DBH 4 HISTORY - THIRD TERM
AN AGE OF CONFLICT WW1 (1914-1919)
�1
THE BALKANS - WEAKNESS OF THE TURKISH EMPIRE
PAGE 96
ARE WE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND SOMETHING FROM IT?
WHAT DOES THE TEXTBOOK THEORY SAY?
• In 1908, Austria-Hungary invaded Bosnia-Herzegovina and annexes it to their empire.
• This was a big mistake, because the Bosnians were Slavic people, like the neighboring Serbia or Russia.
• Serbia and Russia were therefore very anti-Austrian.
• (One for all, all for one).
• (Russia and Serbia supported Bosnia in their fight.)
• (Russian and Austria-Hungarians have one goal: defeat the Ottoman Empire, so they could gain more power.)
THE TARGET, THE BALKANS
RUSSIANS, AUSTRIAN-HUNGARIANS, OTTOMANS
TENSIONS =
WAR
WW1 (1914-1918) THE GREAT WAR
PAGE 97
JUNE 28, 1914
OUTBREAK OF WAR
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited Bosnia.
• He wanted to gain the loyalty of the Bosnian people.
• A Serbian student, who was a member of a nat ional ist group, assass inated the archduke Franz Ferdinand.
• The “spark” for WW1.
THE HATE WAS HIGH
THE SEQUENCE OF THE BEGINNING OF WW1
• July 28, Austria declared war on Serbia.
• Serbia was a “friend” of Russia, so the Triple Entente (Russia, France, England) supported Serbia.
• Rumania & Japan also sided to the Triple Entente.
• The Ottoman Empire & Bulgaria supported the Triple Alliance (Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy).
• The war was also taken to the African and Asian colonies (apart from Europe).
• From June 28 to August 4, everybody declared the war to everybody taking into account the Triple Entente or Alliance.
FOUR YEARS OF WAR (1914-1918)
CONCLUSION OF PAGE 97
• There will be a change of names for the groups, the teams are going to be larger that three:
• The Triple Entente will be called “Allied Powers”.
• The Triple Alliance will be called “Central Powers”.
• (Check the following map; WW1 was worldwide.)
GREEN = ALLIED POWERS
ORANGE = CENTRAL POWERS
GREY = NEUTRAL NATIONS
THE WAR IS WORLDWIDE
THE FIRST WORLDWIDE WAR IN HISTORY
A GOOD 20TH CENTURY BEGINNING
AND THE HUMAN BEING IS ABLE TO REPEAT ONCE AND AGAIN THE SAME MISTAKES…
DIFIERENT PHASES OF WW1 (1914-1917)
PAGE 98
WHY WAS IT SUCH A LONG WAR?
KEY ASPECTS OF WW1
• A short war, turned into a 4 year-long war (1914-1918).
• It has two very clear phases:
• Movements phase (1914).
• Trench Warfare (1915-1917).
• (The key aspect to be so long.)
1914
MOVEMENTS PHASE
• Key aspect: Germany entered the war August 1914.
• Schlieffen Plan:
• Bi-directional:
• Western front:
• Defeat France.
• Eastern front:
• Fight Russia.
FIRST: WESTERN FRONT
SECOND: EASTERN FRONT
THE FIRST PHASE FAILED FOR SCHLIEFFEN:
THE TRENCH WARFARE BEGINS
THE WESTERN FRONT COLLAPSED FOR THE GERMAN ARMY
THEY COULD NOT PROGRESS ANYMORE
THE LAND TO BE CONQUERED
NO MAN’S LAND
• Aerial view of a real “No Man’s Land” between two opposing trenches.
• No-one could capture it.
• No-one wanted to be caught in it.
• France & Germany reached a s t a l emate ( a l m o s t z e ro progress for three years of war, 1915-1917.)
THE BATTLE OF THE SOMME (1916)SOME TERRIBLE FACTS OF THE BRUTALITY
THE CRUELTY OF THE HUMAN RACE
A BATTLE TO THINK ABOUT
1,250,000
MEN
KILLED
57,000
BRITISH
KILLED
FIRST DAY
THE NUMBERS OF THE GREAT CATASTROPHE
A WAR TO THINK
Country Population Civilian deaths Military deaths
Russia 161,000,000 2,000,000 1,700,000
Serbia 4,500,000 650,000 450,000
France 40,000,000 40,000 1,375,000
British Empire 45,000,000 30,000 908,000
USA 92,000,000 0 126,000
Italy 36,000,000 No data 650,000
Ottoman Empire 20,000,000 2,150,000 325,000
Germany 68,000,000 760,000 1,773,000
Austria-Hungary 51,000,000 300,000 1,200,000
WAR’S NEW SCENARIO
U-BOAT
THE FINAL BATTLES ON DIFFERENT FRONTS
(1917-1918) PAGE 99
SEA & AIR (LAND WAS TOTALLY BLOCKED)
THE NEW WAR SCENARIOS
• At sea - decisive battles:
• To protect ships bringing food and weapons from the USA.
• To blockade the enemy ports (cutting off the supplies) - this worked very well for the British against the Germans.
• The use of U-boats repealed with special bombs, “depth charges” (bombs to sink the submarines).
• In the air - use of aircrafts - at the beginning for reconnaissance; then to carry bombs.
• British to protect the ships (from 36 planes by 1914 to 23,000 by 1918).
• Germans to attack British cities.
IT IS GLOBAL, BUT EUROPE IS STILL THE MAIN SCENARIO
EAST & WEST (EUROPE) WAR THEATERS
• In the East of Europe:
• 1917, the October Revolution brought peace among Germany and Russia.
• In the West of Europe:
• Germany transferred all the troops to the west.
• The USA has joined the war, because the Germans were sinking their supply ships before arriving in Great Britain.
THE LAST STEPS
THE END OF WW1
• March 1918: Germany tried a last big attack to capture Paris.
• It was a total failure.
• The people in Germany were lied, and discovered the war was being a total disaster. People turned against the government.
• Different “Central Powers” surrendered (Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire & Austria-Hungary).
• November 9, 1918: Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated (left the throne).
• Germany was a republic and it surrendered signing the armistice.
DOUBLE HISTORICAL EVENT
THE FOREST OF COMPIÉGNE
• November 11, 1918: signing the armistice of WW1. The beginning of the German humiliation.
• June 22, 1940: Hitler signed the armistice between Germany and France. France would be under the Nazi control. The perfect revenge by the Germans.
• Finally, Germany got to Paris…
THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES (1919)
PAGES 103-105
— Gustavo Corni, “Breve historia del Nazismo”
EN AQUELLA REUNIÓN DE PARÍS DE 1919 SOLO QUEDÓ ESTABLECIDO EL CONCEPTO DE
REPARACIÓN, SEGÚN EL CUAL ALEMANIA DEBÍA DEVOLVER A LOS PAÍSES VENCEDORES LO QUE
ESTOS HABÍAN GASTADO EN LA GUERRA
”
“
WINNERS SETTING THE RULES
INTRODUCTION
• When?
• 1919.
• Who?
• Allied Leaders - Britain, the USA, France.
• Where?
• Meeting in Versailles (France).
• Any one missing the meeting?
• Germany was not invited.
WHAT DID THE WINNERS WANT?
THE PARTICIPANTS’ CHECKLIST
• To reorganize Europe.
• The “collapse of the empires” (Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, German, Russian Empires) - the disappearance of the Central European empires.
• To establish the culprit of the war.
• GERMANY! GERMANY! GERMANY!**
• To find a system to maintain the peace.
• The creation of the “League of Nations” (the future UN).
THE COUNTRY TO BE BLAMED
**GERMANY! GERMANY! GERMANY!
• Germany was declared the main culprit.
• Germany had to pay for all the war damage (reparations).
• Germany had to reduce its army (maximum 100,000 soldiers; no airforce; all submarines destroyed; navy limited to 36 ships).
• Germany lost all its overseas colonies.
• Parts of Germany were given to France, Belgium, Denmark, Poland (the most industrialized ones, like Alsace & Lorraine).
• The “Rhineland” was also taken from Germany and became a demilitarized zone.
• Germany was not allowed to join the League of Nations (until 1926).
HOW DID EUROPE LOOK LIKE BEFORE AND AFTER
WW1?