Decommissioning of Nuclear Power PlantsDecommissioning of Nuclear Power Plants

Case Study:Dounreay Nuclear Facility

Case Study:Dounreay Nuclear Facility

Samuel ChapmanHeriot-Watt University

Samuel ChapmanHeriot-Watt University

Dounreay siteDounreay site

Opened in 1955Developing Fast Breeder Reactor

Technology (FBR)Operated by United Kingdom

Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA)Site has three nuclear reactors

Opened in 1955Developing Fast Breeder Reactor

Technology (FBR)Operated by United Kingdom

Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA)Site has three nuclear reactors

LocationLocation

Sites of UKAEASites of UKAEA

Three ReactorsThree Reactors Dounreay Materials test reactor (DMTR)

1958 - 1969

Dounreay Fast Reactor (DFR) On-line November 1959 Supplied National Grid from 1962 Taken off-line for decommissioning, 1977

Supplied 600 million kWh during lifespan

Prototype Fast Reactor (PFR) Supplied grid from 1975 - 1994

1994: end of nuclear power generation at site

Dounreay Materials test reactor (DMTR) 1958 - 1969

Dounreay Fast Reactor (DFR) On-line November 1959 Supplied National Grid from 1962 Taken off-line for decommissioning, 1977

Supplied 600 million kWh during lifespan

Prototype Fast Reactor (PFR) Supplied grid from 1975 - 1994

1994: end of nuclear power generation at site

Subsequent ActivitySubsequent Activity

Reactors have all been shut down Care and maintenance of old plant and

decommissioning activities have meant that large work-force retained.

Commercial reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel and waste stopped by the UK government in 1998.

Some waste is still accepted from other nuclear facilities in special circumstances

Reactors have all been shut down Care and maintenance of old plant and

decommissioning activities have meant that large work-force retained.

Commercial reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel and waste stopped by the UK government in 1998.

Some waste is still accepted from other nuclear facilities in special circumstances

Future of SiteFuture of Site

On 1 April 1995 the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) became the owner of the site

UKAEA remaining as operator. Decommissioning of Dounreay is planned to

bring the site to an interim care and surveillance state by 2032.

Brown-field site by 2336, at a total cost of £2.9 billion (~€2.18 billion)

On 1 April 1995 the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) became the owner of the site

UKAEA remaining as operator. Decommissioning of Dounreay is planned to

bring the site to an interim care and surveillance state by 2032.

Brown-field site by 2336, at a total cost of £2.9 billion (~€2.18 billion)

Apart from decommissioning the reactors, reprocessing plant, and associated facilities;

Apart from decommissioning the reactors, reprocessing plant, and associated facilities;

there are five main

environmental issues

to be dealt with:

Irradiated nuclear fuel particles on the seabed near the plant, estimated about 10,000 in number. Some are being washed ashore, including as of 2006 about 70 smaller particles on the public Sandside Bay beach and one at a popular tourist beach at Dunnet.

The way these particles escaped the site has not been determined, there are several plausible possibilities.

The risk to the public is considered low.

Irradiated nuclear fuel particles on the seabed near the plant, estimated about 10,000 in number. Some are being washed ashore, including as of 2006 about 70 smaller particles on the public Sandside Bay beach and one at a popular tourist beach at Dunnet.

The way these particles escaped the site has not been determined, there are several plausible possibilities.

The risk to the public is considered low.

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18,000m3 of radiologically contaminated land, and 28,000m3 of chemically contaminated land.

1,350m3 of high and medium active liquors and 2,550m3 of unconditioned intermediate level nuclear waste in store.

1,500 tonnes of sodium, 900 tonnes of this radioactively contaminated from the Prototype Fast Reactor.

18,000m3 of radiologically contaminated land, and 28,000m3 of chemically contaminated land.

1,350m3 of high and medium active liquors and 2,550m3 of unconditioned intermediate level nuclear waste in store.

1,500 tonnes of sodium, 900 tonnes of this radioactively contaminated from the Prototype Fast Reactor.

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A 65m deep shaft used for intermediate level nuclear waste disposal.

Shaft never designed as waste depository and was used on a very general and poorly monitored basis.

Relic of a process by which a waste-discharge pipe was constructed, designed to discharge into sea.

Historic use of the shaft as waste depository has resulted in one hydrogen gas explosion.

At one time it was normal for workers to fire rifles into the shaft to sink polythene bags floating on water.

A 65m deep shaft used for intermediate level nuclear waste disposal.

Shaft never designed as waste depository and was used on a very general and poorly monitored basis.

Relic of a process by which a waste-discharge pipe was constructed, designed to discharge into sea.

Historic use of the shaft as waste depository has resulted in one hydrogen gas explosion.

At one time it was normal for workers to fire rifles into the shaft to sink polythene bags floating on water.

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In 2007 UKAEA pleaded guilty to four charges under the Radioactive Substances Act 1960 relating to activities between 1963 and 1984.One of disposing of radioactive waste at a

landfill site at the plant between 1963 and 1975 and,

three of allowing nuclear fuel particles to be released into the sea, resulting in a fine £140,000.

In 2007 UKAEA pleaded guilty to four charges under the Radioactive Substances Act 1960 relating to activities between 1963 and 1984.One of disposing of radioactive waste at a

landfill site at the plant between 1963 and 1975 and,

three of allowing nuclear fuel particles to be released into the sea, resulting in a fine £140,000. QuickTime™ and a

decompressorare needed to see this picture.

Current State of ShaftCurrent State of ShaftMore than 11,000 disposals took place

until 1977. A wide variety of radiologically

contaminated material was dumped in Shaft.

Since then, environmental legislation has been tightened.

UKAEA are now required to remove all the waste from the Shaft.

More than 11,000 disposals took place until 1977.

A wide variety of radiologically contaminated material was dumped in Shaft.

Since then, environmental legislation has been tightened.

UKAEA are now required to remove all the waste from the Shaft.

A £16 million contract to isolate the Shaft was awarded in October 2004 to Ritchies, the specialist geotechnical division of Edmund Nuttall Ltd.

A £16 million contract to isolate the Shaft was awarded in October 2004 to Ritchies, the specialist geotechnical division of Edmund Nuttall Ltd.

Contents of ShaftContents of Shaft

Hydraulically Isolating Shaft

Hydraulically Isolating Shaft

Isolating the Shaft involves building a raised working platform

Drilling up to 400 boreholes and injecting grout into rock fractures and the liquid effluent discharge tunnel

Restricts water movement to and from the Shaft

Creates a stable environment for waste retrieval in the future

Isolating the Shaft involves building a raised working platform

Drilling up to 400 boreholes and injecting grout into rock fractures and the liquid effluent discharge tunnel

Restricts water movement to and from the Shaft

Creates a stable environment for waste retrieval in the future

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Working PlatformWorking PlatformTo allow the boreholes to be drilled

requires use of raised working platformConstructed by placing a concrete core

within a structural concrete facingBuilt up from the height of the existing

Dounreay foreshore to the height of the existing Shaft building.

To allow the boreholes to be drilled requires use of raised working platform

Constructed by placing a concrete core within a structural concrete facing

Built up from the height of the existing Dounreay foreshore to the height of the existing Shaft building.

Contruction Phases of Raised Concrete Platfrom

Contruction Phases of Raised Concrete Platfrom

DesignDesign

Natural state of proposed location

Natural state of proposed location

Construction Problems

Construction Problems

Coastal SituationCoastal Situation

Completed WorksCompleted Works

Commencing of Borehole Drilling

Commencing of Borehole Drilling

Locations of initial sealing of outflow pipe

Locations of initial sealing of outflow pipe

Future?Future?“Complete” decommissioning of

the site

Removal of three reactors, waste from shaft and construction materials

Still nowhere yet for permenant storage of waste!

Stored at Dounreay, above ground stores pending a national policy for the management of intermediate-level waste.

“Complete” decommissioning of the site

Removal of three reactors, waste from shaft and construction materials

Still nowhere yet for permenant storage of waste!

Stored at Dounreay, above ground stores pending a national policy for the management of intermediate-level waste.

Thanks for your Attention!Thanks for your Attention!

BibliographyBibliography

UKAEA website http://www.ukaea.org.uk Decommissioning factsheet Shaft project updates Shaft isolation Project_Raised Platform

Construct Wikipedia

Dounreay Google Images

UKAEA website http://www.ukaea.org.uk Decommissioning factsheet Shaft project updates Shaft isolation Project_Raised Platform

Construct Wikipedia

Dounreay Google Images