Dental MnemonicsHere are certain Mnemonics which i have found over the net and jotted them down onto this one place for a quick review just before the exam day. These are a mix of all subjectsi ll keep updating this blog with new Mnemonics on the top, so keep visiting for new Mnemonics :)
Updated 2/05/2014 Eruption of permanent teeth
"Mama Is In Pain, Papa Can Make Medicine"
1st Molar - 6 yrs1st Incisor - 7 yrs2nd Incisor - 8yrs1st Premolar - 9yrs2nd Premolar - 10yrsCanine - 11 yrs2nd Molar - 12yrs3rd Molar - 18 - 25 yrs
Dyspepsia symptoms
ALARM Symptoms Anaemia (iron deficiency) Loss of weight Anorexia Recent onset of progressive symptoms Melaena / haematemesis Swallowing difficulty
If dyspepsia and either >55yrs or ALARM Symptoms then ENDOSCOPY
Syphilis characterized by 4 stages-primary ,secondary ,latent ,tertiary!!Primary syphilis-PRAISEP-painless lesionR-regional lymphadenopathyA-cArtilagenous consistency of lesion... I-indurated lesionS-single lesionE-exudation with discharging serous fluid
Secondary-CAMPC-condylomata lataA-associated lesions(opthalmic,osseous,meningeal)M-mucocutaneous lesion,mucous patchesP-pruritic papules
Latent-+ve serology;no clinical manifestation
Tertiary-CLASSC-cardiovascular disorderL-late benign sypillis(gummata)A-asymptomatic nuerosyphilisS-symptomatic nuerosyphillisS-single lesionE-exudation with discharging serous fluid
Ulcerative colitis (UC) complications
How To Perform Gi Colonoscopy Haemorrhage Toxic megacolon Perforation / Pseudopolyps Gallstones / Gangrene
Colorectal carcinoma (if extensive and lasting >10 years)
(UC features)
ULCERS IN ABDomen
Ulcers (mucosal and submucosal) Large intestine involved (rectum always involved) Clubbing of fingers Extra-intestinal manifestations (e.g. Erythema nodosum) Remnants of old ulcers (pseudopolyps) Stools bloody Inflamed, red granular mucosa/submucosa Neutrophil invasion Abscesses in crypts Biochemical markers of inflammation e.g. ESR raised Diarrhoea (esp. in pancolitis)
Ulcerative colitis treatment options
SAACS
Steroids – oral prednisolone or IV hydrocortisone if severe 5-Aminosalicyclic acid (5-ASA) e.g. mesalazine, sulfasalazine Azathioprine (immunosuppressant) Cyclosporin (immunosuppressant) Surgery if perforation, cancer or poor response to medical therapy
Hyperkalaemia causes
7 A‘s Artifact Aldosterone antagonist Addison’s disease Acidosis ACE inhibitors Angiotensin receptor blocker Anti-inflammatory
Treatment (if >7mmol/L) is 10mL of 10% calcium gluconate IV over 1 minute; to stabilize the action potential of the cell membrane.
How Gastroenterology Doctors Visualise Inside The Duodenum
Haematemesis Gastric biopsy (?cancer) Dyspepsia Vomiting, persistent Iron-deficiency anaemia Therapeutic e.g. banding, sclerotherapy, stent, laser therapy Duodenal biopsy
LYMPHOMA TREATMENT:
Hodgkin’s LymphomaABVD
Adriamycin
Bleomycin
Vinblastine
DacarbazineNon-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
R-CHOP
Rituximab
Cyclophosphamide
Hydroxydaunorubicin
Oncovin (Vincristine)
PrednisoloneSplenomegaly cause
CHINA
Congestion – portal hypertension
Haematological – haemolytic anaemia, sickle cell disease
Infection – malaria, EBV, CMV, HIV
Neoplasm – CML, myelofibrosis, lymphoma
Autoimmune – RA, sarcoidosis, amyloidosisCauses of Massive splenomegaly (three M’s):
chronic Myeloid leukaemia
Myelofibrosis
Malaria
CANCER, NINE WARNING SIGNS
CAUTION
C hange in blood bowel or bladder habits
Anemia (unexplained)
U nsual bleeding or discharge, Unexplained weight loss
T hickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
I ndigestion or difficulty in swallowing
O bvious change in wart or mole
N agging cough or hoarseness, No healing of sore.
Non GIT causes of Vomiting :
ABCDEFGHI:Acute renal failureBrain [increased ICP]Cardiac [inferior MI]DKA Ears [labyrinthitis] Foreign substances [Tylenol, theo, etc.]Glaucoma Hyperemesis gravidarum Infection [pyelonephritis, meningitis]
Cardiovascular risk factors
FLASH BODIES:
Family historyLipidsAgeSexHomocystinaemiaBlood pressureObesityDiabetes mellitusInflammation (raised CRP)/ Increased thrombosisExerciseSmoking
Causes of gastric carcinoma
JAPAN'S SHAME:
Japanese
A Blood group
Pernicious anemia
Anemia-chronic atrophic gastritis
Nitrates
Smoked,Salted food,Scurvy,Surgery gastric
H.pylori
Adenomatous polyp
Menetrier's disease:glanduar hyperplasia
Drugs causing pancreatitis
GLAD Organ Pancreas iS Traumatised n Destroyed Very Much
Glucocorticoids
L-asparaginase
Alcohol
Diuretics
Ocp's
Pentamidine
Sulfonamides
Didanosine
Tetracyclines
Valproate
Methyldopa
Neurology 1
Absent ankle jerks but extensor plantars Sex can make the F*ing ankles DorsiflexSubacute combined degeneration of the cordConus MedullarisMotor Neurone disease
Tabes dorsalisFredreich’s AtaxiaDiabetic neuropathy
Altered Mental State AEIOU TIPSAlcohol (drugs), Endocrine, Insulin, Opiates, UreamiaToxins / trauma / tumour, Infections, Psychosis / Porphyria, SOL / stroke / seizure / shock
Cerebellar signs VANISH DDTVertigo, Ataxia, Nystagmus, Intention tremor, Slurred speech, HypotoniaDysdiadocokinesia, Dysmetria, Titubationor PINARDSPast-pointing, Intention tremor, Nystagmus, Ataxia, Rebound, Dysdiad, Slurred SpeechConfusion DIM FACESDrugs / Dehydration, Infection, Metabolic / MI,Fracture / Failure, Alcohol / Anaemia, CVA, Electrolyte disturbances, S.O.L.
Dystrophia Myotonica BIG CHIPSBalding (frontal), Intellectual impairment, Glucose intoleranceCataracts / Cardiomyopathy, Handshake / Hyporeflexia, ↓IgG, Ptosis, Small gonads
Mononeuritis Multiplex DRAW CLAPSDM, RA, AIDS, WegenersCarcinomatosis / Churg-Strass, Leprosy, Amyloid, PAN, SLE
Multiple sclerosis CURSED HIVCerebellar signs, UMNL, Retrobulbar neuritis, Spastic paraparesis, EuphoriaDementia / Depression / DiplopiaHorners, Incontinence, Vertigo / Vomiting
Muscles supplied by Median Nerve LOAFLumbricales, Opp pollicus, Abd pollicus, Flex pollicus brevis
Neuropathic Ulcers TADSTabes Dorsalis, Alcohol, DM, Syringomyelia
Parkinsons PARKINSONSPill rolling, akinesia, rigidity, kyphosis, instability, neck titubation, shuffling
gait,occulogyric crisis, nose tap (glabellar), small writing
Peripheral neuropathy DANG THE PAPISTDM, Alcohol, Nutrition (B1, B2, B12), Guillian BarreTrauma, Hereditary, Environmental (lead, drugs)Paraneoplastic, Amyloid, Porphyria, Inflammatory, Syphilis, Tumours of nerves (HMSN)
Polyneuropathy VITAMINSVit def / vasculitides, infection (TB, leprosy, syphillis, polio)Toxins (amiodarone, antiseptics, INH, lead, metronidazole, phenytoin, vincristine)Amyloid, Metabolic (alcohol, DM, ↑thyroid, porphyria, liver & renal failure),Idiopathic / Inherited, Neoplasm, Systemic (SLE, PAN, multiple myeloma)
clinical features 4 tension pnemothorax
5 TTachypnoeaTachycardiaTympanic note on percussionTotal absence of breath soundsTracheal shift
Compliance of lungs factors
COMPLIANCE:
Collagen deposition (fibrosis)Ossification of costal cartilagesMajor obesityPulmonary venous congestionLung sizeIncreased expanding pressureAgeNo surfactantChest wall scarringEmphysema
International Color Coding IV Canula (size order)!
Oh God. Why Goku Punched Bulma Yesterday.
Orange 14 GGrey 16 GWhite 17 GGreen 18 GPink 20 GBlue 22 GYellow 24 G
Causes of asterixis (flapping tremor)
[[ DRUGS (ABC) FAILED Helping Him ]]
DRUGS (ABC) :- Alcohol- carbamazepine
FAILED :- respiratory failure- liver failure- renal failure
Helping : [[[ H = HYPO ]]]- hypoglycemia- hypokalemia- hypomagnesemia
Him : [[[ H = HEMORRHAGE ]]]- intracerebral hemorrhage- subarachinoid hemorrhage- subdural hematoma
- Barbiturate
Beneficial actions due to PG synthesis inhibition 5 A'sAnalgesia : Prevention of pain nerve ending
sensitizationAntipyresis Antiinflammatory AntithromboticArteriosus-Ductus closure in Newborns (Its infact Ductus Arteriosus but to fit in mnemonic Arteriosus ductus is used here)
Xylocaine: Where not to use with Adrenaline?"Digital PEN"Digits (Fingers and toes)Penis Ear Nose tipAdrenaline causes vasoconstriction which helps to trap Xylocaine (anaesthetic) locally prolonging its duration of action. The two are not used together at sites supplied by end arteries as the vasoconstriction produced by adrenaline can cause ischemic necrosis of the tissues.Adrenaline is also referred to as Epinephrine.Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) diagnostic criteria
MD SOAP BRAIN Malar rash – butterfly rash, sparing of nasolabial folds Discoid rash – basement membrane involved, may cause scarring Serositis – pleuritis/pericarditis Oral ulcers Antinuclear antibody (ANA) – very sensitive test Photosensitivity – skin rash to sunlight Blood – haemolytic anaemia, leukopaenia, thrombocytopaenia Renal disorder – proteinuria and cell casts Arthritis – symmetrical, involving 2+ small or large peripheral joints Immunological disorder – anti-dsDNA Neurological – seizures, psychosis
STRUCTURES THROUGH SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURELOT of FANs for OPHTHALMIC MEN..L-lacrimal nerveO-oculomotor nerveT-trochlear nerve
F-frontal nerveA-abducens nerveNs-nasociliary nerve
OPHTHALMIC-ophthalmic
veins(sup.&inf.)MEN-meningeal br.of Lacrimal Artery-middle meningeal anastomotic br
Branches of Facial Nerve:
Great Nerve Cut Can Produce Motor Palsy.
G- Greater superficial petrosal nerve
N- Nerve to stapedius
C- Corda tympani
C- Communicating branch
P- Posterior auricular nerve
M- Muscular branches to stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric
P- Peripheral branches
Functions of lateral v/s medial pterygoid muscles
Look at how your jaw ends up when saying first syllable of lateral or medial!La: your jaw is open now ,so lateral opens mouthMe :your jaw is still closed ,so medial closes the mandible
Vein without valve
I-internal jugular v. ,
P-pulmonary.v ,
S-superior venacava,
S-sinuses of brain
Retro-Peritoneal Organs
RAPID SUCK
R=Rectum (2/3)A=Abdominal AortaP=PancreasI=Inferior VenacavaD=Duodenum
S=Supra-renal GlandU=UreterC=Colon(ascending & descending )K=Kidney
Inferior Vena Cava tributaries
'' I Like To Rise So High''
I- IlliacsL- LumberT- TesticularR- RenelS- Supra renelH- hepatic vein
Internal jugular vein: tributaries ” Medical Schools Let Confident People In”:
From inferior to superior:Middle thyroidSuperior thyroidLingualCommon facialPharyngealInferior petrosal sinus
Horner's Syndrome: Components
SAMPLE:
Sympathetic chain injuryAnhidrosisMiosisPtosisLoss of ciliospinal reflexEnophthalmos
Branches of Subclavian Artery
VITamin C,D
V-vertebral arteryI- internal thoracic arteryT- thyrocervical trunk(VIT-frm 1st part in both sides) C- costocervical trunk (frm 1st part in left; frm 2nd part in right)D- dorsal scapular artery (frm 3rd part)
G6PD: oxidant drugs inducing hemolytic anemia
AAA:Antibiotic (eg: sufamethoxazole)Antimalarial (eg: primaquine)Antipyretics (eg: acetanilid)BUN:creatinine elevation: causes
ABCD:Azotremia (pre-renal)Bleeding (GI)Catabolic statusDiet (high protein parenteral nutrition)Porphyrias
5 P's:Pain in abdomenPolyneuropathyPsychologial abnormalitiesPink urinePrecipitated by drugs
Hemoglobin binding curve: causes of shift to right
"CADET":CO2Acid2,3-DPG (aka 2,3 BPG)ExerciseTemperature
Fabry's disease
FABRY'S:Foam cells found in glomeruli and tubules/ Febrile episodesAlpha galactosidase A deficiency/ AngiokeratomasBurning pain in extremities/ BUN increased in serum/ BoysRenal failureYX genotype (male, X linked recessive)SphingolipidosesDiabetes- complications KNIVESKidney, Neuropathy, Infection, Vascular, Eyes, Skin lesions
Hypoglycaemia RE-EXPLAIN
Renal failure, exogenous, pituitary, liver failure, alcohol, infection, neoplasm (insulinoma)
Phaeochromocytoma 4PsPain, pallor, palpitations, perspiration
Down syndrome pathologyDOWN:Decreased alpha-fetoprotein and unconjugated estriol (maternal)One extra chromosome twenty-oneWomen of advanced ageNondisjunction during maternal meiosis
Tissues which don't need insulin for glucose uptakeBRICKLE
B for brain R for RBCs
I intestine C cornea K kidney L liver E excercising sk muscleBlood Clotting Factors
"Foolish People Try Climbing Long Slopes After Christmas Some People Have Fallen"
Factor I = Fibrinogen Factor II = Prothrombin Factor III = Tissue factor Factor IV = Calcium Factor V = Labile factor Factor VI - Does not exist as it was named initially but later on discovered not to play a part in blood coagulation. Factor VII = Stable factor Factor VIII = Antihemophilic factor A Factor IX = Antihemophilic factor B or Christmas factor (named after the first patient in whom the factor deficiency was documented) Factor X = Stuart Prower factor Factor XI = Antihemophilic factor C Factor XII = Hageman factor Factor XIII = Fibrin stabilising factor
Citric Acid Cycle
Can - citrateI - isocitrateKeep - ketoglutarateSelling - succinyl CoASmile - succinateFor - fumarate Money - malateOfficer? - oxaloacetate
Hyperthyroidism Signs and SymptomsTHYROIDISM
TremorHeart rate upYawning (fatiguability)RestlessnessOligomenorrhea/ amenorrheaIntolerance to heat DiarrhoeaIrritabilitySweatingMuscle wasting & weight loss
Alkalosis vs Acidosis Direction of pH and HCO
ROME:
Respiratory= Opposite:· pH is high, PCO2 is down (Alkalosis).· pH is low, PCO2 is up (Acidosis).
Metabolic= Equal: · pH is high, HCO3 is high (Alkalosis).· pH is low, HCO3 is low (Acidosis)
Bilirubin levels increase causes:"HOT Liver"
Hemolysis Obstruction Tumor Liver disease
Phenylketonuria: which enzyme is deficientPHPhenylalanineHydroxylase
vental mesentry : forms LOF ( Ligament teres , Lesser Omentum, Falciform ligament )
hypersensitivity reactions :ACID type I : (A)naphylactic type II : (c)ytotoxic type III : (I)mmune complextype IV : (d)elayed hypersensitivity
Functions of thalamic nuclei (Lateral to Look; Median for Music)1. Lateral Geniculate nucleus - Visual2. Median geniculate nucleus - Auditory
Neuroectoderm derivatives:: neurosurgeon is a OPANAR of CNS
O: Oligodentrocytes P: Pineal gland N: Neurohypophysis A: Astrocytes R: Retina and optic nerve
Superior mediastinum contents:::::PVT Left BATTLE---Phrenic nerveVagusThoracic ductLeft recurrent laryngeal nerveBrachiocephalic veinAortic arch and its 3 branchesThymusTracheaLymph nodes EsophagusPOSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM sructures---there r four birds--esophaGOOSE(esophagus)vaGOOSE nerveazyGOOSE veinthoracic DUCK(duct)The four fates of Pyruvate: GALA
GlucoseAlanineLactateAcetyl Co-AParotid gland: Secretomotor pathway
" IT has Lesser Options Anywhere "Inferior salivatory nucleusTympanic branch of 9th nerveLesser petrosal nerveOtic ganglion
Auriculotemporal nerveClassification of GLUTSGLUT 1 : R.B.Cs and BBB , GLUT2 : liver , low affinity , high km , high Vm , GLUT3: NEURONS ,, GLUT4: skeletal muscle , adipose tissue , regulated by insulin . , GLUT5 : transport fructose into intestine and testis
pituitary gland hormons: GP FLAT: it is for acidophilic and basophilic hormones so it gonna be (Gp.A.) ( B.FLAT) saturated FA: ABC ( Arachidic acid. Butyric,Caproic and capric )segmental RNA :: BOAR ( Bunyavirus , Ortho , Arena , Reo )major mineral ::: 2P 2S 2C phosphate , phosphor , sulfer , sodium , choline and calcium(A)ndy (E)ats (G)lucose & (C)alcium and gets fat . for fat soluble hormones .ANDROGEN ESTROGENGLUCOCORTICOIDCALCITEROLGo Have Some Pizza Extrinsic muscles of tongue GenioglossusHyogloStylogloPalatoglo"CUT down the pyramids" cytosine, uracil, and thymine are all pyrimidines.Pure Ag (silver) - purines A and G
HIS LARGE ( +VE charged ) GLASS (-ve)histidine , lycine , arginine . glutamate and aspartate
Take My Salary " tryptophan, methionine, and selenocysteine are coded by just one codon
amino acids with aromatic group : HTTP Histidine , tryptophan , tyrosine , phenyl alanineTender loving care for nancy- thyamine , lipoic acid , Co A , FAD , niacin - coenzymes of PDHsugars containing aldehyde group : FLM GGglucose,galactose,maltose,lactose,fructose
foramen Ovale contents : OVALE otic ganglion V3 accessory meningeal artery lesser petrosal nerveemissary vein
Trust Me Tom-3 determinants of occlusion-Teeth,Muscles & TMJ
12 Cranial Nerves: Oh Oh Oh, To Touch and Feel Very Good Velvet, Such Heaven!
Olfactory Optic Oculomoter Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Spinal Accessory Hypoglossal
Some Say Money Matters, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More''' I –
Sensory-- II – Sensory-- III – Motor-- IV – Motor --V – Both-- VI – Motor --VII – Both-- VIII – Sensory-- IX – Both-- X – Both --XI – Motor-- XII – Motor
Branches of Maxillary division (CN V): "Ms. Piz-o"....... Middle meningeal Sphenopalatine Posterior superior alveolar InfraOrbital Zygomatic
Magendie foramen is the Medial aperture.Luschka foramen is the Lateral apertureChoroid Creates CSF.Arachnoid granules Absorb CSF.
O God Drunk & Druggy Nanny!!! Thank God Nanny took Huge Vacation!!!!
O God Drunk & Druggy Nanny!!!5 requirements for occlusal stability- O: Centric Occlusion, G: Anterior Guidance, D: Disclusion of posteriors during protusive movement , D: Disclusion of posteriors on non working side, N: Non interference of posteriors on working side.
Thank God Nanny took Huge Vacation!!!!! 5 requirements for equilibrium of masticatory system-T: TMJ should be stable,G: Anterior Guidance,N: Non interference of posteriorsH: Horizontal harmony (of teeth with neutral zone)V: Vertical harmony ( of teeth with repetitive strength of closing muscles)
In both of these mnemonics, G & N are common!!My Aunty Reminds My UncleTerminal nerves of brachial plexusMasculocutaneusAxillaryRadialMedianUlnar
STYLO-FACE:exit of cranial nerve 7 (FACEial NERVE ) STYLOmastoid foramenforamen spinosu(Mmmm) contents (M)iddle meningeal artery and vein (M)eningeal branch of mandibular nerve
carotid (S)inu(S) -- pre(SS)ure -- (S)tretch receptorscarotid b(O)dy -- (O)xygen -- chem(O)receptors
minor minerals : 2i ( iodine , iron ) , zi , ni , sistreptococci hemolysis:Alpha--Almost(incomplete) Beta--Best (complete) Gamma--Garbage (none)
Crazy Glue (number of hydrogen bonds in DNA and RNA Three between Cytosine and
Guanine other base pairing only TWO)
Types of Collagen :SCAB,Type !:Skin,Bone,tendon ,and dentin. Type II: Connective tissue, Type III: Arteries ,Type IV: Basement membrane
Proteins expressed in smooth muscle"Can Cause Contraction"Calmodulin Caldesmon Calponin
dArk - Aband , l I ght - I bandHAZI : H=A band ; Z= I band
sub clavian artery branches :::: VIT C & D vertebral artery internal thoracic artery thyrocervical trunk costocervical dorsal scapular artery
DIG dysphasia ,iron def anemia, glositisPlummer Vinson s
Contents of pterygopalatine fossaPoor men naughty peoplePterygopalatine branch of maxillary arteryMaxillary nerveNerve of pterygoid canal Pterygopalatine ganglion
Inferior vena cava tributaries -- I Like To Rise So high Iliacs lumbar testicular renal suprarenal hepatic vein
SOME LADIES FIND ALL OLD POOR MEN SEXY-branches for external carotid arterySuperior thyroidLingualFacialAuriculotemporalOccpitalPosterior auricularMaxillarySuperficial temporal
CCK FUNCTION : CCC-Contraction of Callbladder(Gallbladder )TC DAD GINGIVAL GROUP OF FIBRESTRAnseptal,, circular,, dentogingival ,,dentoperiosteal ,,alveologingivalFacial nerve branches :The zebra bit my cow temporal zygomatic
buccal mandibular cervical retroperitoneal viscera is SAD PUCKER, or DUKE CRAPS:S = Suprarenal glands (aka the adrenal glands)A = Aorta/IVCD = Duodenum (second and third segments [some also include the fourth segment] )P = Pancreas (only head, neck, and body are retroperitoneal)U = Ureters C = Colon (only the ascending and descending colons, as transverse and sigmoid retainmesocolon)K = Kidneys E = Esophagus R = Rectum
Eosinophils ( red ) raise red flags when there is wormspicoRNA : RNA virus ( p=polio c=coxsacchie r= rhino a= hep A Virus )
INTERLEUKINS: Famous Tom Buys Expensive Apple, Apple Needs Seasoning Nowdays; IL1- Fever, IL2- T proliferation, IL3- Bone marrow(hemopoietic), IL4- IgE class switch, IL5- IgA class switch, IL6- Acute Phage Reactants, IL8- Neutrophil chemotaxis, IL10- supress inflammation, IL12- NK activation
VIRchow":Vascular traumaIncreased coagulability Reduced blood flow (stasis)
Alpha-Hemolytic bacteriaSweet Salad Made for Veterans.Streptococcus Salivarius.S.SanguisS.MutansS.Viridans.
Essential amino acids : PVT TIM HALL Phenylalanine , Valine , Tryprophan , Threonine , isoleucine , methionine , histidine ( semiessential ) , arginine ( semi) , lycine , leucine
Non essential amino acids : (A)lmost (a)ll (g)irls (g)o (c)razy (a)fter (g)oing (t)o (s)ao (P)aulo alanine , aspargine , glutamate , glutamate , cysteine , aspartate , glycine , tyrosine , serine , proline
KREBS CYCLE : Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, OfficerCitrate, Isocitrate, alpha Ketoglutarate, Succinyl CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate.
Staphylococcus aureus: diseases caused SOFT PAINS: Skin infections Osteomyelitis Food poisoning Toxic shock syndrome Pneumonia
Acute endocarditis Infective arthritis Necrotizing fasciitis Sepsis
Streptococcus pyogenes: diseases caused NIPPLES: Necrotising fasciitis and myositis Impetigo Pharyngitis Pneumonia Lymphangitis Erysipelas and cellulitis Scarlet fever/ Streptococcal Toxic shock syndrome
Sympathetic NS-fight / flight n ParasymNS-rest n digestStimulatory function of PNS-mneumonic SLUDD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion and defecation)
Histoplasmosis Hidden in oHio and hit Mississippi. Hidden ( in macrophages) and occurs in ohio and Mississippi River... so its common in ohio and Mississippiwhat is present in each structure of ethmoid bone (FLS)cribri(F)orm plate : ol(F)actory (f)oramina perpendicu(L)ar p(L)ate : crista ga(LL)i lateral ma(SS)e(S) : ethmoidal (S)inu(S)e(S)
MEDIAL WALL OF ORBIT:My Little Eye Sits in the ORBITMaxilla (frontal process)LacrimalEthmoidSphenoid (body)
CARTILAGE DERIVATIVE OF FIRST PHARYNGEAL ARCH:
I’M A Super Sexy GiniIncusMalleusAnterior ligament of malleusSpine of sphenoidSphenomandibular ligamentGenial tubercle of mandible
kisselback plexus : GLASS greater palatine artery , lateral nasal artery , anterior ethmoidal artery , sphenopalatine artery , superior labial artery.
PHeochromocytoma: Pressure, and Headache
No Cover Round.....nonmembranous organelles :ribosome cytoskeleton nucleoulus
RNA enveloped viruses" Dont Forget To Order Rich Peoples Rice Fries and Coke BottleDelta virusFlavivrus
TogavirusOrthomyxovirusRetrovirusParamyxovirusRhabdovirusFiloviruscoronavirusBunyavirusNon. enveloped RNA viruses. CPR : calcivirus , picornavirus , reoviruses
Types of Flavivirus:To taste the FLAVours of JAPANESE Hen(Chicken) i went to the DEN in theWEST dressed YELLOW "
Flavivirus- Japanese encphlts virus, HCV , dengue virus , West Nile virus , yellow fewer virus
For live accentuated virusROME Is My Best Place To go Yet ! "RubellaOral polio vaccineMeaslesEpidemic typhusInfluenzaMumpsBCGPlagueTyphoid oral vaccineYellow fever
Except L. DATTA all bacilli r gram -ve (Listeria, diphth,actinomycetes,tb,tetanus clost, anthrax bacillus)to rememberconyloma lata and condyloma accuminata Lata - syphLLis - fLat - pappuLes - L is everywhere
acuminata = accumulated papillae = papilloma virus
Non-Lactose Fermenters:"If you dont lac-toes you can work as a Sneaky SPY"Salmonella ShigellaProteusYersinia
Fast Lactose Fermenters:"If you lac-toes at least you have a KnEE"Klebsiella PneuEcoliEnterobacter Cloacae
Slow Lactose Fermenters:"Lac-toes or not, one should move slow in a Serene City"Serratia marcescensCitrobacterFor heat killed vaccines - How Is Jack In CAR.(Hepatitis A n B , Infleunza , Japenese encephalitis , Ipv , cholera , anthrax , rabies)
AUTOSOMAL Dominant disorders mnemonic
DOMINANT
D= Dystrophicas Myotonic.O= Ostogenesis Imperfecta.M= Marfans syndrome.I= Intermittent Porphyria.N= Noonans Symdrome.A= Adult Polycystic Kidney,Achondroplasia.N= Neurofibromatosis.T= Tuberous sclerosis.
PANCREATITIS IS SEEN IN ( GET SMASHed)
G- Gall stones
E- Ethanol
T- Trauma
S- Steroids
M- Mumps
A-Autoimmune d/s
S -Scorpion sting
Hed- Hyperlipidemic drugs
mnemonic for the signs and symptoms of endocarditis is FROM JANE:FeverRoth's spotsOsler's nodesMurmurJaneway lesionsAnemiaNail hemorrhage (splinter hemorrhages)Emboli
Beefy red tongue - niacinBeefy - (n)onveg - (n)iacin def
Magenta tongue - riboflavinMagenta- (r)ed - (r)iboflavin def
Verisella Zoster Virus needs DR and CARE (VZV remain latent in dorsal root (DR) and Cranial Nerve ganglia (CARE )
Prokaryotes:::MaRK prokaryotes Mycoplasm ,Rikettsiae, Klymadia(chylamadia)
Girls Get Fat First, Get Drunk Blowing Psycho Perverted People Perpetually.1. Glucose2. Glucose-6-p3. Fructose-6-p4. Fructose-1,6-bis-p5. G3P + Dihydroxyacetone-p6. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate7. 3-phosphoglycerate8. 2-phosphoglycerate9. phosphoenolpyruvate10. pyruvate.
ABC'S Aortic arch gives off the Bracheiocephalic trunk, the left Common Carotid, and the left Subclavian artery
Three trisomies
Puberty age 13 Patau trisomy 13Election age 18 Edwards trisomy 18Drinking age 21 Downs syndrome 21
Start and Stop Codons AUG in AUGurates protein syntesis UGA = U Go Away UAA = U Are Away UAG = U Are Gone
Orbit: bones of medial wall My Little Eye Sits in the orbit Maxillae Lacrimal Ethmoid Sphenoid
Facial nerve branches VII1)Posterior auricularafter Stylomastoid foramen- Twin Zebras Bit My Cookie
TemporalZygomaticBuccalMandibularCervical
Carotid sheath contents "I See 10 CC's in the IV":I See (I.C.) = Internal Carotid artery10 = CN 10 (Vagus nerve)CC = Common Carotid arteryIV = Internal Jugular Vein
Enzymes: classification "Over The HILL":OxidoreductasesTransferasesHydrolasesIsomerasesLigasesLyase
Organisms which can cross blood-placenta barrier''TORCHES''TOxoplasmosis Rubella Cytomegalovirus HErpes, HIV Syphilis
DiGeorge/ Velocardiofacial syndrome: features CATCH 22:Cardiac abnormalities
Abnormal faciesThymic aplasiaCleft palateHypocalcemia
"Go Sally Go! Make Chicken!":G1 phase (Growth phase 1)S phase (DNA Synthesis)G2 phase (Growth phase 2)M phase (Mitosis)
Macrocytic anemia: causesABCDEF:Alcohol + liver diseaseB12 deficiencyCompensatory reticulocytosis (blood loss and hemolysis)Drug (cytotoxic and AZT)/ Dysplasia (marrow problems)Endocrine (hypothyroidism)Folate deficieny/ Fetus (pregnancy)
Heart valve sequence "Try Pulling My Aorta":TricuspidPulmonaryMitralAorta"All Patients Take Medicines"
Starting from top left
Aortic- 2nd intercostal space, right sternal edgePulomnary- 2nd intercostal space, left sternal edgeTricuspid- 4th Intercostal space, right sternal edge
Mitral- 5th intercostal space, mid clavicular line.Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia
"PARTNER" together:
Platelet count lowAnemia (microangiopathic hemolytic)Renal FailureTemperature riseNeurological deficitsER admission ( as it is an emergency)
Movement of Muscles of Eye Ball• “OR” means O is on left side and R is on right side at the Top and bottom of diagram.
• LM (alphabet series) – Lateral is on left side and Medial is on right side with R on both side.
• “IS IS” – Clockwise starting above lateral part or from (2nd quadrant).
• All SUPERIOR causes Intorsion, Rest causes Extorsion.
Causes of Deep Vein ThrombosisTHROMBOSISTraumaHormones - OCP'sRecent MIOperatns- cholecystectomyMalignancy (pelvic & abd.)Blood disorder(polycythemia), Behcets diseaseObesity, Old age, Ortho. surgerySplenectomyImmobilisationSerious illness
WBC Count:"Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas""60, 30, 6, 3, 1"Neutrophils 60%Lymphocytes 30%Monocytes 6%Eosinophils 3%Basophils 1%
live attenuated vaccinesBOYs Love The CRIME
B= BCG
O=OPV
Y=YELLOW FEVER
Love= LIVE ATTENUATED
The= TYPHOID
C=CHICKEN POX
R=RUBELLA
I=INFLUENZA
M=MUMPS,MEASLES
E=EPIDEMIC TYPHUS
Viruses gastroenteritis
(RACE)RotavirusAstrovirusesCalicivirusesEnteric adenoviruses
Little's area: Arteries" LEGS "L - superior L abial arteryE - anterior E thmoidal arteryG - G reater palatine arteryS - S phenopalatine arteryThe four arteries anastamose at Little's area to form avascular plexus called Kiesselbach's plexus.
Branches of Vagus nerve"APE-SCRAP"A- Auricular nerveP- Pharyngeal nerveE- Esophageal plexusS- Superior laryngeal nerve (Gives internal 'sensory' andexternal 'motor' LN)C- Cardiac branchesR- Recurrent laryngeal nerveA- Anterior Vagal TrunkP- Posterior Vagal Trunk
Alkalosis: Metabolic changes
Think: "Al-K-loss & Al-Ca-loss"Thus, in a stateof alkalosis, there is lossof K+ causing, Hypokalemia andloss of Ca++ causingHypocalcemia
Oncogenic viruses :DNA viruses'HE is my PAPa' [mnemonic]Hepatitis B virusEpstein Barr virusPox virusAdenovirusPappilloma virus
RNA viruses [mnemonic]'His Salary Feeds Me'Human T cell leukemia virusSarcoma virusesFeline Leukemia virusMammary tumor virus
Clinical Features Of Acromegaly:A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-JA Arthropathy B Big boggy handsC Carpal tunnel syndrome D DiabetesE Enlarged tongue, heart and throatF Fields (bitemporal hemianopia)G Gynaecomastia, Galactorrhoea and Greasy skinH HypertensionI Increasing size (of shoes, hat, gloves, dentures, rings)J Jaw enlargement and prognathism
PORPHYRIA'S : acute intermittent porphyria symptoms5 P’s:* Pain in abdomen* Polyneuropathy* Psychologial abnormalities* Pink urine* Precipitated by drugs (eg barbiturates, oral contraceptives,sulpha drugs)