoxication of
fertilizers Change the physico chemical nature of water. Experiment was conducted for the complete period of
seasonal cycle. When treated with sub lethal concentration of Urea so the number of changes have been observed in
the testis.
A- Reduction in the number of early stages of spermatogenesis.
B- Process of Pyknosis start in the early stages of spermatogenesis resulting in reduction in the number of
spermatozoa.
This obvious indication that chemical fertilizers decrease the process of spermatogenesis in male.
C- An increase in the gap in between the intestinal tissue has been observed probably due to reduction in the number
of early stages of spermatogenesis.
A number of factors are responsible for the regulation of the process of reproduction in teleost. Among the photo
period and temperature have the responsible role for the reproduction? It is supported by the James (1946), Gokhle
(1957), and Anant Prakash (1976) Raizada (1970).
Sarkar, (2002) have described the essential nutrients elements in water. The major elements are nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur. These elements are very important for growth and
development but the uses of larger quantity of these elements the degradation is starts from bacteria and produce
toxic metabolism such as ammonia, nitrate and nitrite resulting in low reproductive rate of fish. When fish treated
with Urea increase the pyknotic stage is starts earlier. Another impact of these fertilizers is delayed the Spawining
after the treatment of sub lethal concentration.
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
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Reference:
1. Bazzoli (2006). Braz. J. Biol. volu. 66 No. 2asao carlas.
2. Gupta A .K. (1988). Accumulation of cadmium in the fishes Heteropneustes Fossilis and Channa
punctatus.Env.Eco. 6(3):577-580.
3. Lehari G.K.(1968) “ The annual cycle in the ovary of eat fish Clarias batrachus (Linn).“Acta Anat.69: 105-
125.
4. Malaviya R.B. (1972) “ Studies on the histology and his togenesis of the Piturtary gland & hypathoalamo
hypophysial vascular relationship in clarias and some other teleost fish.Ph.D. Thesis Sagar University.
5. Mashi S.(2000) “Hypothalamo neurohypaphysial neurosecretary system in a fresh water teleost in relation
to reproductive cycle.” Ph.D. Thesis A.P.S. University Rewa.(M.P.).
6. Pathak C.K. (1986) “Studies on some aspects of hypothoalamo-newro hypophysial nearos secretary system
in a fresh- water teleost.Rosbara danicanius (Ham).Ph.D. Thesis Dr. H.S. Gaur University Sagar.
7. Sandhya Saini, (1986). Hypothalamo hypophyscial neurosecretary system in fresh water fishes with special
referne to the vascularisation. Ph.D. Thesis Gaur University Sagar ( M.P.).
8. Saxena S.K. (1990). “Studies on the hypalhalamo- neurohypohysial system in a fresh water fish Nandus
nandus (Ham).” In relation with reproductive cycle Ph.D. Thesis University of Sagar.
9. Siddiqui S.(2001). “Toxicity of some heavy metal salts on Hypatholamo neurohypohysial neurosecretary
system in a fresh water teleost in relation to repoduction” Ph.D., Thesis A.P.S. University Rewa (M.P.)
10. Singh B. (1991). Hypathalamo neurohypophysial system in a fesh water fish Danio equipmentus (Ham.)
and neural contral on reproduction Ph.D. Thesis A.P.S. University Rewa (M.P.)
11. Soni R.L. (1997). “The neurohypophysical system in a fresh water teleost Ph.D. Thesis A.P.S. University
Rewa (M.P.).
12. Trivedi S.P, P. Singh, N.Sethi and R.S. Singh (1990). Evaluational hematoxic effects of two commonly
used fertilizers, Diammonium phosphate and urea of fish Clarias batrachus Ecotox. Environ.
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
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lgk;d izk/;kid ¼bfrgkl½] 'kkldh; fuokl egkfo|ky;] e.Myk] e-iz-
ftl rjg lw;Zoa'kh] panzoa'kh vkSj vfXuoa'kh ekus x, gSa mlh rjg ukxoaf'k;ksa dh Hkh izkphu ijEijk jgh gSA Hkkjr
esa vk;Z] nzfoM+] nklksa ds lkFk gh ukxoa'kh lektksa dk izpyu izkphu dky ls gh jgk gSA vuar ¼'ks"k½] oklqdh] r{kd]
dkdksZVd vkSj fiaxyk& mDr ikap ukxksa ds dqy ds yksxksa dk gh Hkkjr esa opZLo FkkA ;g lHkh d';Ik oa'kh Fks] ysfdu
bUgha ls ukxoa'k pykA fgUnw /keZ ds nks Hkkx ekus tkrs gs& igyk osn vkSj nwljk iqjk.kA ukx iwtk dk izpyu iqjk.k ij
vk/kkfjr gSA ekuk tkrk gS fd ewyr% 'kSo] 'kkDr] ukFk vkSj ukxiafFk;ksa esa gh ukxksa dh iwtk dk izpyu FkkA ukxoa'k
Ikzkphu dky dk ,d jktdqy FkkA bl oa'k ds dqN fLkDdksa ij cgLifr ukx] nsoukx vkSj x.kifr ukx uke fy[ks izkIr
gq, gSA ukxoa'k dk 'kkludky 150 ls 250 foØr laor ds e/; tku iM+rk gSA
mRrj&if'pe Hkkjr ukxksa dk mn~Hko LFky vkSj izFke izHkko {ks= FkkA uhyer iqjk.k ds vuqlkj d'ehj esa gh
ukxksa ds rhu lkS mioa'k Fks ftuesa izeq[k r{kd] d';i] dkjdksV FksA r{kd ls r{kf'kyk uke iM+k vkSj os r{kf'kyk ls
ysdj gfLrukiqj rd QSys gq, FksA rfey Hkk"kk esa ukx dks vkjok dgrs gSa ftlls vkjkoyh ioZr ekyk ¼ukxksa dk ?kj½
fudyk gSA ukx ;K ds ckn ukx ns'k ds e/;Hkkx vkSj iwjc Hkkx esa QSy x;sA foa/;kpy ds nf{k.k esa vka/kz ls ysdj
rfeyukMq] dukZVd] dsjy vkSj egkjk"Vª esa ukx iwtk vkSj ukxoa'k ds jkT;ksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA Hkkjr ds yksx
ifj;kstuk ds vuqlkj ukxoa'k okys yksx lcls T;knk leqnk; esa gS] lkjs {ks=ksa esa QSys gq, gSa] os lkjh tkfr;ksa vkSj o.kksZ esa
fo|eku gSa] os vuqlwfpr tkfr;kssa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa eas ekStwn gSa ftlls ,slk yxrk gS fd ukx flQZ ty ij
fuHkZj tkfr ugha Fkh vkSj u gh ioZr ij jgus okyh ;k ikrky esa jgus okyh tkfr Fkh ;g lc txg QSyh gqbZ FkhA oLrqr%
ukx ,d ns'kt] yksd tkfr Fkh tks yksd laLd`fr vkSj i;kZoj.k {ks=ksa ls tqM+h gqbZ FkhA og ns'k dh izkphure tkfr;ksa esaa
ls ,d FkhA
/kkfeZd okaxe; esa ukxoa'k dh mRifRr jktk ^'ks"kukx* ls crkbZ tkrh gSA bl oa'k ds xaxk/kj]
efgiky] iqjUnj] ukxknsj] os.kq/kj] ;kstukoh;Z] nkeksnj] ukxuu] dkrZoh;Z vkfn vusd jktk gq,A ckYehfd jkek;.k esa Hkh
'ks"k ukx vkSj oklqfd jktkvksa dk o.kZu vkrk gSA egkHkkjr ds vkfn ioZ ds rhljs v/;k; esa ukxksa dk o.kZu gSA egkHkkjr
dky esa ;s xaxk&;equk ds chp dq#{ks= vkSj fnYyh ds vklikl [kk.Mo ou esa clrs FksA bl oa'k ds ,d jktk ds ikl
vV~Bkbl gtkj vkB lkS lSfudksa dk o.kZu feyrk gS] tc vtqZu us [kk.Mo ou dks tyk fn;k rc ls ;s ik.Moksa ds 'k=q
cu x,A bUgksaus vtqZu dks ekjus ds cM+s&cM+s ;Ru fd,] fdUrq gj ckj vtqZu cprk gh jgkA egkHkkjr ds ;q) esa o.kZu
vkrk gS fd ,d ukx d.kZ ds lgk;d ds :i esa ;q)Hkwfe esa lnk mlds lkFk jgrk FkkA og ckj&ckj d.kZ ls dgrk fd
bl tgjhys rhj ls vtqZu dks ekjks] fdUrq d.kZ us mldh ckr u ekuh vkSj ukx jktdqekj dh bPNk iw.kZ u gks ldhA
ukxska us vtZqu ds ikS= ijhf{kr dks ekjdj viuk cnyk fy;k FkkA ijhf{kr ds iq= tuest; us ukxksa dk neu fd;k vkSj
vfgPN=iqj] ukxiqj] ukxkSj] ukxgh] ;'kiqj ¼tgkuqiqj½ lQhjksa ¼gfj;k.kk½ vkfn buds eq[; dsUnzksa dks u"V&Hkz"V fd;kA
ftlls ukx lRrkP;qr gksdj b/kj&m/kj fc[kj x,A
izkphu lkfgR; ds bu lw=ksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd xaxk ds nf{k.kh rV ls ysdj leqnz rV rd ukx tkfr
dk {ks= foLrkj FkkA ;g vk;Z tkfr dh gh ,d 'kk[kk Fkh tks vkilh la?k"kksZ ds dkj.k nf{k.kkj.; esa tk clh FkhA jkek;.k
dky dk n.Mdkj.; blh nf{k.kkj.; dk ,d Hkkx Fkk] ftls egkdkUrkj Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA KkrO; gS fd vk;Z tkfr gh
lalkj dh izFke d"kd tkfr Fkh tks e/; ,f'k;k ls vkdj lIr flU/kq izns'k esa cl xbZ FkhA bl le; ukx tkfr vk;Z
tkfr ds lkFk gh lkFk flU/qk izns'k esa clrh FkhA flU/kq ?kkVh dh lH;rk esa feys ukx tkfr ds vo'ks"k] ukxf'ko dh ewfrZ
vkfn bl rF; dks izekf.kr djrs gSA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
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nf{k.kkj.; esa ukxksa] ioZr] gkFkh] [kfut inkFkZ rFkk ukx tkfr vkfn dh iz/kkurk FkhA vkt Hkh izkphu nf{k.kkj.;
ds mRrj iwohZ Hkkx dks >kj[k.M ;k ukxiqj dgk tkrk gSA oSfnd dky ls ysdj vk/kqfud dky rd nf{k.kkj.; ds mRrj
iwohZ Hkkx dks fofo/k ukeksa ls vfHkfgr fd;k tkrk jgk gSA ex/k] czR; izns'k] dhdV izns'k] iq.Mª] ikS.Mfjd ns'k] vdZ [k.M]
ddZ [k.M] ukxiqj] >kj[k.M dksdjkg] [kq[kjk] ghjkukxiqj] pqfV;kukxiqj vFkok NksVkukxiqj vkfn buesa izeq[k gSaA
eqxydky esa ;g izns'k ghjs ds fy, izfl) Fkk ftlds dkj.k bls ghjkukxiqj dgk tkrk FkkA ;gk¡ ds ikSjkf.kd eq.Mkjh]
mjkao vkfn yksdxhrksa esa bls ghjkuxj dgk x;k gSA
dkykUrj esa e/;orhZ vkj.; izns'k ;k >kj[k.M] jktuSfrd vkfn dbZ dkj.kksa ls dbZ [k.Mksa vkSj mi[k.Mksa esa
foHkkftr gksrk pyk x;kA izkphu rFkk e/; dsdhdV] vax] cax] ex/k] fefFkyk] dfyax] foa/;] ikapky rFkk vk/kqfud cM+k
ukxiqj] pqfV;kukxiqj tks NksVk ukxiqj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS vkfn bUgha [k.Mksa ds fofHkUu :i gSaA
izkxSfrgkfld dky ls gh ekuo o ukx ¼liZ izk.kh½ lkFk&lkFk jgrs pys vk, gSaA lH;rk ds fodkl ds nkSjku
vk[ksV ls vkxs c<+dj ekuo us d`f"k dk;Z dks vaxhdkj fd;kA le; ds vUrjky ds lkFk&lkFk tula[;k esa fujUrj o`f)
gksrh pyh xbZA Jh ,p0th0 osYl dk er gS fd vkt ls 8000 o"kZ ls ysdj 20]000 o"kZ iwoZ ds chp yksxksa dks bl ckr
dh vko';drk iM+h fd muds lkFk vU; uke ¼miuke ;k mikf/k½ tqM+ tk, rkfd nwljs yksxksa ls mudks i`Fkd :i ls
ekU;rk fey tk,A ekuo ds lkekftd fodkl ds bl izFke pj.k es aliZ gh bruk O;kid Lrj ij ekuo dk iM+kslh rFkk
d`f"k fgr dkjd ds :i esa ik;k x;k fd euq"; us vius miuke ;k mikf/k gsrq liZ uke dks mi;qDr ekudj mls
vaxhdkj dj fy;kA
Hkkjrh; laLd`fr] /keZ vkSj tu thou esa ukx vkSj ukxiwtk dh ijEijk vfr izkphu gS] flU/kq ?kkVh ls ysdj
orZeku le; rd ukx laLd`fr fo|eku gSA flU/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ls izkIr rhu eqnzkvksa ij liZ dk vadu gSA _Xosn esa Hkh
liZ dk o.kZu gSA Hkkjr ds lkFk vusd ns'kksa esa Hkh ekuo lH;rk ds lkFk ukx laLd`fr dk lfEeyu gqvk gSA ukxksa dk
lkaLdfrd egRo Hkkjr ds gj {ks= esa n`f"Vxr~ gSA ioZrksa ds uke] o`{k ds uke] HkkSxksfyd {ks=] ekuo] ekuo tkfr;k¡] Hkk"kk]
uxj ds uke] vkfn lHkh esa ukx izrhdokn dk lk{kkr~ y{k.k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ukx laLd`fr] Hkkjr dh vuwBh rFkk
,sfrgkfld laLd`fr gSA ukx bl ns'k ds ewy fuoklh gSaA ukx ,d izk.kh Hkh gS vkSj ekuo tkfr;k¡ HkhA vk;ksZ ds vkxeu
ls iwoZ flU/kq ?kkVh dh eqnzkvksa o lhyksa esa liZ] cSy o euq"; :ih i'kqifr rFkk mlds vkl&ikl nks liksZ ds fp=.k] lhyksa
dk izkIr gksuk] ukx laLd`fr dh vfr izkphurk dks mn~?kkfVr djrk gSA
1- foeys'ojh flag & ukxoa'k] 2003] ubZ fnYyh] i`- 42
2- oklqnso'kj.k vxzoky & ;{k ,s.M ukxkt]] bZLVuZ ,UFkzksikWykWftLV] [k.M 24 ¼1½ tu] vizSy] 1971
3- ckYehfd jkek;.k] xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj
4- foeys'ojh flag & ukxoa'k] i- 44
5- foeys'ojh flag & ukxoa'k] i- 44
6- MkW- vofUrdk izlkn ejeV & ukx laLd`fr] mTtSu 2000
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
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%&euq"; ,d izHkko’kkyh izk.kh gSA og vius vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k esa tks dqN Hkh ns[krk lqurk gS mldh
izfrfØ;k mlds g`n; esaa vo’; gksrh gSA fdlh oLrq dks ns[kdj] lqudj ;k vU; fdlh izdkj ls tkudj eu esa mBus
okys fopkjksa dks Hkko dgrs gSaA bUgha Hkkoksa dks lqUnjrk ds lkFk ltk&laokj dj O;Dr djus dh fofHkUu iz.kkfy;ksa dks
dyk dgk gSA ^^Hkkokfo"dj.ka dyk** & laxhrK viuh Loj ygfj;ksa] okn~;ksa rFkk u`R; ds }kjk viuh Hkkoukvksa dk izn’kZu
djrs gSaA
vkpk;Z ’kkX³nsZo us vius izfl) xzUFk ^^laxhr jRukdj** esa dgk gS& ^^xhr ok| rFkk uR; =;a laxhr eqP;rs**
vFkkZr~ xk;u] oknu vkSj u`R; ;s rhuksa gh feydj laxhr dgs tkrs gSaA uR; ok| dk vuqxeu djrk vkSj ok| xhr ds
ihNs&ihNs pyrk gSA vr% tc mi;qDr jkx&jkfxuh esa tc Hkh dksbZ xhr xk;k tk;s mlds vuqdwy gh ok| ct jgs gSa
vkSj mlh xhr ds Hkkoksa dks u`R; dh eqnzkvksa ds }kjk O;Dr fd;k tk;s rHkh laxhr iw.kZrk izkIr djrk gSA bl izdkj rhuksa
dyk;sa ,d nwljs dh iwjd gSa vkSj viuh iw.kZ vfHkO;fDr ds fy;s ,d nwljs ij voyfEcr gSA tSls lr] vkSj rel bu
rhuksa ls feydj ;g nqfu;k cuh gSA bu rhuksa esa ls fdlh ,d ds Hkh u gksus ij l`f"V laHko ugha gSA mlh izdkj xk;u]
oknu vkSj uR; bu rhuksa rRoksa ls feydj gh laxhr dk lalkj jpk gSA
izkphu dky esa gh uR; dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr dj fn;k x;k Fkk ekxhZ o nslh bUgsa vktdy Øe’k% ’kkL=h;
u`R; o yksd u`R; dgk tkrk gSA uR; jl ,oa Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;atuk ls ;qDr gksrk gSA vkpk;Z uafnds” oj us u`R; dk
o.kZu vius vfHku; niZ.k esa bl izdkj fd;k gS%&
^^vkL;sukyEc;sr~ xhra gLrsukFkZ izn’kZ;sr~A
us=kH;ka n’kZ;sn~ Hkkoa iknkH;ka rkyekpjsr~A**
tc eqag ls xkuk xk;k tk;s] gkFkksa dh eqnzkvksa ls ml xhr ds ’kCnksa ds vFkZ cryk;k tk;s] vka[kksa ls mlds Hkko
fn[kk;s tk;s vkSj iSjksa ls rky ds vuqlkj Bksdk fn;k tk;s rc u`R; gksrk gSA
xk;u ds fy;s mi;ksxh lkr Loj buds uke Øe’k% ’kM~t] _"kHk] xka/kkj] e/;e] iape] /kSor vkSj fu’kkn gS
ftUgsa lk] js] x] e] i] /k] fu dgrs gSaA lkr Lojksa ds dksey vkSj rhoz :i feykdj mudh la[;k ckjg gks tkrh gSA ckjg
Loj ds Åij uhps vkSj Hkh lqjhyh /ofu;ka gSa ftUgsa ^Jqfr* dgrs gSaA lkr Lojksa ds jgus ds LFkku dks lIrd dgrs gSa ^^ean**
^^e/;** o ^^rkj** lIrd rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSaA xkus dh fØ;k dks o.kZ dgrs gSaA o.kZ dh fu;fer jpuk dks vyadkj dgrs
gSaA /ofu dh ,d [kkl jpuk tks Loj vkSj o.kZ ls lqUnj gksrh vkSj eu dks vkuUn nsrh gS ^^jkx** dgykrh gSA jkx BkB
ls mRiUu gksrk gS vkSj ,d gh BkB ls lSdM+ksa gtkjksa jkx mRiUu gksrs gSaA
oknu dk laca/k ok| ls gSA laxhrkRed /ofu rFkk xfr dks izokg djus ds midj.k dks ok| dgk tkrk gSA
izkphu dky esa ekuo&d.B Hkh ok| ekuk x;k g SA d.B ok| bZ’oj&fufeZr gSA euq";ksa ds fodkl ds lkFk ok| dk Hkh
fodkl gksrk x;kA oknu vFkkZr~ ctkuk xk;u u`R; esa ok|ksa dk cgqr vf/kd egRo gSA ok|ksa ds }kjk gh laxhr iw.kZ gksrk
gSA ok|ksa dks pkj Js.kh esa ckaVk x;k gS%&
1- rrok| & ;s ok| rkj ds gksrs gSa Lojksa dks Qekuh ¼xt½ ;k fetjkc ds vk?kkr ls mRiUu fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls & flrkj] ljksn] oh.kk] csyk] lkjaxh vkfnA
2- lqf’kj ok| & tks ok| Qawd ds ctk;s tkrs gSa mUgsa ^^lqf’kj ok|** dgrs gSaA tSls&ckalqjh] ’kgukbZA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 60
3- vou) ok| & ;s rky ds fy;s iz;ksx gksrs gSa rFkk peM+s ds cus gksrs gSaA tSls&uxkM+k] rcyk] i[kkot
vkfnA
4- ?ku ok| & vk?kkr }kjk ctk;s tkus okys ok|] ?ku ok| dgykrs gSaA tSls& eathjk] >ka> vkfnA
& vk/;kRe thou dk fpjUrj lR; gSA bl lR; dks ikus ds fy;s thou dk ;FkkFkZ vuqHko vko’;d ugha]
buds fy;s vusd dYiuk,¡ Hkh gSaA vk/;kRe izse o HkfDr dh vusd laosnu’khy dYiukvksa ls Hkjk gS bl lR; dks ikus
rFkk bls lkdkj djus esa g `n;] cqf) o ’kjhj dk larqyu vko’;d gSA larqyu gh vkfRed lq[k o ekuoh; xq.kksa dk
vk/kkj iznku djrs gSaA
vk/;kRe dk vFkZ gS vius vanj ,d larqyu cuk dj j[kuk vkSj eu esa ’kkafr ykukA eu dks o’k esa
djuk cgqr eqf’dy gS vk/;kRe ds }kjk gh eu dks fu;a=.k esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA vius eu ls udkjkRed o ?k`.kk dk
Hkko fudky dj ldkjkRed o izse dk Hkko txkuk gh vk/;kRe gSA vk/;kRe dk vFkZ R;kx ughaA
iwtk ;k izse nksuksa ,d gh pht+ gS flQZ uke ek= vyx gSA izse thou dk vk/kkj gS ,oa /keZ thou
dk ekxZ gS vkSj vk/;kRe ,oa /keZ izse djuk fl[kkrk gSA izse lcd fy;s gksrk gSA iwtk thou gS] izse gS] lg;ksx gS ’kq)
lkfRod xq.kksa dk fodkl gSA
iqtkr~ dksfVxq.ka L=ks=a dksfV xq.kks ti%A
tikRdksfV xq.ka xkua xkukRijrja ukfgaAA
vFkkZr~ iwtk ls L=ksr djksM+ xq.kk Js"B gS] L=ks= ls ti] ti ls djksM+ xq.kk Js"B xku gS vr% xku ls Js"B
mikluk dk dksbZ lk/ku ugah gSA izse ’kCn dk vFkZ & ije ;kfu tks loZJs"B gSA ftlds vkxs ge iw.kZr% lefiZr gks tkrs
gSaA
laxhr dh mRifRr dk vk/kkj o fuekZ.k czEgk ds }kjk gqvkA czEgk us vk/;kfRed “kfDr ds }kjk ;g dyk Hkxoku
dks nh ftuds }kjk ljLorh dks izkIr gq;hA ekrk ljLorh dks ^^oh.kk iqLrd /kkj.kh** dgdj lkfgR; dh vf/k"Bk=h ekuk
x;kA ljLorh us ukjn dks] ukjn us LoxZ ds xa/koZ fdUuj rFkk vIljkvksa dks ogk¡ ls Hkjr] ukjn vkSj guqeku vkfn
_f"k;ksa us laxhr dyk dk izpkj Hkw&yksd rd LFkkfir fd;kA vk/;kfRed Kku }kjk gh ikoZrh dh ’k;u eqnzk dks ns[kdj
f’ko us muds vax&izR;ax ds vk/kkj ij :nzoh.kk cukbZ vkSj vius ikap eq[k }kjk ikap jkxksa dh mRifRr dh rFkk NBk jkx
ikoZrh ds eq[k }kjk mRiUu gqvkA f’ko ds iwoZ] if’pe] mRrj] nf{k.k r Fkk vkdk’kkseq[k gksus ds Øe’k% HkSjo] fgUMksy] es?k]
nhid vkSj Jh jkx izdV gq;s rFkk ikoZrh }kjk dkSf’kd jkx dh mRifRr gq;hA iznks’k ds le; f’ko us u`R; dh bPNk
izdV dh bl volj ij lc nsork muds pkjksa vksj [kM+s gksdj Lrqfr xku djus yxsA ljLorh us oh.kk] bUnz rFkk czEgk
us djrky] y{eh us xk;u] fo".kq us e`nax ctk;kA bl dFku ls ;g fl) gS fd bZ’ojh; ’kfDr }kjk laxhr dk izknqHkkZo
gqvk rFkk lkFk gh vk/;kfRed “kfDr dks laxhr ds lkFk tksM+k x;kA
laxhr dyk mruh gh izkphu gS ftruh fd ekuo tkfrA euq"; ds tUe ls ysdj e`R;q laLdkj rd laxhr dk
izokgeku jgrk gSA Hkkjrh; laxhr dh mRifRr dk vk/kkj osnksa dks ekuk x;k gSA osn dk vk/;kRed ls ?kfu"V laca/k Hkh
izkphu dky ls jgk gSA
Hkkjrh; laxhr esa vk/;kRe dh vge~ Hkwfedk gSA osnksa dk cht ea= vkse~ tks fd] rhu v{kj v] m] e ls cuk gSA
mlh izdkj ;s vkse~ esa fufgr gSA izkphu dky esa _f"k eqfu"bZ oj dh vkjk/kuk vk/;kfRed “kfDr ls lEiUu Lrj lk/kuk
}kjk djrs FksA vksme~ Loj dk nh?kZ mPpkj.k yEch /ofu }kjk ukn LFkkfir fd;k tkrk FkkA bl mPpkj.k dks vk/;kfRed
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 61
Kku dh of) o laxhr mikluk dk lk/ku ekuk x;kA ea=ksa esa vk/;kfRed rRo dk xk;u esa lke Loj LFkkfir dj ukn
}kjk /ofu dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA uR; dk izkjEHk /keZ ds ewy Hkko ls gh gqvk gSA
^^u`R;ekusa ve`r yh;rs ijekans’;;kRe lk ijk dyk** dgrs gq;s euhf"k;ksa us bls ijekuUn dk vk/kkj fu:fir
fd;kA uR; vk/;kRe ls tqM+dj vad] ’kCn] Hkko] y; esa lek;s gq;s vius pje jgL; dk mn~?kkVu djrs gSaA laxhr ds
vk/;kRe ds }kjk Jaxkfjd vuqHkwfr nh tk ldrh gSA vk/;kRe o laxhr nksuksa dh Hkkouk Jaxkj ls gh tqM+h gksrh gS vFkkZr ~
laxhr vkd"kZ.k o vk/;kRe rfIr gSA jk/kk&ehjk nksuksa ds gh izseh Hkxoku d`".k FksA ,d us Jaxkfjd laxhr ds }kjk nwljs us
HkfDr laxhr ds }kjk bZ’ojh; izse dh Å¡pkbZ;ksa dks NqvkA
tk laxhr esa foyhu gksuk tkurk gS mldk thou dky ifjiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA vk/;kRe
vkSj laxhr ,d nwljs ds }kjk thou dks lkeatL;iw.kZ o e/kqj cukrs gSaA laxhr esa gesa Qwy tSls f[kyus dh ;k pV~Vku ds
tSls Bksl cukus dh {kerk gSA gekjs Hkhrj Hkh ,d fnO; laxhr gSA dHkh&dHkh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ o’k esa ugha gksrh gj fnu
u;h&u;h leL;k,a ?ksj ysrh gSaA ,sls le; esa vk/;kRe gh ladVdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lgk;d gksrk gSA laxhr o
vk/;kRe ,d nwljs esa lekfgr gksrs gSa rks Hkkouk;sap je fcUnq ij ,d gks tkrh gS vkSj vkuUn dh izkfIr gksrh gSA vk/;kRe
ls ÅtkZ izkIr gksrh gS ÅtkZ laxhr esa xfr iznku djrh gSA
vk/kqfud le; esa laxhr vk/;kRe dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA vk/;kfRerk esa laxhr }kjk gh eu dks ,dkxzfpr
fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd Loj lekf/k dks voLFkk esa gh laxhr dh okLrfod Nfo dk vuqHko gksrk gS lk/kuk esa rYyhu gksdj
Hkkouk,a dsfUnzr gksrh g SA vk/;kfRed Kku ds }kjk gh vuq’kklu ikyu dh izsj.kk feyrh gSA vk/;kfRedrk ds }kjk gh
jk"Vªh; tkx`fr dk fodkl gksrk gS rFkk laLd`fr dk Hkh fodkl gksrk gSA vk/;kfRed laxhr }kjk gh ’kkjhfjd fodkl rFkk
ekufld nqcZyrk nwj gksrh gS vk/;kRe }kjk gh laxhr dk laca/k bZ’ojh; ’kfDr dks ijekRek ls tksM+k x;k gSA laxhr o
vk/;kRe }kjk fo’o cU/kqrk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl rFkk euksoSKkfud fodkl gksrk gSA
la{ksi esa ;g dg ldrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; laxhr esa vk/;kfRed rRo izkphu le; ls vk/kqfud le; rd fo|eku gS
laxhr dk okLrfod laca/k o vk/kkj vk/;kfRed rRo dks gh ekuk x;k gSA Loj lk/kuk] /;ku] HkfDr vkfn dk;Z vk/;kRe
o laxhr ds izeq[k dsUnz fcUnq ekus x;s gSaA vk/kqfud le; esa laxhr lk/kuk u jgdj euksjatu dk lk/ku cu x;s gSaA
laxhr esa vk/;kRe ugha gksus ds dkj.k bldk izHkko lekIr gksrk tk jgk gSA ,slk laxhr v’kkafr ds xrZ dh vksj tk jgk
gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k Xysej dh vksj c<+ukA ge if’peh lH;rk dh vksj c<+rs tk jgsA euq"; volkn ls f?kjrk tk jgk
gSA Øks/k] ?k`.kk] Ny diV dks ge vkRelkr djrs tk jgs gSaA tc euq"; vk/;kfRed laxhr ls tqM+rk gS rks mldk
thou lgtrk&ljyrk ls ijhiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA
/;ku esa euq"; tc xgjs esa mrj tkrk gS rks Lo;a ugha jg ikrk ijekRek dks izkIr gks tkrk gSA mlh izdkj tc
laxhr dh xgjkbZ esa mrj tkrk gS rks ogk¡ dksbZ O;fDr fo’sk"k u jgdj uR;] xk;u gh jg tkrk gSA n’kZdksa dks Hkh
u`R;dkj ;k xk;d ugha ut+j vkrk mUgsa xk;u o u`R; gh fn[kkbZ nsrk gS vFkkZr vk/;kRe o laxhr nksuksa gh xgjs esa
mrjdj ijekRek dks izkIr djrs gSaA ;gh ijekUn gS laxhr gh ,d ek= Hkk"kk gS tks fd ekSu ds cgqr djhc vkrh gS] ;g
vkuUn gS mRlo gSA laxhr /;ku ls gh iSnk gqvk gSA lHkh laxhr [kkldj ’kkL=h; laxhr ekSu ds ukn dks idM+us dk
iz;kl djrs jgs gSaA laxhrK /ofu;ksa ds chp ekSu dk varjky iSnk djrk gSA tks ugha le>rs os /ofu dks lqurs gSa tks
le>rs gSa os ekSu dks lqurs gSA ekSu nks /ofu;ksa ds chp dk varjky gSA laxhr euq"; dks Js"B cukrk gS] laxhr thokRek
ls egkRek] egkRek ls nsokRek vkSj nsokRek ls ijekRek cukus dh {kerk j[krk gS] laxhr esa xk;d] xk;u vkSj xs; oLrq
dk Hksn lekIr gks tk;s rks mls lekf/k dgrs gSaA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 62
1- vatw eqUtky] laxhr eatw’kk] i`"B&12A
2- vks’kks] laxhr dyk vkSj vk/;kRe] i`"B&25A
3- baVjusV ds ek/;e lsA
4- Jh dSyk’kpUnz nso cgLifr] Hkjr dk laxhr fl)karA
5- MkW- lquhrk ’kekZ] Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgklA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 63
’kks/kkFkhZ] jkuh nqxkZorh fo’ofo|ky; tcyiqj
i;kZoj.k ds lHkh rRo tSfod ,oa vtSfod ijLij lacaf/kr gksdj ,d nwljs ds lkFk Hkwry ds lcls fof’k"V
Ák.kh ekuo dks ÁHkkfor djrs gSaA Ádfr ds vekU; miknku furkUr mi;ksxh gSaA budh ,d fuf’pr O;oLFkk gSA ekuo
rFkk ÁkÑfrd fØ;kvksa }kjk bl O;oLFkk esa dHkh&dHkh fopyu mRiUu gks tkrk gSA i;kZoj.k vkanksfyr gks mBrk gSA
ftuds QyLo#i ?kVuk,¡&mi?kVuk,¡ mRiUu gks tkrh gSa ftudk ÁHkko i;kZoj.kh; rRoksa ds lkFk&lkFk ekuo ij Hkh
iM+rk gSA ßi;kZoj.k ds tSfod&vtSfod rRo] budh fØ;k&fof/k] var% ,oa cká ÁHkko vkfn ,sls gSa ftuds fo"k; esa fparu
djuk Hkwxksyfonksa dk vHkh"B drZO; gSßA bl fn’kk esa vrhr ls HkwxksyosRrk fparu’khy gS ijarq lu~ 1950 ds iwoZ bls Lora=
#i esa fodflr ugha dj ik;sA lu~ 1950 ls lu~ 1970 ds e/; Hkwxksy nks n’kdksa rd vofLFkfrdfo’ys"k.k lkaf[;dh ,oa
ekWMy] HkwoSU;kfld v/;;u vkfn esa my>k gqvk FkkA
QyLo#i i;kZoj.k laca/kh v/;;u ij fo’ks"k /;ku ugha fn;k x;kA ijarq lu~ 1970 ds i’pkr~ bl fn’kk esa
HkwxksyosRrk ,d uohu fparu Á.kkyh] mi;qDr rduhd] vlhe mRlkg vkfn ds lkFk vxzlj gq,A QyLo#i i;kZoj.k
Hkwxksy dk ,d {kh.k Lo#i tks ifjyf{kr gS og lftr gksus yxkA
ßHkkjr ds lHkh izxfr’khy jk"Vªoknh ny ns’k ds vkS|ksxhdj.k ds i{k esa FksA bu nyksa us Hkkjrh; turk dh
vkfFkZd iztkrkfU=d] lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd izxfr ds fy, vkS|ksxhdj.k dks vko’;d ekukßA df"k dh vfr ladqyrk
fdlkuksa dh xjhch dk eq[; dkj.k Fkk vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k dk ekxZ bl ladqyrk dks de djus dk rjhdk FkkA ;gh dkj.k
gS fd fofHkUu erHksnksa ds ckotwn ns’k dh lHkh lkekftd] jktuhfrd nyksa ds vkfFkZd dk;ZØe esa vkS|ksxhdj.k dks izeq[k
LFkku feykA Hkkjr ds izxfr’khy lkekftd o jktuhfrd nyksa us vkS|ksxhdj.k ds izR;{k o vizR;{k ykHkksa dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr
le> fy;k FkkA cgqr lkjh ckrksa ij bu nyksa esa erHksn Fkk ysfdu ns’k dks vkS|ksxhdj.k ds ekxZ ij vkxs c<+kus ds iz’u
ij lc ,der FksA vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds vojks/kksa ds f[kykQ mUgksaus tedj la?k"kZ fd;k vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k dh mudh
lfEefyr ek¡x izeq[k jk"Vªh; ek¡x FkhA tc ge Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl ij fopkj djrs gSa] rks ;g vko’;d gks tkrk
gS fd vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds vFkZ dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le> fy;k tk,A vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk vFkZ m|ksxksa ds fu;fer ,oa
Øfed fodkl ls yxk;k tkrk gS ftlesa m|ksxksa esa /khjs&/khjs uohurk o vk/kqfudrk dk lekos’k gksrk jgrk gSA e’khuksa
dk iz;ksx Øfed :Ik esa c<+us yxrk gS] rFkk m|ksxksa }kjk fufeZr oLrqvksa esa le;kuqlkj ,oa vko’;drkuqlkj ifjorZu
gksrs jgrs gSaA lkekU;r;k vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa fLFkjrk u jgdj xfr’khyrk jgrh gS tks fd ns’k ds fodkl dks n’kkZrh
gSA
ftl ns’k esa ftruh vf/kd rhoz xfr ls m|ksxksa dk fodkl gksrk gS] og ns’k mruh gh rhoz xfr ls mUufr dh
vksj vkxs c<+rk gSA LorU=rk&izkfIRk ds le; Hkkjr dh vkS|ksfxd lajpuk dh rLohj bruh vPNh ugha Fkh ftruh vkt
gSA orZeku esa Hkkjr esa ?kfM+;k¡] nokb;k¡] fo|qr ls pyus okys VkbijkbVlZ] cSVjh] lSy] e’khuh vkStkj] jsy ds batu]
ok;q;ku] ikuh ds tgkt] Vsyhfotu] VsyhQksu] fLkUFksfVd diM+k vkfn cukus ds dkj[kkus gSa ftudh LorU=rk&izkfIr ds
le; rd Hkkjr esa cukus dh ckr lksph Hkh ugha tkrh FkhA
1867 ls iwoZ Hkkjr dk vkS|ksfxd fodkl dkQh gks pqdk FkkA ;gk¡ dk oL= m|ksx cgqr
fo[;kr FkkA 1850 ls izFke fo’o;q) ds izkjEHk rd Hkkjr esa jsyksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZ rFkk dks;yk m|ksx dk fodkl gqvkA
bl dky esa dqN oL= rFkk phuh ds dkj[kkus LFkkfir fd, x,A izFke yksgk o bLikr dk dkj[kkuk VkVk th }kjk [kksyk
x;k] lhes.V ds dkj[kkus Hkh LFkkfir fd, x,] ckxku m|ksx Hkh bl dky es a ihNs ugha jgkA 2001 dh tux.kuk ds
vuqlkj ml le; ns’k esa 7100 ls dqN vf/kd dkj[kkus FksA izFke fo’o;q) ls LorU=rk&izkfIr ds chp Hkkjr esa
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 64
vkS|ksxhdj.k dh xfr rhoz jghA bl dky esa Hkkjr esa lHkh izdkj ls m|ksxksa ds fodkl ij tksj fn;k tkus yxkA Hkkjr
ljdkj ls lcls igys 1922 esa ykSg ,oa bLikr m|ksx dks] 1925 esa dkxt m|ksx dks] 1927 esa oL= m|ksx dks] 1931 esa
Hkkjh jlk;u m|ksx dks] 1932 esa phuh m|ksx dks rFkk 1934 esa d`f=e js’ke m|ksx dks laj{k.k iznku fd;kA f}rh;
fo’o&;q) ds 1939 esa izkjEHk gksus ls Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa dks viuk fodkl djus rFkk u,&u, m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dk volj
feyk rFkk mu m|ksxksa dks viuh fLFkfr lqn`<+ djus dk Hkh volj feyk tks dqN o"kZ iwoZ LFkkfir gks pqds FksA bl dky
esa lkbfdy] tgkt fuekZ.k] fctyh dk lkeku] flykbZ dh e’khusa] oSKkfud vkStkj] jcj ds Vk;j ,oa V¸kwc] dkfLVd
lksMk] Mhty batu] bathfu;fjax m|ksx] rkacs ds rkj] pn~njsa o e’khuh vkStkj vkfn uohu m|ksx LFkkfir fd, x,A
Lora=rk&izkfIr ds Ik’pkr~ Hkkjr ds vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa dkQh izxfr dh] orZeku esa ;g fo’o ds mu vkS|ksfxd
ns’kksa esa fxuk tkrk gS] tks vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa mPp f’k[kj ij ekus tkrs gSaA vizSy] 1951 esa Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu
vkjEHk gqvkA fofHkUu iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa u dsoy ns’k dk vkS|ksfxd fodkl gqvk gS] cfYd mRiknu] jkstxkj]
iw¡thfuekZ.k vkfn vusd {ks=ksa esa Hkkjr dh vkS|ksfxd izxfr ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA izFke iapo"khZZ; ;kstuk ¼1951&56½ esa ;|fi
d`f"k dks loksZPp izkFkfedrk iznku dh xbZ Fkh] fdUrq m|ksx o [kfut fodkl ij vkSj iwoZ LFkkfir vkS|ksfxd {kerk dk
iw.kZ fonksgu djus dk leqfpr iz;kl fd;k x;kA f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1951&61½ bl dky esa iw¡thxr vkS|ksfxd
foLrkj dh vkS|ksfxd ekWMy ;kstuk izLrqr dh xbZ ftldk mn~ns’; vkS|ksfxd lajpukvksa dks fodflr djus ds
lkFk&lkFk ns’k ds vkfFkZd fodkl dh xfr dks Hkh c<+kuk FkkA Hkkjh i¡wthxr vkS|ksfxd vk/kkj okyh bl ;k stuk esa
izkFkfedrkvksa esa izeq[k gSa% yksgk bLikr] Hkkjh jlk;u] bathfu;fjax rFkk e’khu fuekZ.k m|ksxksa dk fodklA lhesUV] [kk|
vkS"kf/k vkfn dh mRiknu {kerk esa o`f) djuk] iV~lu] lwrh oL= o phuh m|ksx dk vk/kqfudhdj.k djuk rFkk miHkksDrk
oLrq m|ksxksa dh {kerk esa foLrkj djukA r`rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1961&66½ esa vFkZO;oLFkk dks vkS|ksfxd :Ik ls
vkRe&fuHkZj cukus dk y{; fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk esa vk/kkjHkwr ,oa iw¡thxr m|ksxksa ds fodkl ds
lkFk&lkFk rduhd ,oa izcU/kdh; dkS’ky ij fo’ks"k cy fn;k x;kA prqFkZ iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1969&74½ esa vkS|ksfxd
mRiknd vkSj {kerk eas foLrkj djus dh j.kuhfr ds lkFk&lkFk Hkqxrku lUrqyu dh leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, *vk;kr
izfrLFkkiu* rFkk *fu;kZr lao)Zu* dh uhfr dks Hkh dk;kZfUor fd;k x;kA bl ;kstuk esa laxfBr m|k sxksa ij o [kuu ij
fo’ks"k tksj fn;k x;kA ikapoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1974&78½ eas vkS|ksfxd vkRe&fuHkZjrk o lef) ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd
U;k; ds mn~ns’; dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k vkSj ewy {ks= ds m|ksxksa ds rhoz fodkl ij cy fn;k x;kA NBh iapo"khZ;
;kstuk ¼1980&85½ esa fu;kstu dky ds rhu n’kdksa dk vkS|ksfxd ewY;kadu djus ds ckn lkoZtfud o futh nksuksa {ks=ksa
ds m|ksxksa dh mRiknu {kerk esa o`f) ds mn~ns’; dks loksZPPk izkFkfedrk nh xbZ lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1985&90½ esa
mnkjhdj.k dk nkSj vkS|ksfxd fodkl dks etcwrh nsus ds fy, viuk;k x;kA mRiknu rduhd dk vk/kqfudhdj.k djds
vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh {ks=h; fo"kerkvksa dks nwj djus ekSfyd vko’;drkvksa ls lEcfU/k vkSj Å¡ph fodkl {kerk okys
*lw;ksZn; m|ksxksa dks izksRlkfgr djds vFkZO;oLFkk esa lkekftd U;k; ds lkFk vkfFkZd fodkl dh j.kuhfr viukbZ xbZA
nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼2002&07½ esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks mnkjhdj.k ,oa fo’oO;kihdj.k rFkk vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa dh
Ja`[kyk dks u;k :Ik nsus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA bl ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr dk mn~ns’; vkS|ksfxd {ks= dks vf/kd O;kid]
foLr`r ,oa [kqyh izfr;ksfxrk ;ksX; cukuk gSA bl ;kstuk esa futh {ks= dks fodflr o foLrr djus gh j.kuhfr viukbZ
xbZ gS vkSj vusd lkoZtfud vkS|ksfxd miØeksa esa mifuos’k dk nkSj vkjEHk fd;k x;kA
fiNys 53 o"kkZsa ds fu;kstu dky esa vkS|ksfxd mRiknu dkQh c<+k gS] rS;kj bLikr eas 22-5 xquk] lhesUV esa 31
xquk] phuh esa 12 xquk] e’khuh vkStkj esa 6234 xquk] lwrh oL= esa 5 xquk] ukbVªkstu [kkn esa 1170] xquk] ouLifr esa 7
xquk] dkxt esa 37 xquk] ,sY;wfefu;e esa 139 xquk o lkbfdyksa esa 99 xquk of) ntZ dh xbZ gSaA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 65
Ekkuo Ik;kZoj.k ds vUrxZr euq"; ds LokLF; vkSj lq[k ij lkFkZd izHkko mRiUu djus okys lHkh cká HkkSfrd]
jklk;fud] tSfod] vkSj lkekftd dkjdksa dk lekos’k gksrk gSA ;g Li"V djuk mi;ksxh gS fd Ik;kZoj.k dks HkkSfrd]
jklk;fud] tSfod bR;kfn esa ck¡Vuk dsoy le>us dh lqxerk ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;FkkFkZ esa Ik;kZoj.k ,d lEiw.kZ
bdkbZ gh gS vkSj ijthoh vkSj ijiks"kh Hkh blh i;kZoj.k ds vax gSaA ikfjfLFkfrd ladYiuk ds vuqlkj O;fDr dh i;kZoj.k
tU; pqukSfr;ksa ls lek;kstu ds iz;klksa esa izkIr lQyrk ;k vlQyrk dks gh LokLF; ;k jksx dh laKk nsrs gSaA LokLF;
fdlh O;fDr ;k leqnk; dh og {kerk ;k ;ksX;rk gS ftlds vk/kkj ij og Lo;a dks u dsoy orZeku esa] cfYd cnyh gqbZ
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh dk;Z{ke jgus dh fln~/krk izkIr djrk gSA
Ik;kZoj.k ls lek;kstu djus dh izkjafHkd izjs.kk Ik;kZoj.k ls gksus okys mn~nhiuksa n~okjk izkjaHk gksrh gSA tc
mn~nhiuksa dk ckgqY; bruk vf/kd gks tkrk gS fd O;fDr dks le fLFkfr dk larqyu cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s lkekU;
lek;kstu ls vf/kd izk;kl dj vuqdwyu {kerk vkSj izfrj{kk izfØ;k dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gS rc mUgsa izfrcy dkjd
dgrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh mn~nhiu fdlh O;fDr ds fy;s izfrcy dkjd dk dk;Z djsxk ;k ugha ;g ml mn~nhiu dh izd`fr
vkSj ek=k ds vfrfjDr ml O;fDr dh laosnu’khyrk ;k lgu’khyrk ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk g SA Ik;kZoj.k ls feyus okys
izfrcy dkjdksa ls vuqdwyu ds iz;klksa ds vlQy gksus ij fod`fr vkSj jksx mRiUu gksrs gSaA ;g Li"V djuk vko’;d gS
fd jksx dsoy Ik;kZoj.k dk izHkko u gksdj Ik;kZoj.k ls vuqdwyu djus dh v{kerk ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrk gS vkSj
vko’;d vuqdwyu {kerk izkIr djus ds fy;s izfrcYk&dkjd gh ikjaifjd vkSj ’kjhj&fØ;kRed fof/k gSA izfrcYk&dkjdksa
n~okjk HkkSfrd vkSj jksxtud dhVk.kqvksa ls vuqdwyu {kerk izkIRk djus dh fof/k rks yksxksa dks izkphudky ls gh Kkr Fkh
ijUrq orZeku esa HkkSfrd vkSj tSfod dkjdksa ds fu;a=.k vkSj rsth ls cnyrs gq;s lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj ekufld dkjdksa
ls izfrcy dkjdksa dh izdfr esa ifjorZu gks jgk gSA vuqdwyu ds leqfpr izf’k{k.k ds vHkko esa izfrcy tU; jksxksa dk
vk?kVu c<+rk tk jgk gSA
tc euq"; dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds izR;{k ;k vizR;{k izHkko ls Ik;kZoj.k ds la?kVdksa ;k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gq, ifjorZuksa
ds dkj.k mldh mi;ksfxrk esa g~kl mRiUu gksrk gS rc mls Ik;kZoj.k&iznw"k.k dgrs gSaA iznw"k.k dh bl ifjHkk"kk ds
vUrxZr] euq"; n~okjk tkucw>dj ;k vutkus gh mfPN"V inkFkksZa ds foltZu] jklk;fud inkFkksZa ds folj.k vkSj m"ek]’kksj]
dEiu] fofdj.k ds :Ik esa ÅtkZ ds folj.k bR;kfn ds n~okjk Ik;kZoj.k ds fofHkUu ?kVdksa tSls ok;q] ty] feV~Vh vkgkj]
O;kolkf;d vkoklh ,oa euksjatu ds Ik;kZoj.k esa gksus okys xq.kkRed vkSj ifjek.kkRed HkkSfrd] jklk;fud vkSj tSfod
ifjorZu lfEefyr gSaA tc bu ifjorZuksa ls vuq=kl ;k ekuo LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k ds fy;s ladV mRiUu gksrk gS ;k
Ik;kZoj.kh; ?kVdksa dh ?kjsyw] izkS|ksfxdh;] Ñf"k] euksjatu bR;kfn esa gksus okys mi;ksx esa deh mRiUu gksrh gS ;k
Ik’kqikyu] taxyh Ik’kqvksa] eNfy;ksa] ty thoksa vkSj vU; tSfod Lih’kht dks gkfu mRiUu gksrh gS rks mls Ik;kZoj.kh;
iznw"k.k dgrs gSaA Ik;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ds izeq[k L=ksr fuEufyf[kr gSa%&
¼1½ ?kjsyw vkSj ’kgj ds cfgr ey vkSj vU; mfPN"V inkFkks Z a dk vfu;af=r foltZuA ¼2½ vkS|ksfxd mfPNLr vkSj ofg%
izokg dk vfu;af=r folj.k vkSj foltZu vkSj Ñf"k esa c<+rs gq;s isLVuk’kh jklk;fudksa dk mi;ksxA
vr% tu LokLF; vkSj O;kolkf;d fpfdRlk us Ik;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ds fu;a=.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA bUgsa
bafxr djuk mi;ksxh gksxk fd ;n~;fi Ik;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dh jksdFkke vkSj i;kZoj.k dh O;oLFkk gh LokLF; vkSj
tu&LokLF; dk dsUnzh; y{; gS] ijURkq Ik;kZoj.k dh xq.krk dks fu;a=.k djus ds fy;s tks iz;kl fd;s tk jgs gSa muls
LokLF; lsok,¡ yxHkx foyx gh jgrh gSaA ijUrq fQj Hkh] LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ dks jksxksa ds fpfdRlk vkSj fu;a=.k ds fy;s
Ik;kZoj.k esa iznw"kdksa dk Lrj vkSj mlls gksus okys LokLF; ladVksa ls voxr jguk vko’;d gSA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 66
Ik;kZoj.k ds izHkkou dh izfØ;k dks dbZ oxksZa esa foHkkftr djus ls mldh O;kidrk dk vuqeku yxrk gSA tSls&
Yk?kq ;k ?kjsyw izHkkou] O;olkf;d IkzHkkou] LFkkuh; izHkkou] vkSj {ks=h; izHkkou bR;kfnA blds dqN mnkgj.k lkj.kh esa
n’kk;Z x;s gSaA
Lrj Ik;kZoj.kh; dkjd
dkcZu eksuks
vkDlkbM
ijkcSxuh
fofdj.k
’kksj ;k Lo foyk;d vk;udkjh fofdj.k
Yk?kq ¼Micro½ ;k
?kjsyw izHkkou
/kweziku ;k pwYgs
esa Hkkstu idkuk
vkS"kf/k gsrq ;k
/kwi esa dk;Z
Lkaxhr] gFkkSM+s
ls dk;Z
lQkbZ&dk;Z]
LoSfPNd ’kkSd
fpfdRlk] funku]
mipkj] fuekZ.k&
lkexzh lsfofdj.k
O;olkf;d izHkkou
¼Occupationl
Exposure½
VªkfQd dk
flikgh] /kkrq
deZ dk Jfed
iz;ksx’kkyk esa
dk;Z djus okys]
d`f"k&dk;Z ds
Jfed
XkgfuekZ.k ds
Jfed] lsuk esa
dk;Z djus okys
foyk;d mn~;ksx
ds Jfed] jaxkbZ
vkSj MªkbZDyhfuax
ds Jfed
,Dlfdj.k ds
VsDuhf’k;u]
vkf.od la;a= ds
Jfed
LFkkuh; izHkkou
¼Local Exposure½
;krk;kr dk
fuokZr
Lkw;Z dk izdk’k gokbZ osM+k]
’kgjh ;krk;kr
mn~;ksx dk
mRltZu
{k; jksx dk
lkewfgd ijh{k.k
¼,Dlfdj.k n~okjk½
{ks=h; izHkkou
¼Regional Exposure½
& igkM+ksa vkSj m".k
dfVca/kh; ns’kksa
esa
rwQku ;k
izHkatu esa
& vkf.od vL=ksa ds
ijh{k.k ;k mi;ksx
ls fuikr
Ik;kZoj.k dh ekuhVjh iznw"kdksa dh ekuhVjh dk izkFkfed y{; euq"; vkSj vU; thoksa ds vukoj.k Lrj dk vk¡dyu dj
Ik;kZoj.kh; fu;eksa ds ikyu dk ijh{k.k rFkk iznw"k.k&fu;a=.k dh Ik;kZIrRkk fu/kkZfjr djuk vkSj LokLF; dks izHkkfor djus
okys dksbZ nh?kZdkyhu izo`fÙk;k ;k ifjorZuksa dk ijh{k.k djuk gSA
Ekk/;eksa dh ekuhVjh esa Ik;kZoj.kh; ek/;e& tSls ok;q] ty] feV~Vh] ikS/ks] Ik’kq vkSj Hkkstu ds vUos"k.k fd;s tkrs gSaA ;g
ekuhVjh dbZ LFkkuksa ij dh tkrh gS tSls& ¼1½ L=ksr ij ekuhVjh% mnkgj.k ds fy;s ok;q ofgr iznw"k.k ds fy;s fpeuh
ds LVSd ij] mfPN"V ofgr ty ds fy;s ufn;ksa esa foltZu ds iwoZ ekuhVjh dk YkkHk ;g jgrk gS fd iznw"kd dh ek=
vf/kd jgus ls mldk ekiu vklkuh ls gks tkrk gS muds foltZu ds fu;a=.k dh dk;Zokgh Hkh ’kh?kz izkjaHk dh tk
ldrh gSA ¼2½ lw{exzkgh LFkyksa ij ekuhVjh% tc L=ksr pyrs fQjrs jgrs gSaA ¼tSls eksVj xkfM+;ksa ds iznw"k.k½ ;k tc
mudh la[;k cgqr vf/kd jgrh gS ¼tSls ?kj ds pwYgksa ls mBrs okys /kwe½ rc Ik;kZoj.k ds dqN lw{exzkgh LFkyksa ij
ekuhVjh dh tkrh gSA bl ekuhVjh ls iznw"kdksa esa gksus okys ifjorZu vkSj muds folj.k dk iFk vkSj laxzg gksus ds
LFkkuksa dk vuqeku yxrk gSA ¼3½ pyrs fQjrs ek=k ekidksa dk mi;ksx% pw¡fd O;fDr;ksa dh gypy vukoj.k ds fofHkUu
Lrjksa okys Ik;kZOkj.k tSls& ?kj] vkoxeu ds okgu] dk;Z LFky bR;kfn esa gksrh gS vr% dqN pqus gq;s O;fDr;ksa ds diM+ksa esa
NksVs ek=k ekid ds mi;ksx ls vukoj.k dk lgh vkSj izR;{k ekiu gksrk gSA ijUrq bl fof/k esa ek=k ekid /kkj.k djus
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 67
okys O;fDr ds fo’ks"k lg;ksx dh vko’;drk iM+rh gSA bl izdkj ds oS;fDrd ekuhVjh ds ekid ;a= lHkh iznw"kdksa ds
fy;s miyC/k ugha gS ij dqN iznw"k.kksa ds fy;s tSls& fofdj.k ds fy;s bl fof/k dk mi;ksx cgqr izpfyr gSA
pw¡fd iznw"kdksa dh ;k=k ,d ek/;e ls nwljs ek/;e esa tSls fd ok;q ls ty] feV~Vh] ikS/kksa ds n~okjk
vkgkj esa vkSj fQj Årdksa esa izos’k laHkkfor gS vr% ek/;eksa ds ekuhVjksa ds vfrfjDr tSfod ekUkhVjh Hkh egRoiw.kZ gks xbZ
gSA tSfod ekuhVjh lHkh ek/;eksa ds lfEefyr izHkko dk cks/k djrh gS vkSj bles a euq"; dh nSfud xfr fof/k;ksa ls mlds
iwjs Hkze.k {ks= ds vukoj.k dk vuqeku yx tkrk gSA
fu;a=.k ds mik;ksa dks ykxw djus ds fy;s nks Lrjksa dk le>uk mi;ksxh gksxk
1- uhfr fu/kkZj.k dk Lrj bl Lrj ij ekuhVjh dk izca/k vkSj mlds izs{k.kksa rFkk vU; v/;;uksa ij vk/kkfjr ekudksa dh
LFkkiuk vkSj muds vk/kkj ij iznw"k.k de ls de Lrj ij j[k dj fujkin Ik;kZoj.k cukus ds iz;klksa dh :ijs[kk cukuk
gh izeq[k dk;Z gSA
2- miHkksDrk Lrj blds vUrxZr lkeqnkf;d LRkj ¼tSls xzke iapk;r bR;kfn½ ikfjokfjd Lrj vkSj oS;fDrd Lrj ij
O;ogkj&fu;a=.k okafNr jgrs gSaA vkSj buds fuekZ.k esa LokLF;&f’k{kk dh Hkwfedk cgqr egRoiw.kZ jgrh gSA Hkkjro"kZ esa
iznw"k.k&fu;a=.k ds fy;s ljdkj n~okjk lkroha ;kstuk esa ,d jk"Vªh; i;kZoj.kh; ekuhVjh laxBu LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA
fo’o LokLF; laxBu us vkS|ksfxdh esa vukoj.k ds ekxZn’kZu ds fy;s fofHkUUk jklk;fud inkFkksZa dh vf/kdre
vuqer&lkanzrk fu/kkZfjr dh gSA ;g lkanzrk dk eku vkB ?kaVs ds vukoj.k ds fy;s vuqi;ksxh gSA ijUrq bl eku ls
vYIkdkfyd vukoj.k dh lkanzrk fudkyuk mfpr ughaA mnkgj.k ds fy;s ;fn fdlh jklk;fud dh vf/kdre vuqer
lkanzrk 100 Hkkx@nl y{k gS rks bldk vFkZ ;g ugha fd ,d ?kaVs ds vukoj.k ds fy;s 800 Hkkx@nl y{k ds lkanzrk
dh vuqefr gSA blh izdkj ,d jklk;fud dh vf/kdre vuqer&lkanzrk dks mlls feyrs&tqyrs nwljs jklk;fud ds
fy;s mi;ksx ugha djuk pkfg;sA izR;sd jklk;fud dh vf/kdre vuqer&lkanzrk vyx&vyx Kkr djuh iM+rh gSA
vkS|ksfxdh esa ,d dfBukbZ vkSj vuqHko dh tkrh gS fd jklk;fudksa dk mi;ksx O;kikfjd&uke ls fd;k tkrk gS vr%
mudh Bhd&Bhd jpuk Kkr ugha jgrh vkSj jklk;fud feJ.k vf/kdrj iznw"k.k ls eqDr ugha jgrsA vesfjdk esa mlh
izdkj ds vkS|ksfxd fu;a=.k ds fy;s ok;q&okfgr iznw"kdksa dh izHkko lhek dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
lkekU; lkeqnkf;d ok;q&iznw"k.k dh ekuhVjh ds fy;s fo’o LokLF; laxBu us ¼WHO 1984½ ,d Xyksch;
Ik;kZoj.k ekuhVj ra= dh ’kq:vkrh dh gS vkSj blds {ks=h; dsUnz ¼ekLdks] ukxiqj] vkSj Vksfd;k esa½ rFkk fo’o ds vU;
Hkkxksa esa 20 iz;ksx ’kkyk;sa LFkkfir dh gSaA vkSj buds n~okjk ;|fi vusd iznw"kdksa dk ekiu gksrk jgrk gS ij
ok;q&iznw"k.k ds lwpd ds :Ik e sa lYQj&MkbZ&vkDlkbM vkSj ok;q esa fuyafcr /kwy d.kksa dk fo’ks"k v/;;u fd;k tk jgk
gS vkSj ;s nksuksa iznw"k.k gh iznw"k.k&Lrj ds lcls vPNs lwpd ekus tkrs gSaA iznw"k.k ds fu;a=.k dk fu.kZ; vusd
lkekftd vkfFkZd dkjdksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
vk/kqfud m|ksxksa ds cgqvk;keh foospu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd mUuhloha lnh ds e/; ls ysdj chloha lnh ds
vafre n’kd rd vkrs&tkrs vkS|ksfxdhdj.k us vusd i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa dks tUe fn;k gSA 50 o"kZ iwoZ bu leL;kvksa
dh vksj cgqr de ;k drbZ /;ku ugha fn;k x;k] ysfdu vkt ;s leL;k,W vkus okyh ih<+h vkSj 21oha lnh ds fy,
xaHkhj fpUru vkSj fpUrk dk fo"k; cuh gqbZ gSA la{ksi esa] bu leL;kvksa dks fuEukafdr 'kh"kZdksa ds vUrxZr j[kk tk ldrk
gS&
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 68
rhoz vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds dkj.k Ákdfrd lalk/kuksa dk vR;f/kd 'kks"k.k gqvk gSA QyLo:Ik
vusd lalk/kuksa dk vfu;fU=r g~kl gksus ls mudk vHkko mRiUu gksus yxk gSA dkxt m|ksx] fn;klykbZ m|ksx] yk[k
m|ksx] QuhZpj m|ksx ewyr% ouksa ij vk/kkfjr m|ksx gSA bUgsa dPpk eky isM+&ikS/kksa ,oa ?kkl ls miyC/k gksrk gSA ou
fouk’k ds dkj.k ,d vksj bu m|ksxksa dks dPps eky dh deh dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gS rks nwljh vksj i;kZoj.k
lUrqyu Hkh fcxM+ jgk gSa ou fouk’k ds QyLo:Ik xaHkhj ikfjfLFkfrd ladV mRiUu gks x;k gSA
m|ksxksa esa dks;yk] [kfut rsy] Ákd`frd xSl] iufctyh] vk.kfod fo|qr 'kfDr dk mi;ksx gksrk
jgk gSA dks;yk] [kfut rsy vkSj Ákd`frd xSl ds lhfer lafpr Hk.Mkj gSA fiNys Ms<+ lkS o"kksZa ds va/kk/kqa/k Á;ksx ls
rsy ,oa dks;ys ds Hk.Mkj lekfIr dh vksj vxzlj gSA iufctyh] vk.kfod fo|qr 'kfDr dk lhfer mi;ksx gqvk gSA
vk.kfod 'kfDr ls jsfM;ks fofdj.k dk Hkh [krjk jgrk gSA rhoz xfr ls gq, vkS|ksfxdhdj.k us fo’o esa ÅtkZ ladV
mRiUu dj fn;k gSA vk’kadk O;Dr dh tk jgh gS fd 21oha lnh ?kksj ÅtkZ ladV ls =Lr gks tk;sxhA
vk/kqfud vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds dkj.k cM+s&cM+s egkuxjksa dk ÁknqHkkZo gqvk
gSA bu uxjksa ls vusd i;kZoj.kh; leL;k,W iSnk gqbZ gSA dkj[kkuksa esa dke djus okys Jfed egkuxjksa dh dksM+ ln`’;
xanh cfLr;ksa esa jgrs gSA uxjks esa vkS|ksfxd vif’k"Vksa ds fu"dklu ls Ánw"k.k c<+ jgk gSA
vk/kqfudrk dh Árhd vkS|ksfxd laLÑfr us vusd i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa vkSj
pqukSfr;ksa dks mRiUu fd;k gSA bu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku ik, fcuk ekuork ds laHkkfor fouk’k ls mldh j{kk dj ikuk
dfBu gSA vkS|ksfxd fodkl us i;kZoj.kh; vou;u dh tfVy leL;k mRiUu dh gSA Bksl vof’k"V] fo’kSyh xSl]
/kwyd.k] /kq¡vk] ty ok;q] feVVh] /ofu vkfn dk Ánw"k.k thou dh xq.koRrk ij ?kkrd ÁHkko Mky jgk gSA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 69
fgUnh lkfgR; ,oa Hkk"kk foKku foHkkx] jkuh nqxkZorh fo’ofo|ky;] tcyiqj
ckydFkk lkfgR; vkjEHk ls gh ckyeu ds fy;s izsj.kk vkSj izf’k{k.k dk lkfgR; ekuk x;k gSA lkekU; lkfgR;
dh vis{kk ckylkfgR; dgha vf/kd ljl] laosnu’khy] ewY;ijd vkSj rkfdZd gksrk gS] D;ksafd ckyeu esa cky lkfgR; dks
LFkkfir djus ds fy;s lkfgR;dkj dks cPpksa ds bPNk] mudh rkfdZd cqf+)] Hkfo"; fuekZ.k] laLdkj] vkfn lHkh dk /;ku
j[kuk gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k jgk fd vkjEHk ls gh ikSjf.kd vkSj uSfrd dFkk;sa ckylkfgR; dFkkvksa dk fo"k; jgk gSA ijUrq
orZeku le; foKku dh miyfC/k;ksa dk le; gS ,sls esa vko” ;d gS fd ckylkfgR; cPpksa dks oSKkfud nqfu;k ls
lk{kkRdkj djkrs gq;s euksjatu vkSj ewY; lEizs"k.k ds vius dk;Z dks lEiUu djsA bySDVªkfud ek/;e us vkt ckyikBdksa
ds eu ij vfrdze.k dj fy;k gSA Vsyhfotu vkSj fQYeksa dh jaxhu vkSj pednkj nqfu;k ds yqHkkrh dgkfu;k¡ vkt cPpksa
dks dFkk lfgR; ds lalkj ls nwj dj jgh gSa ijUrq lkfgR; viuh fof’"Vrk ds dkj.k vkt Hkh ckydksa ds thou esa viuk
LFkku cuk;k gqvk gS vkSj blds fy;s fo’ks"k :i ls gekjs lkfgRdkj vkSj dFkkdkj iz;Ru’khy gS fd fdl izdkj cky
lkfgR; dks bruk jkspd cuk;k tk, fd ckydksa esa i<+us dh izo`fÙk dks thfor j[kk tk ldsA
lkFkZd cky lkfgR; gh lgh vFkZ esa ckyd ds thou dks mfpr fn’kk iznku djrk gS ,oa mldh dYiuk 'kfDr
dks fodflr djus esa lgk;d fl) gksrk gSA fgUnh cky lkfgR; dh dgkfu;k¡ vkt nks :iksa esa izdkf’kr gks jgh gSaA
igyh os dgkfu;k¡ tks izkphu dFkkvksa] ifjdFkkvksa] ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa] yksddFkkvksa ,oa ,sfrgkfld dFkkvksa ds :Ik esa lkeus
vk jgh gaS vkSj nwljs Lrj ij os cky dgkfu;k¡ gSa tks cPpksa ds vklikl ds okrkoj.k mudh leL;kvksa ,oa rdZ ds vk/kkj
ij fy[kh tk jgh gaSA **cky dgkuh vkt cky lkfgR; dh dsUnzh; fo/kk cu pqdh gSA mlesa thou dk ;FkkFkZ O;Dr gks
jgk gSA bu cky dgkfu;ksa esa ,d vksj cky lekt dh vfHkO;fDr gS rks nwljh vksj ckyd vkSj lekt ds ?kkr@izfr?kkr
dk Loj gSA vkt ckyd tkx`r psrk gSA og Hkh lskp jgk gS vkSj mldk lksp cky dgkuhdkj dk mithO; gSA**1
vkt cky dgkfu;k¡ dgkuhdkjksa }kjk izpqj ek=k esa fofo/k fo"k;ksa ij fy[kh tk jgh gSaA bu dgkfu;ksa ds uk;d
;FkkFkZ dh /kjkry ij [kM+s gksdj Å¡ph&Å¡ph egRokdka{kkvksa dks Nwus dks rS;kj gSA ;s dgkfu;k¡ la?k"kZ’khy] viuh thou
fn’kkk Lo;a vius cy ij fuf’pr] fu/kkZfjr djus okys tq>k: cPpksa dh lw>cw>] dkS’ky] lPpkbZ vkSj deZfu"Bk ls tqM+h
gqbZ gS] tks eu dks fudVrk ls Nwrh gSaA ;s dgkfu;k¡ grk’k] fujk’k cPpksa esa thou lapsruk ,oa ekuo ewY;ksa dh izfr"Bk
izsj.kk txkus dh 'kfDr j[krh gSaA ifjdFkkvksa vkSj iqjk.kksa dh dYifud dgkfu;k¡ cPpksa dks lkaLÑfrd fodkl dh
tkudkfj;k¡ nsus ds lkFk lq[kn dYiuk yksd dh lSj djkrh gSA MkW- gfjÑ".k nsoljs ifjdFkkvksa dh lkFkZdrk ij vius
fopkj izdV djrs gq, fy[krs gSa fd **ifjdFkkvksa dks bl rjg izLrqr djsa fd og vkt dh nqfu;k dh fdlh oLrq ;k
?kVuk ls esy [kk tk,A vkt dh foKku dh nqfu;k esa D;k laHko ugha gS vkSj ifjyksd dh dkSu lh ckr ,slh gS tks cPpksa
dks vc miyC/k ugha djkbZ tk ldrh gS A**2 uanu if=dk izfro"kZ uoEcj ekg esa ifjdFkk fo” ks"kkad fudyrh gS uanu dh
iz/kku laiknd *'kf’k 'ks[kj* th ifjdFkk fo’ks"kkad uoacj 2012 ds laikndh; esa fy[krs gSa fd **uanu dk ifjdFkk fo’ks"kkad
vkidks lkSairs gq, gesa [kq’kh gS fd ge vkidks flQZ dgkfu;k¡ ugha lkSai jgsA ;s dFkk,¡ rkftanxh vkidks Hkys lius ns[kus
ds fy, izsfjr djsaxh] tks gj jkst [kRe gksrs tk jgs gSaA**3 blh ijEijk dks tkjh j[kk gS gekjh I;kjh cky if=dk *paid*
usA *paid* dh izR;sd dFkk if{k;ksa dks vk/kkj cukdj gh cPpksa dk euksjatu djrh vk;h gS vkSj ;g lrr~ Øe vkt Hkh
tkjh gSA Jh gfjÑ".k th us *iapra=* dh dFkkvksa dks *u;k iapra=* ds :i esa fy[kdj ml ckr dks fl) dj fn;k gS fd
fdlh Hkh fo"k; oLrq dks le; ds lkFk ifjofrZr dj mi;ksxh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA cPpksa dks ifjdFkk,¡ vkSj iqjk.kksa dh
dkYifud dgkfu;k¡ lqukus ds lEcU/k esa vius fopkj O;Dr djrs gq, MkW- ij’kqjke 'kqDy th dgrs gSa fd **dYiuk vkSj
;FkkFkZ dk ?kfu"B lEcU/k gSA foKku Hkh bls Lohdkj djrk gSA psdksLys&okfd;k ds fo[;kr lkfgR;dkj dkWjsy pkiSd us
vius ,d ukVd *jksEl ;wfuolZy jkscksV~l* esa e’khu ekuo dh dYiuk dh FkhA 1917 esa fy[kk ;g ukVd 1923 esa
izdkf’kr gqvkA dqN le; ckn oSKkfudksa us lkfgR;dkj dh bl dYiuk ij /;ku fn;k vkSj okLrfod e’khu ekuo
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 70
cuk;kA bl izdkj Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ifjdFkk,¡ vkSj ikSjkf.kd dgkfu;k¡ cPpksa dk euksjatu djus ds lkFk gh muds
O;fDrRo ds fodkl esa lg;ksxh gksrh gSaA **4
nwljs Lrj ds dgkuh ys[ku esa ckyd dsUnz ekudj mldh bPNkvksa vkdka{kkvksa] leL;kvksa dks orZeku dgkuh esa
izLrqr fd;k tk jgk gSA vkt cky if=dkvksa esa bu dgkfu;ksa dks jkspd ,oa Kkuo/kZd :i esa izdkf’kr fd;k tkrk gSA
rFkk xqejkg gksrh gekjh fd’kksj ih<+h dks lgh jkg fn[kkus dk iz;kl ;s cky dgkfu;k¡ dj jgh gSa ckyif=dk ^nsoiq=* esa
izdkf’kr *pØO;wg* dgkuh orZeku esa u’ks dh jkg ij py iM+s cPpksa dks lgh jkg ij ykus ds iz;kl dh ,d l qUnj
dgkuh gSA dgkuh tgk¡ cPpksa dks u’ks dh yr ls gksus okyh cqjkbZ;ksa dks crkrh gS] ogka lekt ds yksxksa dks muds dŸkZO;ksa
ds izfr Hkh lpsr djrh gSA orZeku esa cky dgkfu;k¡ cPpksa dh :fp esa vk, ifjorZu /;ku esa j[kdj ;FkkFkZ ds /kjkry
ij fy[kh tk jgh gSA vusd cky dgkuh laxzg ,oa cky if=dk,¡ blh vk/kkj ij izdkf’kr gks jgh gSaA bl {ks= esa ^/keZ;qx*
,oa lkIrkfgd ^fgUnqLrku* ds ckyi`"Bksa dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gS A
fgUnh esa xr~ o"kksZa ls cky ys[kdksa us Lo;a ds thou ls tqM+k leL;k iz/kku dFkk lkfgR; cPpksa dks fn;k gSA bu
cky dFkkvksa esa cky euksfoKku ds vk/kkj ij cky leL;kvksa dks mHkkjk x;k gS vkSj dqN ys[kdksa us cM+h [kwch ls cky
leL;kvksa ds lek/kku Hkh lq>k, gSA mu jpukdkjksa dh jpuk,¡ vkd"kZd ,oa u;kiu fy, gq, gSA cky thou ls tqM+h gksus
d s dkj.k cPpksa }kjk bUgsa lgt Lohdkj ,oa ljkgk x;k gSA cPpksa dks uohu ifjos’k ds vk/kkj ij cky dgkfu;k¡ miyC/k
djkus dk rkRi;Z ;g gjfxt ugha gS fd ge mUgsa izkphu laLÑfr ,oa bfrgkl lsfoeq[k dj ns cfYd bu lc dh
tkudkjh cPpksa ds fy, furkar vko’;d gS] fdUrq dsoy blh rjg dh dgkfu;k¡ cPpksa dks ijksluk mfpr ugha gSA buds
lkFk&lkFk mUgsa orZeku lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Kku djk;k tkuk Hkh vko’;d gSA cky dgkuh
ds fo"k; ij vius fopkj O;Dr djrs gq, MkW0 bUnzlsu 'kekZ okfjt fy[krs gS fd **cPpksa dh dFkkvksa ds fo"k; okrkoj.k esa
pkjksa vksj fc[kjs iM+s gS mudh vk¡[kksa esa rSjrs fn[kkbZ ns ldrs gSa] muds efLr"d esa xksrs yxk jgs gSaA cl] vko’;drk gS
ikj[kh utj] euksoSKkfud idM+ vkSj rh[kh le> dhA**5 cky dgkuhdkjkas us cPpksa dh orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij
gh viuh jpuk fy[kus ds iz;kl fd;s gSaA bu jpukdkjksa esa MkW- gfjÑ".k nsoljs] {kek 'kekZ] izdk’keuq ckuks ljrkt] uhye
panzk] vkseizdk’k xqIrk] MkW- Jh izlkn vj’kn [kku] t; izdk’k Hkkjrh] jRu izdk’k'khy] tkfdj vyh] jtuh’k] MkW- ij'kqjke
'kqDy] MkW- ukxs’k ik.Ms;] nsosUnz dqekj] t;arh jaxukFku] ij” ’kh’k] euksgj oekZ] MkW- jk"VªcU/kq] cyohj R;kxh] MkW- vkuan
izdk’k f=ikBh *jRus’k* vkfn dFkkdkj gSa tks cPpksa dh vko’;drk ,oa :fp ds vk/kkj ij cky dgkfu;ksa dk l`tu dj
jgs gSaA
orZeku le; foKku dh miyfC/k;ksa dk le; gSA ,sls esa bl rjg dh cky dgkfu;ksa dh jpuk dh lEHkkouk gS
tks cPpksa dks oSKkfud rjhdksa ls thou thuk ,oa dfBukbZ;ksa ls tw>uk fl[kk,xhA ckY;dky esa ewY;ksa dk cM+k egRo
gksrk gSS] vr% ,o thou ewY; dFkkvksa esa bl rjg xqFks gksus pkfg, fd os ckyd ds varxZr esa jp cl tk,] D;ksafd
ckyeu esa jksis x, laLdkj Hkkoh thou esa ges’kk ds fy, vfeV gks tkrs gSA vkt dgkuhdkj ls ;g vis{kk gS fd og
lq/kkjoknh izofÙk dk R;kxdj cky euksf{kfrt ds vk/kkj ij jpuk djsaA ckyeu esa ekuoh; laosnuk tkx`r djus dk
dk;Z djs rHkh ,d uohu lekt dh LFkkiuk gks ldrh gSA lkfgR; gh lekt dks u, vk/kkj iznku dj ldrk gS mlesa
bruh {kerk gS fd og lekt esa misf{kr cPpksa ds e/; ls ns’k dks oSKkfud] lkfgR;dkj] dykdkj iznku dj ldrk gSA
bl rF; dks le>rs gq;s cky lkfgR;dkj vueksy cky dgkfu;ksa ds l`tu esa layXu gS os le; ds lkFk&lkFk fo"k;ksa esa
ifjorZu yk jgs gSA vPNs dgkuhdkj cPpksa dks vPNh dgkfu;k¡ nsus gsrq Ñr ladYi gS] vc ;g cPpksa ij fuHkZj gS fd os
mUgsa dgk¡ rd viukrs gSA
fgUnh cky dFkk lkfgR; dh mi;ksfxrk ,d ckyd ds thou esa ml le; ls lokZf/kd vge~ gks tkrh gSA tc
og i<+uk lh[k tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa i<+us ds vkuan dk irk pyrk gSA **bySDVªkfud ehfM;k ds vkdfLed vkØe.k ds
ckotwn ,sls cPpksa dh la[;k dqN de ugha gS tks viuk [kkyh le; i<+us esa yxkrs gSaA blds fy, ekrk&firk ds lkFk
gh os ys[kd Hkh iz'kaluh; gSa] tks cPpksa ds fy, iqLrdsa fy[krs gSa vkSj ftudh iqLrdsa cPps cM+s pko esa i<+rs gSaA**6 fgUnh
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 71
cky dFkk lkfgR; dh miksfxrk ckyd ds fy, l`f"V ds izkjaHk esa Fkh vkt Hkh gS] vkSj lnSo gh cuh jgsxhA dFkk lkfgR;
dks ckydksa rd igq¡pkus dh ftEesnkjh lekt ,oa iz’kklu nksuksa dh gSA cky dFkk lkfgR; cPpksa dks dsoy euksjatu ,oa
Kku gh ugha nsrk gS cfYd muesa i<+us dh dyk dk Hkh fodkl djrk gSA Hkkjr esa gh ugha dqN le; igys fczVsu ds
lekpkj i=ksa esa Hkh bl ckr ij fpUrk O;Dr dh xbZ Fkh fd i<+us dh csfld ;ksX;rk izkIr fd, fcuk gh cPps Ldwy ls
fudy tkrs gSaA blh ls izsfjr gksdj fczVsu dh ljdkj us vxLr 2005 ds Ldwyh l= ls ,d ;kstuk 'kq: dh gS *ftlds
vuqlkj pkj o"kZ rd ds izR;sd cPps dks iqLrdksa dk ,d cSx fu%’kqYd fn;k tk,xkA bl ;kstuk ds rgr rhu o"kksZa esa 90
yk[k iqLrdsa nh tk,axh ftl ij nks djksM+ lŸkj yk[k ikSaM [kpZ gksus dk vuqeku gSA7 bu iqLrdksa esa ikB~; iqLrdksa ds
lkFk&lkFk cky lkfgR; dh iqLrdsa Hkh cPpksa dks nh tk,xhA rkfd muesa i<+us dh izofRr dks Hkh fodflr fd;k tk
ldsA Hkkjr esa Hkh fiNys pkj n'kdksa esa cky iqLrdksa ds izdk’ku esa dkQh c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gSA izdk'kdksa dh la[;k Hkh dbZ
xquk gks xbZ gS fdUrq cPpksa dks cky iqLrdsa miyC/k djus okys vfHkHkkod gh mnklhu cus gq, gSaA cky dY;k.k ,oa
fodkl ds fy, bUgsa >d>ksjus] tkx`r djus dh furkar vko’;drk gSA
cky lkfgR; dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa 21 oha lnh esa cky lkfgR; ds izns; ij fopkj izxV djrs gq, izdk’k euqth
dgrs gSa fd **eSaus igys cky dfork dk bfrgkl vkSj fQj cky lkfgR; dk bfrgkl fy[kus ds fy, gtkjksa fdrkcksa dh
Nkuchu dh gSA fgUnh esa lpeqp ,slh cM+h 'kf[l;rsa gSaA mUgksaus bruk vPNk fy[kk gS vkSj cPps ds eu ds Hkhrj ;ks
dfg, cky lkfgR; ds leanj ds brus cM+s&cM+s [ktkuksa vkSj nqyZHk jRuksa dks [kqn esa leks;k gS fd mudh eLrh]
thouy;] vuqHkoksa dh le`f)&lcdks ns[krs gq, vki dg ldrs gSa fd os bl Å¡pkbZ ij [kM+s gS fd cs'kd nqfu;k dh
fdlh Hkh cM+h ls cM+h le`) Hkk"kk ds cM+s ls cM+s lkfgR;dkj ls mudh rqyuk dh tk ldrh gSA**8
;|fi vkt foKku ds ;qx esa bySDVªfud fefM;k us vius jaxhu lalkj ls lk;s ls lkfgR; dks vks>y djus esa
dksbZ dlj ugha NksM+h gS rFkkfi foKku vkSj bfrgkl ds vn~Hkqr laxe dks fo"k; cukdj gekjs lkfgR;dkj vkSj dFkkdkj
ckydFkk lkfgR; dh lqn<+ i`"BHkwfe rS;kj djus esa yxs gSaA vkt ds nkSj esa tks cky dFkk lkfgR; izdkf’kr gks jgk gSS oks
dksjh dYiuk ugha gS vkSj u gh dsoy euksjatu dks lk/ku gS ;g cPpksa dks vPNs laLdkj nsus] mudh cqf) dk fodkl
djus vkSj mUgsa vf/kd laosnu’khy cukus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus esa l>e gSA MkW- lR;sUnz oekZ fy[krs gSa fd **cky
lkfgR; ln~izsj.kk ds fy, nhi&LrEHk dk dk;Z djrk gSA lkfgR; esa tknqbZ 'kfDr gksrh gS] ;g 'kCnksa dk ,d enq taxy gS
ftlds i<+us ls fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fofHkUu jlksa dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA cPps izfrikfnr leL;k ds izfr lksprs gSa] fopkj
djrs gSa] fparu djrs gSa] iqu% ,d fuf’pr /kkj.kk cukrs gSaA bl ek/;e ls og thou ds izfr O;ogkfjd gks tkrs gSa vkSj
muesa dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fot; izkIr djus dh 'kfDr tkx`r gksrh gSA**9 bysDVªWkfud ek/;eksa dk viuk rRdkfyd
izHkko vo’; gS] ij tks lksp le> vkSj n`f"V cky lkfgR; cPpksa dks iznku djrk gS mldh rqyuk fdlh Hkh ek/;e ls
ugha dh tk ldrh gSA
1- ledkyhu cky lkfgR; % ij[k vkSj igpku] MkW- lqjsUnz foØe] i`"B 17] dq’kh izdk’ku eafnj vehukckn 1988A
2- ckylkfgR; esjs fopkj] MkW- gfjÑ".k nsoljs ¼vktdy uoEcj 2003½] i"B&109 izdk’ku foHkkx] yks/kh jksM ubZ
fnYYkhA
3- uanu uoEcj 2012 i`"B&05] fgUnqLrku VkbZEl ubZ fnYyhA
4- cky lkfgR; leh{kk twu 2007 MkW- ij’kqjke 'kqDy ls egs’k lDlsuk dh ckrphr i`"B&11 jke d`".kuxj dkuiqjA
5- f=ink] vkt ds cky dFkk ys[ku ds lEeq[k pqukSfr;¡k % MkW0 e/kqiar i`"B&19 jk"Vªh; cky Hkou ubZ fnYYkh]
1997A
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 72
6- vktdy] uoEcj 2009] i<+us dk vkuan & egsUnz jktk tSu] i- 16A
7- ogh] i`"B 16A
8- vktdy uoEcj 2009 **cPps dh nqfu;k ,d rjg dh tknqbz nqfu;k gS ** &izdk’k euq ls ';ke lq’khy dk fopkj
foe’kZ i`-"B 46A
9- ledkyhu cky lkfgR; % ij[k vkSj igpku] MkW- lqjsUnz foØe] i`"B 17] dq’kh izdk’ku eafnj vehukckn 1988A
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 73
,e-,-],e-fQy ckS) v/;;u ih&,p-Mh-v/;;ujr~ MkW- gfj flag xkSj] dsUnzh; fo'ofo|ky;] lkxj ¼e-iz-½
ckS) n'kZu esa cksf/klRo dh vo/kkj.kk dk vR;kf/kd egRo gSA ^cksf/k* dk vFkZ gS& Kku] vfHkKkA ^lRr*]
ikfy&Hkk"kk esa lRr 'kCn dk iz;ksx dbZ :iksa esa fd;k x;k gS tSls rRo] LoHkko inkFkZ rRoA vr% cksf/klRo dk vFkZ gqvkA
ßog O;fDr tks lkjrRo ds :i esa iw.kZ izKk dks j[krk gSA cksf/klRo thfor ,oa thoUr izk.kh gksrk gS] tks foosdh lE;d
rFkk lpsru :i esa fØ;k'khy jgrk gSA vr% cksf/klRo O;fDr lRofHkwf"kr] Kku esa O;fr"kr] cksf/k esa layXu gksrk gSA
cksf/klRo iw.kZ izKk ls vksrizksr yksd&ekaxfyd psruk ds vH;qn; ds fy, cq) ds vk/;kfRed ekxZ ij lEo) gksrk gSA
yksd dY;k.k gsrq vk/;kfRed iFk ij ogh euq"; vxzlj gks ldrk gS ftlesa foosd ,oa dq'kyfpRr ds izfr vH;qRlkg] gks]
cksf/klRo oh;Zoku rFkk dq'ky fpRrksRlkg ls vksrizksr gks dj lnSo fu"dke Hkko ls cksf/k dh izkfIr vkSj yksd&eaxy gsrq
'khy ikjferkvksa dk vuqikyu djrs gSaA vr% cksf/k dk vFkZ gS euq"; ds m)kj dk Kku vkSj mlds fy, iz;Ru djus okyk
euq"; lRo gh cksf/klRo gksrk gSA
cksf/klRo ,slk iq:"k gS tks iw.kZ Kku ds ekaxfyd iFk ij pyrk gqvk Hkkoh cq) dk cks/kd gSA cq)Ro dh izkfIr
dk vkdka{kh cksf/klRo ,d ,slk egku mUnkr iq:"k gksrk gS tks izkf.kek= ds yksd&eaxy rFkk dY;k.k ds fy, lHkh ds
nq%[kksa dk fouk'k djus gsrq vius loZL; lq[kks dk ifjR;kx dj nsrk gS] rFkkxr cq) dk mins'k Fkk tks tkxus ds le;
tkxrk ugha tks r:.k vkSj l'kDr gksus ds ckotwn vkylh vkSj izeknh gS] ftlds fu.kZ; rFkk fu'p; lqn`<+ ugha gS] og
vkylh&iq:"k dHkh Hkh cksf/k&izkfIr ds iFk ij vxzlj ugha gks ldrkA vr% vkneh] ijk&izkd`frd vFkok ckgk 'kfDr;ksa dh
lgk;rk dh vkdka{kk fd, fcuk] viuk nhid Lo;a cus viuh vikj 'kfDr rFkk lkeF;Z dk n'kZu dj lkekU;r% cgqtu
fgrk; ,oa cgqtu lq[kk; dh Hkkouk ls vfHkizsfjr] cq)Ro in dk vkdka{kh rks og gksrk gS ij og vU; izkf.k;ksa ds fgr esa
layXu jgrk gSA tc rd lHkh izkf.k;ksa dk eaxy rFkk dY;k.k ugha gksrk rc rd cksf/klRo gh cus jguk mldk LoHkko
gksrk gSA ikjferk, mlds g`n; esa lEizfrf"Br cq)dkjd /keZ gksrs gSA cksf/klRo dh psruk loZFkk fu"dke gksrh gSA
cksf/klRo ijekFkZ ds fy, yksd&izn'kZu esa vfHk:ph j[krs gSA
cksf/klRo cq)Ro izkIr djus dh nl Hkwfe;k gksrh gS ftuesa og izfrf"Br gksrk gSA bl izdkj izR;sd izk.kh cq)Ro
dh {kerk ls ;qDr gSA cq)&cht izR;sd esa fo|eku gSA izR;sd izk.kh oh;Z izKk ,oa iq:"kkFkZ }kjk cq)Ro dh izkfIr dj
ldrk gSA
lq[kks cq)kueqIiknksa
cq)ksa dk mRiUu gksuk lq[kdkjh gSA
ckS) n'kZu esa ;g iz'u Hkh lnSo mBrk jgk gS fd ftu iap LdU/kksa ls O;fDrRo curk gS] vr% fuokZ.k dh voLFkk
esa mudk vR;Ur fujks/k gksus ij D;k 'ks"k jgrk gS\ rFkkxr us mPNsnokn dk Li"V fujks/k fd;k gS] vr% ;g ekuk tk
ldrk gS fd dqN 'ks"k vo'; jgrk gSA ;|fr cq) us bl iz'u dks fd ßrFkkxr dk ifjfuokZ.k ds ckn D;k gksrk
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 74
gSß&vO;kd`r dksfV esa gh j[kk Fkk] fdUrq ckS) ijEijk esa ifjfuokZ.k ds vuUrj rFkkxr dh vfuoZpuh; lRrk dks Lohdkj
dj fy;k x;kA lokZfLroknh ijEijk ;g ekurh gS fd cq) dk HkkSfrd ¼lEHkksx½ dk; rks u'oj gS fdUrq mudk /keZ:ih
'kjhj vu'oj gSA egk;ku esa cq) dks vifjfer vk;q okyk ekudj mudh ikjekfFkZd lRrk dks mlh izdkj vfuoZpuh;
eku fy;k x;k] ftl izdkj mifu"knksa esa czEgk dks vfuoZpuh; ekuk x;k Fkk] lkFk gh mudk rknkRE; /keZdk; ;k
LoHkkodk; dj fn;k vkSj ekuq"kh cq) dks fuekZ.kdk;Z dgdj u'oj dgk x;kA
ckS) n'kZu esa HkfDr dk mn; Hkxor~ /keZ ds izHkko ls izfrQfyr izrhr gksrk gSA ikf.kfu dh v"Vk/;k;h esa
oklqnso dh HkfDr dk mYys[k ns[kus dks feyrk gSA mldk dky bZ-iw- NBh 'krkCnh ekuk x;k gSA bl vk/kkj ij ;g dgk
tk ldrk gS fd NBh 'krkCnh bZ-iw- esa NBh 'krkCnh ekuk x;k gSA bl vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd NBh 'krkCnh
bZ-iw- esa oS".ko /keZ dk mn; gks pqdk FkkA ikfy fudk; ds izkphu xzUFkksa esa ßl)kÞ 'kCn feyrk gS] ikfy fudk; ds
izkphure Hkkx dk le; bZ-iw- 5oha 'krh ekuk x;k gSA ikfy fudk; esa loZizFke HkfDr 'kCn dk mYys[k FksjhxkFkk esa feyrk
gSA FksjhxkFkk dk jpuk dky fo}kuksa us bZ-iw- rhljh 'krkCnh ekuk gSA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd ckS) n'kZu esa ßHkfDrÞ dh
vo/kkj.kk dk mn; Hkkxor~ /keZ ds mn; ds ledkyhu gSA ;gk¡ ;g iz'u mBuk LokHkkfod gh gS fd vxj ckS)ksa us
Hkkxorksa dh ßHkfDrÞ dh vo/kkj.kk dks viuk;k rks muds nsorkvksa dks o"kksZa ugha viuk;k\ ckS) n'kZu esa cksf/klRo dh
dYiuk mudh viuh dYiuk gSA fQj Hkh bruk rks Li"V gksrk gh gS fd cksf/klRo dh vo/kkj.kk ,d izdkj ls vorkjokn
dk ckS)/kehZ; laLdj.k gh gSA bl lanHkZ esa Hkh ckS) n'kZu ij Hkkxor /keZ dk izHkko ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
Jh xksdqy nkl Ms us viuh iqLrd ^^flfXufQdsal ,.M bEiksVszUl vkQ tkrdkt* ds vfUre v/;k; esa ckS)ksa vkSj
Hkkxorksa ds lEcU/k dks tkrdksa ds oSKkfud v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij fl) djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA os dgrs gSa& ßiwoZorhZ
ckS) n'kZu tkrdksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkkxor /keZ ls izHkkfor jgk gS] D;ksafd Hkkxor /keZ dk ewy vk/kkj HkfDrrRo tkrdksa ,oa
egk;ku xzUFkksa esa loZ= O;kIr gSA x`gLFkksa ds fy, LoxZ lXx vkSj lU;kfl;ksa ds fy, eks{k Hkh nksuksa esa lkekU; :i ls ekU;
gSA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ckS) n'kZu ij Hkkxor /keZ dk izHkko iM+k gksxkA
fuo`fRr iz/kku ckS)&n'kZu esa yksd dY;k.k dh mRd`"V Hkkouk ds n'kZu gksrs gSa] ftldk ojeksRd"kZ ^cksf/kp;kZorkj*
uked izfl) xzUFk esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA Lo;a Hkxoku~ cq) us cksf/k izkIr djus ds ckn lekf/k lq[k dk ifjR;kx dj
yksdfgrkFkZ ,oa yksd dY;k.k ds fy, dk;Z djuk gh Js;Ldj le>k vkSj mUgksaus vius fHk{kqvksa dks yksdfgr dk gh lUns'k
fn;kA os dgrs gSa& ^pjFk fHkD[kos pkfjd* cgqtu&fgrk; cgqtu&lq[kk; yksdkuqdEik; vRFkk; fgrk; lq[kk; nsoeuqLlkua*
vFkkZr~ gs fHk{kqvksa] ^^cgqtuksa ds fgr ds fy,] cgqtuksa ds lq[k ds fy,] yksd vuqdEik ds fy,] nso vkSj euq";ksa ds lq[k vkSj
fgr ds fy, ifjpkj.k djrs jgksA**
ckS)&/keZ dh egk;ku 'kk[kk dk lk/kd rks vius fuokZ.k lq[k dh Hkh mis{kk dj yksd dY;k.k ds vkn'kZ dks Js"B
ekurk gSA og dgrk gS fd nwljs izkf.k;ksa dks nq%[k eqDr djkus esa esa tks vkuUn feyrk gS ogh i;kZIr gS vius fy, fuokZ.k
izkIr djuk uhjl gS] mlesa gesa D;k ysuk nsukA
yadkorkjlw= esa cksf/klRo ;gk¡ rd dgrs gSa fd eSa rc rd ifj&fuokZ.k esa izos'k ugha d:Waxk tc rd fo'o ds
lHkh izk.kh fuokZ.k izkIr u dj ysaA ;gkWa ij lk/kd ij&nq%[k&foHkqfDr ls feyus okys vkuUn dks Lo&fuokZ.k ds vkuUn ls
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 75
Js"B le>dj vius fuokZ.k dk R;kx dj nsrk gSA vkpk;Z 'kkfUnso us vius xzUFk f'k{kk&leqPp; vkSj cksf/kp;kZorkj esa cq)
dh ykd&fgrdkjh nf"V dk vuwBs <ax ls o.kZu fd;k gSA cksf/kp;kZorkj esa cksf/klRo yksd lsok dh Hkkouk ls vuqizekf.kr
gksdj dgrs gSa7 ßeSa O;kf/k nwj gksus rd jksfx;ksa ds fy, vkS"kf/k cuwaxk] oS| cuwaxk vkSj ifjpkjd Hkh cuwaxk] vUu&iku dh
o"kkZ ls Hkw[k vkSj I;kl ls gksus okyh O;Fkk feVkÅWaxk rFkk nqfHkZ{kkUrj dYiksa ls Hkkstu&iku cuwaxk] nfjnz izkf.k;ksa ds fy,
l{k; fuf/k cuwaxk vkSj ukuk izdkj ds midj.kksa ls muds lkeus mifLFkr jgwaxkA ßvkxs og dgrs gSa& ßeSa vukFkksa dk ukFk]
;kf=;ksa dk lkFk okg] ikj tkus dh bPNk okyks ds uko] larq vkSj csM+k cuWawxk] bl izdkj txr ds lHkh izkf.k;ksa dh lsok
d:WaxkA ^^ftl izdkj iFoh] ty] vfXu vkfn HkkSfrd oLrq;sa lEiw.kZa vkdk'k ¼fo'o e.My½ esa cls lHkh izkf.k;ksa ds lq[k dk
dkj.k gksrh gSa] mlh izdkj vkdk'k ds uhps jgus okys lHkh izkf.k;ksa dk mithO; cudj rc rd jguk pkgrk gWaw] tc rd
lHkh izk.kh eqfDr izkIr u dj ysaAÞ
bl izdkj O;fDrxr lq[k dh mis{kk dj nwljs ds nq%[k dks nwj djuk gh cksf/klRo dk pje y{; jgk gS vkSj os
dgrs gSa fd& ßvius lq[k dks vyx j[k vkSj nwljksa dks nq%[k ¼nwj djus½ esa yx] nwljksa dk lsod cudj bl dk;k esa tks
dqN oLrq ns[k] mlls nwljksa dk fgr djAÞ fQj og dgrs gSa& nwljs ds nq%[k ls vius lq[k dks fcuk cnys cq)Ro dh
flf) ugha gks ldrh] fQj lalkj esa lq[k gS gh dgkWa\ ;fn ,d ds nq%[k mBkus ls cgqrksa dk nq%[k pyk tk;s rks vius vkSj
ijk;s ij dik djds og nq%[k mBkuk gh pkfg,A
cksf/kp;kZorkj esa fu%LokFkZ gksdj deZ djus dh vo/kkj.k ij cy fn;k x;k gSA ftl izdkj fd 'kjhj ds vo;o
iSj esa dkWaVk yxus ij gkFk mldks fudkydj nq%[k nwj djrk gSA tcfd gkFk dks iSj ij nq%[k ugha gksrkA mlh izdkj
lHkh izkf.k;ksa dks nwljksa dks nq%[k ls cpkus dk iz;Ru djuk pkfg,] D;ksafd ijksidkj djds ge vius lekt :ih 'kjhj dks
gh lUrqf"V djrs gSaA ßftl izdkj Lo;a dks Hkkstu djkdj Qy dh vk'kk ugha gksrh gS mlh izdkj ijkFkZ djds u xoZ gks
ldrh gS] u foLe;**A ßblfy, ,dek= ijksidkj dh vfHkyk"kk ls ijksidkj djds Hkh u xoZ djuk pkfg, vkSj u foLe;
vkSj u foikd Qy dh bPNk ghAÞ
cksf/klRo dh yksddY;k.kdkjh vfHkyk"kk bruh egku gS fd muds jkse&jkse ls mPpfjr gksrk gS fd lalkj dks
dksbZ izk.kh nq%[kh u gks] ikih u gks] jksxh u gks] ghu u gks] frjLd`r vkSj nq"V fpRr u gksA txr dk tks nq%[k gS og lc
eSa Hkksxwa vkSj esjs lc iq.;ksa ls txr lq[kh gksA
;gh yksd eaxy dk mRd`"V :i gS tgkWa nwljs ds fgr ds fy, vius fgr dk Hkh R;kx dj fn;k tkrk gSA
tc ge dik vkSj iq:"kkFkZ ds izR;;ksa dh ckr djrs gSa rks gekjh ewy leL;k ;g gksrh gS fd euq"; ds nq%[k vkSj
ihM+k,sa mlds vius iz;Ruksa ls nwj gksrh gSa ;k fdlh nSoh 'kfDr dh d`ik ls! lkekU;r;k bZ'ojoknh n'kZuksa esa bZ'ojh; dik
dks gh nq%[k foeqfDr dk ,dek= vk/kkj ekuk x;k gS] muesa O;fDr ds iz;Ru ;k iq:"kksa dk dksbZ LFkku gks ldrk gS rks
ek= bruk gh fd og vius dks bZ'ojh; ;k nsoh d`ik izkIr djus dk ik= cuk nsA blds foijhr vuh'ojoknh /keksZ esa
fo'ks"k :i ls ckS) vkSj tSu /keZ esa bZ'ojh; d`ik dks vLohdkj gh fd;k x;k gSA izkjfEHkd ckS) n'kZu esa ge Li"V :i ls
iq:"kkFkZokn dk gh leFkZu ikrs gSaA ;|fi ckS) n'kZu esa cq)] /keZ vkSj la?k dh 'kj.k xzg.k djus dk fo/kku gS fdUrq ;g
fo/kku fdlh dik dks izkIr djus ds fy, ugha gS cfYd lk/ku ds {ks= esa eukscy ls vkxs c,+us ds fy, gSA
egkifjuCckulqRr esa cq) Li"V :i ls dgrs gSa fd gs vkuUn] rqe viuh 'kj.k xzg.k djks] vkRe&nhi gksdj ds fopj.k
djksA rFkkxr rks dsoy ekxZ&n'kZu djkus okys gSa] dk;Z rks rqEgsa Lo;a djuk gksxkA cq) ;gkWa dksbZ ,slk Li"V vk'oklu
ugha nsrs gS fd rqe esjh 'kj.k xzg.k djks] eSa viuh d`ik ls rqEgkjs lc nq%[k nwj dj nwaxkA ckS) n'kZu ds vuqlkj
lRo'kqf) dk tks ifjikd gksuk gS og vius Lo;a ds iz;Ruksa ls gh gksrk gS] mlesa nwljkd ksbZ lgk;d ugha gks ldrkA
fdUrq ;fn ge bl vo/kkj.kk dks Lohdkj dj ysrs gSa rks fQj ckS) n'kZu esa cq) dh d:.kk dk D;k LFkku jgsxk\
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 76
izkjfEHkd ckS) n'kZu vkSj tSu /keZ esa Hkh cq) vkSj rhFkZdj dks ije dk:f.kd dgk x;k gS] os d:.kk ds vorkj gSA
rhFkZdj leLr yksd dh ihM+k dks tkudj /keZ dk mins'k nsrs gSa] mlh izdkj cq) Hkh izkf.k;ksa ds nq%[k dks nwj djus ds
fy, /keZ&pØ dk izorZu djrs gSaA
cq)Ro dh vo/kkj.kk esa lcls egRoiw.kZ vlaxfr ckS) n'kZu dk vukReokn dk fl)kUr dgk tkrk gSA cq) us
r`".kk ds lexz mPNsn ds fy, vukReokn dk mins'k fn;kA ;g ckr izFke nf"V esa Bhd rks yxrh gS] fdUrq vkykspdksa dks
dFku gS fd ;fn ckS) n'kZu bZ'oj ,oa vkRek dh lRrk dks Lohdkj ugha djrk rks fQj mlesa cq)Ro vkSj cksf/klRo dh
vo/kkj.kk;sa fdl izdkj ls laxfriw.kZa gks ldrh gSa\ tc rd fdlh fuR; vkRe lRrk dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k tkrk rc rd
ge ;g dSls dg ldrs gSa fd dksbZ O;fDr cksf/klRo gks ldrk gS] cq)Ro dks izkIr gks ldrk gS\ ;fn vkRek ugha gS rks
fQj cksf/kfpRr dk mRikn dkSu izkIr djsxk\ iqu% ,d vkSj ckS) n'kZu ;g ekudj Hkh pyrk gS fd izR;sd lRo cq)&cht
gS fdUrq ;fn dksbZ fuR; vfLrRo gh ugha gS rks fQj og cq) cht dSls gksxk vkSj dSls og cksf/klRo gksdj fofHkUu tUeksa
esa ikjferkvksa dks ikj djrk gqvk cq)Ro dks izkIr djsxk\ egklkaf?kdksa us cq) ds :idk; dks vej vkSj mudh vk;q dks
vuUr ekuk gSA
l)eZiq.Mjhd esa Hkh ;g dgk x;k gS fd cq) dh vk;q vifjfer gSA ;fn cq) dk :idk; vuUr] vej ,oa
vifjfer gS rks fQj {kf.kd&okn dh vo/kkj.kk dSls lqlaxr fl) gksxh\ iqu% tc ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd cq)
fuekZ.kdk; ds }kjk ukuk :iksa esa izdV gksdj yksd fgr ds fy, mins'k djrs gSa] rks fQj ;g iz'u LokHkkfod :i ls gh
mRiUu gksrk gS fd fdlh fuR; rRo dks ekus fcuk ;g fuekZ.kdk; dh jpuk dkSu djrk gSA ,d ckj lkekU; O;fDr ds
lUnHkZ esa ;g ckr cks/kxE; gks ldrh gS fd og {k.k&{k.k ifjorZu'khy gS] fdUrq cq) dh ifjorZu'khyrk fdl vk/kkj ij
fl) gksxh\ bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd vukReoknh vkSj {kf.kdoknh nk'kZfud <kWaps esa cq)Ro vkSj cksf/klRo dh vo/kkj.kk;sa
lqlaxr ugha yxrh gSa] ;fn ge fo'kqf)eXx dh Hkk"kk esa dgsa fd fØ;k rks gS drkZ ugha] ekxZ rks gS pyus okyk ugha] rks
fQj ekxZ dk mins'kd dSls gks ldrk gS\ og dkSu&lk lRo ;k fpRr gS tks cq)Ro dks izkIr djrk gS vkSj ije
dk:f.kd gksdj tu&tu ds dY;k.k ds fy, ;qx&;qx rd iz;Ru'khy cuk jgrk gS\
egk;kulw=kyadkj esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS fd cq) ds rhuksa dk; vk'k;] vkJ; vkSj deZ ls fufoZ'ks"k gSa] vr%
rhuksa dk;ksZa esa rhu izdkj dh fuR;rk le>uh pkfg, ftlds dkj.k rFkkxr fuR; dgykrs gSaA LokHkkfod dk; dh LoHkko
ls fuR; gksus ds dkj.k izd`fr ls fuR;rk gS lkEHkkSfxd dk; dk /keZ lEHkksx ds vfoPNsn ds dkj.k vlzlur% ¼vP;qfrr%½
fuR;rk gS] uSekZf.kd dh vUrO;Z; esa iqu%&iqu% fufeZr nz"V gksus ds dkj.k izcU/k&fuR;rk gSA iz'u ;g gksrk gS fd ,dkUr
:i ls {kf.kd&oknh n'kZu esa cq) ds f=dk;ksa dh rhu fuR;rk;sa dSls lEHko gks ldrh gSa\ buesa pkgs fdlh Hkh :i esa
fuR;rk dks Lohdkj fd;k tk;s] fuf'pr gh gesa {kf.kdokn ls ihNs gVuk gksxkA tc dksbZ vkRe&lRrk gh ugha gS rks fQj
cksf/klRo dkSu cusxk vkSj cq)Ro dks dkSu izkIr djsxk vkSj dkSu nl ikjferkvksa dh lk/kuk djsxk\ ;fn og fpRr ftlus
cks/k dks izkIr fd;k] ftlus fofHkUu ikjferkvksa dh lkkuk dh vkSj tks vUr esa cq)Ro dks izkIr djrk gS] ;fn fdlh izdkj
ds ,dRo ls jfgr gS vFkkZr~ lzksrkiUu gksdj fofHkUu ikjferkvksa dh lk/kuk djrs gq, cq)Ro dks izkIr djus okyk ^^ogha**
ugha gS rks fQj cq)Ro dk lkjk n'kZu pjejk tk;sxkA
esjh n`f"V esa ckS) n'kZu dh vksj ls mijksDr vlaxfr;ksa dk ;fn dksbZ izR;qRrj gks ldrk gS rks og ;gh gksxk fd
bu lcdh laxfriw.kZ foospuk fpRr larfr ;k fpRr /kkjk ds :i esa dh tk ldrh gS fQj Hkh bl fpRr /kkjk esa Hkh dksbZ
,d ,slk ;kstd lw= vo'; ekuuk gksxk ftlds vk/kkj ij os fpRr{k.k ,d nwljs ls i`Fkd gksdj Hkh i`Fkd ugha jgrs gSaA
bl lanHkZ esa ckS) n'kZu vkSj n'kZu ds ofj"B fo}ku ia-txUukFk th mik/;k; dk dguk Fkk fd& ßcq) ds lEcU/k
esa tks f=dk;ksa dh vo/kkj.kk gS mldk vFkZ ;g ugha gs fd dksbZ fuR; vkRelRrk gS] tks dk;ksZa dks /kkj.k djrh gSAÞ
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 77
oLrqr% ;s dk; ijkFkZ ds mik; ;k lk/ku ekus x;s gSaA ftl fpRr /kkjk ls cksf/kfpRr dk mRikn gksrk gSA og cks f/kfpRr
bu dk;ksZa ds ek/;e ls ijkFkZ djrk gS] blfy, cq)Ro dksbZ ,d O;fDr ugha gS] vfirq ,d izfØ;k gSA tc ge /keZdk; dh
fuR;rk ekurs gSa] rks og O;fDr dh fuR;rk ugha] izfØ;k dh fuR;rk gSA /keZ dks fuR;rk ekxZ fuR;rk gSA /keZdk; fuR; gS
bldk rkRi;Z gS fd /keZ ;k ikfjfuokZ.k ds mik; fuR; gSaA vr% bu dk;ksZa dh vo/kkj.kk dks gesa u rks dksbZ fuR; vkRek
ds :i esa le>uk pkfg,A
ckS) n'kZu esa cq) dks /keZpØ dk izorZd rFkk /keZ dk 'kkLrk dgk x;k gSA efT>efudk;] la;qDr fudk;
rFkk dFkkoLrq esa cq) dks vuqizUu ekxZ dk izorZd] ekxZ&nz"Vk ,oa ekxZ dks tkuus okyk dgk x;k gSA okLro esa cq) mls
dgrs gSa ftlus ckS)Ro] cksf/k izkIr dh gks] vkSj cksf/k fpRr dh og psrfld rFkk uSfrd lE;d fLFkfr gS] ftls dksbZ Hkh
dsoy vius ekuoh; iz;kl ls izkIr dj ldrk gSA fl)kFkZ xkSre ftUgksaus cq)Ro izkIr dj ns'kukvksa ,oa fopkjksa ls ckS)
n'kZu dk izknqHkkZo gqvk tks ,d u;h [kkst Fkh dksbZ bZ'ojh; vfHkO;fDr ughaA rFkkxr cq) dk /keZn'kZu ekuoh; iz;kl dk
izfrQy FkkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd cq) us vius ckjs esa ,d euq"; gksus ds vfrfjDr vU; dksbZ nkok ugha fd;k] tSlk fd
vusd /keZ&laLFkkidksa us Lo;a dks bZ'oj dk nwr ;k csVk crykdj vius vkidks izfrf"Br fd;k fuLlansg xkSre cq) ds
thou p;kZ dk fo'ys"k.k djus ij ge] cq) dks lEiw.kZa :i esa fodflr gq, ,d ekuo ds :i esa ns[krs gSA og vius ekxZ
ij Lo;a pys vkSj vU; izkf.k;ksa dks Hkh ;gh mins'k fn;k fd os Lo;a cryk, x, ekxZ dk vuqlj.k djsa gj vkneh dks
Lo;a vius nq%[k&d"Vksa dk fuokj.k djuk gSA cq) us dgk ßge tks dqN Hkh gS] og lHkh dqN vius fopkjksa ds ifj.kke gS]
vius fopkjksa dh Qy&Jqfr gS] vius fopkjksa ls fufeZr gSaAÞ
cq)Ro] cksf/klRo dh vo/kkj.kk dk fo'ys"k.k ckS) n'kZu esa vusd ifjdYiuk }kjk fd;k x;k gS vkSj bl
ifjdYiuk esa vU; izpfyr /keksZ dk izHkko Hkh fn[krk gS] tks vorkj okn] peRdkj] iquZtUe] vkRek vkSj nsorkvksa ds :i
esa ikfy lkfgR; esa cq) vFkok cq)Ro dh vo/kkj.kk dks] izLrqr djrk gSA cq) dks Je.k] czkEg.k] osnK] fHk"kd] fueZy]
foey] Kkuh] foeqDr vkfn ukeks ls Hkh iqdkjk x;k gSA cq) 'kCn dk vFkZ gS& tkxzr ckS) n'kZu esa izR;sd izk.kh oh;Z] izKk
vkSj iq:"kkFkZ }kjk cq)ro dks izkIr dj ldrk gSA izR;sd izk.kh cq)&cht gS vkSj cq)Ro dh {kerk ls ;qDr gSA xkSre Hkh
vius iq:"kkFkZ ls gh lE;d Kku izkIr dj ^^Hkxoku cq)** ;k ^^lE;d lacq)** cusA ;s'okn ds vuqlkj os Kku vkSj izKk ds
{ks= esa vykSfdd gksrs gq, Hkh 'kkjhfjd /keksZ dh n`f"V ls vU; euq";ksa ds leku gh ekus x;s FksA fdUrq Øe'k% muds
O;fDrRo esa vU; vykSfddrkvksa dks izos'k feyrk x;kA Fksjokn ds cq) dk y{; vius Dys'kksa ls eqfDr ikdj vgZr in
izkIr djuk gksrk gS] tcfd egk;ku dk cq) lalkj ds lHkh izkf.k;ksa ds fuokZ.k ykHk ds ckn gh Lo;a dk fuokZ.k pkgrk gSA
;|fi ckS) n'kZu fuR; vkRerRo dks ekuus ls bUdkj djrk gS] fQj Hkh mlesa fpRr/kk'k dks ekuoj cksf/klRo vkSj cq) dh
lRrk dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA
1- xqIr MkW- jes'kpUnz % rhFkZadj cq) vkSj vorkj okjk.klh % ik'koZukFk fo|kJe 'kks/k] 2014
2- es/kadj HknUr lkoaxh % ikfy okM~e; esa cksf/klRo fl)kar ukxiqj % cq) Hkwfe izdk'ku] 1992
3- flag MkW- lqjsUn iky % tkrd foe'kZ bykgkckn % lkfgR; HkaMkj 50] pkgpUnz] 2003
4- egkLFkfoj vkpk;Z vuq:) ¼vuqoknd dkSlY;k;u HknUr vkuUn½ % vfHk/kEeR;laxgk] ukxiqj] cq) Hkwfe] 2005
5- vuqoknd&'kkL=h vkpk;Z 'kkfUrnso 'kkfUr fHk{kq % cksf/kp;kZorkj ukxiqj] cq) Hkwfe 2000
6- tkVo& MkW- Mh-vkj % cq) vkSj ckS) /keZ& n'kZu t;iqj % lerk lkfgR; lnu] 1996
7- ih- y{eh ujlq vuqoknd dkSlY;k;u MkW HknUr vkuan % ckS) n'kZu dk lkj ukxiqj] cq) Hkwfe 1989
8- MkW- /keZdhfrZ % cq) dk lekt n'kZu] ubZ fnYyh % lE;d izdk'ku] 2008
9- vEcsMdj MkW- Hkhejko vuqoknd dkSlY;k;u MkW] HknUr vkuUn % cq) vkSj mudk /kEe ukxiqj] cq) HkwfeA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 78
’kks/k Nk=k] fganh] jkuh nqxkZorh fo’ofo|ky;] tcyiqj
l`f"V dh mRifRr ls gh thou vkSj /keZ vVwV ca/ku esa ca/aks gq, gSaA lH;rk dh ’k:vkr ls gh /keZ ,d
ijaijk gSA ledkyhu miU;klkas eas xzkeh.krk ds ifjos’k dks n’kkZus esa /kkfeZdrk dh vge~ Hkwfedk gSA xzkeh.kksa ds vareZu esa
/kkfeZd vkLFkk viuh xgjh tM+as tek;s jgrh gSA vkt ds oSKkfud] ifjorZu’khy] vk/kqfud ;qx esa /keZ dk ewY; xzkeh.k
thou ij fdruk izHkkoh gSA vk/kqfudrk dh nkSM+ esa /kkfeZd ewY; dgha fiNM+rs rks ugha tk jgs gSa\ ledkyhu
miU;kldkjksa us xzkeh.k /keZ O;oLFkk dk v/;;u dj xzkeh.k thou esa fo’okl] J)k ,oa ekU;rkvksa ls ljkcksj /kkfeZd
Hkkouk dk ltho fp=.k miU;klkas esa djrs gq, /kkfeZd ifjos’k dks of.kZr fd;k gSA ledkyhurk ds fo’ks"k lanHkZ eas o"kZ
1980 ls lu~ 2010 rd ds miU;klks a esa Hkh xzkeh.k /kkfeZd ifjos’k viuh ijaijkvksa dks laofgr dj jgk gSA
/keZ lH;rk vkSj laLd`fr dk ewyk/kkj g SA /keZ esa gh ekuo cqf) dks dq’kkxzrk vkSj ekuo eu lkSan;Z Hkkouk ls
ltk;k gSA /keZ ,d ’kfDr Hkh gS vkSj fo’okl HkhA /keZ O;fDr dks ’kkafr] ln~Hkko vkSj la;e dh lh[k nsrk gSA ^^/keZ dh
vo/kkj.kk vykSfdd ’kfDr;ksa ds izfr vkLFkk l s lacaf/kr jgh gSA /keZ dqN fuf’pr izdkj ds rF;ksa rFkk fo’oklksa] O;ogkjksa]
Hkkoukvksa] laosxksa] n`f"Vdks.kksa vkfn ls laacaf/kr gSA^^1
/keZ dh ifjHkk"kk fofHkUu fo}kuksa us fo’ysf"kr dh gS &
^^/keZ lkaLd`frd O;ogkjksa dk izfreku gS] ftlds varxZr ifo= ,oa ekU; fo’oklks] lkaosfxd Hkkoukvksa vkfn dk
O;kid fØ;kUo;u gksrk gSA^^2
^^/keZ ds varxZr O;ogkj ds os lHkh izfreku vk tkrs gSa ftuesa euq"; nSfud thou dh vfuf’prrkvksa dks U;wure
djus dk ,oa vizR;kf’kr rFkk Hkfo";ok.kh u fd;s tk ldus okys ladVksa dh {kfriwfrZ dk iz;Ru djrs gSaA^^3 MkW- vEcsMdj
ds vuqlkj & ^^/keZ izR;sd O;fDr ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA /keZ dh mis{kk djuk ltho laosnukvksa dh mis{kk djuk gSA /keZ
,d O;oLFkk rFkk ’kfDr gSA /keZ dk lkezkT; Hkys gh [kRe gks x;k gks ijUrq /keZ vkt Hkh lkekftd psruk ds :Ik esa
yksxksa ds efLr"d esa ekStwn gSA^^4 ^^/keZ og vuq’kklu gS] tks varjkRek dks Li’kZ djrk gS vkSj gesa cqjkbZ vkSj dqfRldrk ls
la?k"kZ djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA dke] Øks/k vkSj yksHk ls gekjh j{kk djrk gS] uSfrd cy dks mUeqDr djrk gS] lalkj dks
cpkus dk egku dk;Z ds fy, lkgl iznku djrk gSA^^5
Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k lekt dks lapkfyr djus okys rRoksa ds varxZr /keZ dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA ije lRrk eas
fo’okl djus dh Hkkouk /keZ dk mn~Hko LFky gSA izd`fr ij fuHkZjrk dk dkj.k xzkeh.k /keZ ij vf/kd fo’okl djrs gSaA
xzkeh.kksa ds gj lq[k&nq[k dk iznkrk ijes’oj gksrk gSa
Lkedkyhu miU;klkas esa xzkeh.k /keZ laca/kh ifjos’k dks pkj fcanqvksa esa ifjyf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gS &
1- /kkfeZd vkLFkk
2- va/kfo’okl
3- Hkwr&izsr] xqfu;k] pqM+Sy dh ifjdYiuk
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 79
4- eukSfr;k¡
xzkeh.kksa dh /kkfeZd vkLFkk muds O;ofLFkr thou dk ekxZ iz’kLr djrk gSA df"k iz/kku thou ds ?kksj vkinkvksa
,oa ladV ds chp /keZ mUgsa uSfrd cy iznku djrk gSA bZ’oj esa vVwV vkLFkk vkSj /kkfeZd xzUFkksa] ’kkL=ksa] iqjk.kksa dk
mins’k i<+us vkSj lquus ds fy, xzkeh.k mRlqd jgrs gSaA
^^dqlqek HkkHkh ugk&/kksdj ikl vk cSBh eUnkfduh jkek;.k i<+us cSB x;hA cÅ viuk p’ek yxkdj xkSj ls
ns[krs gq, cksyh] ^^csVk jke&ou&xeu dh pkSikbZ ck¡p nksA^^6
xzkeh.k thou ds eqfLye /keZ dh vkLFkk dk fp=.k Hkh ledkyhu miU;klksa esa izfrfcfEcr fd;k gSA bLyke /keZ
ls lacaf/kr eqgjZe ds ekre ds le; i<+k tkus okyk eflZ;k ’kksdxhr dk fooj.k Hkh feyrk gSA
Xkzkeh.k fu/kZurk vkSj csclh dks nwj djus dk Nykok nsrs gq, dqN /keZ ifjorZu dh ?kVuk,¡ Hkh gksrh jgh gSaA
vYek dcwrjh miU;kl esa jkeflag dgrk gS ^^fQjax yksx eqlyeku ugha cukrs Fks] ihB ij gkFk Qsjdj fxjtk?kj ys tkrs
FksA fgUnw yksx eq¡g Qsj pqds Fks Fks rks os ?kqearw dgk¡ lgkjk ysrs\ xkSj lkgc NksVh pht dks cM+h utj ls ns[kus okys---
dgrs rqEgkjk Hkxoku rqEgsa nxk ns x;k] bZ’kq ij Hkjkslk djks :iflag] fojkV flag] vkSj izrki flag tSls ukeksa ls rqEgsa
xhnM+ dh rjg Hkxk;k gSA tkWu] MsfoM] lSelu cuksA lhrk&lkfoh=h vkSj in~feuh cudj D;k feyk\ esjh] ekfj;k vkSj
,uh cudj ihus dk ikuh] iguus ds fy, diM+k vkSj [kkus ds fy, vUu feysxkA^^8
Xkzkeh.k LFkkuh; nsoh&nsorkvksa dh iwtk djrs gSa mŸkj Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k vyduank nsoh] flagokfguh nsoh] egkekbZ
nsoh dkyh ekbZ] lhrkeS;k] nqxkZ ekrk] czg~ek&ckck] vxLr _f"k dks iwtrs gSa] tcfd nf{k.k Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k nqxZEek]
,YyEek] eSlEek] lEedYk] lkjyEek] d~VeSlEek vkSj efYydktqZu dks iwtrs gSaA eafnjksa vkSj pcwrjksa ij Hkh nqxkZ dkyhu
nsoh vkSj ohj nsork guqeku gh lcls iz/kku gksrs gSaA
^^rks ;g eafnj vHkh mlh rjg fojkteku gS eatqyk ysfdu mnkl&mnkl yx jgk gSA ugha pkpk th] uojk= esa
nsf[k,xk ;gk¡ dh xgekxgehA pqujh] dM+kgh] ipjk ls ;g /kku dSlk xqytkj gks mBsxakA9
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 80
^^xqPpu ?kj ls ykirk gks x,A os iwjs nks fnu ykirk jgsA varr% os guqeku Vksfj;k esa feys guqeku Vksfj;k
vyhiqjk ds ikl ds taxy esa ,d mtkM+ lh igkM+h ij cuk guqeku th dk eafnj Fkk tgk¡ ,d ckck us viuk eB tSlk
cuk fy;k FkkA^^10
/kkfeZd ifjos’k esa /kkfeZd vkLFkk] fo’okl] iwtu fof/k&fo/kku tgk¡ xzkeh.k tuthou esa viuh tM+sa tek, gq, gSa]
ogha nwljh vksj va/kfoo’okl] ’kxqu&vi’kxqu] ra=&ea=] Hkzkfed vkSj dkYifud fu;e ls tqM+s vusd mnkgj.k Hkh xzkeh.k
thou ij izHkko tek, gq, gS aA lddkyhu miU;klksa esa va/kfo’okl mtkxj djrs vusd mnkgj.k gSaA ^^ljsfg ls [kkyh
gkFk ugha ykSVuk pkfg,A cktkj ls fcuk lkSnk fy, vkSj tyk’k; ls [kkyh crZu fy, ykSVuk v’kqHk gksrk gSA^^11
lksukekVh] Mwc eaxy&Hkou] uekfe xzkee chl cjl] vYek dcwrjh] xzke lsfodk] Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork] ekVh
dgs dqEgkj ls tSls ledkyhu miU;klksa esa va/kfo’oklh xzkeh.k dFkk&ik=ksa dh Hkjekj gSA ^chl cjl^ miU;kl esa f’kf{kr
bathfu;j lkgc Hkh va/kfo’oklh cu tkrs gSaA ^^;g lkgl ugha gS] LokFkZ gS os bathfu;j lkgc th gSa u ijEijk ds ekeys
esa cgqr dk;j gSaA iwtk ikB djrs gSaA lkbu&oksbr ns[kdj ;k=k djrs gSaA tksV&Vksx esa fo’okl j[krs gSa] NqvkNwr dks
[kwc ekurs gSa ysfdu lc vius LokFkZ ds fy,A^^12 xzkeh.k vkfnoklh fdlku Hkh vusd va/kfo’oklksa ls tqM+dj [ksrh djrs
gSaA ^^njvly vc Hkh dqN yksxksa ds eu esa ;g ckr cSBh gqbZ gS fd /kku dks vkneh ds [kwu esa lkudj fcpM+k Mkyus ls
Qly cgqr vPNh gksrh gSA blfy, bl lhtu esa dqN eqM+hdVok yksx ?kwers jgrs gSaA13 xzkeh.k efLr"d Toj vkSj fo’ke
Toj tSlh laØked egkekjh vkus ij Hkh bykt u djokdj va/kfo’okl esa viuh ftanxh xaok nsrs gSaA ^^>ksiM+iV~Vh ds
cqtqxksZa us dgk & ;gk¡ dh jhr ds vuqlkj uhe xkN dh ^lhryk eb;k^ ds ikl nk: dh cksry njdkdj ,d eqxsZ dh
cfy ns nksA tks cpsaxs lks cpsaxs ugha cpus okys lhryk eb;k dh lokjh cu tk,¡xsA^^14
xzkekapfyd tu&thou esa vKku vf’k{kk] /kekZU/krk vkSj nfjnzrk ds dkj.k Hkwr&izsr] >kM+&Qw¡d] xqfu;k] pqM+Sysa]
vks>k] vkfn Ikj fo’okl j[kuk lkekftd fjokt gSA ledkyhu miU;klksa esa Hkh mu fdLlkas dk mnkgj.k gSA lksukHkkVh
dkykty /kkj] eaxy&Hkou ikj] uekfe xzkee] chl cjl] vy dcwrjh] xzke lsfodk] Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork miU;klksa esa Hkh
izsr laca/kh vusd vo/kkj.kk,¡ ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA
^^lk¡Ik dkVs egqvkjh esa cje ckck ds ;gk¡ tkrs gSa] lefiZr gksdj vPNs tkrs gSaA os gh bu nsgkr ds >kM+&Qw¡d
djus okys vkSj xquh oS| gSaA^^15
miU;klksa esa e`rkRek ds ikl Qfj’rksa ds vkusdh dYiuk Hkh dh tkrh gSA ^^lkjh ?k`.kk] Øks/k ;k bZ";kZ Hkwydj eSaus
e ugh eu nqvk dh [kqnk lYyks vk;k rks c[“ks mudh :g dks lqdwu ns vkSj D;k lpeqp vk;k dh dcz esa Qfj” rs
xq:t ds dksM+s ysdj mrjs gksaxsaA^^16
vkfnoklh tutkfr;k¡ Hkwr&izsr dh d`ik Hkh thou esa vko’;d ekurs gSaA fi’kkp&ck/kk ls eqfDr ikus ds dk;Z
mik; Hkh djrs gSaA
^^Mhgckck dqN o’kZ igys ck¡/ks x, FksA xk¡o ds reke Hkwr&izsr] pqM+Sy vkSj ftu oxSjg idM+s x,A vks>k&lks[kk
yksxksa us cgqr Je fd;k FkkA xk¡o esa lHkh nsork dh iwtk gqbZ vkSj xk¡o dks fufoZ?u cukus ds fy, Hkwrksa dks cSBk fn;k
x;kA^^17
Xkzkekapfyd lekt esa bfPNr dk;Z iwjk gksus gsrq] vkifŸk;ksa ls N qVdkjk ikus gsrq nsoh&nsork] ihj ckck ;k
lar&egkRek esa eukSfr;k¡ ek¡xus dh Hkkouk ds mnkgj.k ^lksukHkkVh^] ^/kkj^] ^chl cjl^ tSls ledkyhu miU;klksa esaa feyrs
gSaA ^^mUgsa ,d :Ik;k Fkek;k vkSj mUgksaus Lo;a ?kh nsdj gkse lEiUu fd;kA HkLe dk fryd yxk ds ckcw lkgc us nsoh dk
n’kZu dj eukSrh iwjh dhA^^18
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 81
fu"d"kZr% xzkeh.k thou esa nsoh&nsorkvksa ,oa bZ’oj ij vkLFkk ,d vkarfjd mRlo gSA /keZ dh ckxMksj etcwrh
ls idM+s xzkeh.k lq[kh thou O;rhr djrs gSaA ledkyhu miU;klksa esa xzkeh.k /kkfeZd ifjos’k ikBd oxZ dks Hkh J)k o
vkLFkk ls ljkcksj djrk gSA
1. xqIr] MkW- fo’kEHkj n;ky ¼1980½] gkFkjl] lhrk izdk’ku] i`- 109A
2. D;wcj tkWu] lksL;ksykWth] , fluksIlhl vkWQ fizUlhiYl
3. oLdh] efyuksoLdh
4. ;kno] jktsUnz] vxLr ¼2002½] fgUnh ekfld if=dk] ubZ fnYyh & 2] v{kj izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`- 45
5. Ikq"ik] eS=s;h ¼1978½] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`- 45
6. Ikq"ik] eS=s;h ¼1994½] u;h fnYyh]jktdey izdk’ku i`- 73
7. ’kkuh ¼1985½] u;h fnYyh]jktdey isij cSDl] i`- 224
8. iq"ik] eS=s;h ¼2000½] u;h fnYyh]jktdey izdk’ku] i`- 129&130A
9. feJ] jkenj“k ¼1996½] u;h fnYyh]ok.kh izdk’ku]i`- 43A
10. prqosZnh] Kku ¼1999½] u;h fnYyh] jktdey izdk’ku] i- 122
11. jk;] foosdh ¼1983½] fnYyh] izHkkr izdk’ku] i- 147A
12. feJk] jkenj’k ¼1996½] ubZ fnYyh] ok.kh izdk’ku]i`- 15A
13. j.ksUnz] ¼2009½] u;h fnYyh] Hkkjrh; KkuihB izdk’ku] i- 12A
14. fefFkys’oj ¼2009½] ubZ fnYyh] Hkkjrh; KkuihB] i- 35&36
15. jk;] MkW- foosdh ¼1983½] u;h fnYyh] izHkkr izdk’ku] i`- 462A
16. ’kkuh ¼1985½] u;h fnYyh] jktdey isij cSDl] i`- 304A
17. jk;] MkW- foosdh ¼1996½] u;h fnYyh] izHkkr izdk’ku] i`- 22A
18. jk;] MkW- foosdh ¼1983½] u;h fnYyh] izHkkr izdk’ku] i`- 232A
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 82
% mi’kkL=h; laxhr dk bfrgkl ,oa fodkl ls rkRi;Z ;g gS fd blds ek/;e ls NksVh&NksVh txg esa ,d
cM+s Hkko dks fpf=r djus ds leku gh bl ’kSyh esa FkksM+s ’kCnksa eas Lojksa ds lgkjs foLr``r] O;kid Hkko&foEc mHkkjs tkrs gSaA
rkRi;Z ;g gS fd mi’kkL=h; xk;u ’kSyh esa xhr ds ,d NksVs in dks fofHkUu Loj la;kstuksa dk lgkjk iznku dj fou;]
vkxzg] ykpkjh] csclh] izse] J)k] nhurk] leiZ.k bR;kfn Hkkoksa dks lkaxhfrd vfHkO;fDr iznku dh tkrh gSA
mi’kkL=h; laxhr esa ’kkL=h; laxhr rFkk yksd laxhr vFkok ’kkL=h; laxhr vkSj yksdfiz; laxhr
tSls if’peh ;k ikWi dk feJ.k gksrk gSA ,sls laxhr dks yksdfiz; cukus ;k fo’k s"k izHkko mRiUu djus ds fy, budk
iz;ksx fQ+Yeksa ;k ukVdksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA yksdxhrksa esa Bqejh] nknjk] pSrh] dtjh] gksjh tSlh vusd fo/kk,¡ gSa tk s igys
yksdlaxhr dh Hkk¡fr izdk’k esa vk, vkSj ckn esa mudk ’kkL=h;dj.k fd;k x;kA buds ’kkL=h; #i dk xq.khtu iwjh rjg
ikyu djrs gSa] ysfdu vkt Hkh yksd&laxhrdkj buds ’kkL=h; #i dk xaHkhjrk ls ikyu fd, fcuk bUgsa lqanjrk ls
izLrqr djrs gSaA bl izdkj ds feJ.k dks ^mi’kkL=h; laxhr* dgrs gSaA mi’kkL=h; laxhr ds varxZr tks fo/kk,a vkrh gSa
mUgsa ge foLrkj ls le>us dk iz;kl djsaxs &
i %& Bqejh Hkkjrh; laxhr dh ,d xk;u ’kSyh gS] ftlesa jl] jax vkSj Hkko dh iz/kkurk gksrh gSA [+;ky ’kSyh ds
nzqry; dh jpuk ¼NksVk [k;ky½ vkSj Bqejh esa ewyHkwr vUrj ;gh gkssrk gS fd NksVs [;ky esa ’kCnksa dh vis{kk jkx ds Lojksa
vkSj Loj laxfr;ksa ij fo’k s"k /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gS] tcfd Bqejh esa jl ds vuqdwy HkkokfHkO;fDr ij /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gSA
izk;% Bqejh xk;d ;k xkf;dk dks ,d gh ’kCn vFkok ’kCn lewg dks vyx&vyx Hkko esa izLrqr djuk gksrk gSA bl
izfØ;k esa jkx ds fu/kkZfjr Lojksa esa dgha&dgha ifjorZu djuk iM+rk gSA
bldh mRifRr ds ckjs esa ;s Kkr gksrk gS fd izkphu dky esa ,d ^^Nfydk** uked ’kSyh FkhA blesa vfHku; rFkk
xk;u dh i)fr FkhA egkdfo dkfynkl us ^ekyfodkfXufe=* uked ukVd esa ekyfodk }kjk Nfydk dk cM+k gh lqUnj
o.kZu fd;k gSA ^Bqejh* bldk gh ifjofrZr #i ekuh tkrh gSA ,d nwljs er ds vuqlkj jktk ekuflag rksej us Bqejh dks
tUe fn;k] vU; er ;g Hkh gS fd Bqejh dk tUe mu yksdxhrksa ls gqvk gS] tks fd u`R; ds lkFk xk;s tkrs FksA Hkk"kk
foKku dh n`f"V ls Bqejh ^Bqed* ’kCn ls fudyh gS] ftldk vFkZ gS ^lqUnj&ikn~{ksi*A blls Li"V gksrk gS fd Bqejh vkSj
u`R; dk ?kfu"B lEcU/k jgk gksxkA ,d fopkj ;g Hkh gS fd Bqejh dk tUe vo/k ds uokcksa ds njckj esa gqvk] mu uokcksa
dks [k;ky ’kSyh ilan ugha FkhA mUgsa rks dksbZ gYdh ’kSyh pkfg, Fkh] ftldk fd uR; ds lkFk iz;ksx fd;k tk lds vkSj
Bqejh gh blds fy, lokZf/kd mi;qDr FkhA oLrqr% Bqejh ,d Jaxkj jl iw.kZ ek/kq;Z xq.k lEiUu xk;u fo/kk gS] ftlesa
’kCnksa ds Hkkoksa dks Lojksa ds gkoHkko }kjk Li"V djds xs; in ds HkkokFkZ dks izdV fd;k tkrk gS] ;gh Bqejh xk;dh dh
izeq[k fo’ks"krk gSA17
ii %& mi’kL=h; laxhr dh gh Bqejh] VIik ds vykok ,d [kkl ’kSyh gS ^^nknjk**A laxhr dh nqfu;k esa nknjk
,d ^rky* Hkh gS vkSj xk;u ’kSyh HkhA vU; ’kSfy;ksa ds xk;u dh rjg nknjk dks Hkh [+kwc ^nkn* feyrh gSA nknjs dh ’kSyh
Bqejh ls feyrh&tqyrh gS] bls eq[; #i ls dgjok vkSj nhipanh esa xk;k tkrk gS vkSj bldh xfr Bqejh ls rst gksrh
gSA bls iwjc vax dh Bqejh dk gYdk laLdj.k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blesa izeq[k Hkko] Jaxkj dk gksrk gS ysfdu blesa Bqejh
17clUr %& laxhr fo’kkjn] 1988] i`- 167
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 83
ds eqdkcys vf/kd mUeqDrrk gksrh gSA nknjs esa rky dh xfr;k¡ fHkUu&fHkUu :iksa esa izLrqr dh tkdj ,d nzqr y;kRed
okrkoj.k mRiUu djus dh ps"Vk gksrh gSA18 loky gS] ;s nknjk ’kCn dgk¡ ls vk;k\ nknjk xk;u mRrj Hkkjr dh izk;%
lHkh laLd`fr;ksa esa yksd ’kSyh ds #i esa Hkh fxuk tkrk gSA bls e/;izns’k] NRrhlx<+ vkSj >kj[kaM ds dqN bykdksa esa
nnfj;k Hkh dgk tkrk gS vkSj igkM+h ’kSyh dk xk;u ekuk tkrk gSA mi’kkL=h; laxhr ’kSyh ds rkSj ij nknjk dh
igpku ykfyR;.kZ xk;u ’kSyh ds rkSj ij gksrh gSA nknjk dks Bqejh tSlk gh ekuk tkrk gS vkSj vD+lj Bqejh ds lkFk
nknjk xk;k gh tkrk gSA izlaxo’k crk nsa fd cqtqxksaZa us Bqejh vkSj nknjk ds ckjs esa cM+h fnypLi ckr dgh gS] Bqejh
;kuh unh fdukjs xhys oL=ksa esa [kM+h l|Lukrk vkSj nknjk ;kfu nnZA
laLd`r esa ,d ’kCn gS ^nn%* ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS ioZr] igkM+] miR;dk vkfnA blh rjg bldk ,d vU; vFkZ
Hkh gS migkj] nku oxSjgA nn% ls gh cuk ^nknj* ftldk eryc fgUnh dh dqN yksdcksfy;ksa esa igkM+ gksrk gS] ewyr% bls
cVksfg;ksa dk laxhr dguk T;knk vklku gksxkA igkM+h nqxZe jkLrksa ij pyrs gq, lQj dks vklku cukus ds fy, cVksgh
laxhr dk vkJ; ysrs jgs gSa] blh ls ;s ’kCn py iM+s gksaxs ftUgksaus ckn esa ^^nknjk ’kSyh** dk #i ys fy;kA nnfj;k ;k
nknjk tSls ’kCnksa esa igkM+h laxhr dh ckr ;gk¡ vkdj lkQ gksrh gS] njvly bl xk;u ’kSyh dks ’kkL=h;rk ds dV~Vj
yksxksa }kjk fdlh t+ekus esa ^pyrkÅ* dgk tkrk Fkk tks dgusa esa xyr Fkk exj ;w¡ pyrs&pyrs laxhr ds vFkZ esa le>sa
rks lgh gSA
iii %& pSrh mRrj izns’k dk] pSr ekg ij dsafnzr yksd&xhr gSA bls v/kZ’kkL=h; xhr fo/kkvksa esa Hkh lfEefyr fd;k
tkrk gS rFkk mi’kkL=h; cafn’ks xkbZ tkrh gSaA pS= ds eghus esa xkbZ tkus okys bl ’kSyh dk fo"k; izse] izd`fr vkSj gksyh
jgrk gSA pSr] Jhjke ds tUe dk Hkh ekl gS blfy, bl xhr dh gj iafDr cs ckn vDlj ^^gks jkek** ;g ’kCn yxkrs gSaA
laxhr dh vusd egfQyksa esa dsoy Bqejh] nknjk] pSrh] VIik gh xk, tkrs gSa] ;s vDlj jkx olar ;k feJ olar es
vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA
pSrh] Bqejh] nknjk] dtjh bR;kfn dk x<+ iwohZ mRrj izns’k rFkk eq[; #i ls okjk.klh gSA igys dsoy blh dks
lefiZr laxhr lekjksg gqvk djrs Fks] ftls ^pSrk mRlo* dgk tkrk FkkA vkt ;g laLd`fr yqIr gks jgh gS] fQj Hkh pSrh
dh yksdfiz;rk laxhr izsfe;ksa esa cuh gqbZ gSA ckjg ekls esa pSr dk eghuk xhr laxhr ds ekl ds #i esa fpf=r fd;k x;k
gSA
iv %& VIik Hkkjr dh izeq[k ikjaifjd laxhr ’kSfy;ksa esa ls ,d gSA ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd bl ’kSyh dh mRifRr
iatkc o fla/k izkarksa ds Å¡V pykus okyksa }kjk dh xbZ FkhA bu xhrksa esa ewy #i ls ghj vkSj jka>k o izse o fojg izlaxks
dks n’kkZ;k tkrk gSA [kekt] HkSjoh] dkQ+h] fryax] f>a>ksVh] fla/kqjk vkSj nsl tSls jkxksa rFkk iatkch irksa tSls rkyksa }kjk
izse&izlax vFkok d#.kk Hkko O;Dr fd, tkrs gSaA ^VIik* dh fo’ks"krk gS] blesa yh tkus okyh ÅtkZoku rku vkSj vleku
y;c) ygt+sA VIik xk;u dks fe;k¡ x+qyke uch ’kksjh us ,d yksd’kSyh ls Åij mBkdj ,d ’kkL=h; ’kSyh dk #i fn;k
FkkA dgk tkrk gS fd VIik] iatkc ds Å¡V pkydksa dk tkrh; laxhr Fkk blfy, dykoUr VIik xk;dh dks ,d pyrk
xkuk tks iatkc ls pyk Fkk] dgrs gSaA19
v %& dtjh ;k ^dtyh* efgykvksa }kjk xk;k tkus okyk yksdxhr gS] tks mRrj izns’k esa cgqr izpfyr gSA ifjokj
esa fdlh ekaxfyd volj ij efgyk,¡ lewg esa dtjh xk;u djrha gSaA efgykvksa }kjk lewg esa izLrqr dh tkus okyh
dtjh dks ^^nqueqfu;k dtjh** dgk tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; iapkax ds vuqlkj Hkknzin ekl] d".k i{k dh rrh;k dks lEiw.kZ
iwokZapy esa ^dtjh rht* ioZ /kwe/kke ls euk;k tkrk gSA bl fnu efgyk,¡ ozr djrh gSa] ’kfDr Lo#ik ek¡ foa/;okfluh dk
18’k=q?u ’kqDy %& Bqejh dh mRifÙk] fodkl ,oa ’kSfy;k¡] 1983] i`- 241
19foey dkar jk; pkS/kjh %& Hkkjrh; laxhr dks"k] 1975] i`- 38
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 84
iwtu&vpZu djrh gSa vkSj ^jrtxk* Hkh djrh gSaA jrtxk djrs gq, lewg cuk dj iwjh jkr dtjh xk;u djrh gSaA ,sals
vk;kstu esa iq#’kksa dk izos’k oftZr gksrk gS] ;|fi iq#"k oxZ Hkh dtjh xk;u djrk gS] fdUrq muds vk;kstu vyx gksrs
gSaA
^dtjh* dh mRifRr dc vkSj dSls gqbZ] ;g dguk dfBu gS] ijUrq ;g rks fuf’pr gS fd ekuo dks tc Loj vkSj
’kCn feys] vkSj tc yksd thou dks izdfr dk dksey Li’kZ feyk gksxk] mlh le; ls yksdxhr gekjs chp gSaA izkphudky
ls gh mRrj izns’k dk fetkZiqj tuin] ek¡ foa/;okfluh ds ’kfDrihB ds #i esa vkLFkk dk dsUnz jgk gSA vf/kla[; izkphu
dtfj;ksa esa ’kfDrLo#ik nsoh dk gh xq.kxku feyrk gS] vkt dtjh ds o.kZ&fo"k; vf/kd foLr`r gSa] ijUrq dtjh xk;u
dk izkjEHk nsoh xhr ls gh gksrk gSA
vi %& ^^gksjh** uke ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ;s gksyh esa xk;k tkus okyk xhr gSA bls Qkxqu ekg esa xk;k tkrk gSA
gksjh esa czt esa eukbZ tkus okyh gksyh dk o.kZu gksrk gSA20
1- clUr % laxhr fo’kkjn] 1988] i`- 167
2- ’k=q?u ’kqDy % Bqejh dh mRifÙk] fodkl ,oa ’kSfy;k¡] 1983] i`- 241
3- foey dkar jk; pkS/kjh % Hkkjrh; laxhr dks’k] 1975] i`- 38
4- uSuk nsoh % Bqejh xk;dh] dyk Hkkjrh] mi’kkL=h; xk;u if=dk] 1965] i`- 65
5- MkW- lq’khy dqekj pkScs % gekjk vk/kqfud laxhr] 1983] i- 9
20uSuk nsoh %& Bqejh xk;dh] dyk Hkkjrh] mi’kkL=h; xk;u if=dk] 1965] i`- 65
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 85
Conductometric Studies On Micellar Solubilization Of Acetic Acid In Triton X 100
Aqueous Medium
Alka Tiwari , Sunita Singh , Archana Bajpai, Sandhya Rani Panda, S.K. Chatterjee
Govt. D.B. Girls P.G.COllege,Raipur(C.G.) India
Govt. O.F.K. College, Jabalpur (M.P.) India
Mats Univercity Raipur (C.G.) India
N. R. M. Govt. Girls' College, Dhamtari (C.G.) India
Abstract : The CMC Value of Triton X 100 first increases with the increase in the concentration of acetic acid at
305 K & at 310 K, but it gradually decreases at temperatures of 315 & 320 K.This observation suggests that the
solubilisation of acetic acid can be made at a higher temperature which is suitable for the micellisation and
solubilisation.
Key words : - CMC, Micellisation , Solubilization,Acetic acid .
Introduction : Surfactants (tensides) are organic substances, which signifícantly decrease the surface tension of
water at relatively low concentrations, are at least partially water soluble. Because surfactants are adsorbed mainly
on the surface of the solution, creating a thin monolayer, they are called surface active substances. When dissolving
them, after they reach a certain value of concentration, molecules or ions of surfactants begin to associate and to
organize themselves into more complex units, also called micelles. The characteristic concentration value, where the
association process begins, is called the critical micelle concentration and it is labeled with symbol cc or
abbreviation CMC. The CMC is one of the most useful physicochemical characteristics of many biologically active
substances . From the chemical point of view, surfactants are mostly low-molecular compounds, so when dissolved,
they form the true solutions in concentration ranges below the CMC. Micelles are aggregates of a larger number of
simple molecules or ions of surfactants (e.g. several dozens), so the resulting size of such structures is in the
colloidal range. For this reason the micelle solutions of surfactants are regarded as association colloids. The effect of
acetic acid on the self association processes of non-ionic surfactant and hence on the properties of the micelles
formed has been investigated for several systems using a variety of techniques . The behavior of Triton X 100
micelles in the presence of acetic acid has been extensively investigated .
T riton X 100 is a type of nonionic surfactant, molecular formula C34H62O11,molecular weight -646.86, CAS
No:9002-93-1 exists as a liquid in normal physical state.
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Methodology :
A. Principles of Determination of CMC
The determination of CMC is generally based on the localization of the position of a breaking point in the
concentration dependencies of equivalent conductance of surfactant solutions. The conductivity of any
solution is directly proportional to the concentration of its ions. The dependence of equivalent conductance
on the square root of concentration is used to determine CMC of ionic surfactants. The graph is plotted
between √C.102 and ʎ.√C.
Where C is the concentration of the solution and ʎ is the equivalent conductance.
The breaking point in the graph represents the CMC.
This concentration dependence of equivalent conductivity is thus described by Onsager equation.
ʎ = ʎ 0 – a.√C
Where, ʎ 0 is the corresponding equivalent conductance at the infinite dilution and ‘a’ is a constant.
Values of equivalent conductance are calculated from the experimental values of specific conductance Ƙ.
Units: Equivalent conductance: ohm-1
Concentration: mol.dm-3
B. Materials, Chemicals and Equipments
1) Conductometer, conductivity electrode, thermometer, thermostat, stirrer, 25 ml analytical flask
2) Non ionic surfactant
(Triton X 100)
KCl solution
3) Redistilled water
4) Acetic Acid
C. Procedure
1) Preparation of stock solution of the surfactants with concentration c=2X10-3
m to 14X10-3
m in 25 ml
analytical flask:
The weighed amount of surfactant is dissolved in calculated amount of distilled water.
2) From the stock solution, various other solutions are prepared of different concentrations:
c1.V1=c2.V2
c1=concentration of stock solution
V1=volume of stock solution
c2=concentration of solution to prepare
V2 volume of solution to prepare
3) Conductometer is calibrated :
For calibrating the conductometer, 0.1N KCl solution is prepared and electrode is dipped in it then its
conductance value is set in the conductometer.
4) Solution is poured in conductivity vessel, stirrer is inserted and then the thermometer and conductivity
electrode is immersed in it.
5) Thermostat is set to 305K.
6) The measurement:
First the reading of conductance is taken for the stock solution followed by solutions of different
concentrations. The values observed are noted. The value so obtained is the observed conductance.
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From this value equivalent conductance is calculated. And then the graph is plotted between √C.102
and ʎ.√C. The break in the curve gives the CMC.
7) Now the thermostat is set to 310K then 315K, 320K and the measurements are made.
8) Similarly in presence of Acetic acid, the values are determined.
D. Calculation of Equivalent Conductance
The value obtained with the help of conductivity meter is known as the observed conductance. Here the cell
constant of conductivity meter was set 1. From this observed value, specific conductance is calculated.
Specific conductance = observed conductance x cell constant
Since the cell constant is 0.91 .
The product of the specific conductance and the volume gives the Equivalent conductance.
ʎ = Ƙ .V
ʎ is the equivalent conductance
Ƙ is the specific conductance
V is the volume
E. Calculation of Thermodynamic Parameters
Change in free energy, change in enthalpy and change in entropy is calculated by using the formula given
below-
ΔG0= RT Log CMC
ΔH0= -RT
2 d/dt Log CMC
ΔS0= ΔH
0- ΔG
0/T
Result and discussion :
Effect of Acetic acid on the CMC value of Triton X 100
VARIATION OF CMC VALUE OF TRITON X 100 WITH INCREASING MOLAR CONCENTRATION OF
ACETIC ACID AT 305 K
S.No. Molar conc. Of Acetic acid CMC value at 305 K
1. 2.0 X10-3
3.0X10-4
2. 4.0 X10-3
3.5 X10-4
3. 6.0 X10-3
4.0 X10-4
The CMC value of triton X 100 increases with the increasing concentration of acetic acid at 305 K . This
observation shows that at 305 K temperature, lower concentration of Acetic acid is suitable for micellisation in
Triton X 100.
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VARIATION OF CMC VALUE OF TRITON X 100 WITH INCREASING MOLAR CONCENTRATION
OF ACETIC ACID AT 310 K
S.No. Molar conc.of Acetic acid CMC value
1. 2.0X10-3
2. 5X10-3
2. 4.0X10-3
3.0X10-3
3. 6.0X10-3
3. 5X10-3
The CMC value of Triton X 100 increases with the increasing concentration of acetic acid at 310 k.this observation
shows that at 310K, lower concentration of acetic acid is suitable for micellisation and solubilisation in Triton X
100.
VARIATION OF CMC VALUE OF TRITON X 100 WITH INCREASING MOLAR CONCENTRATION OF
ACETIC ACID AT 315 K
S.No. Molar conc. Of Acetic acid CMC value
1. 2.0X10-3
2.0X10-4
2. 4. 0X10-3
1.5X10-4
3. 6. 0X10-3
1.0X10-4
At 315 K, The CMC value of Triton X 100 decreases with the increasing concentration of acetic acid .At This
temperature higher concentration of acetic acid is favorable for micellisation and solubilisation.
VARIATION OF CMC VALUE OF TRITON X 100 WITH INCREASING MOLAR CONCENTRATION OF
ACETIC ACID AT 320 K
S.No. Molar conc. Of Acetic acid CMC value
1. 2.0X10-3
1.5X10-4
2. 4. 0X10-3
1.0X10-4
3. 6. 0X10-3
0.8X10-4
At 320 K, The CMC value of Triton X 100 decreases with increasing concentration of acetic acid suggesting a
suitable condition for micellisation and hence solubilisation of Acetic Acid.
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VARIATION OF CMC VALUE OF TRITON X 100 WITH INCREASING MOLAR CONCENTRATION OF
ACETIC ACID AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
Molar conc. Of
acetic acid X10-3
CMC at 305 K CMC at 310 K CMC at 315 K CMC at 320 K
2 3.0X10-4
2.5X10-4
2.0 X10-4
1.5 X10-4
4 3.5 X10-4
3.0 X10-4
1.5 X10-4
1.0 X10-4
6 4.0 X10-4
3.5 X10-4
1.0 X10-4
0.8 X10-4
It was observed that The CMC Value of Triton X 100 first increases with the increase in the concentration of acetic
acid at 305 K & at 310 K, but it gradually decreases at temperatures of 315 & 320 K.This observation suggests that
the solubilisation of acetic acid can be made at a higher temperature which is suitable for the micellisation and
solubilisation.
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’kks/k Nk=k] ih-,p-Mh- lekt’kkL= jkuh nqxkZorh fo’ofo|ky; tcyiqj e-iz-
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ldsA
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& dkjkxkj esa Je dks nks Hkkxks esa oxzhd`r fd;k tkrk gSA ¼1½ vr% fHkŸkh; Je rFkk ¼2½ ckâ fHkŸkh; Je
vUr% fHkŸkh; Je og Je gS tks dkjkxkj dh pgkjnhokjh ds ckgj fdUrq dkjkxkj dh lhek ds vUrxZr lEikfnr fd;k
tkrk gSA iqu% dkjkxkj esa fuf’pr dk;Z lEiknu ds fy, ’kkjhfjd iz;kl dh ek=k dh vko’;drkuqlkj Je dks 3 Jsf.k;ks
esa oxhZd`r fd;k tkrk gS &
¼1½ dBksj Je ¼2½ e/;e Je ¼3½ ljy Je
O;ogkfjd :Ik esa cafn;ks dks dk;kZoaVu djrs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gS&
1- fdlh dk;Z ds fy, canh dh ’kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld {kerk
2- dkjkxkj esa vkus ds iwoZ dk mldk O;olkf;d vuqHko rFkk izf’k{k.k
3- dk;ksZUesf"kr >qdko
4- iquokZlu dh lEHkkO;rk
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dk foJke Hkh fn;k tkrk gSa] fdUrq 2 ?k.Vs dk foJke dk le; _rqvksa ds ifjorZu ds lkFk cnyrk jgrk gSA canh
jfookj ,oa jktif=r vodk’kks ds fnu dk;Z ugha djrs gSA
canh fcuk ikfjJfed ;k vU; izksRlkfgr ds dq’kyrk ls dk;Z ugha djsaxsA vr% dkjkxkjks esa
ikfjJfed iz.kkyh ;g /;ku j[kdj izkjEHk dh tk ldrh gSa fd cafn;ks dks Hkkstu oL= vkfn dkjkxkj iz’kklu }kjk eqDr
iznku fd;k tk;sA orZeku esa ikfjJfed njs 55 :- ls c<+kdj 110 ¼dq’ky canh½ vkSj 50 ls c<+kdj 62 :- ¼vdq’ky canh½
dj fn;k x;k gSA
izR;sd tsy dehZ dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og tsy esa canh dks izf’kf{kr dj ,d vPNk ukxfjd cuus gsrq mRizsfjr
djsA canh esa vkRefuHkZjrk dk fodkl gks og ,d deZB bUlku cus rFkk viuk iquZokl dj ldsA blh mÌs’; ls fofHkUu
VsªMl esa izf’k{k.k fn;k tkus dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA tsy esa cafn;ks dks O;olkf;d dk;Zdq’kyrk cukus ds mÌs’; ls
fofHkUu vkS|ksfxd VsªM odZ esa izf’k{k.k nsuk ’kq: fd;k x;k gSA e- iz- tsy fu;ekoyh fu;e 1968 ds fu;e 64 ¼3½ esa
fy[kk gS fd tsy vf/k{kd dks dks pkfg;s fd og ;g ns[ks fd fdlh Hkh canh dks D;k ,slk dksbZ dk;Z fl[kk;k tk jgk gS
fd ftlls eqfDr mijkar og thfodksiktZu gsrq dqN vtZu dj ldsA
1. Anuja Ram, the prison system, Effectiveness and effects of prision custody Sahitya bhawan agra 1981
A prisoner is a humen being “ the times of india (times weekly) vel. 3 No 47 may 27, 1973
2. e- iz- tsy fu;ekoyh fu;e 1968 ds fu;e 64 ¼3½
3. MkW- yky th feJ e- iz- tsy dh n’kk vkSj nqZn’kk 2002
4. Tksy foHkkx ea=ky;] oYyHk Hkou Hkksiky dk vkns’k dz- ,d 03&03@2012@3@tsy Hkksiky 10 ebZ 2016
5. fiztUl ,DV ¼tsy vf/kfu;e 1894½ fdzfeukWykWth MkW- Mh ,l c?ksy
6. vijk/k’kkL= ds fl)kUr & MkW- ’;ke/kj flag liuk v’kksd izdk’ku okjk.klh 2005
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
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'kks/k funsZf’kdk lsokfuor] izkpk;Z 'kk- ekudqaoj ckbZ efgyk egkfo|ky;] tcyiqj
'kks/kkFkhZ ¼fgUnh½ jkuh nqxkZorh fo’ofo|ky;jkuh nqxkZorh fo’ofo/kky;] tcyiqj
vius oSfo/;iw.kZ dfr;ksa ls yxkrkj lkfgR;&lekt dks vk’oLr djrh dFkk ysf[kdk Mk- uhjtk ek/ko
fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij fcuk fgpd viuh csckd fVIi.kh nsusokyh vius ys[ku esa vrhr ds 'kk’kor~ ewY;ksa dks lgst dj
Hkfo"; ds gkFkksa esa lkSai nsus dh NViVkgV ds lkFk fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA
uhjtk ek/ko us vius lkfgR; dh lHkh fo/kk,sa pkgsa og dgkuh gks ;k miU;kl mu lHkh esa ukjh dh
vyx&vyx Hkwfedkvksa dk fp=.k viuh lkfgfR;d fo/kkvksa esa fd;k gSA vk/kqfud ;qx dh ukjh ds lkFk&lkFk ikjEifjd o
mRrj&vk/kqfud ;qx dh ukjh dh fopkj/kkjkvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k gSa
/keZ]jktuhfr]laLd`fr ls lEcaf/kr jk"Vz~h;&vUrjk"Vz~h; eqn~nks ls vius lkfgR; fo"k; dh tehu rS;kj djus okyh
LFkwy :i ls ns[kus ij budh lkfgfR;d fgUnqRoknh lksp vkSj ijEijk dh iks"kd tku iM+rh gS ysfdu T;ksa&T;ksa ikBd
bldh xgjkbZ esa mrjrk gS] buds vFkZ Lo;a [kqyrs pys tkrs gSA lHkh /keksZ ds ewy lgt rRo izse] d:.kk] vkSj mnkjrk
ds fy, NViVkgV ds lkFk viuh laLd`fr vkSj ewY;ksa dh j{kk ds fy;s cspSu eu dh vfHkO;fDr ikBd dks Hkh fpUru ds
fy;s foo’k djrh gSA
fgUnh x| dk dze&c) bfrgkl mUuhloha 'krkCnh ls izkIr gksrk gSA
x| ds nksuksa vax dgkuh o miU;kl vkBosa n’kd dh lekfIr gksrs&gksrs buesa tks jgekjgeh 'kq: gqvk Fkk og vkt bl
mRrvk/kqfud ;qx esa ifjiDork izkIr dj pqdk gSA vkt lkekftd&’kks"k.k fgalk] vU;k;] ngst vkfn fdrus gh fo"k;
dgkuh o miU;klksa ds ek/;e ls ikBdksa d s ikl igqWp jgsa gSA vkt ds jpukdkjks us eglql fd;k gS fd iwjk fo’o ,d
oSpkfjd&ckSf)d ladzkfUd ls xqtj jgk gSA fo’odFkk lkfgR; dh rtZ ij ukjh psruk ds l’kDr rsojksa dh vuqxwWt “h
b/kj ds fgUnh lkfgR; esa vR;ar izHkkoh <ax ls izdV gqbZ gSA ukjh&nsg dk tqywl fudkyrh iq:"koknh jfrd&nf"V ds
lekukUrj L=h ysf[kdkvksa dk ukjh&foe’kZ ukjh thou dh xksiuh; lPpkb;ksa o mu gknlksa dks osinkZ djrk gS] tks viuh
leLr fod`fr]dRlk o vfo’oluh;rk ds ckotwn Hkkjrh; lekt dk uXu o dzwj ;FkkFkZ gSA bUgha lcds chp uhjtk ek/ko
dk ys[ku vius gj dFkk&lkfgR; esa dqN u dqN u;k o lekt ds lkeus L=h dks ,d u;s :i o u;h lksp ds lkFk
izLrqr djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA
% Mk- uhjtk ek/ko dk tUe 15 ekpZ 1962 dks tkSuiqj ftys ds dksrokyiqj ¼ljsew½ xkao esa gqvk gSA uhjtk ek/ko
cpiu ls gh cgqr es/kkoh Nk=k FkhA mudh izkjfEHkd f’k{kk xkWo ds izkbejh fo/kky; esa gqbZ mlds ckn mPp f’k{kk izkIr
djus ds fy;s og cukjl vk xbZA vaxzstha lkfgR; es ,e-,-ih-,p-Mh- vkSj flrkj esa fMIyksek djus ds ckn iw.kZ lefiZr
Hkko ls fgUnh lkfgR; dh lsok esa layXu Mk- uhjtk ek/ko la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk p;fur gksdj bl le; nwjn’kZu
okjk.klh esa dk;Zdze vf/kHkklh ds in ij dk;Zjr gSA vkdk’kok.kh vkSj nwjn’kZu ds vius nkf;Roksa dks fuHkkrs gq;s og
lkfgR; l`tu esa Hkh yxh gqbZ gSA
budk lkfgR; vkt ds ifjn`’;ks ds lkFk&lkFk vius laLd`fr o ijEijkvksa dk Hkh eku djkrk gSA mudh
dgkfu;ksa o miU;klksa esa L=h dh fLFkfr cgqr gh etcwrh ds lkFk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA og dgrh Hkh gS fdÞesjh dgkfu;ksa esa
eq[; :i ls ukjh ik= gh izeq[k gSA gj mez dh] gj oxZ dh ukjh ik=A bldk rkRi;Z ;g ugha gS fd iq:"k ik=ksa ds izfr
esjk joS;k mis{kkRed gS] cfYd vkt ds lekt dh vko’;drk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq;s gh bu ukjh&ik=ksa dk l`tu gqvk
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 95
gSA iq:"k&ekufldrk dgh vojks/k gS] rks dgh lg;ksxh Hkh cuh gS esjh dgkfu;ksa esaA ijarq dsUnz&fcUnq esa ukjh gh gSaA vkt
n;k] izse ] d:.kk laosnuk vkSj vU; ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk lekt esa rsth ls gkzkl gks jgk gSA u tkus fdrus ;q)ksa egk;q)ksa
dh fofHkf"kdk,W lkeus vkbZ gSA ukjh VwVrh jgh] tqM+rhjgh] fc[kjrh jgh]tw>rh jghA ijUrq mlus vius uSlfxZd xq.kksa dk
R;kx ugha fd;kA eSjh dgkfu;ksa esa ukjh dh ihM+k gS( lU=kl gS vkSj foo’krk Hkh ijUrq lkFk gh ,d fonzksgh rsoj ,slh Hkh
ukjh ik= gS tks dHkh&dHkh egRodka{kh gks tkrh gS exj tSls gh mUgsa vius [kksus dk ,glkl gksrk gS og i’pkrki dh
vkx esa tydj [kjh gks tkrh gSAÞ
ÞlkfgR; esa py jgsa fofHkUu vkUnksyuksa vkSj ckn ds izHkko ls eSus Lo;a dks iwjh rjg ls eqDr j[kus dk
iz;kl fd;k gS D;ksafd u;s iz;ksx ;k lfgfR;d peRdkj ls ikB~dksa dks vkd"V djus dk iz;kstu esjk mn~ns’; dHkh ugha
jgk A eSus vke yksxksa dh ckr mUgha dh Hkk"kk 'kSyh esa vki lq/kh ikB~dksa rd ig q Wpkus dh dksf’k’k dh gSA esjs vf/kdka’k ik=
lkekU; oxZ ;k fuEuoxZ ds gSA mudh lgt thou 'kSyh gSA NksVh&cM+h LokHkkfod lkekftd leL;k,W gS ftuls tw>uk
;k eqDr gksus dk iz;kl mudh fu;fr gSA
uhjtk ek/ko ths ds dbZ dgkfu;kW o miU;kl izdkf’kr gks pqds gS ftlesa
ls xs’ks tEik¼2006½ ;enhi¼2009½] rsH; Lo/kk¼2009½] bZgke`x¼2010½] vo.kZ efgyk dkaLVsfcy dh Mk;jh¼2010½] /kU;okn
flouh 2010 vkfn miU;kl gS] mudh vyx&vyx fo"k;ksa dks ysdj jpk x;k gSA ^xs’k s tEik^ esa frCcfr 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dh
ekfeZd xkFkk gS rks ^ ;enhi^ esa lekt ls ifjf"dr mu fdUujksa ds ckjs esa fy[kk x;k gS tks gekjs lekt dk vfHkUu vax
gksus ds ckctwn og gelcls fdrus nwj o jgL;e;h yxrs gSA ^rsH;Lok/kk^ esa ,slh L=h dks eq[; ik= ds :Ik es a izLrqr
fd;k gS tks fd Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ds cWVokjs ds le; d’ehj esa dckbyh geys dh f’kdkj gks tkrh gS og cyiwoZd
ikfdLrku ys tkbZ tkrh gSAvkSj u pkgrs gq;s Hkh mls ogkW viuk thou O;rhr djuk iM+rk gS ckn esa og vius csVs ds
lkFk Hkkjr esa vk x;k esa tkdj vius ?kjokyksa o muds lkFk ekjs x;s iPphl gtkj 'kj.kfFkZ;ksa dk fi.Mnku iwjs
fof/kfo/kku ds lkFk djokrh gSA ^bZgke`x^ miU;kl ds dsUnz esa rFkkxr xkSre cq) dh fnO; ÅtkZ ls vkOykfor lkjukFk gSA
orZeku esa lkjukFk oSf’od folaxfr;ksa dk ,d NksVk lk izrhd cu pqdk gSA ^vo.kZ efgyk dkaLVsfcy dh Mk;jh^ esa ,d
nfyr efgyk dk vius vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k dk tks izHkko ml ij iM+rk gS mls og M+k;jh dk :i ns ml ij fopkj
n`f"V o viuh euksn’kk dk o.kZu djrs gq;s cryk;k gSA ^/kU;okn flouh^ muds xq: Lokeh Jh Lo:ikuUn ljLorh th
egjkt ij vk/kkfjr gSA blh izdkj mudh dbZ dgkfu;ksa ds laxzg Hkh izdkf’kr gq;s gS ftUesa ls vf/kdka’kr% ukjh ik=ksa dks
ysdj fy[ks x;s gS&^fpVds vkdk’k dk lwjt^¼1997½] ^vHkh Bgjks va/kh lnhZ^¼1998½] ^iFk&ns’k^¼2002½]^ izse laca/kksa dh
dgkfu;kW^¼2003½] vkfnA
uhjtk ek/ko us vius ys[ku ls vkt ds ?kVrs uSfrd thou ewY;ksa vkSj dVq gksrs ekuoh; laca/kksa dks u;s vk;ke
nssus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA fdlh Hkh lekt esa oxZ&Hksn ,d lkekU; izfdz;k gSA fdlh u fdlh :i esa bldk vfLrRo
lekt esa fo|eku jgsxkA muds dgkfu;ksa o miU;kl esa ;g Li"V fn[krk gSA mUgksusa vius ys[kuh ds ek/;e ls ftrus
Hkh pfj=ksa dks vius ikB~dks ds lkeus j[kk gS mlls fuf’pr gh ikBd oxZ ds gn`; Liafnr gksaxsA
uhjtk ek/ko ds lkfgR; esa ukf;dkvksa dk fo’ks"k LFkku gS] pkgs og xsa’ks tEik
dh nso;kuh gks] ;enhi dh ekuoh] rsF; Lo/kk dh ehuk] bZgke`x dh lsjsuk ekMosy mQZ xkSjh vkSj vo.kZ dkaLVsfcy dh
Mk;jh dh Hkoizhrk vk;kZA bu lHkh us vius vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k ij viuh iSuh utj Mkyh A ml ij cgl Hkh fd;k
vkSj nqljksa ds lkeus og D;k lksprh gS bls iwjs vkRefo’okl ls izLrqr fd;k A
nso;kuh xs’ks tEik esa bl miU;kl ds uk;d dks ges’kk muds la?k"kksZ dks vkSj rst djus ds fy;s yydkjrh gSA
;enhi dh ekuoh i=dkj gksus ds ukrs lekt esa L=h dh n;uh; fLFkrh ij ys[kk fy[krh gS vkSj fdUuj uktchoh ds
lkFk mu Hkz"V usrkvksa dks lcd fl[kkuk pkgrh gS tks vius gh lekt dks [kks[kyk djuk pkgrs gSA rsF; Lo/kk dh ehuk
cykr~ dchykbZ }kjk ikfdLrku ys tk;h tkrh gSA ogWk ml ij <+sjks tqYe gksrs gS exj og viuk /keZ deZ ugha Hkwyrh
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 96
vkSj vius csVs }kjk vius Lotuksa dk Hkkjr vk fi.Mnku djokrh gSA bZgkex dh xkSjh vius firk ds lkFk Hkkjr esa 'kkafr
dh [kkst o fgUnw /keZ ij fjlpZ djus vkrh gSA vkSj ;gkW ds yksxks ds vyx&vyx iaFk vkSj utfj;s ls og bl QSlys
ij igqWprh gS fd 'kkafr dh ryk’k esa HkVduk mlh bZgke`x dh rjg gSA tks ges dHkh izkIr ugha gksrhA vo.kZ efgyk
dkaLVscy dh Mk;jh esa Hkoizhrk vk;h f’ko dh uxjh dks vius utfj;s ls i<+us dh dksf’kl djrh gSA
fdjnkj Hkys gh vyx gks le; o ifjn`’; vyx gks exj lHkh ukf;dk;sa vius LFkku ij n`<+rk ds
lkFk [kM+h gSA og vius lekt dks nwljksa dh utjks ls ugha cfYd viuh utjksa ls ns[krh gSA vius QSlys Lo;a djrh gSA
vius lH;rk vkSj laLd`fr dks cpkus dk iz;kl og gjne djrh gSA
1- ek/ko uhjtk&¼lkef;d izdk’ku 2006½]^xs’k tEik^ i"B la-160]
2- ek/ko uhjtk&¼lquhy lkfgR; lnu 2009½^;enhi^ i`"B la- 288
3- ek/ko uhjtk &¼izHkkr izdk’ku 2009½]^rsH;%Lo/kk^] i"B la- 147
4- ek/ko uhjtk&¼Hkkjrh; KkuihB 2010½^bZgke`x^]i"B la- 180
5- ek/ko uhjtk&¼jk/kkd`".k izdk’ku 2010½^vo.kZ efgyk dkaLVsfcy dh Mk;jh^] i"B la- 130
6- ek/ko uhjtk&¼dsru izdk’ku 1997½]^fpVds vkdk’k dk lwjt^ i`"B la- 120
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 97
’kks/kkFkhZ
Hkkjr esa efgyk dks ’kfDr Lo:ik ekuk x;k gSA Hkkjr dh lkaLÑfrd ijEijkvksa us efgyk dks lEekutud
LFkku iznku fd;k gSA efgykvksa dh fo’o vkfFkZd :ijs[kk ds vuqlkj efgyk tula[;k ds 50 izfr’kr Hkkx dk izfrfuf/kRo
djrh gSa ,oa 30 izfr’kr Je ’kfDr ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA lp ;g gS fd f’k{kk euq"; dks dsoy leFkZ gh ugha cukrh
oju~ mldk lokZaxh.k fodkl Hkh djrh gS] f’k{kk ,d dq’ky xg.kh vkSj ekrk ds :i esa viuk jax fn[kk ldrh gSa vkt
;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd efgyk,a ckSf)d Js; esa fcYdqy Hkh ihNs ugha gSa] volj feyus ij og dkQh vkxs fudy
ldrh gSA
efgykvksa ds O;fDrRo ckg~; vkSj vkarfjd fodkl fdlh Hkh lekt dh izxfr ds fu/kkZj.k dk egRoiw.kZ ekin.M
gSA efgykvksa ds fodkl vkSj muds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy, la;qDr jk"Vª egklHkk esa 18 fnlEcj 1979 dks efgykvksa ds
fo:) lHkh izdkj ds HksnHkko lekIr djus ds ckjs esa izLrko ikfjr fd;k x;k] tks 3 flrEcj 1981 ls izHkkoh gqvkA
efgykvksa dh vf/kdkfjrk ,oa l’kfDrdj.k dh lkFkZdrk muds thou ds lokZaxh.k O;fDrRo fodkl ij gh fuHkZj djrh gS]
lokZaxh.k O;fDrRo fuekZ.k dk l’kDr ek/;e gS] ewY;ksaUeq[k f’k{kk@efgyk l’kfDrdj.k ls vfHkizk; ukjh ds thou dh
miyfC/k;ksa ls gh ugha cfYd muesa fufgr varZfufgr ’kfDr;ksa ds ifj"dkj vkSj muds lao/kZu lHkh gSa] tks muds vkfRed
fodkl dk ek/;e curh gSA efgykvksa ds tc l’kDr gksus dh ckr dh tkrh gWS rks ml le; ;g iz’u gekjs le{k
mRiUu gksrk gS fd vkf[kj ,d l’kDr efgyk dh ladYiuk D;k gS] vkt vko’;drk gS efgykvksa dks thou ds izR;sd
{ks= esa viuk jpukRed ;ksxnku iznku djuk gSA mPp f’k{kk laLFkkuksa dks Hkh bl fn’kk esa igy djuh gksxhA
ns’k esa ikfjokfjd fooknksa dh la[;k cgqr rsth ls c<+h gSA oSokfgd thou dh e/kqjrk dkuwuksa dh dBksjrk ,oa U;k;kyhu
fof/k izfØ;k esa lekIr gksus yxh gSA cM+h euksdkeeuk ls vk;h cgq dh ngst izrkM+uk laca/kh f’kdk;r leLr vjeku]
dYiuk,¡] lius /olr dj nsrh gSA lkl] uun] HkkHkh vkfn ifjokj dh efgyk,a Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk ds izko/kkuksa dk
lkeuk djus foo’k gks tkrh gSA
iqfyl dk dke vijk/kksa ij fu;a=.k djuk gS ijarq ifjokfjd fooknksa dh foospuk] vfHk;kstu fxj¶rkjh esa cgqr
T;knk le; yxus ls dk;Z {kerk izHkkfor gks tkrh gSA U;k;ky;ksa esa Hkh ikfjokfjd fooknksa laca/kh fopkj/khu izdj.kksa esa
vikj of) gks jgk gSA iqfyl ifjokj ijke’kZ dsUnz ’kh?kz o izHkkoh U;k; fl)karksa ds vuq:Ik fopkj/khu izdj.kksas esa le>krk
djkus viuk ;ksxnku ns jgk gSA
efgykvksa ds fo:) fgalk ,d fo’oO;kih leL;k gS vkSj fo’o dh leLr laLÑfr;k¡ ,oa ns’k bl leL;k ls
xzflr gSA 20oha ’krkCnh ds vafre n’kd esas efgykvksa ij dh tkus okyh fgalk ds izfr lekt ds n`f"Vdks.k esa vR;kf/kd
egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu vk;k gSA bldk izeq[k dj.k ;g gS fd tgk¡ igys efgykvksa ds fo:) dh tkus okyh fgalk dh ewd
LohÑfr dh f’kdk;rsa ntZ dh tkrh FkhA efgykvksa ij c<+rh gqbZ fgalk dks ns[krs gq, efgykvksa ds fgr esa cuk, x,
fofHkUu dkuwuksa ds fØ;kUo;u jgh gSA igjokj esa gksus okys NksVs&eksVs] fookn ftUgsa ;fn le; ij ugha lqy>k;k tk;s tks
;g fookn c<+dj xaHkhj :Ik /kkj.k dj ysrs gS ifj.kke ifjokj ds fo?kVu ds :Ik esa lkeus vkrk gS vkSj izfrQy efgykvksa
dks fo’ks"k :Ik ls Hkksxuk iM+rk gSA oSokfgd fookn dks yEch dkuwuh izfØ;k ls lqy>kus esa efgyk,a dkQh dfBukbZ dk
vuqHko djrh gSA bls /;ku esa j[kdj izns’k ds yxHkx lHkh ftyksas esa ifjokj ijke’kZ dsUnz izkajHk fd;s x;s gSA iqfyl
}kjk rRdky vijk/k iathc) dj ysus ij vkilh le>kSrs dh xaqtkbZ’k yxHkx lekIr gks tkrh gSA dVq ?kVukØe ifjokj
dh efgykvksa ,oa cPpksa ds fy;s vR;ar gh =kln fLFkfr fufeZr djrh gSA ikfjokfjd fooknksa ds U;k;ky;ksa esa yafcr
izdj.kksa dh la[;k orZeku lkekftd O;oLFkk dk cnyrk Lo:Ik fl) dj jgs gSA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 98
ihfM+r i{k iqfyl Fkkuksa vFkok iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa ds LFkku ij Lo;a vFkok Mkd }kjk viuh leL;k izLrqr dj ldrs gSA
ikfjokfjd O;Fkk dks lnL;x.k mlh le; lqudj leLr laHkkoukvksas ij fopkj djds lek/kku djus dk iz;kl djrs gSA
ikfjokfjd fookn ,oa oSokfgd thou ds d"Vksa dks Hkkoukvksa ,oa laosnukvksa ij vk/kkfjr dk;Zif)r vuq:Ik laca/kh i{kksa dh
vkilh lgefr ls loZ Lohdk;Z le>kSrk djk;k tkrk gSA ikfjokfjd fooknksa esa vkRegR;k tSls dBksj fu.kZ; djus ij
foo’k ihfM+r i{k dks ijke’kZ dsUnz esa vk’kk dh fdj.k fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
vkosnd laLFkk ds ikl lkekftd lejlrk ,oa efgykvksa ls tqM+s eqn~nksa vkSj leL;kvksa ij dk;Z djus dk Ik;kZIr
vuqHko gksuk pkfg,A lekt dk;Z@euksfoKku esa mikf/k¼ekLVj fMxzh½A ftu ijke’kZnkrkvksa ds ikl fu/kkZfjr ’kSf{kd
;ksX;rk ugha gS] ysfdu os ikap ls vf/kd o"kksaZ ls ifjokj ijke’kZ dsUnz esa dk;Zjr gS rFkk mUgksaus dsUnzh; cksMZ }kjk
vk;ksftr vfHkeq[khdj.k izf’k{k.k vkSj iqu’p;kZ dk;ZØe esa Hkkx fy;k gS] rks os dsUnzh; cksMZ ds vuqeksnu ls ijke’kZnkrk ds
:Ik esa dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA
efgyk l'kfDrdj.k gsrq Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ?kksf"kr uhfr 2009 ds dqN jk"Vªh; efgyk uhfr dk eq[; y{;]
efgykvksa dh izxfr] fodkl ,oa mudk l'kfDrdj.k lqfuf'pr djuk gSA jk"Vªh; efgyk uhfr ds eq[; mn~ns';
fuEufyf[kr gS %&
1- lEiw.kZ efgyk fodkl gsrq vuqdwy vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd uhfr;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gq, leqfpr okrkoj.k lftr
djuk ftlls efgyk,a vius vUnj fo|eku {kerkvksa dk mi;ksx djus esa l{ke gks ldsaA
2- jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa iq:"k rFkk efgykvksa dks leLr ekuokf/kdkj rFkk
ekSfyd Lora=rk iznku djus gsrq dkuwuh dne mBkukA
3- jk"Vª ds vkfFkZd] lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd thou esa lekurk ds vk/kkj ij efgykvksa dh fu.kZ; izfØ;k esa
Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djukA
4- lekurk ds vk/kkj ij efgykvksa dh igqap rFkk lHkh Lrjksa ij xq.koRrk;qDr LokLF;] f'k{kk jkstxkj] leku
etnwjh] dk;ZLFky ij lqj{kk ,oa lkekftd laj{k.k iznku djukA
5- dkuwuh O;oLFkk dks lqn`<+ djuk rkfd efgykvksa ds izfr fdlh Hkh izdkj ds HksnHkkoksa dh lekfIr gks ldsaA
6- iq:"k ,oa efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk dks c<+kok nsuk ftlls ts.Mj laca/kh] lkekftd lksp ,oa lkeqnkf;d O;ogkjksa
esa leqfpr ifjorZu yk;k tk ldsaA
7- efgykvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dks fodkl izfØ;k esa lekfgr djukA
8- efgyk rFkk ckfydk ds izfr lHkh izdkj dh fgalk ,oa HksnHkko dks lekIr djukA
9- efgykvksa] iq:"kksa fo|kfFkZ;ksa] tehu ls tqM+s dk;ZdrkZvksa] laLFkkvksa] laLFkkuksa] foHkkxksa o efgyk laxBuksa dh
lgHkkfxrk ls efgykvksa ds izfr ldkjkRed nf"Vdks.k dks fodflr djus dk fo'ks"k iz;kl djukA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 99
orZeku esa efgykvksa ds fy;s lapkfyr ;kstuk;s] efgykvksa ds LokLF; lq/kkj gsrq ^^lesfdr cky fodkl ;kstuk**
rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl gsrq ^^xzkeh.k efgyk ,oa f’k’kq fodkl dk;ZØe** izkjEHk fd;k x;kA Lo.kZt;arh xzke Lojkstxkj
;kstukUrxZr Lolgk;rk lewgksa ds ek/;e ls muds l’kfDrdj.k dk mik; fd;k tk jgk gS]
efgykvksa dh miyfC/k;ksa dks lEeku ,oa ekU;rk iznku djus fy, igyh ckj 5 L=h’kfDr iqjLdkj forfjr fd,
x,A efgyk l’kfDrdj.k ds fy, ^^Lo;afl)** uked ,d lesfdr ;kstuk izkjaHk dh xbZ gSA ftldk y{; Hkh Lo&lgk;rk
lewgksa }kjk l’kfDrdj.k djuk gS] dkedkth efgykvksa ds fy, ^^Mds;j lsaVj** ;qDr 29 gksLVyksa ds fuekZ.k dks LohÑfr
nh xbZ gSA ftuls 61]564 efgyk,a ykHkkfUor gksaxh] lesfdr cky fodkl ;kstuk dks 4]388 fodkl[k.Mksa ls c<+kdj vxys
o"kZ ds var rd 5]000 fodkl[k.Mksa esa ykxw fd;k tk,xkA izlo i'pkr~ 600 :- dh vuqxzg jkf’k ckfydk ds uke ls cSad
esa tek djus ds fy, ^^ckfydk le`f) ;kstuk** esa la’kks/ku fd;k x;k gSA
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa Økafrdkjh dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gS] vHkh rd 22 yk[k lewgksa dk cSadks ls tksM++k tk pqdk gS]
ljdkj dk bjknk gS fd vkxkeh 5 o"kksZ ds nkSjku xzkeh.k {ks= dh 50 izfr’kr efgykvksa dks bu lewgks ds vUrxZr yk;k
tk, rFkk bUgasa cSadks ls tksM+k tk;saA xjhc efgykvksa dks lw{e foRr dh lqfo/kk miyC/k djkus ds fy, jk"Vªh; efgyk
?kks"k.kk izHkko'kkyh dk;Z dj jgk gS bl dkslZ dk dksIklZ dqN o"kksZ esa 100 djksM+ :i;sa djus dk ljdkj dk bjknk o"kZ
2009&10 ds ctV es Li"V fd;k x;k gS A 8 ekpZ 2009 rd bl ;kstuk ds rgr 34 yk[k Loajkstxkj lewg xfBr fd,
tk pqds gS vkSj 020-98 djksM+ :i;s ds dqy ifjO;; ls lgk;rk iznku dh xbZ gSa o"kZ 2009 ds ctV esa bl ;kstuk ds
rgr~ 2350 djksM+ :i;s dk izko/kku fd;k gSaA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 100
’kks/kkFkhZ] vo/ks’k izrki flag fo’ofo|ky;] jhok
iqLrdky; Kku dk ogr Hk.Mkj gksrk gSA bldh LFkkiuk Kku ds izlkj ,oa KkuktZu gsrq dh tkrh gSA
iqLrdkyu dh cqfu;knh Hkwfedk lwpuk L=ksr lwpuk L=ksr ,df=r djuk gS] rkfd ;g lekt ds lHkh oxksZ dks leku
:Ik ls uohure lwpuk,a iznku dj ldsA iqLrdkyu ds fdz;kdykiksa dks oSKkfud vk/kkj iznku djus rFkk leqfpr
fodkl ds fy, iqLrdkyu oSKkfudksa is iqLrdky; foKku dks ,d Lora= fo"k; ds :Ik esa ekU;rk iznku djokusa esa
egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
blesa MkW- ,l- vkj- jaxukFku dk ;ksxnku ljkguh; gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa iqLrdky; ,oa lwpuk foKku ,d fo"k;
ds :Ik esa Hkkjr esa gh ugh vfirq fo’o ds vusd fo’ofo/kky;ksa esa v/;;u&v/;kiu dk izeq[k fo"k; cu x;k gSA vkt
iqLrdky; ikB~; lkexzh ds vknku&iznku dk dsUnz ugha jg x;k gSA cfYd vk/kqfud iqLrdky; lwpuk ,oa izksRlkgu
lwpuk ,oa izys[ku lsok dsUnz ds :Ik esa tkuk tkrk gSA iqLrdky; dk Lopkyhdj.k gksus ls lwpuk&izpkj ,oa izlkj esa
ØkfUrdkj ifjorZu vk pqdk gSA
iqLrdky; ,d lkekftd laLFkk gSa tks lekt ds dY;k.k esa fujarj dk;Z djrh jgrh gSA iqLdky; Kkuh RkFkk
vKkuh dks leku :Ik ls Kku forfjr djrk gSA gekjs ns’k esa fo|knku ds dk;Z dks Js"V ekuk tkrk gSA ;g Js"V nku
iqLrdky; gh dj ikrs gSA xzUFkky; lHkh vketuksa dks vkthou f’k{kk iznku djrs gSa dksbZ Hkh O;fDr xzUFkky; ls thou
Ik;ZUr Kku dk vtZu dj ldrk gSA pawfd xzUFkky; lHkh cPps] cw<s] L=h] iq:"k] fodykax vkfn yksx fcuk f’k{kd ds ,d
’kS{kf.kd laLFkk ds leku Kku nsrk gSA vr% xzUFkky; dks ,d f’k{kd Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA xzUFkky; fo|k iznku djus
okys vFkkg lkxj gksrs gSaA vk/kqfud ;qx esa iqLrdky; ’kS{kf.kd txr esa viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA xzaFkky; ,d
lkekftd laLFkk gksrs gS ftuds lqpk: :Ik ls lapkyu ds fy, izca/k dk fo’ks"k egRo nsrk gSSA izca/k djus okys O;fDRk dks
izca/kd dgk tkrk gSA iqLrdky;ksa esa iqLdky;k/;{k gh izca/kd gksrs gSA
O;olkf;d {ks= esa Hkh iqLrdky; dk viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA blds vfrfjDr lekt esa lkekftd ,oa
vkfFkZd lwpukvksa dks ,df=r djuk iqLrdky; ds dk;Z {ks= ds varxZr vkrs gSA ;gh ugh cfYd iqLrdky; euksjatu
izzys[k vkSj vU; izdkj ds izys[kksa dk Hkh laxzg djrs gSA iqLrdky; izR;sd O;fDr dks vius lkoZfxz.k fodkl ds fy,
volj nsrk gSA iqLrdky; ds vk/kkj ij gh ns’k dh laLd`fr vkSj lH;rk dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjr o"kZ esa iqLrdky; dk izpyu izkjfEHkd dky ls gh jgk mu fnuksa vkpk;Zx.k Jqfr ds ek/;e ls fo/kkfFkZ;ksa dks
f’k{kk nsrs Fks rFkk rkM+i=] rkez i=] f’kyk ys[k] Hkkst i=ksa vkfn ij fy[kdj laxzfgr djds iqLrdky;ksa dk Lo:Ik rS;kj
fd;k tkrk Fkk izkphu uxjksa ds fo/oal tks [kqnkbZ esa feys lcwrksa ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd izkphu dky esa Hkh iqLrdky;
LFkkfir FksA lkroh ’krkCnh lkfgR; ,oa f’k{kk dh nf"V ls Hkkjr dks Lo.kZ ;qx esa fxuk tkrk gSA ftlds varxZr ukyank
,oa r{kf’kyk tSls fo’ofo/kky; FksaA bu fo’ofo/kky;ksa esa ogn iqLrdky; LFkkfir fd;s x;s Fks] e/;dky ,oa eqxydky esa
Hkh iqLrdky;ksa ds Lo:Ik dk o.kZu feyrk gSA xzaFkky; og LFkku gS tgka iqLrdsa v/;;ukFkZ laxzfgr dh tkrh Fkh ysfdu
vkt xzaFkky; iqLrdksa ds laxzg djus rd gh lhfer ugha jg x;s gSa cfYd vkt ;s fofHkUu izdkj ds rFkk fofHkUu Lo:iksa
esa Kku&lkexzh dk laxzg djrs gSA okLro esa vc xzaFkky; vius ladyu lsokvksa rFkk dk;ksZ ds }kjk fofHkUu mn~ns’;ksa ls
LFkkfir fd, tkrs gSA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 101
pwafd ns’k ds vanj ;fn ge iqLrdky;ksa dks fofHkUu {ks=ksa vkSj dk;ksZ ds vk/kkj ij foHkkftr djsa rks og rhu
izdkj dk gksrk gSA
1- lkoZtfud xzaFkky;
2- ’kS{kf.kd xzaFkky;
3- fof’k"V xzaFkky;
xzaFkky;ksa dh i"B Hkwfe eq[; :Ik ls iqLrd ,oa vU; lwpukvksa dk laxzg ,oa mudk fodkl gks jgk gSA blh
vk/kkj ij vusd iqLrdky;ksa ds dk;ksZ ,oa lsokvksa dk foHkktu fd;k x;k gSA iqLrdky; y?kq’kks/k ds varxZr]
izkFkhZ }kjk ikWfyVsdfud fo’ofo|ky; ds iqLrdky;ksa dh lsokvksa dk leh{kkRed v/;;u gS tks fof’k"V
iqLrdky; dh Js.kh esa vkrk gSA
;fn ge fof’k"V iqLrdky;ksa ds lanHkZ esa ppkZ djs rks bl iqLrdky; ds varxZr og lHkh iqLrdky;
vkrs gS tks fof’k"V izdkj dh ikB~; lkexzh dk ladyu dj rFkk mUgha dh lsok,a iznku djrs gSaA ;s xzaFkky; ,oa
fdlh iSf=d laLFkk ls tqM+s gksrs gS vkSj mu laLFkkvksa dh vko’;drk dh iwfrZ ds fy;s lsokvksa dk rFkk lwpukvksa
dk laxzg.k rFkk iquZizkIrh dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
fdlh fof’k"V fo"k; vFkok {ks= ds mi;ksxdrkZvksa dh ekax dh iwfrZ djus okys xzaFkky; fdlh iSr`d
laLFkk ds xzaFkky; gksrs gS rFkk os iSrd laLFkk dh vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus ds fy;s gh LFkkfir ,oe~
lapkfyr fd;s tkrs gSaA bl izdkj ikWfyVsdfud egkfo|ky;ksa ds xzaFkky; fdlh fof’k"V fo"k; ds vuqla/kku ,oe~
fodkl dks lgk;rk iznku djus gsrq LFkkfir ,oe~ lapkfyr fd;s tkrs gSaA
fof’k"V xzaFkky;ksa dk izknqHkkZo 20 oha ’krkCnh ds izkjaHk esa loZizFke vesfjdk esa izkjaHk gqvk FkkA ;s uohu
izdkj ds xzaFkky; Fks tks vU; izdkj ds xazaFkky;ksa ls mn~ns’;ksa] dk;ksZ] lsokvksa rFkk v/;;u lkexzh dks laxzfgr
,oe~ O;ofLFkr djus dh uohu fof/k;ksa esa fcYdqy fHkUu FksA orZeku ’krkCnh ds izkjaHk gksus ds ckn ds dbZ o"kksZ esa
O;kikj ,oe~ m|ksxksa ds {ks= esa fo’o esa cM+h rhozxfr ls o`f) gqbZ ,d cgqr cM+h laLFkk esa ljdkjh izfr"Bku
LFkkfir fd, x;s ftuesa lkFk&lkFk muds xzaFkky; Hkh LFkkfir fd;s x;s ftlls bu xzaFkky;ksa dh la[;k esa o`f)
gksus yxhA izFke ,oe~ f}rh; fo’o ;q) us bl c<+rh gqbZ fodkl dh izfØ;k dks jksd fn;kA ysfdu fQj ’kks/k
,oe~ fodkl dk;ZØeksa esa tkxfr vkbZ ftlls ’kks/k ,oe~ fodkl dk;ZØe laLFkkvksa ds :Ik esa fodflr ,oe~
ifjofrZr gksrs x;sA ftlls fof’k"V xzaFkky;ks a dh la[;k esa Hkh of) gksus yxh rFkk buds }kjk iznRr uohu
lsokvksa esa Hkh fodkl fn[kkbZ nsus yxkA vesfjdk dh rjg gh ;wjksi rFkk fo’o ds vU; cgqr ls fodflr ns’kksa esa
fof’k"V xzaFkky;ksa dk fodkl gksus yxkA cgqr ls jk"Vªksa us vius vuqla/kku laxBuksa rFkk izfr"Bkuksa esa fof’k"V
xazFkky; LFkkfir fd;sA gekjs ns’k Hkkjr esa Hkh fof’k"V xzaFkkky;ksa dh of) ,oe~ fodkl if’peh ns’kksa ds
lekukUrj gh gqvk gSA
fdlh fof’k"V xzaFkky; ds lHkh fØ;kdyki lwpuk lsokvksa ds nks ekSfyd izdkjksa ls izkIr gksrs gSa tks
muds }kjk iznku dh tkrh gSA okLro esa lwpuk iznku djus ds fy;s gh fof’k"V xzaFkky;ksa dk vfLrRo gksrk gSA
izFke lsok mi;ksxdrkZvksa dh lwpuk dh ekax ds mRrj esa iznku dh tkrh gS rFkk nwljh lwpuk ekax ds iwoZ gh
iznku dh tkrh gS ftlesa vuqØef.kdk] lkjdj.k lsok,a lfEefyr gksrh gS tks mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks uohu ,oe~
lkef;d lwpuk ds ifjiw.kZ djus ds fy, rS;kj dh tkrh gSA
fof’k"V xzaFkky;ksa ds laxzg tks] viuh lwpuk lsok,a iznku djus esa fØ;k’khy gksrs gSa rFkk lkef;d
lwpuk ,oe~ iwoZO;kih v/;;u lkexzh ij cy nsrs gS laxBuksa ds }kjk izk;ksftd izkstsDV rFkk izksxzke ds vk/kkj
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 102
ij fu/kkZfjr fd;s tkrs gSA bu xzaFkky;ksa esa ijkEijkxr :Ik esa miyC/k v/;;u lkexzh esa tSls & iqLrdsa] tuZYl]
’kks/k ,oe~ rduhdh fjiksVZl vkfn ds vfrfjDr isVsUVl] LislhfQds’kal O;kikfjd fjdkMZ~l] lekpkj i=ksa dh
drju vkfn Hkh laxzfgr dh tkrh gSAA
fdlh fof'k"V xzaFkky; eaas lk/kkj.k izdkj d lanHkZ iz'ukas mRrj ls ysdj vuqla/kku ds fy, iznÙk lwpuk
lsokvksa rd bldk lsok {ks= gskrk gSA mi;ksxdRrkZvksa dh lkekU;r;k vuqla/kku ds fy, lkfgR; dh [kkst djus
esa muds }kjk fd, x;s iz;klksa esa lgk;rk iznku dh tkrh gSA lwpuk dh ek¡x dh iwfrZ djus esa rFkk mUgsa
lokZf/kd mi;ksx QkeZ esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, lwpuk fo'ks"kKrk miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gSA dqN fof'k"V xazFkky;
vuqokn lsok,¡ Hkh iznku djrs gSA bl izdkj vf/kdka'k fof'k"V xazFkky;ksa esa xzaFkky; deZpkfj;ksa rFkk
mi;ksxdRrkZvksa ds e/; xzaFkky; dh lsokvksa ls vf/kd ls vf/kd ykHk izkIr djus ds fy, ,d ?kfu"V lEc)rk
LFkkfir gksrh gSA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 103
’kks/kNk=k] vo/ks’k izrki flag fo’ofo|ky;] jhok
izkphu le; esa Kku izkIr djus rFkk xazFkksa dk v/;;u djus dk vf/kdkj lhfer yksxksa dks gh Fkk mldk dkj.k xzaFk gkFk
ls fy[kk tkuk FkkA xzaFkky;ksa esa mudh lqj{kk dk iw.kZ /;ku j[kk tkrk FkkA le; vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk xzaFk mRiknu
esa Øakfr vk xbZ gSA bl dkj.k ls iqLrdky; lsokvksa dk foLrkj nqzrxfr ls gqvk gS rFkk nwljh rjQ viqLrdh; ikB~;
lkexzh }kjk iqLrdky; lsok,a Hkh izpqj ek=k esa nh tkus yxh gSA
xzaFkky; lsok dh vo/kkj.kk esa Hkh ifjorZu gks x;k gSA vc xzaFk lqj{kkFkZ u gksdj v/;;ukFkZ gSaA johUnzukFk VSxksj
ds vuqlkj ^^fdlh xzaFkky; dk egRo mlesa ,df=r xazFkksa dh vis{kk ikB~; lkexzh dks mikns; cuk nsus dh {kerk ls
fu.khZr gksrk gSA** vkt fdlh xzaFkky; dh lQyrk dk ekin.M blesa laxzfgr ikB~; lkexzh dk vkdkj u gksdj xzaFkky;
}kjk iznRr lsok,a gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vk/kqfud xzaFkky; esa ikBdksa dks loksZifj ekurs gq, mlds lHkh izdkj lsok,a iznku
dh tkrh gSA ikB~; lkexzh rRdky iznku dh tk lds blds fy, iqLrdky; ikB~; lkefxz;ksa dk oxhZdj.k rFkk lwphdj.k
djkrk gSA ikB~; lkexzh dks [kkstus rFkk lwpuk izkIr djus ds fy, O;fDxr lsok ds :Ik esa lanHkZ lsok iznku dh tkrh
gSA v/;;u rFkk vuq’khyu ds fy;s mfpr okrkoj.k rFkk lqfo/kk lsok,a izeq[k gSA
e/;izns’k fLFkr fo’ofo|ky; iqLrdky;ksa esa vf/kdka’k iqLrdky; 10%30 ls 5%30 cts rd gh [kqys j[ks tkrs gSA
fo’ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iqLrdky;ksa ds le; esa of) dk izko/kku j[kk x;k gS tSls fd ijh{kk ;k fo’ks"k iqLrdky;hu lqcg
8 cts ls jkf= 8 cts rd [kqyk j[kus dk izko/kku fd;k gSA orZeku esa e/;izns’k ds rhu fo’ofo|ky; esa MkW- gfjflag
xkSj fo’ofo|ky;] lkxj] jkuh nqxkZorh fo’ofo|ky; tcyiqj rFkk foØe fo’ofo|ky;] mTtSu dk [kqyus dk le;
lqcg 8 cts ls ’kke 5 cts j[kk x;k gSA ;g O;oLFkk rnFkZ gS ’ks"k fo’ofo|ky; fu/kkZfjr dk;kZy; le; esa gh [kqyrs ,oa
can gksrs gSA
iqLrdky; esa iqLrdksa ds vtZu ds Ik’pkr~ iqLrdksa dks O;ofLFkr Øe iznku djus ds fy;s izR;sd dks
fo’ofo|ky; iqLrdky;ksa esa iqLrdksa dk oxhZdj.k rFkk lwphdj.k dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA
fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds xzaFkksa dks O;ofLFkr djus gsrq dqN oxhZdj.k i)fr;ka mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gS ftuesa izeq[k
:Ik ls n’keyo oxhZdj.k i)fr vkfn gSA dksbZ Hkh iqLrdky; viuh vko’;drkuqlkj laxBukRed ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij
bu oxhZdj.k i)fr;ksa esa ls fdlh Hkh ,d i)fr dks viukrk gSA e/;izns’k ds lHkh fo’ofo|ky; iqLrdky; esa M~;wch
n’keyo oxhZdj.k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
blds }kjk ikB~; lkexzh ds fo"k; dk fu/kkZfjr oxkZda rFkk xzaFkkd dk fu/kkZj.k dj fn;k tkrk gS ftlls
iqLrdky; lsok,a de le; esa rFkk izekf.kd nh tk ldrh gSA
tgka ,d vksj oxhZdj.k iqLrdky; dks vyekfj;ksa esa xzaFkksa dh O;oLFkk dks lqfo/kktud cukrk gSA ogh
lwphdj.k fdlh xzaFkksa dh O;oLFkk dks lqfo/kktud cukrk gSA ogh lwphdj.k fdlh xzaFk ds fy;s ikBdksa ds fofHkUu izdkj
dh ekaxksa dks larq"V djrk gSA lwphdj.k dh vusd i)fr;ka gS] ftlesa ,,y dksM] DyklhQkbM dsVykWx dksM] ,-,- lh-
vkj- vkfn gSA buesa ls fdlh ,d i)fr dks xazFkky;ksa esa ikB~; lkexzh ds lwphdj.k ds fy;s viuk;k tkrk gSA orZeku esa
lHkh iqLrdky; ikBd dh vko’;drkuqlkj lwpuk vafdr dj lwph rS;kj dh tkrh gSa okLro esa bl izfØ;k iqLrdky;
lsok ds varxZr ikBdksa ds }kjk ys[kd vk[;k fo"k; bR;kfn esa ls fdlh ,d dh tkudkjh gksus ij rRdky lsok nh tk
ldrh gSA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 104
e/;izns’k ds vf/kdka’k fo’ofo|ky; iqLrdky;ksa esa oxkZdkj ,oa lwphdkj ds in fjDr gksus ;k in LohÑr u
gksus ds dkj.k ;g dk;Z ;k rks vizf’kf{kr deZpkfj;ksa ls djk;k tkrk gS ftlls ;s deZpkjh fo"k;kuqlkj iqLrdsa vyekfj;ksa
esa O;ofLFkr rks dj nsrs gSa ijarq mldh lwph dk fuekZ.k ugha dj ikrsA
iqLrdky; esa laxzfgr ikB~; lkexzh dks ikBd rd igqapkus dk dk;Z iqLrdky; dh
vknku&iznku lsok dk egRoiw.kZ nkf;Ro gSA bl dk;Z dh iqLrdky; ds vknku&iznku foHkkx }kjk djus dh ijEijk jgh
gS vkt tc iqLrdky; lwpuk dsUnz ds :Ik esa fodflr fd;s tk jgs gSA rc Hkh iqLrdky; dks vknku&iznku lsok
vR;kf/kd foLrkj’khy rFkk mi;ksxh lsok ds :Ik esa foLrkfjr fd;k tk jgk gSA
xzaFkky; o/kZu’khy laLFkk gSa blesa vknku&iznku i)fr ,slh gksuh pkfg, tks xzaFkky; esa ikBdksa dh c<+rh gqbZ
la[;k ds lkFk Hkh Bhd izdkj ls dk;Z dj ldsA iqLrdky;ksa esa vknku&iznku i)fr viukus ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr fof/k;ka
izfrikfnr gSa igyk iath iz.kkyh nwljk vLFkk;h iphZ iz.kkyh rhljk Meh iz.kkyh pkSFkk i=d iz.kkyh iakpok Vksdu fuxZe
iz.kkyh ,oa NVok Lo fuxZe iz.kkyhA
,d vkn’kZ vkxe&fuxZe iz.kkyh esa fuEufyf[kr xq.kksa dk gksuk vko’;d gS igyk ’kh?kzrk] nwljk lLrkiu] rhljk
ljyrk] pkSFkk LFkkuh; vko’;drk ds lkFk rkyesy mi;qDr ckrksa ds vkn’kZ i)fr esa fuEukafdr lwpuk,a Hkh vklkuh ls
izkIr dh ldsA igyk izR;sd fnu fdruh iqLrdsa fuxZfer gqbZ izR;sd iqLrdsa fuxZfer gqbZA izR;sd iqLrd ds okil gksus dh
frfFk rd tks iqLrdsa okil ugha vk lds rc mlds fy;s vko’;d dk;Zokgh Hkh dh tk ldsA
lanHkZ lsok ,d ekuoh; izfØ;k gSA iqLrdky; foKku ds varxZr lanHkZ lsok ,d ’kk[kk ds :Ik esa tkuh
tkrh gSA iqLrdky; esa rduhdh fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx dj ikB~; lkexzh dks O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA
ikBd bu rduhdh fof/k;ksa ls vufHkK gksrs gSa vr% bu fof/k;ksa dks ikBdksa dks le>kus v/;;u rFkk vuqla/kku
esa lgk;rk igqapkus vkfn ds fy;s iqLrdky; deZpkfj;ksa dh vko’;drk gksrh gS ftl deZpkjh }kjk ;g dk;Z lEikfnr
dj;k tkrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa izks-,l-vkj- jaxukFku dk er gS fd lanHkZ lsok iqLrd vkSj ikBd ds e/; laidZ LFkkfir
djkus dh ,d izfØ;k gS lanHkZ xzaFkkoy;h ds ikl egRoiw.kZ lanHkZ xazFkksa dk laxzg nwjHkk"k rFkk mudks j[kus ds fy;s
vko’;d xazFkkxkjksa vkfn dk izca/k gksuk pkfg,A mlds ikl m/okZ/kj QkbZy dSfcusV Hkh gksuk pkfg,A lanHkZ foHkkx ds
xBu ls lacaf/kr nks gh rRo lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ gS igyk mfpr lanHkZ xazFkksa dk laxzgA nwljk lanHkZ lsok ds fy, mfpr
dkfeZdksa dk p;u rFkk izf’k{k.kA
ifjpkyu ,d egRoiw.kZ {ks= gS] dk;Z dh izÑfr ds dkj.k tks fd ifjpkyu esa izHkkoh gS bls Lopkfyr fd;s
tkus dh vko’;drk gSA ifjpkyu esa iqLrdky; lkefxz;ksa ds vknku&iznku] vkj{k.k] lkaf[;dh] le; ij u okil
lkefxz;ksa ds fy;s Lej.k i=ksa dks Hkstuk vkfn ’kkfey gSA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 105
’kks/kNk=k] tcyiqj
^^dqN oLrqvksa dk xyr le; ij] xyr ek=kvkas esa rFkk xyr LFkkukas ij ik;k tkuk i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dgykrk gSA**
orZeku dky esa c<+rh gq;h vkcknh] Ñf"k] vkS|ksfxdhdj.k] ouks dh dVkbZ] oU; thoksa dk lagkj rFkk
Ik;kZoj.k&ijh{k.kksa ls i;kZoj.k&larqyu fcxM+ x;k gS] blls u dsoy Hkkjr vfirqq lEiw.kZ fo’o Hk;kØkar gS] ukuk
izdkj dh xSls&dkcZuMkbZvkWDlkbM] lYQj Mkb vkWDlkbM] dkcZu eksuks vkWDlkbM] MhMhVh] fofdj.k] lhlk] rsy]
ikjk] QkLQsV vkfnA ;s iznw"k.k ls euq"; dh ’kkjhfjd] ekufld fodkl dks {kfr igaqp jgh gS]ftlls oSpkfjd iznw"k.k
QSy jgk gSA
Ik;kZoj.k&leL;k okLro esa gekjs nks"kiw.kZ jgu&lgu dk gh ifj.kke gSA Ñf=erkiw.kZ jgu&lgu] vkdk’k esa
c<+rk gqvk vk/kqfud okgu] e’khuks dk ’kksj] fpeuh rFkk okguksa ds }kjk NksM+k tkus okyk /kqvk¡] tgjhys vif’k"V
inkFkksaZ us ty vkSj i`Foh dks cqjh rjg iznwf"kr dj fn;k gSA izÑfr ds o’khdj.k ds iz;kl] czg~ek.Mdks fo?kVu dh
vksj ys tk jgs gSaA thounk;d ok;q iznw"k.k ds dkj.k thou?kkrd gks jgh gS] ve`rrqY; ty fo"krqY; curk tk jgk
gSA
vksMekuqlkj& ^^okrkoj.k ds vFkok thoe.My ds HkkSfrd] jklk;fud o tSfod xq.kkas ds Åij tks gkfudkjd izHkko
iM+rk gS] iznw"k.k dgykrk gSA**
ek?k iznw"k.k dh vksj ladsr djrs gq, dgrs gS&
^^iz{kkyukf) i³~dL; nwjknLi’kZua oje~^^
vFkkZr~ iSj dks dhpM+ esa lkudj fQj mls /kksus ls vPNk gS fd iSj esa dhpM+ yxus gh u fn;k tk,A
vk/kqfud fodkl ds fpUrd ekurs Fks fd izÑfr ds ikl muds mi;ksx dks larq"V djus gsrq v{kq..k Hk.Mkj
gSa vkSj ekuo mudk ftruk pkgs] tSlk pkgs mi;ksx] fonksgu vkSj ;gka rd fd ’kks"k.k dj ldrs gSa] lkFk gh os ;g
Hkh ekurs gSa fd iFoh ij tks dqN Hkh miyC/k gS ^ekuo ds miHkksx ds fy, gSA
U;wVu dk mn~/kj.k bls vkSj iq"V djrk gS&
^^lkjh i`Foh mls ,d lUrjs dh rjg utj vkrh gS mldh bPNk gksrh gS fd bls fupksM+dj ih tk,A**
okLro esa izÑfr ds izfr ,slh Hkkouk us gh iznw"k.k dks tUe fn;k ftlls lkjk fo’o bl leL;k dh pisV esa gS rFkk
izkÑfrd vkinkvksa dk xzkl cuk tk jgk gSA
i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dks oxhZÑr djuk dfBu gS v/;;u dh lqfo/kkuqlkj iznw"k.k dks fuEu izdkj ls foHkkftr fd;k
tkrk gS&
HkkSfrd iznw"k.k
lkekftd iznw"k.k
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 106
LFky iznw"k.k
vkfFkZd iznw"k.k
ty iznw"k.k
/kkfeZd iznw"k.k
jktuhfrd ok;q iznw"k.k] ekuoh; iznw"k.k¼naxk];q)½
lkekftd izn"kw.k ¼vkradokn] pksjh MdSrh½
Tkc ekuoh; LoHkko lhek dk laØe.k djrk gS] rks i;kZoj.k dk àkl gks tkrk gSA Ldhcj bl izfØ;k dks le>krs
gSa&
land use
Empairement of other Requirements
Environmental Damage
Impaired land use
Ik;kZoj.k ds iznw"k.k ds eq[; dkj.k ou fouk’k] Ñf"k fodkl] rhoz tula[;k of)] vR;kf/kd
Ik’kqpkj.k] fu/kZurk dk izHkko] vkS|ksfxdhdj.k] uxjhdj.k] HkkSfrdoknh laLÑfr dh iz/kkurk] lalk/kukas dk vfoosdiw.kZ
nksgu] rhoz ;krk;kr O;oLFkk] vfu;ksftr fodkl] vk/kqfud vkS|ksfxdhdj.k vkfn ftlds QyLo:Ik Ik;kZoj.k esa
vlarqyu dh fLFkfr curh gS tSls& ck<+&lw[kk] Hkwfe {kj.k] e:LFkyhdj.k] tyok;oh; O;frØe] HkwdEi vkSj
HkwL[kyu] chekjh vkSj egkekjh pØokr vkSj rwQku] Tokykeq[kh vkfnA
izÑfr dk fu;e gS nsrs jgukA xzh"e esa lw;Z i`Foh ds leLr jl dks lks[k ysrk gS o"kkZ _rq esa mlh dks ykSVk nsrs gSa
fofHkUu izdkj dh xSl ls ok;q iznwf"kr gks x;h gSA iFoh ds thoksa ds fy, loZizFke LoPN ok;q vko’;d gS ftlls
thou dh ’kq:vkr gS] blds ckn tyA ty ls gh vUu mRiUu gksrk gS] fctyh dk mRiknu] thoksa dks larqf"V]
vkarfjd rFkk ckg~; ’kqf) dk;Z ty ls gh laHko gSA ty dks gh iznwf"kr djus esa ekuo Hkj laHko iz;kljr gSA
ty dk eq[; lzksr unh gS] unh esa tyh; thoksa dk thou gSA unh ls /khjs&/khjs eNyh] lkai] exjePN
vkfn dk thou rks iznw"k.k ds dkj.k u"V gksus dh dxkj ij gSA unh ds tho&tUrq] ikS/ks xanxh dks cgqr dqN
jksdrs gSa fdarq vkt ’kgjksa dk xank ikuh lh/ks ufn;ksa esa fxj jgk gS] ftlls ty iznwf"kr gks jgk gS vkSj tyh; tho
blls [kRe gks jgs gSaA i`Foh dk 75 izfr’kr Hkkx ty ls f?kjk gSA leqnz esa dqy ek=k dk 92 -2 izfr’kr Hkkx ty gS
2 izfr’kr Hkkx cQZ cuk gqvk gSA thoksa ds mi;ksx ds fy, flQZ 0-8 izfr’kr ty gh miyC/k gSA c<+rh tula[;k
ty leL;k dk izeq[k dkj.k gS] blds lkFk m|ksxksa dk fodkl unh ds fdukjs T;knk gqvk gS D;ksa fd bUgsa lcls
T;knk ikuh dh vko’;drk gksrh gS] blls fudyk vif’k"V inkFkZ rFkk vU; xanxh iznw"k.k c<+krk gSA Ñf"k esa
dhVuk’kd jklk;fud [kkn~; ls feyh feV~Vh cjlkr esa cgdj ufn;ksa esa feyrh gS] bu iznw"k.k ls unh esa vkWDlhtu
dh ek=k ?kVrh gS] ftlls tyh; tho u"V gks tkrs gSaA
ekuo laLÑfr ,oa lH;rk dk bfrgkl cukus okyh gS /kjrh ij vfojy cgus okyh ufn;ka gh gSaA bUgha ds
rV ij lH;rk dk fodkl gqvk gS] fdarq vkt dSlk nqHkkZX; gS] ftu lfjrkvksa us euq"; dk laLdkj fd;k]
thonkf;uh] tuuhrqY; laj{k.k vkSj thounku fn;k] mUgha dks euq"; us xank fd;k] iznwf"kr dj jgk gSA jkT; ds
izeq[k uxjks tSLks& bankSj] Hkksiky] mTtSu] tcyiqj vkfn ls tks xans ukys fudyrs gSa] os Ik;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ds izeq[k
leL;k,a gSaA muls u dsoy LFkkuh; vfirq] O;kid Lrj ij lewps ns’k dk i;kZoj.k iznwf"kr gksrk gS bls ,sls
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 107
le>ldrs gSa& bankSj ds ?kjksa dk xank ikuh [kku unh esa fxjrk gSA [kku unh ml xanxh dks xaHkhj vkSj f{kizk unh
esa Mkyrh gSA f{kizk unh pEcy ls feyrh gSA pEcy tkdj ;equk ls laxe djrh gS] ;equk xaxk esa feyrh gSA bl
rjg iznw"k.k dk ;g pØ iwjs ns’k vkSj fo’o dks viuh pisV esa ys ysrk gSA
vejd.Vd ls ueZnk dk mn~Hko dq.M ls gqvk] ogka vR;ar xanxh gSA vejd.Vd esa vkJe rFkk eafnj
ds fuekZZ.k ls ogka dk izkÑfrd lkSan;Z fNUUk&fHkUu gks jgk gSA ueZnk ds iFk&izokg esa xanxh us mls ?ksj j[kk gSA
ueZnk vejd.Vd dh ?kkVh ds Hkhrj dsoy izkÑfrd lEink dk vuojr nksgu vFkok vkS|ksxhdj.k dh izofRRk gh
ueZnk iznw"k.k ds dkj.k ugha gS cfYd xanxh ;k xans ikuh ds fudkl dh leqfpr O;oLFkk dk u gksuk Hkh ,d eq[;
dkj.k gSA ;g ueZnk rV ij cls gj dLcs ;k uxj dk gky gSA ueZnk vejdaVd dh ?kkVh ds Hkhrj vUr% lfyy
ds :Ik esa fo|eku gS vkSj vejdaVd ds Ik;kZoj.k ds lkFk NsM+NkM+] ueZnk ds fouk’k dks vkea=.k gSA vUr% lzksrksa ds
,d ckj lw[k tkus ds ckn lg+L= o"kksaZ rd os fQj ogka ugha QwVrsA vr% ueZnk dh j{kk ds fy, vejdaVd dk
izkÑfrd oSHko Hkh v{k; jguk pkfg,A
fM.MkSjh cl LVs.M ds ihNs ueZnk rV dh xanxh lh/ks ueZnk esa cgkbZ tkrh gSA ueZnk ds fdukjs e.Myk esa
Hkh 10&12 ukykas dk xank ikuh lh/ks ueZnk esa feyrk gSA ;gh fLFkfr tcyiqj tSls egkuxj dh gSSA izkphu le; esa
;gka tkckfy _f"k dk vkJe jgk] tgka ueZnk izÑfr ds izkxa.k ls mNyrh&dwnrh izokfgr gksrh Fkh fdarq vkt
ueZnk rV ij vfrØe.k dj lhf<+;ksa rd dks xk;c dj fn, gSaA eafnjks dk fuekZ.k dj ueZnk ds ekxZ dks vo:)
dj jgs gSaA jsr fudklh us ueZnk ds ty ’kqf)dj.k {kerk dk gj.k dj fy;k gSA ;gka xans ukyks dk nqxZU/k;qDr
ikuh lh/ks ueZnk esa fxjrk gSA lksdfiV cukus ds ctk; ikbi ykbu }kjk ueZnk esa vklkuh ls xank ikuh igqap jgk
gSA
gks’kaxkckn esa dksjh?kkV ,oa lsBkuh?kkV ds chp ,d ukys }kjk iwjs ’kgj dk xank ikuh ueZnk esa fxjrk gS
ftl LFkku esa xank ikuh fxjrk gSA vkS|ksfxd uxj cM+okg mlds lehiorhZ xzkeh.k {ks= iznw"k.k ds ?ksjs esa vk x,
gSaA uxj ds iwohZ rjQ ’kjkc dkj[kkuk] mRrj esa pwuk m|ksx nf{k.k esa ,UkdkWOl la;a= us ;gka ds okrkoj.k dks
izHkkfor fd;k gSA ’kjkc dkj[kkus ls fudyus okyk xank ikuh pksjy unh esa fxjrk gSA pksjy mls ueZnk esa fxjkrh
gSA bl ikuh ds iz;ksx ls peZjksx dh f’kdk;r vkbZ gSA Hk:p esa cM+h xanxh gSA ’kgj dh lkjh xanxh ueZnk esa
fxjrh gSAvdays’oj isVªksdsfedYl dkj[kkus dh xanxh ueZnk esa vkrh gSA
ueZnk dh lgk;d ufn;ka bldh tku gSa] buds fcuk ueZnk dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrhA lgk;d ufn;ksaa dh
la[;k dkQh cM+h gS ftuesa 41 izeq[k gSaA buesa ls 19 unh mRrjh rV ls rFkk 22 unh nf{k.kh rV ls vkdj ueZnk
esa feyrh gSA budh xanxh Hkh Hkjiwj ek=k esa ueZnk esa feyrh gSA ufn;ka NksVs&cM+s izikr cukdj rst xfr ls
cgdj iznw"k.k dks dkQh gn rd de djus dh {kerk j[krh gSa fdarq tc buesa cka/k cuk;k tkrk gS rks budh xfr
esaa vojks/k mRiUu gksrk gS vkSj ;s fo’kky rkykc ds :Ik esa fn[kus yxrh gaaSA :ds gq, ikuh esa vf/kd iznw"k.k jgrk
gSA ueZnk ij brus cM+s&cM+s cka/k cuus ds ckotwn Hkh vHkh ueZnk esa xaxk&;equk tSls iznw"k.k ugha gS fdarq ;fn /;ku
ugha fn;k rks fLFkfr fu;a=.k ls ckgj gks ldrh gSA
ftl fnu euq"; laLÑfr ls foÑfr dh vksj vxzlj gqvkA mlh fnu i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dh leL;k
mRiUu gks x;hA ou ls riksou ;k miou cukus dh ctk; mlus ouks dk fouk’k djuk izkjaHk dj fn;k] mu ykyph
euq";kas dks taxyks esa gjs&Hkjs o`{k vPNs ugha yxrs] muds fy, taxyks ds lhfer o`{kks dh rqyuk esa Lo;a ds
ekyxksnke esa j[ks gq, er isM+ksa ds BwB T;knk I;kjs yxrs gSaA euq"; laiw.kZ izÑfr dks mtkM+ dj Qsad nsuk pkgrk
gSA rkfd Lo;a /kuoku cusA vk/kqfud ifjos’k esa laiw.kZ Ik;kZoj.k euq"; ls izHkkfor gks jgk gSA o`{kksa ds àkl ls
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
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izkÑfrd larqyu fcxM+ jgk gSA euq"; vkSj izÑfr ds e/; larqyu gksuk fodkl] vkSj larqyu fcxM+uk gh fouk’k gSA
,sls esa izk.kok;q dk ladV cuuk LoHkkfod gSA ;fn izkÑfrd fouk’k dk rk.Mo ,sls gh pyrk jgk rkss ’k q) ok;q
feyuk nqyZHk gks tk,xh] o"kkZ de] lw[kk iM+sxk] lHkh ijs’kkuh dks ns[kus ds ckn Hkh euq"; ou fouk’k djus esa vxz.kh
cuk gqvk gSA tula[;k c<+sxh rks dkj[kkus c<+asxs buls /kjrh ij vkPNkfnr o{kksa dks dkVuk izkjaHk fd;k tk,xk]
ftlls izÑfr ij vlarqyu LFkkfir gks tk,xk vkSj ;gha ls tUe gksrk gS iznw"k.k dkA tSls& c<+rs uxjhdj.k ds
dkj.k Hkwfexr ty Lrj esa deh gksrh gS] uxjksa dh o`f) ls lehiLFk unh esa {ks=kas esa ck<+ leL;k] iDdh lM+dsa]
daØhVksa ds taxykas ds dkj.k ty fjlko Hkwfe esa ugha gks jgk gS ftlls Hkwfexr ty dh {kfr iwfrZ ugha ik jgh gSA
folftZr ey] dwM+k&djdV] iznwf"kr ty foltZu ls dbZ egkekjh ,oa iznw"k.k laca/kh jksxkas dk tUe gksus ls uxj
ekuo LokLF; ds nq’eu gks x, gSaA vkt LokLF; Bhd j[kus ds fy, ekuo taxyks esa ^farm house* cukdj jgus
dks dksf’k’k esa gSA
ckgjh iznw"k.k ds dkj.k ekuo ruko xzLr curk tk jgk gSA fopkjksa esa erHksn] ?k`.kk] bZ";kZ bu lcdks tUe ns jgk gS
^fodkl dh gksM+*A dgrs Fks&^vf[k;ka gfjn’kZu dh I;klh* jgh gksaxh vc os gSa Vh- oh- dh I;klhA Vh- oh- gekjs
fnekx esa fdruk dwM+k Bwalrh gS ;s fdlh ls vNwrk ugha gSA16 ;gh ekufld iznw"k.k gSA lkjk iznw"k.k oSpkfjd
iznw"k.kls gh fofHkUu :iksa esa vkdkj ikrk gSA
iznw"k.k c<+rh tula[;k ds dkj.k gksrk gS fdarq de tula[;k okys ns’k esa Hkh iznw"k.k QSy jgk gSA okLro
esa bldk dkj.k gS vk/kqfud O;fDr dh vko’;drk dk vf/kd gksuk] r`".kk ,oa Hkksxoknh laLÑfrA larqf"V tSls ’kCn
dk ukeksfu’kku feV x;k gSA vf/kd vko’;drk gh dkj[kkukas dks c<+kok nsrh gSaA bl vk/kqfud le; esa fuR;
u;h&u;h oLrq,¡ cukus dh gksM+ esa u;s&u;s dkj[kkus yxk, tk jgs gSa ftrus vf/kd dkj[kkus mruk i;kZoj.k dk
fouk’k vkSj iznw"k.k dk fodklA ;gh dkj[kkus vius /kq,¡ ls ok;qe.My dks iznwf"kr djsaxs lkFk gh ufn;ksa esa viuh
xanxh cgkdj muesa tgj ?kksysaxsA ftu ifo= ufn;ksa ds fdukjs lH;rk us tUe fy;k] ftlds ikou iquhr rVksa esa
gekjs _f"k&eqfu ds vkJe gksrs Fks] ftUgsa gekjs /keZ ’kkL=ks ,oa iqjk.kks esa eks{k iznkf;uh yksdekrk dgk x;k gSA vkt
mUgha ufn;ksa dk vfLrRo [krjs esa iM+ x;k gSA oLrqr% miHkksDrkoknh laLÑfr ds dkj.k fuR; u;s&u;s dkj[kkus
LFkkfir fd, tk jgs gSaA QyLo:Ik Hkfo"; esa vf/kdkf/kd ek=k esa izÑfr dk fonksgu gksxkA fodkl dh blh va/kh
HkkxnkSM+ us vkt laiw.kZ txr dks fouk’k ds eq[; }kj ij ykdj [kM+k dj fn;k gSA
i;kZoj.k ds vUr% iru esa leLr dkjd pkgs m|ksx] tula[;k] Hkwfe {kj.k] [kkn~;] ou fouk’k] uxjhdj.k]
miHkksDrkonh ekufldrk] ok.kh nks"k] oSpkfjd vlarqyu] foykflrk iw.kZ thou vkfn us of) gsrq vR;kf/kd lg;ksx
iznku fd;k gS ftlls ekuo thou vLr&O;Lr gks x;k gSA izÑfr ls ysrs vo’; gSa fdarq nsrs dqN ughaA ;fn
Ik;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k djuk pkgrs gSa rks ^lknk thou mPp fopkj* dh vksj ykSVuk gksxkA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
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’kks/k Nk=k vFkZ’kkL=] jkuh nqxkZorh fo’ofo|ky; tcyiqj ¼e-iz-½
ckyk?kkV ftys dk HkkSxksfyd {ks=Qy 9]229 oxZ fdeh gS ,oa 4]775-50 oxZ fd-eh {ks= vFkkZr 52 izfr’kr Hkkx esa
ou gSA ckyk?kkV lkekU; oueaMy dh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1921 esa dh xbZ rRi’pkr o"kZ 1960 esa mRrj ,oa nf{k.k lkekU;
oueaMy dk xBu fd;k x;k oueaMy ds varxZr m".k dfVca/kh; ’kq"d ir>M+ okys lkxkSu] lky ,o a fefJr ou gSA
ou eaMy ds leLr ifj{ks=ksa esa ckal ik;k tkrk gSA ou foHkkx dk;Z vk;kstuk vkys[k Hkkx&1 ds vuqlkj mRrj
ckyk?kkV ou eaMy esa fefJr ou 466-27 izfr gSDVs;j o`{kksa dh la[;k gSA ckyk?kkV ftys ds varxZr nks lkekU; oueaMy
dk;Zjr gSa ftuesa mRrj oueaMy ckyk?kkV lkekU; esa vkjf{kr ou 1369-6 oxZ fd-eh- rFkk lajf{kr ou 351-29 oxZ fd-eh-
gSA
ckyk?kkV ftys esa egqvk cgqrk;r ls ik;k tkrk gS ;|fi egqvk dk mi;ksx dPph ’kjkc cukus ds fy, rks gksrk
gh gS] ysfdu egqvk ds isM+ dh ifRr;ksa ls nksuk iRry cukus dh bdkbZ ;gka lqxerk ls LFkkfir gks ldrh gSA pwafd ftys
esa nksuk&iRry m|ksx dqVhj m|ksx ds varxZr lapkfy gS D;ksafd yksx ckal dh [kfPp;ksa ds fruds o egq, ds iRrkssa ls
iRry nksuk cukdj csp jgs gSaA ;fn iRry nksuk cukus dh ;kaf=d bdkbZ LFkkfir dh tk; tks izsLM nksuk iRry cukus esa
fuiq.k gks rks ;g ,d lQy y?kq m|ksx dk #i ys ldrk gSA pwafd bl {ks= esa ’kknh fookg /kkfeZd dk;Z ,oa vU;
voljksa ij Hkkst gsrq lHkh oxZ }kk nksuk&iRry dk cgqrk;r ls iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vr% dPps eky dh miyC/krk ,oa
fodz; dh laHkkouk dks ns[krs gq, ;g bdkbZ vf/kd mi;qDr gksxhA
ftys esa vkaoyk vkSj csy Ik;kZIr ek=k esa ik;k tkrk gS ftys ds fuoklh vkaoys dk mi;ksx ewyr% vpkj fuekZ.k
gsrq djrs gSa rFkk bl Qy dk lkekU;r% mi;ksx ’kcZr ,oa eqjCck cukus esa Hkh iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn bldk mi;ksx
vk;qosZfnd nokbZ;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa fd;k tk;s rks mlds mRiknu gsrq y?kq m|ksx {ks= esa vusd bdkbZ;ka lgtrk ls LFkkfir
gks ldrh gSA pwafd ftys esa vkt Hkh futh {ks= esa dqN oS/kjkt ,oa vk;qosZfnd nok dk O;olk; djus okys dqN O;kikjh
,oa fuekZrk PkO;auizk’k cukdj mRikn rS;kj dj jgs gSa ftldh vkiwfrZ lhfer {ks= esa gh gks ikrh gSA vr% bl {ks= esa Hkh
y?kq m|ksx bdkbZ;ka LFkkfir gks ldrh gSA
ftys esa ck;cjax] fHkyoka] csapknh] cgSjk vkSj esusj Qy tSls vk;qosZfnd lalk/ku Ik;kZIr ek=k esa miyC/k gS blds
vk/kkj ij vk;qosZfnd nokb;ksa dh ,d bdkbZ ftys esa lgtrk ls LFkkfir dh tk ldrh gSA ftlls fd futhdj.k dks
izksRlkgu feysxk ftys esa mi;qZDr ouksit dks ns[krs gq, vk;qosZfnd nokbZ;ksa ds fuek.kZ gsrq futh {ks= dh bdkbZ;ksa dks
ljdkj }kjk fo’ks"k fj;k;rs o lqfo/kk,a nsuk vko’;d gSA
bu fofHkUu {ks=ksa es fofHkUu izdkj dh mit ikbZ tkrh gS ;fn budk fof/kor vkSj O;ofLFkr <ax ls mi;ksx
fd;k tk; rks ;s Hkh vusd izdkj y?kq m|ksx bdkbZ;kas dks LFkkfir djus esa Ik;kZIr gSA bu {ks=ks a esa bekjrh ydM+h ftuesa
lkxkSu] lky] ljbZ] rsanq] /kok] chtk vkfn dh ydM+h egRoiw.kZ gSA blds vykok tykm ydM+h ,oa ckl Hkh miyC/k gSA
ouksit ds #i esa rsanwiRrk gjkZ] dRFkk xkasn] fpjkSath egqvk vkfn gSA
ftys esa cgqrk;r ek=k esa vkS"kf/k o{k ik;s x;s gS ftuls fd fofHkUu izdkj dh vk;qosZfnd nokvksa dk fuek.kZ fd;k
tk ldrk gS vkSj orZeku le; esa vk;qosZn dh rjQ yksxks dk #>ku c<+rk utj vk jgk gSA bl ftys esa vkS"kf/k o`{kksa
ds Qyksa esa cgsM+k] rh[kwj] fHkyok Qy] vkaoyk] fpjk;rk] ck;cjax] cspkanh] esuj Qy] csyxwnk] dejdl] xksan] djS;k] lky
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
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SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
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xksan] fduksa xksan] beyh dk xksan] dqlqe cht vkfn ftys esa miyC/k gS vkSj ;s lc ouksit Hkh vyx vyx izdkj ds
m|ksx dks LFkkuh; Lrj ij pykus esa lgk;d gks ldrs gSaA mDr vkS"kf/k o`{kksa ds Qyksa ls ftl izdkj ds y?kq m|ksx iui
ldrs gSa mudh tkudkjh vxzkafdr gSA
ftys esa bekjrh ydM+h cgqrk;r ek=k esa miyC/k gksus ds dkj.k bldk O;kikjd ckyk?kkV ftyk ekuk tkrk jgk
gSA vr% ydM+h ds QuhZpj] f[kM+dh] njokts ds pkS[kV iYys] IykbZoqM] ydM+h ds dykRed ekWMy ,oa f[kyksus rFkk
[ksydwn ds ydM+h ds lkekuksa dk m|ksx ;gka lgtrk iwoZd LFkkfir fd;s tk ldrs gSaA ;|fi ;s leLr m|ksx /ka/ks ds
#i esa dk;Zjr gSA ysfdu bUgsa y?kq m|ksx dk #i fn;k tkuk vko’;d gSA
izns’k dk vkSlr okf"kZd rsanqiRrk yxHkx 25 yk[k ekud cksjk mRiknu gSA e/;izns’k lokZf/kd rsanwiRrk
Mk;kslik;jl esaysDtk;yksu dh ifRr;ka mRiknu okyk jkT; gSA tks ns’k ds dqy rsanwiRrk okf"kZd mRiknu dk yxHkx 25
izfr’kr gSA e/;izns’k esa rsanwiRrk ds ,d ekud ckjs esa 50&50 iRrs dh 1600 xfM~M;ka gksrh gSA ;s iRrs rsanw ds o`{k ls
izkIr gksrs gSaA tks bcsuslh ifjokj dk ikS/kk gS ,oa ;g Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dh iztkfr gSA ;g e/;e Js.kh dk o`{k gS
ftldk ruk VsM+k es<+k gksrk gSA mRrj Hkkjr ds taxyksa esa ;g o`{k Lor% cgqr mxrk gS bldh iRrh dks rksM+dj cgqrk;r
ek=k esa miyC/k gSA fdarq dqN gh {ks=ksa esa bldk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS] ;g tcfd lHkh cgqrk;r ek=k esa ik;k tkrk gSA
bldks foLr`r y?kq m|ksx dk Lo#i fn;k tkuk egRoiw.kZ gSA
ckal] xzfeuhbZ dqy dk dk ,d vR;ar mi;ksxh ?kkl gSA tks Hkkjr ds izR;sd {ks= esa ikbZ tkrh gSA ckal ,d
lkewfgd ’kCn gSA eq[; tkfr;ka cSC;wlk] MsaMksdsySel uj ekal vkfn gSA cSC;wlk ’kCn ejkBh cSacw dk ysfVu uke gS blds
yxHkx 24 oa’k Hkkjr esa ik, tkrs gSaA
ckal ,d liq&id vko`rthoh] ,d chti=h iks,lh dqy dk ikni gSA blds ifjokj ds vU; egRoiw.kZ lnL;
nwc] xsgwa] eDdk] tkS vkSj /kku gSA ;g iFoh ij lcls rst c<+us okyuk vdk"Bh; ikS/kk gSA ;g iks/kk vius thou esa ,d
ckj gh Qy /kkj.k djrk gSA ckal ls fofHkUu izdkj ds jkstxkjksa dks c<+kok feyrk gSA tks fd orZeku esa ’kks/k {ks= esa
lapkfyr ugha gSA tcfd bldk mRiknu ckyk?kkV ftys esa lokZf/kd gSA
yk[k ,d izkdfrd jkWy gS ckdh lc jkWy d`f=e gSA blh dkj.k bls izd`fr dk ojnku dgrs gSaA yk[k ds dhV
vR;ar lw{e gksrs gSaA rFkk vius ’kjhj ls yk[k mRiUu djds gesa vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku djrs gSA oSKkfud Hkk"kk esa yk[k
dks ysflQj laLd`r ds y{k ’kCn ls gqbZ gSA laHkor% bldk dkj.k eknk dks’k ls vufxur f’k’kq dhM+ksa dk fudyuk gSA
yxHkx 34 gtkj yk[k ds dhM+s ,d fd-xzka- jaxhu yk[k rFkk 14 gtkj 4 lkS yk[k dhM+s ,d fd-xzk- dqleh yk[k iSnk
djrs gSaA
ckyk?kkV ftys dh vFkZO;oLFkk ewy#i ls d`f"k ij vk/kkfjr gSA ftys esa Hkkjrh ;k e/;e vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ;ksa dk
yxHkx vHkko gSA tcfd ftys esa orZeku esa vf/kdka’k d`f"k flafpr gS rFkk vk/kqfud rduhdh fof/k;ksa ls dh tk jgh gSA
dqn O;olkf;d Qlyksa dk mRiknu Hkh cgqrk;r esa gksrk gS ftuds vk/kkj ij ftys esa d`f"k ij vk/kkfjr y?kq e/;e vkSj
cM+s m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldrh gSA bldk mnkgj.kkFkZ& ckyk?kkV ftys esa [kk|kUu ds vfrfjDr O;olkf;d Qlyksa
lks;kchu] xUuk] eVj] frygu] nygu dikl vkSj gjh lfCt;ksa dk mRiknu dkQh ek=k esa gksrk gSA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 111
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1- ,l-ih- nqxkZ] *Hkkjr esa ckal dk foi.ku* ih-,p-Mh- fjlpZ lDkyj okf.kT; foHkkx iqEiqgkj dkWyst vkWVkseksel esyS;wj
609107 dhoMZ
2- eq[; ou laj{kd dk;kZy; ckyk?kkV
3- Jhefr izHkk xqIrk **e/;izns’k ds jk"Vh; ouksit dk vFkZ’kkL=h; v/;;u** dkUgk jk"Vh;** ds fo’ks"k lanHkZ esa jkuh
nqxkZorh fo’ofo|ky;] tcyiqj e-iz-A
4- uhfr tSu 2008 *egqvk] Qwy ,oa cht dk foi.ku* ou /ku if=dk] vad&3 ist ua- 25&28]
5- lq/khj iokj 2010 **y?kqouksit la?k] }kjk izns’k esa yk[k laxzg.k dk dk;Z* Yk?kqouksit lans’k e/;izns’k jkT;
y?kqouksit O;kikj ,oa fodklA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 112
POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT OF MUSLIM WOMEN OF JABALPUR CITY
Ms. Tamanna Praveen
Asst. Prof., Department of Political Science Hawabagh College, Jabalpur
Women empowerment means increasing the spiritual, social, educational, gender, economic and political
strength of individuals and communities to deliver an authority or permission. India provides vote to right for all.
Muslim women of this area feels that due to social reason women are not participating in political activities. Male
dominating behavior, narrow thinking regarding the efficiency of Muslim women, family responsibilities, and
religious principles also affects the participation of Muslim women in Politics. They are not encouraged by the
family. Whereas maximum percentage of Muslim women goes with lack of education, they feel that Muslim
women are lacking in education and education plays vital role in the political participation.
Table No. 1. Participation in election as a candidate
Sr. No. Participation as a candidate Respondents Percentage
1. Yes 38 10.2
2. No 336 89.8
Total 374 100
The above table reveals that only 10.2% women show a change in their thinking, they want to join and
take active participation in the politics and 89.8% women are not interested in political field. They consider it
inappropriate place or field for women.
Graph No. 1. – Representation of participation in election as a candidate
Table No. 2. Less political participation Muslim women due to
Sr. No. Less political participation of Muslim women Respondents Percentage
1. Social Reason 112 30
2. Lack of Education 173 46.3
10.20%
89.80%
Yes No
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 113
4. Weakness of Political parties 24 6.4
5. Money problem 65 17.3
Total 374 100
17.3% women tell us the same reason for not taking active participation in politics. 6.4% shows that even
political parties are not that much strong to take a step in favour of Muslim women. They don’t even approach
Muslim women to join politics.
Graph No. 2 – Representation of less political participation of Muslim women due to
CONCLUSION :- It is concluded that the situation of the Muslim women is not satisfactory regarding socio-
economic status, educational status, decision making and political status. The condition of Muslim women of high
class or low class, educated or iliterate, employed or unemployed, everyone are facing the same problem. The
condition of each and every Muslim women in Jabalpur City are same, they are not equally treated and
encouraged by family and community.
RECOMMENDATIONS :-
1. Muslim community leaders and organizations should recognize their duty and should promote economic
and educational progress of the community especially backward Muslim women and also create favourable
attitude or environment regarding Muslim women empowerment.
2. Promote Muslim women political participation at local and state level to improve their participation in
mainstream.
REFERENCES :
Ashrafi, Talat, Muslim Women in Changing Perspective, Common Wealth Publishers, New Delhi, 1992
Siddiqui, H.Y., Muslim Women in Transition, Harnam Publications, New Delhi, 1987.
Siddiqui, M.M., Women in Islam, Islamic Book Trust, Delhi, 1980.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%30%
46.30%
6.40%
17.30%
Social Reason
Lack of Education
Weakness of Politicalparties
Money problem
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 114
dFkkoLrq dkO; dk vfHkUu v³~x gksrh gSA og vius ewy :i esa vR;Ur laf{kIr] ,dkaxh rFkk vfodflr gksrh
gSA dfo mls dkO;Hkwfe esa izfrf"Br djus ds fy, visf{kr ifoorZu] ifjo/kZu ,oa la’kks/ku djrk gSA ftlls og dkO;oLrq
ds :i esa O;kid] ekSfyd vkSj mnkRr ekuoh; xq.kksa ls lEiUu gks tkrh gSA bldh lQyrk dfo dh izfrHkk ij fuHkZj
djrh gSA og dFkkoLrq dks ’kkL=h; ekun.Mksa dh dklkSVh ij mrkjus ds fy, viuh izfrHkk dk iw.kZ mi;ksx djrk gS tks
dkO; ijEijk es jfpr ml Ñfr dk Hkfo"; fuf’pr djrh gSaA
lqnkepfjr egkdkO; Hkxoku~ JhÑ".k dh lqnkek ds lkFk eS=h dFkk ds vk/kkj ij fufeZr izcU/k dkO; gSA
Jhen~Hkkxor iqjk.k esa laf{kIr :i esa of.kZr ;g dFkk ;gk¡ dkO; Lo:i izfrf"Br gqbZ gSA ;gk¡ nksuksa ;kSoukoLFkk esa ckY;
eS=h ds vk/kkj ij iqufeZyu of.kZr gSA1 izLrqr dkO; ds }kn’k izcU/kksa ds Øe’k% fuEukafdr fo"k; of.kZr gS& nf{k.k if’pe
fn’kk es fLFkr e/kqiqjh uked xzke ds foiz lqnkek cM+s nfjnzrk Hkjs fnu fcrkrs gq, viuh iRuh lrh ds lkFk fuokl djrs
gSA m ~íofÙk ;k f’k{kk ls cM+s d"Viw.kZ thou fcrkrh gqbZ lrh ,d fnu vius ifr ds lkeus thou /kkj.k ds fy, /ku dh
vko’;drk fuosfnr djrh gS izHkq ds Jhpj.kksa es vklDr fpÙk lqnkek /ku dh fuUnk djr gSA okj okj/ku dh vifjgk;Zrk
dks cks/k djkrh gqbZ lrh ckY;fe= Ñ".k ds ikl ls /ku ykus ds fy, ifr dks izsfjr djrh gSA lqnkek /kukFkhZ ds :i esa
Ñ".k ds lkeus tkus ds bPNqd u gksdj Hkh vius fe= }kjdk/kh’k ds eu ls n’kZukFkZ }kjorh tkus ds fy, mRlkfgr gksrs
gSaA fe= ds fy, HkssaV :o:i oL= esa ca/ks dqN pkoy lrh lqnkek dks nsrh gSA }kjorh es igq¡pdj ogk¡ dh HkO;rk dks
ns[kdj lqnkek Lo;a dks NksVk ekurs gS rFkkfi JhÑ".k ds n’kZu dh bPNk ls jkt}kj ij fo|eku vf/kdkfj;k sa ls Hkhrj
izos’k djus dk vuqjks/k djrs gSA **fe= vk;s gSa ckgj izrh{kk dj jgs gSa** bl izdkj izfrgkj ds eq[k ls lqudj JhÑ".k
Lo;a gh }kj dh vksj nksM+rs gq, tkrs gS vkSj fe= dk vkfyax djrs gSAA vkuUnkJq dh ty/kkjk ls flDr nksuksa vkius
feyu ds n`’; ls nsoksa dks Hkh izHkkfor djrs gSaA JhÑ".k lqnkek dks Hkhrj ys vkrs gSA JhÑ".k dh iRuh ty ykdj Lo;a
gh lqnkek ds iSj /kksrh gSA bl cgqeku ls :fDr.kh ds eu esa mRiUu ftKklk dk lek/kku djrs gq, JhÑ".k ckY;dky esa
xq: lkUnhifu ds vkJe esa vius v/;;u dky dk Lej.k djkrs gS rFkk lqnkek ds lkFk vius izx<+ eS=h dk o.kZu djrs
gSaA
JhÑ".k lqnkek dk izxk<+ rFkk vuqie vkfrF; djrs gSaA Ik’pkr~ os lqnkek ls HksaV esa D;k yk;s gSa] bl izdkj
iwNrs gSaA viuh nfjnzrk ds dkj.k yfTtr rFkk vHkwriwoZ bl vkfrF; ls vR;f/kd ladqfpr lqnkek rqPN pkoy nsus dk
mRlkg ugha dj ikrs gSaA JhÑ".k Lo;a gh muls pkoy ysdj mlesa ls nks eqB~Bh pkoy [kkrs gSaA rhljh ckj pkoy dks
[kkus ds mRlqd JhÑ".k dks ogk¡ fo|eku :fDe.kh mUgsa jksdrh gS rFkk dgrh gS fd nks ckj esa gh vkius nks yksd bl
f}t dks lefiZr dj fn;s gSA rhljh ckj eas rhljk yksd Hkh ogha pyk tk,xkA JhÑ".k ds egy esa cM+s lq[k vkSj ,s” o;Z
ls lqnkek jgrs gSaA jkf= esa lqnkek ds lks tkus ij JhÑ".k muds xkWo tkrs gS rFkk fo’odekZ dks cqykdj lqnkek dk ?kj
Lo.kZe; vkSj /ku/kkU; ls Hkj nsrs gSaA cU/kq iRuh ds lkFk lEHkk"k.k djrs gSaA cU/kq iRuh lrh mudh Lrqfr djrh gSA
lqnkek }kjkorh ls ykSVrs gSA ekxZ esa os JhÑ".k es xq.kksa dh iz’kalk djrs gq, Hkh muls dqN /ku izkIr ugha fd;kA
bl izdkj fopkj dj mudh Ñi.krk dh eu lk fuUnk djrs gSA dqN Hkh izkIr ugha gqvk bl dkj.k eu esa mUgsa viuh
iRuh ds izfr Øks/k vkrk gS D;ksfd mlds dkj.k ls gh ,slk Je vkSj yTtk Lohdkj dj os JhÑ".k ds efUnj esa x;s FksA
os JhÑ".k dks Hkh dBksj ân; rFkk funZ; ekurs gSa D;kasfd Ik;kZIr /ku lEiUu gksdj Hkh mUgksuas lqnkek ds vkrs le; opu
/ku ds vfrfjDr dksbZ /ku iznku ugha fd;kA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 115
bl izdkj vius eu esa fopkj djrs gq, tc og vius ?kj igqWps vkSj ogkW fofo/k jRuksa ,oa fofo/k tuksa ls ifjiw.kZ
lqo.kZe; izklkn dks ns[kdj igys grizHk gksrs gS] Hkzeo’k nwljs ds ?kj igqWp x;s&,slk fopkj djrs gSaA vius ?kj vkSj iRuh
ds fouk’k dh vk’kadk dj nq%[kdkrj lqnkek ykSVuk pkgrs gSaA rHkh fofo/k vkHkw"k.kksa ls foHkwf"kr rFkk lf[k;ksa o
ifjpkfjdkvksa ls ifjosf"Vr lqnkek iRuh lrh vkrh gSA og lqnkek dks cqykrh gSA lqnkek mls ,d jkuh gh ekurs gSaA l[kh
mudh n’kk dks tkudj ifjgkl ds lkFk mUgsa dke ØhMk ds fy, vkºoku djrh gSA bls vuqfpr ekudj lqnkek mldk
frjLdkj djrs gSA ckn esa os viuh iRuh dks igpku ysrs gSA nksuksa dk feyu gksrk gSA JhÑ".k dh lsok esa vkRekiZ.k
djds vUr esa nksuksa dks fo".kq in izkIr gksrk gSA bl dFkk ds lkFk dkO; ds ckjg izcU/k ifjlekIr gksrs gSA
izLrqr dFkkoLrq dks egkdkO;kuq:Ik O;kid rFkk mnkÙk Lo:Ik iznku djus ds fy, dfo us leh{kk xzUFkksa esa
fu/kkZfjr ekin.Mksa dk ikyu djus dk lQy iz;kl fd;k gSA3 lqnkepfjra egkdkO; ckjg izcU/kksa esa foHkDr gSA bldk
vkjEHk dfo us Hkxoku~ f’ko dks ueu djds fd;k gS &
uRok ’kEHkqinkjfoUn;qxya Le`Rok xqjks% ikoua
LokUrs Hkwifr cYyHkL; pj.ka fo|kiznL;k?kge~A
Ok{;s Ñ".k lqnkek iq.; pfjra loZ= lRdhfrZra
Nkfj|ªkfn fouk’kua ’kqHkdja df’pn~ cgksjks f}t%AA
Hkxoku fo".kq ds izfr HkfDr Hkko ls iw.kZ ln~oa’k f}t lqnkek bl egkdkO; ds /khjksnkÙk uk;d gSaA blesa loZ=
HkfDr jl dh iz/kkurk gSaA bldh dFkkoLrq Jhen~Hkkxor iqjk.k dh dFkk ij vk/kkfjr gSA blesa lqnkek rFkk JhÑ".k ds
mnkÙk pfj= dks lqUnj dkO;e; <ax ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA egkdkO; prqZoxZ dh izkfIr esa lgk;d gSA lqnkek ds
fe=&feyu ls /keZ izkfIr] Jh Ñ".k ds nku ls vFkZ izkfIr] vFkZ ls dke izkfIr rFkk /kekZFkZ dke :Ik Qyksa ds fo"k; esa
vuklfDRk gksus ls eks{k izkfIr fl) gksrh gSA JhÑ’.k dh HkfDr ls fo’.kq in dh izkfIr gh bl egkdkO; dk Qy gS tks
y{k.k xzUFkksa ds vuqlkj egkdkO;kuq:Ik gSA lqnkekpfjr vk|ksikUr HkfDr jl HkfDr dkO; gSA
vr% blesa ;|fi [kyfuUnk dk dgha volj ugha Fkk rFkkfi dfo us JhÑ".k dks vkYkEcu cukdj [ky fuUnk dh
gSA Ñ".k ls /kukfn ykHk izkfIr ugha gqbZ& ;g lkspdj lqnkek JhÑ".k dh fuUnk djrs gSaA ;gh ugha os vU; nsoksa ds xq.kksa
ij fopkj djrs gSa Øe’k% lHkh nsoksa esa dksbZ u dksbZ nks’k mUgsa fn[kk;h nsrk gSA
vr% os czºek] fo".kq] f’kolw;Z x.ks’k y{eh vkfn dh Hkh fuUnk djrs gSA rFkkfi dfo us lqnkek ds pfj= dks vPNh
rjg mHkkjk gSA ogk W ij L=h ds dj Li’kZ dks vuqfpr ekurs gSa ij /ku ,oa iRuh ds izfr mUgsa dksbZ vklfDRk ugha gSA vr%
og vU; L=h dh vk’kadk ls djc) gksus ij dgrs gSaA
Do esaa cfy iznkuk; iq’iekyka n/ks âfnA
fdaQya “kksHkua rsL;kRdja /k`Rok grs f}tsAA
lqnkepfjra egkdkO; esa okjg izcU/k rFkk vkB lkS vB~Bklh “yksd gSaA blesa x| rFkk NUnksc) “yksdksa dk
lgokl gSA lkFk gh blesa Ik|Hkkx dk vkf/kD; ,oa izk/kkU; gSA ’kkL=h; n`f"V ls izcU/kksa dks lxZ dgk tk ldrk gSA blesa
x|ka’k dsoy uoesa X;kjgosa rFkk okjgosa izcU/k esa miyC/k gk srs gSaA muesa Hkh x|ka’k dh vis{kk i|ka’k gh vf/kdrj gSA
dkO; esa x| dk iz;ksx dsoy rhu LFkyksa ij fd;k x;k gSA ;g x| x| izkS<+ rFkk vkstksxq.k fof’k"V gSaA ’yksdksa
ds iz;ksx esa dfo us LorU=rk dk vkpj.k fd;k gSA dgha Ng pj.kksa ls fof’k"V ’yksd Hkh jps x;s gSaA bUgsa dfo us Lo;a
’kV~inh ’kCn ls vfHkfgr fd;k gSA dkO; esa izfr izcU/k esa ,d gh NUn ds ’kkL=h; fu;e dk ikyu loZFkk ugha fd;k x;k
gSA izcU/k ds e/; esa ewy NUn ds vfrfjDr vU; NUnksa dk iz;ksx ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA dkO; esa oa’kLFk NUn dk iz;ksx
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 116
lokZf/kd fd;k x;k gSA vuq"Vqi~ NUn dk iz;ksx oa’kLFk ds ckn nwljs LFkku ij gSA oLrqr% izcU/kks ds izlaxksa dks vkxs c<+kus
ds fy, ;g NUn mi;ksxh gksrk gSA
izLrqr egkdkO; esa ;FkkLFkku lw;Z pUnz jtuh unh leqnz rFkk _rq vkfn vusd je.kh; o.kZu gSA uosa izcU/k esa
dfo us x| esa izHkkr dky dk cM+k gh lqUnj fp=.k fd;k gSA ÞpUnzek ds vLr gks tkus ij Hkxoku HkkLdj mn;kapy ij
vk:<+ gq,A nksuksa fn’kkvksa esa QSys rst ls lalkj /koy gks mBkA pdksj papy n`f’V ls ns[kus yxsA Hkzej dey dks’k ls
fudydj mM+us yxs] e/kqiku ls eÙk gksdj e/kqj xqatkj djus yxs---------------------- eksj g’kZ ls fuukn djus yxsA e`x vkdk’k
ekxZ ls nkSM+us yxsAß
uxj o.kZu esa foosP; vV~Vkfydkvksa rksj.kksa rFkk izlkn] ekxksZa ds vusd je.kh; o.kZu gSaA iqjh }kjorh ds nqxZ ds
lEeq[k vusd eneÙk xt fLFkr gSaA ekxZ ds pkSjkgs lksus ds yks’Bksa ls fufeZr gSaA vfXu ln’ko.kZ ls os lnSo nsnhI;eku
gksrs gSA blh izdkj ueZnk rV ij fLFkr vofUrdk rFkk e/kqiqjh ds o.kZu Hkh ;gk¡ dkO; ijaijk fuokZg ds :Ik esa izLrqr gSaA
lqnkepfjr esa ;K v/;;u ,oa nku vkfn fofo/k fof/k fo/kkuksa dk mYYks[k gqvk gSA lfof/k ;K ,oa nkukfn mÙke
deZ ls euq’; LoxZ izkIr djrk gSA vr% f}t dks “kkL=fofgr mDr deZ vo’; djus pkfg,A
lqnkek vusd ’kkL=ksa ds vPNs fo}ku gSA dkO; esa mudk pfj= iz/kku uk;d ds egklROk] vfrxaHkhjrk vkfn ls
iw.kZ gS] os vius lekt esa izfrf"Br gSa iqjksfgr gaSa rFkk fu/kZu gksus ij Hkh izHkq HkfDr esa yhu jgus ls lq[kh gSA os ek= /ku
;kpuk ds fy, Jhd".k ls feyus ugha tkrs gSa izR;qr iRuh ds vkxzgo’k fe= d`".k ls feydj cgqr izLkUu gksrs gSA os fe=
ds vfrF; ls xnxn gksdj vusd’k% mudh iz’kalk djrs gSA
Jh d".k dk mnkÙk pfj= Hkh dkO; esa of.kZr gSA }kjorh ds vkn’kZ jktk gSaA dwVuhfrK rFkk dq’ky iz’kkld gSaA
foizksa ukxfjdksa ifjtuksa rFkk jktHkR;ksa ds j{kd rFkk Lokeh gSaA vius ckY; fe= lqnkek dks }kj ij vk;k tkudj Lo;a
ogk¡ igq¡prs gSa os jktk gksdj Hkh jkten ls ’kwU; gSaA fu/k Zu foiz lqnkek ds xq.kksa dh iz’kalk djrs gSaA muds vkfrF; esa os
dksbZ deh ugha djrs gSa rFkk fu/kZurk nwj djus ds fy, mUgsa fcuk crk;s gh jkf= esa tkdj muds ?kj dks Lo.kZe; laiUu
cuokdj okil vk tkrs gSaA vr% Jhd".k dk nku fu%lUnsg LrqR; gSA os R;kx dh lk{kkr~ ewfrZ gSA
dkO; esa ukf;dk lrh dks vkn’kZ Hkkjrh; ukjh ds :Ik esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA og d’kxk= rFkk dqoL=k rFkk
dqpSyk gksdj Hkh ifrozrk gSA fu/kZu thou dk lokZf/kd d"V mls gh Hkksxuk iM+k gS viuh vkfFkZd n’kk dk dkj.k og
ifjfLFkfr tU; ykHk ikus dh i zoapuk dks gh ekurh gSA mldk fo’okl gS fd vius jktfe= ls feyus ij mldh nfjnzrk
nwj gksxhA
vr% vkxzg iwoZd og ifr dks d`".k ds lehi Hkstrh gS rFkk muls ;Fks"V ykHk ikdj vius iz;kstu esa lQy
gksrh gSA
lrh dk fo’okl gS fd lq[kh ,o a ’kkfUriw.kZ thou ds /ku ijeko’;d gSA /ku ds fcuk ;K nku Hkksx vkfn dk;Z
ugha gks ldrs gSA /ku ds fcuk /keZ vkSj dke Hkh laHko ugha gS blfy, nkukfn mfpr mik;ksa ls euq"; dks /ku laxzg
vo’; djuk pkfg,A
vr% dkO; esa dFkkoLrq dks vusdfo/k O;kid rFkk mnkÙk cukdj dfo us bls egkdkO; oLrq dk mfpr Lo:Ik
iznku fd;k gSA blds foe’kZ dks dfo us Jhd".k lqnkek dh vUkU; eS=h dks yksd esa vf/kd foJqr gksus dk lans’k fn;k gSA
lekt esa fo|eku LokFkZ ds LFkku R;kx ,oa HksnHkko ds LFkku ij Å¡p&uhp Hkko nwj gksus dk vuqie lans’k izLrqr fd;k
gSA dkO; esa fuc) lHkh oLrq o.kZu dFkkoLrq ds vfuok;Z vax ln`’k lekfgr gSA ftlls ;g egkdkO; dFkkoLrq dh nf"V
ls iw.kZ le) vkSj mPpdksfV dk xzUFk gSA
ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016
A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)
SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 117
1- lqnkepfjr~ egkdkO; i`0&?k ¼Hkwfedk½
2- lq0p0i`0&p ¼Hkwfedk½
3- dkO;n’kZ] dkO;izdk’k] lkfgR;niZ.k
4- lq0p0i`0&1@1
5- lq0p0i`0&12@67
6- lq0p0i`0&9@39
7- lq0p0i`0&4@50
8- lq0p0i`0&9@46&72
9- lq0p0i`0&9@1&48
10- lq0p0i`0&12@96