Preparation of Detailed Project Report for
Integrated Solid Waste Management of Hangal
Town Municipal Council, Karnataka
Submitted by:
MaRS Planning and Engineering Services Pvt. Ltd.
Detail Project Report for Integrated Solid Waste Management of Hangal Town Municipal Council
2016
MaRS Planning and Engineering Services Pvt Ltd., Ahmedabad Page 2
1. Contents
1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ............................................................................................... 8
1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Problems being faced by Urban Local Bodies ................................................................................................ 8
1.3 Efforts of the Government ............................................................................................................................... 9
1.4 Need for the Project ....................................................................................................................................... 13
1.5 Framework of ISWM .................................................................................................................................... 14
1.6 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................. 14
1.7 Structure of Report ........................................................................................................................................ 21
2 PROJECT AREA PROFILE ................................................................................................................... 23
2.1 Hangal Town ................................................................................................................................................. 23
2.1.1 General Details .............................................................................................................................................................. 24
2.2 Observation on the Current System ............................................................................................................... 27
2.2.1 No waste segregation ...................................................................................................................................................... 28
2.2.2 100% of collection coverage is not practiced .................................................................................................................. 28
2.2.3 Absence of scientific processing and disposal facility .................................................................................................... 28
2.2.4 Shortage of assets Within the ULB ................................................................................................................................. 28
2.2.5 Lack of awareness among people.................................................................................................................................... 29
3 Existing Scenario ....................................................................................................................................... 30
3.1 Quantification of Waste................................................................................................................................. 30
3.2 Quantification of Waste in Hangal Town ...................................................................................................... 31
3.2.1 Estimation of Per capita waste generation ...................................................................................................................... 31
3.2.2 Characterization and Composition of MSW ................................................................................................................... 33
3.3 Segregation of waste at source ...................................................................................................................... 37
3.3.1 Residential and Commercial Areas ................................................................................................................................. 40
3.3.2 Markets and Meat Stalls ................................................................................................................................................ 41
3.3.3 Bulk Generators ............................................................................................................................................................. 42
3.3.4 Hotel and Restaurants ................................................................................................................................................... 42
3.3.5 Construction & Demolition Waste ................................................................................................................................ 43
3.3.6 Bio -Medical Waste ........................................................................................................................................................ 43
3.3.7 Street sweeping and drain Waste ................................................................................................................................. 43
3.4 Collection and Transportation of waste ......................................................................................................... 44
3.5 MSW Processing and Disposal facility ......................................................................................................... 45
3.6 Present SWM Institutional Framework ......................................................................................................... 51
3.7 Legal Framework .......................................................................................................................................... 52
3.7.1 Air & Water Act.............................................................................................................................................................. 52
3.7.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006 ................................................................................................... 52
3.7.3 MSW (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 ............................................................................................................ 52
Detail Project Report for Integrated Solid Waste Management of Hangal Town Municipal Council
2016
MaRS Planning and Engineering Services Pvt Ltd., Ahmedabad Page 3
3.7.4 Site Suitability Analysis .................................................................................................................................................. 53
3.7.5 Location Criteria as per CPHEEO Manual ..................................................................................................................... 53
3.7.6 Service Level Benchmarks .............................................................................................................................................. 54
4 Review of Technologies ............................................................................................................................. 56
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 56
4.2 Recycling of waste ........................................................................................................................................ 56
4.3 Processing of organic fraction of waste ......................................................................................................... 56
4.3.1 Aerobic / Anaerobic Composting Technology ................................................................................................................ 57
4.3.2 Vermi-Composting Technology ...................................................................................................................................... 61
4.3.3 Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Processing Technology ...................................................................................................... 62
4.3.4 Bio-methanation .............................................................................................................................................................. 63
4.3.5 Incineration ..................................................................................................................................................................... 63
4.3.6 Pyrolysis / Gasification ................................................................................................................................................... 65
4.4 Plastic Waste Management ........................................................................................................................... 66
4.5 E-Waste Management ................................................................................................................................... 74
4.6 Construction and Demolition Waste Management ........................................................................................ 76
4.7 Sanitary Waste Management ......................................................................................................................... 77
4.8 Sanitary Landfill ............................................................................................................................................ 79
5 Design Criteria for ISWM ........................................................................................................................ 90
5.1 Population Growth & waste generation projects ........................................................................................... 90
5.1.1 Segregation at Source...................................................................................................................................................... 90
5.1.2 Command Areas.............................................................................................................................................................. 91
5.1.3 Destination bound Collection and Transportation ........................................................................................................... 94
5.2 Proposed Plan for Collection & Transportation Operations .......................................................................... 94
5.3 Proposed Model for MSW Processing and Disposal ..................................................................................... 97
6 Proposed Collection & Transportation Plan ......................................................................................... 100
6.1 Road / Street Sweeping ............................................................................................................................... 100
6.2 Drain Cleaning ............................................................................................................................................ 105
6.3 System of waste storage at Source .............................................................................................................. 106
6.4 Collection and Transportation ..................................................................................................................... 109
6.5 Asset & Manpower Requirement ................................................................................................................ 112
7 Proposed Processing & Disposal Plan ................................................................................................... 117
7.1 Compost Processing Plant - Operation Details ............................................................................................ 117
7.2 Area requirement for Windrow Platform .................................................................................................... 120
7.3 E-Waste Management ................................................................................................................................. 125
7.4 Sanitary Waste Management ....................................................................................................................... 126
7.5 Bio-medical Waste Management ................................................................................................................ 127
7.6 C & D Waste Management ......................................................................................................................... 127
7.7 Sanitary Landfill Facility ............................................................................................................................. 128
Detail Project Report for Integrated Solid Waste Management of Hangal Town Municipal Council
2016
MaRS Planning and Engineering Services Pvt Ltd., Ahmedabad Page 4
7.8 Leachate Treatment ..................................................................................................................................... 130
7.9 Asset, Manpower & Area Requirement ...................................................................................................... 130
8 Project Financials .................................................................................................................................... 132
8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 132
8.2 City Sanitation Operations .......................................................................................................................... 132
8.3 Collection & Transportation Operations ..................................................................................................... 133
8.4 Vehicle Monitoring System ......................................................................................................................... 134
8.5 Processing & Disposal Facility ................................................................................................................... 135
8.6 Funding Pattern for Capital Cost ................................................................................................................. 138
8.7 Funding Pattern for Operations & Maintenance Cost ................................................................................. 139
8.7.1 Municipal Funds ........................................................................................................................................................... 139
8.7.2 User Charges ................................................................................................................................................................. 140
8.7.3 Revenue from sale of Compost & Recyclables ............................................................................................................. 141
8.7.4 Salaries from SFC Grants ............................................................................................................................................. 141
9 . Operating Framework ......................................................................................................................... 142
9.1 Options for Project Implementation ............................................................................................................ 142
9.2 Option 1: Service delivery by ULB ............................................................................................................. 142
9.3 Option 2: Service delivery through Private Operator(s) .............................................................................. 142
10 Legal Aspects ........................................................................................................................................... 146
10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 146
10.2 Proposed Legal Provisions .......................................................................................................................... 146
11 . Health Aspects ...................................................................................................................................... 150
11.1 Low Cost Sanitation Program to prevent Open Defecation ........................................................................ 150
11.2 Covering of Buildings under Construction .................................................................................................. 150
11.3 Cattle Nuisance ........................................................................................................................................... 150
11.4 Health Monitoring for Sanitary Workers..................................................................................................... 150
11.5 Prevent Indiscriminate Use of Pesticides .................................................................................................... 151
12 . Role of Stakeholders ............................................................................................................................. 152
12.1 Role of the ULB .......................................................................................................................................... 152
12.2 Role of the Citizens ..................................................................................................................................... 152
12.3 Role of the Private Operator ........................................................................................................................ 152
13 . Information, Education and Communication .................................................................................... 153
13.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 153
13.2 Approaches of IEC Plan .............................................................................................................................. 153
13.3 Awareness about Reduce, Reuse and Recycle Waste ................................................................................. 154
13.4 Awareness about segregation of waste at source ......................................................................................... 155
13.5 Strategies for creating Awareness ............................................................................................................... 155
Detail Project Report for Integrated Solid Waste Management of Hangal Town Municipal Council
2016
MaRS Planning and Engineering Services Pvt Ltd., Ahmedabad Page 5
2. List of Tables Table 1: Physical Characteristics of Waste .................................................................................................................. 18
Table 2: Chemical Characteristics of Waste ................................................................................................................ 19
Table 1: Basic information about Hangal Town .......................................................................................................... 25
Table 2: Population of Hangal Town ........................................................................................................................... 25
Table 3 Ward-wise population and household............................................................................................................. 25
Table 7: Average Per-capita generation of MSW in Indian Cities .............................................................................. 30
Table 8 Weigh Bridge Survey in Hangal Town........................................................................................................... 33
Table 9 : Physical Characteristics of MSW in Indian Cities ........................................................................................ 34
Table 10: Chemical Characteristics of MSW in Indian Cities ..................................................................................... 34
Table 11 Physical Characteristics of MSW in Hangal ................................................................................................. 35
Table 12 Physical and Chemical Characteristics MSW in Hangal .............................................................................. 36
Table 13: Existing Assets and vehicles within the ULB .............................................................................................. 37
Table 14: Manpower available within the ULB .......................................................................................................... 39
Table 15: Details on frequency of sweeping depending on the categories .................................................................. 44
Table 16 Evaluation of location as per CPHEEO Manual ........................................................................................... 53
Table 17: SWM Service Level Benchmarks at a glance .............................................................................................. 54
Table 18 Specifications for Compost Quality .............................................................................................................. 60
Table 19 Categorization of Plastics ............................................................................................................................. 66
Table 20 Population & Waste Generation Projections ................................................................................................ 90
Table 21: Assumptions for Assets and manpower Requirement ............................................................................... 112
Table 22 : Assets Requirement .................................................................................................................................. 114
Table 23 : Manpower Requirement ........................................................................................................................... 115
Table 24 : Administrative Manpower Requirement .................................................................................................. 115
Table 25 : Assets to be procured ................................................................................................................................ 116
Table 26 : Command area-wise allocation of Assets ................................................................................................. 116
Table 27 : Area requirement for Compost Processing Plant ...................................................................................... 121
Table 28: Specifications for 20 T Garbage Sorting and Processing Machine ........................................................... 121
Table 29: Specifications for Double Deck Rotary Screening Machinery .................................................................. 123
Table 30 : Technical Specifications for Baling Machine (1.5 TPD) .......................................................................... 124
Table 31 : Salient Features of Sanitary Pad Incinerator ............................................................................................. 126
Table 32 : Area requirement for Sanitary Landfill .................................................................................................... 128
Table 33 : Asset requirement for Processing & Disposal Facility ............................................................................. 130
Table 34 : Man power requirement for Processing & Disposal Facility .................................................................... 130
Table 35 : Area requirement for Processing & Disposal Facility .............................................................................. 131
Table 36: Capital Cost for City Sanitation Operations .............................................................................................. 132
Table 37 : O & M Cost for City Sanitation Operations ............................................................................................. 133
Detail Project Report for Integrated Solid Waste Management of Hangal Town Municipal Council
2016
MaRS Planning and Engineering Services Pvt Ltd., Ahmedabad Page 6
Table 38 : Capital Cost Collection & Transportation Operations .............................................................................. 133
Table 39 : O & M Cost for Collection & Transportation Operations ........................................................................ 134
Table 40: Vehicle Monitoring System ....................................................................................................................... 134
Table 41: Capital Cost for Plant & Machinery .......................................................................................................... 135
Table 42: Capital Cost for Civil Works ..................................................................................................................... 136
Table 43 : O & M Cost for Processing & Disposal Facility ...................................................................................... 138
Table 44 : Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 138
Table 45 : Cost/ tonne ................................................................................................................................................ 138
Table 46 : Funding Pattern for Capital Cost .............................................................................................................. 139
Table 47 : Sources of Income of the ULB ................................................................................................................. 140
Table 48 : Revised User charges for various generators ............................................................................................ 140
Table 49 : Funding Pattern for O&M Cost ................................................................................................................ 141
Table 51 : Comparative Analysis of risks .................................................................................................................. 144
List of Figures
Figure 1: Approach and Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 1: Location Map of Hangal Town .................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 2: Ward map of Hangal Town .......................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 4: Pushcart ........................................................................................................................................................ 38
Figure 5: Auto Tipper ................................................................................................................................................. 38
Figure 6: Tractor Trailer .............................................................................................................................................. 39
Figure 7: JCB/ Front and Back .................................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 8: Suction Machine........................................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 9: Household Survey ........................................................................................................................................ 40
Figure 10 COMMERCIAL SURVEY ......................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 11: chicken stalls survey ................................................................................................................................ 42
Figure 12 Hotels, Bar and Restaurants Survey ............................................................................................................ 43
Figure 13 Existing Scenario of SWM .......................................................................................................................... 44
Figure 16: Location Map of Landfill Site .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 15: Infrastructure facilities in Landfill Site ...................................................................................................... 49
Figure 17 LAYOUT MAP ........................................................................................................................................... 50
Figure 18: Organization Chart ..................................................................................................................................... 51
Figure 19 Processing Technology for E-Waste ........................................................................................................... 75
Figure 20 Proposed Collection & Transportation Plan ................................................................................................ 95
Figure 21 Overall Proposed Processing & Disposal Plan (long-term)......................................................................... 98
Detail Project Report for Integrated Solid Waste Management of Hangal Town Municipal Council
2016
MaRS Planning and Engineering Services Pvt Ltd., Ahmedabad Page 7
Figure 26 : IEC Modules used at Town Level ........................................................................................................... 159
Detail Project Report for Integrated Solid Waste Management of Hangal Town Municipal Council
2016
MaRS Planning and Engineering Services Pvt Ltd., Ahmedabad Page 8
1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
1.1 Background
Solid waste is generated from a number of sources which include households (kitchen and yard),
commercial areas (shops, hotels and restaurants), industries (raw material and packaging),
institutions (schools, hospitals and offices), construction and demolition sites, wild and
domesticated animals (carcasses of dead animals, manure), parks (fallen branches, leaves from
trees), and streets (sand, silt, clay, concrete, bricks, asphalt, residues from air deposition, and
dust). Municipal solid waste (MSW) includes waste from households, non-hazardous solid waste
from industrial, commercial and institutional establishments (excluding bio-medical waste in
present context), market waste, yard waste, agricultural wastes and street sweepings. Industrial
and community hazardous waste and infectious waste, is not considered as MSW and should be
collected and processed separately. MSW (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 defines
MSW as “commercial and residential wastes generated in municipal or notified areas in either
solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-
medical wastes”. MSW management (MSWM) encompasses the functions of collection, transfer
& transportation, processing & recycling, and disposal of MSW.
1.2 Problems being faced by Urban Local Bodies
Land disposal of solid wastes is a common waste management practice and has been practiced
for centuries. Unscientific disposal of wastes causes an adverse impact on all components of the
environment and human health. One of the major environmental concerns is release of methane
gas, which has 21 times more global warming potential than carbon dioxide. Improper
management of waste contributes to 6% of India’s methane emissions and is the third largest
emitter of methane in India. This is much higher than the global average of 3% methane
emissions from solid waste. It currently produces 16 million tons of CO2 equivalents per year
and this number is expected to rise to 20 million tons of CO2 equivalents by 2020.
Improper and unorganized disposal of waste in open areas and landfills have a negative impact
on the living conditions of human beings as well as the overall environment. It results in spread
of communicable and non-communicable diseases among human beings and animals, thus
affecting the welfare, livelihood and economic productivity. In addition, it causes contamination
of soil, surface water, ground water and generation of toxic and green-house gases. Population
Detail Project Report for Integrated Solid Waste Management of Hangal Town Municipal Council
2016
MaRS Planning and Engineering Services Pvt Ltd., Ahmedabad Page 9
growth and rapid urbanization means bigger and denser cities and increased MSW generation in
each city. The problem of solid waste management (SWM) in India, in combination with rapid
urbanization, population growth and unplanned development is worsening day by day. India is
the second largest nation in the world, with a population of 1.21 billion, accounting for nearly
18% of world's human population, but it does not have enough resources or adequate systems in
place to treat its solid wastes. Its urban population grew at a rate of 31.8% during the last decade
to 377 million, which is greater than the entire population of US, the third largest country in the
world according to population). There has been significant increase in generation of solid wastes
in India over last few decades and reason is largely associated with population growth. Although
typical urban growth rate has been determined at around 2.5% annually, waste generation is out
pacing the urban population growth in Indian cities. The solid waste generated in Indian cities
has increased from 6 million tons in 1947 to 48 million tons in 1997 and is expected to increase
to 300 million tons per annum by 2047.
India is facing a sharp contrast between its increasing urban population and available services
and resources. Waste management is one such service where India has an enormous gap to fill.
More than 25% of the waste generated is not collected at all; 70% of the Indian cities lack
adequate capacity to transport it and there are no sanitary landfills to dispose of the waste.
Proper disposal systems to address the burgeoning amount of wastes are absent. The current
waste management services are inefficient, incur heavy expenditure and are so low as to be a
potential threat to the public health and environmental quality. Improper solid waste
management deteriorates public health, causes environmental pollution, accelerates natural
resources degradation, causes climate change and greatly impacts the quality of life of citizens
Solid MSW management is constrained by institutional weakness, lack of proper funding, lack of
proper management and operational systems, public apathy, lack of municipal will to become
financially self-sufficient through municipal taxation, etc.
1.3 Efforts of the Government
In recent years, the Government of India has taken several initiatives to improve existing SWM
practices in the country. Some of the key initiatives and recommendations are discussed below:
(i) Hon’ble Supreme Court of India Recommendations In recent years, the current MSWM system in India has received considerable attention from the
Central and State Governments and local municipalities. Then first initiative was taken by the
Detail Project Report for Integrated Solid Waste Management of Hangal Town Municipal Council
2016
MaRS Planning and Engineering Services Pvt Ltd., Ahmedabad Page 10
Honorable Supreme Court of India in 1998, which resulted in the formation of a Committee to
study the current status of MSWM in Indian cities. This Committee identified the
deficiencies/gaps in the existing MSWM system in the country and prepared the “Interim
Report on SWM Practices in Class I Cities”. Class I are cities with a population ranging between
one lakh to ten lakhs (1, 00,000 – 10, 00,000).
(ii) Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules
As a second initiative, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India,
published “Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000” (MSW Rules
2000). These rules were developed in conformance with Sections 3, 6 and 25 of the
Environment Protection Act, 1986 and aim at standardization and enforcement of SWM
practices in the urban sector. They dictate that, “Every municipal authority shall, within the
territorial area of the municipality, be responsible for the implementation of the provisions of
these rules and infrastructure development for collection, storage segregation, transportation,
processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes”. In addition, “the CPCB shall coordinate with
State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) in the matters
of MSW disposal and its management and handling”.
(iii) Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) is the third notable
initiative undertaken by Government of India. JNNURM provides funding for urban
infrastructure development in 63 cities and towns of the country. This mission was initiated in
2006 and is slated to continue until 2011.
(iv) Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium
Towns
The primary objective of this scheme is to improve the urban infrastructure in towns and cities
in a planned manner and to promote public–private partnership (PPP) in infrastructure
development. This scheme was introduced in the year 2005-06 and will continue for seven
years. This scheme is applicable to all cities/towns as per 2001 census, except the cities/towns
covered under the JNNURM. One of the components of this scheme is to renew the old
sewerage and solid waste disposal systems in inner (old) areas.
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2016
MaRS Planning and Engineering Services Pvt Ltd., Ahmedabad Page 11
(v) Swachh Bharat Mission
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched on 2nd of October, 2014 with a vision to achieve a
clean India as a tribute to the father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi, on his 150th birth
anniversary, in 2019. SBM is being implemented by the Ministry of Urban Development
(MoUD) and by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MoDWS) for urban and rural
areas with a given set of guidelines for improved sanitary services and capacity building
initiatives. MSWM a major component of the SBM (urban)-“refers to a systematic process that
comprises of waste segregation and storage at source, primary collection, secondary storage,
transportation, secondary segregation, resource recovery, processing, treatment, and final
disposal of solid waste.”
Under the provisions of MSWM, the local bodies are to prepare Detailed Project Reports in
consultation with the state government based on the identified needs of the City Sanitation
Plans. Provision also mentions clustering of smaller cities for attracting Private investment. The
DPRs should be prepared in lines with Govt. of India’s goals outlined in the NUSP 2008, SWM
rules, advisories, CPHEEO manuals (including cost recovery mechanisms), O&M practices and
Service-level Benchmark advisories released by MoUD and Manual on Municipal Solid Waste
Management, 2000. States will contribute a minimum of 25% funds for SWM projects to match
75% Central Share (10% in the case of North East States and special category states). 80% of the
urban population to be covered by SWM services (allowing for a 2% increase year on year)
covering all statutory towns. 1 Central government Grant / VGF may also be used to promote
projects of waste to energy.
(vi) Fourteen Finance Commission Recommendations
Constituted by the President of India, under Article 280 of the constitution, the Finance
Commission is to recommend on distribution of central tax revenues between the Union and the
States. Supporting Local bodies through grant, subsequent to the passage of the 73rd and 74th
constitutional amendments was first time announced in the 10th Finance Commission for
providing basic services at the grassroots level and strengthening decentralization. The 13th
Finance Commission has recommended two categories of Grants to Local Bodies namely (1)
General Basic Grant and (2) General Performance Grant. The Basic Grants will be released on
furnishing the Utilization Certificates for the last releases and the General Performance Grant
will be released on fulfillment of nine conditions by the State Government, as stipulated in para
Detail Project Report for Integrated Solid Waste Management of Hangal Town Municipal Council
2016
MaRS Planning and Engineering Services Pvt Ltd., Ahmedabad Page 12
10.16.1 of the report of the 13th Finance Commission by March of a particular financial year.
Further, in 2009, MoUD initiated Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) with respect to basic
municipal services including solid waste management. SLB has been introduced in 30 states and
across 1700 ULBs.
Under the provisions of MSWM, the local bodies are to prepare Detailed Project Reports in
consultation with the state government based on the identified needs of the City Sanitation
Plans. Provision also mentions clustering of smaller cities for attracting Private investment. The
DPRs should be prepared in lines with Govt. of India’s goals outlined in the NUSP 2008, SWM
rules, advisories, CPHEEO manuals (including cost recovery mechanisms), O&M practices and
Service-level Benchmark advisories released by MoUD and Manual on Municipal Solid Waste
Management, 2000. States will contribute a minimum of 25% funds for SWM projects to match
75% Central Share (10% in the case of North East States and special category states). 80% of the
urban population to be covered by SWM services (allowing for a 2% increase year on year)
covering all statutory towns. 1 Central government Grant / VGF may also be used to promote
projects of waste to energy.
(vii) Fourteen Finance Commission Recommendations
Constituted by the President of India, under Article 280 of the constitution, the Finance
Commission is to recommend on distribution of central tax revenues between the Union and the
States. Supporting Local bodies through grant, subsequent to the passage of the 73rd and 74th
constitutional amendments was first time announced in the 10th Finance Commission for
providing basic services at the grassroots level and strengthening decentralization. The 13th
Finance Commission has recommended two categories of Grants to Local Bodies namely (1)
General Basic Grant and (2) General Performance Grant. The Basic Grants will be released on
furnishing the Utilization Certificates for the last releases and the General Performance Grant
will be released on fulfillment of nine conditions by the State Government, as stipulated in para
10.16.1 of the report of the 13th Finance Commission by March of a particular financial year.
Further, in 2009, MoUD initiated Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) with respect to basic
municipal services including solid waste management. SLB has been introduced in 30 states and
across 1700 ULBs.
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2016
MaRS Planning and Engineering Services Pvt Ltd., Ahmedabad Page 13
1.4 Need for the Project
As per the 74th Constitutional Amendment, provision of solid waste services - waste collection,
transfer, recycling, resource recovery and disposal, is recognized as a key service to be managed
and delivered by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). Also the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and
Handling) Rules, 2000 (MSW Rules) imposes an obligation on all municipalities in India to
adopt suitable processes for scientific collection, management, processing and disposal of MSW.
Solid waste management is a major task of the local governments, typically accounting for a
sizeable portion of the municipal budget - about 20% to 50%. Most ULBs spend nearly 60%-
70% of their total overall budgetary allocation on collection, another 20%-30% on
transportation, and often less than 10% on the treatment and final disposal of MSW. Despite
this huge expenditure, ULBs are still grappling with the challenge of preventing environmental
degradation due to the unsystematic and unscientific method of solid waste management. Most
of the ULBs in the state are collecting waste and disposing the waste at dumping sites without
any processing. Moreover, proper waste management in the cities is hampered by the following
problems:
• Increasing quantity and volume of solid waste • Inadequate infrastructure for proper collection and transportation of waste • Lack of adequate and appropriate facilities for MSW processing and disposal • Limited access to land • Increasing cost of solid waste collection and disposal.
Most cities and towns lack systematization of procedures relating to waste collection,
segregation, storage and transportation, and absence of scientific processing and disposal of
waste. As a consequence, ULBs are unable to achieve the desired level of service level
performance in terms of efficiency and satisfaction and thereby comply with the MSW Rules. As
a part of the Swachha Bharat Mission, District Urban Development Cell, Haveri intends to
enhance the existing Solid waste management system and thus improve the health and living
standards of its residents in Hangal. The purpose of this project is to identify the existing
MSWM practices in Hangal in Haveri district, recognize deficiencies/gaps in the present system
and propose a comprehensive plan for MSWM including segregation, collection, transportation
and processing & scientific disposal of waste in compliance with the MSW Rules 2000.
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2016
MaRS Planning and Engineering Services Pvt Ltd., Ahmedabad Page 14
1.5 Framework of ISWM
The Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan is prepared for the achievement of, among others,
the following objectives:
To devise cost effective system for primary collection
To devise an efficient system of daily cleaning of streets and public places
To ensure waste generated by the floating populations is adequately addressed
To devise a system to eliminate indiscriminate disposal of garbage
To promote processing of waste for:
o deriving fertilizer
o reducing waste loads going to landfill
o generating income
o helping agriculture production
o To ensure safe disposal of waste
In accordance to the timeline provided, the Project team will have consultative meetings with
ULB officials, elected councilors, local citizen representatives and based on both primary and
secondary data, and the interactions, carry out the analysis of the data.
An interim report will be submitted in 10 days, from the date of submission of Inception Report,
incorporating the concept of ISWM proposed for the town of Hangal.
1.6 Methodology
This DPR proposes a comprehensive SWM management and implementation plan for Hangal.
In order to address each of the problems associated with the current SWM system, a series of
steps shall be adopted.
Detail Project Report for Integrated Solid Waste Management of Hangal Town Municipal Council
2016
MaRS Planning and Engineering Services Pvt Ltd., Ahmedabad Page 15
Figure 1: Approach and Methodology
Step 1: Problem Identification
Identification of problems in the town would involve meeting the various stakeholders in the
ULB, and gaining an understanding of the town from administrators of the area. Tentative
facts that emerge from such discussion are:
Waste management awareness level in the towns
Transportation situation
Status of sewerage and drainage system
Source of wastes – slaughter houses, residential areas, bio medical waste
Existing waste management system
Detail Project Report for Integrated Solid Waste Management of Hangal Town Municipal Council
2016
MaRS Planning and Engineering Services Pvt Ltd., Ahmedabad Page 16
Estimates of household and bulk generators in the ULBs
Major markets, bus stops and depots, transit centers
Estimates of floating population
These would give the consultants basic idea about the functioning 0f the towns in terms of solid
waste, public toilets and other related infrastructure.
Step 2: Primary and secondary data collection
The main objective of the baseline study is to understand the existing solid waste system as
accurately as possible, analyze system deficiencies in the context of MSW Rules, 2000 and utilize
that information for further planning, implementation and monitoring processes. Local
conditions shall be considered while assessing the inadequacy of existing service and
planning for the future with due consideration of local demography, physical location,
growth objectives of the ULB as well as social and environmental conditions.
From previous experiences, we know that to understand the problems of the ULB as well as the
public, both primary and secondary data collection is required. The major source of secondary
data for this project would be the ULB and other government and non-government organizations.
Detailed information for assessing the adequacy of municipal solid waste management services
may not be readily available with the ULB. Therefore, efforts were made to collect secondary data
from previous surveys and studies undertaken for other purposes.
Some essential information shall be collected from field level supervisors. Primary data shall be
collected only when authentic secondary data is unavailable. Primary data shall be collected
through conducting surveys and measurements at the point of generation, using data collection
formats.
Data collection
Secondary data would be collected after discussions with ULB officials to understand the
present practice of waste management and disposal system in the ULBs. Detailed questionnaires
would be prepared to collect information in a streamlined and organized fashion at macro level.
In this regard, the following preliminary information would be collected to help in framing the
methodology for primary data collection.
Map of the town with municipal limits and ward wise map
Detail Project Report for Integrated Solid Waste Management of Hangal Town Municipal Council
2016
MaRS Planning and Engineering Services Pvt Ltd., Ahmedabad Page 17
Census Details – Year 2011, 2001, 1991, 1981, 1971, 1961, 1951
Total number of households in ULB
List of markets, hospitals, nursing homes, hotels, industries, Abattoirs, slaughter houses in ULB
Existing assets and manpower with ULB
Based on the evaluation of available secondary data and the outcome of discussions with the
ULB our strategy and approach to complete each and every stage of the project shall be framed.
Quantification and Composition of MSW The quantity and composition of MSW generated in the ULB is essential for determining
collection, processing and disposal options that could be adopted. They are dependent on the
population, demographic details, principal activities in the city/ town, income levels and lifestyle
of the community. It has been well established that waste generation of an area is
proportional to average income of the people of that area. It is also observed that generation
of organic, plastic and paper waste is high in high income areas.
The Characterization studies carried out by NEERI in the year 1996 indicate that MSW contains
large organic fraction (30-40%), ash and fine earth (30-40%), paper (3-6%) along with plastic
glass and metal (each less than 1%), calorific value of refuse ranges between 800-1000 kcal/kg
and C/N ratio ranges between 20 and 30.Study revealed that quantum of waste generation
varies between 0.2-0.4 kg/capita/day in the urban centers and it goes up to 0.5 kg/capita/day in
metropolitan cities.
Estimation of per capita waste generation details
For the purpose of estimating the per capita waste generated in the ULBs, representative
samples from each ULB shall be collected from households of low, mid and higher income and
commercial establishments.
The waste generators shall be advised to deposit all the waste generated in the bags distributed
to them and hand over the bag to the waste collector on the subsequent day. The waste shall be
weighed after collection and the weights recorded. The average amount of waste disposed by a
specific class of generators shall be estimated by averaging data from several samples collected
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at multiple representative locations within the ULB jurisdiction. These quantities shall then be
extrapolated to the entire ULB to assess the per capita waste generation.
Sampling for Waste Quantification
The waste quantification and characterization studies would be conducted for samples
collected from the open dumpsites of the city from where waste is dumped by different sections
of the society. This would be followed by waste quantification and waste characterization
(physical) by quartering method. The sample shall be analyzed in the laboratory for its chemical
characteristics.
Determining Waste Composition
The quartering and coining method is one of the best techniques for determining the physical
composition and characteristic of municipal waste. The sample is reduced to a more manageable
size as the actual classification is carried out by hand. The Quartering and Coining sampling
procedure is described below:
Manageable quantity of MSW mixed from outside and inside of the waste pile, sourced from
random entities in an identified sampling location is collected and mixed thoroughly.
The sample is placed as a uniform heap and the heap is divided into four portions using straight
lines perpendicular to each other.
Waste from opposing corners of the divided heap is removed to leave half of the original sample.
The remaining portions are again thoroughly mixed and the quartering process is repeated until a
desired size is obtained (10 kg of waste can be handled/ segregated efficiently).
The last remaining opposing fractions of waste shall be mixed and analyzed for identifying
physical and chemical properties of the waste.
Chemical analysis of the sample shall be performed in a laboratory accredited by the
Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF).
Table 1: Physical Characteristics of Waste
Sl. No. Waste Category Waste constituents
1 Inert Waste Bulky wastes like mats & beddings, stones, mud from street sweeping, ash, porcelain & sanitary waste
2 Organic Waste Leaves, fruits, vegetables, leftover food, organic waste from kitchen and markets, horticulture wastes
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3 Drain Silt Silt from drain including blackish matter that includes waste which is not visible as it is either decomposed or can’t be differentiated
4 Recyclables Plastics, metals, paper, glass, cloth, cardboard, carton boxes, rubber, packaging material
5 Construction debris Broken concrete, brick, sand, stone and aggregates
Table 2: Chemical Characteristics of Waste
Sl. No. Parameters Sl. No. Parameters
1 Moisture Content 15 Sulphur
2 Calorific Value 16 Iron
3 Bulk Density 17 Copper
4 pH 18 Zinc
5 Conductivity 19 Nickel
6 C/N Ratio 20 Manganese
7 Organic Carbon 21 Chromium
8 Total Solids (% by mass) 22 Cadmium
9 Lignin Content (% by mass) 23 Mercury
10 Total Volatile Solids (1:5ratio) 24 Lead
11 Loss of ignition 25 Selenium
12 Total Potassium (ask mg/kg) 26 Arsenic
13 Total Nitrogen (%by mass) 27 Pesticides
14 Total Phosphorus (% by mass)
Step 3: Data Collection and Analysis
The waste quantity and characterization details gathered during primary survey would be
compiled and analyzed.
Estimating future waste generation quantities and composition is critical for developing a MSW
management Plan. Planning horizons for solid waste processing/treatment/disposal projects
typically extend to 20-30 years, depending on the nature of the facility. The MSW management
plan shall be designed for the following design periods (time-frame):
(i) Short-term plan : 5 years
(ii) Mid-term plan : 15 years
(iii) Long-term plan : 20-25 years
Population Growth Projections
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The census 2011 population figures would be used to calculate population projection for
each ward. The Projections would be done using the methods recommended in CPHEEO
Manual.
Arithmetical Increase Method: This method is generally applicable to large and old cities. In
this method the average increase of population per decade is calculated from the past records
and added to the present population to find out population in the next decade. This method
gives a low value and is suitable for well settled and established communities.
Method: In this method the increment in arithmetical increase is determined from the past
decades and the average of that increment is added to the average increase. This method
increases the figures obtained by the arithmetical increase method.
Geometrical Increase Method: In this method percentage increase is assumed to be the rate of
growth and the average of the percentage increase is used to find out future increment in
population. This method gives much higher value and is mostly applicable for growing towns
and cities having vast scope for expansion.
Waste Generation Projections
Waste generation figures would be also calculated on the basis of these projected figures and the
per capita waste generation figures.
An assessment states that the per capita waste generation is increasing by about 1.3% per year.
With an urban growth rate of 3-3.5% per annum, the annual increase in waste quantities may be
considered at 5 % per annum. Impacts of increasing ULB jurisdiction should also be considered
while assessing future waste generation rates.
Step 4: Gap analysis
The assessment of the information on the current status of waste management in the ULB vis-
a- vis the requirements of existing regulation, policies and guidelines and identified SLBs will
result in an identification of key shortfalls in achieving the desired level of services and shall
form the basis for preparing a plan to improve the MSWM system. Gaps in the existing waste
management system would be identified with reference to the MSW Rules 2000, the
information provided by the ULB officials and the existing scenario as per the results of the
primary survey.
Step 5: Evaluation & Proposal, Detailed engineering, BOQ and Cost estimates
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Based on the outcomes of the primary and secondary data collection and the corresponding
analysis of gap and requirement analysis results, discussions with the stakeholders, ULB, and
the best judgments made by the consultant experts, alternatives would be considered and
evaluated and a most suitable MSW management model would be developed for
implementation. Further, detailed engineering, BOQ, cost and estimates for this plan would be
developed and considered for producing a finance model. Guidelines laid out by the Swachh
Bharat Mission would be used for the same.
1.7 Structure of Report
This DPR is for setting up a modern municipal solid waste management project for the Town of
Hangal in Haveri District. The DPR is organized in thirteen chapters and the details are briefed
below:
Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter elaborates the background of waste management in India, the need for the Project
and the methodology adopted for the study.
Chapter 2: Project Area Profile
This chapter provides an understanding of the district and Town profile.
Chapter 3: Present Scenario of SWM
This chapter provides details of current scenario in the town including quantification &
characterization of the waste, existing collection and transportation system and the present
processing and disposal methods adopted by the ULB.
Chapter 4: Review of Technologies
This chapter details out the technical details of the various technologies available for processing
the waste.
Chapter 5: Design Criteria
This chapter provides the design basis for the project including population growth and waste
generation projections, the strategy to be adopted and the proposed plan for collection,
transportation, processing and disposal of waste.
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Chapter 6: Proposed Collection & Transportation Plan
This chapter elaborates the proposed collection and transportation plan for the city and also
provides details of the assets and manpower requirement.
Chapter 7: Proposed Processing & Disposal Plan
This chapter details out the various technologies proposed for processing the waste and the
details for the sanitary landfill facility. Details of plant & machinery and civil infrastructure,
manpower and area requirement for the processing and disposal facility is provided.
Chapter 8: Project Financial
This chapter provides the details of the capital cost and the operation and maintenance cost for
implementing the project including the funding pattern for the project.
Chapter 9: Operating Framework
This chapter describes the framework for implementing the project.
Chapter 10: Legal Aspects
This chapter lists out legal provisions to be implemented by the ULBs to ensure robust waste
management system.
Chapter 11: Health Aspects
This chapter addresses the health and other related issues arising from waste management
activities.
Chapter 12: Role of Stakeholders
This chapter elaborates the roles and responsibilities of the various stakeholders of the project.
Chapter 13: Information, Education & Communication (IEC)
This chapter provides strategies to be adopted for creating public awareness in terms of MSW
segregation at source level and 3R concept. Also provides Information education,
communication and awareness programs.
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2 PROJECT AREA PROFILE
2.1 Hangal Town
Hangal is a town in Haveri district in the state of Karnataka, India. It is in Shiggaon taluk,
Hangal, also spelled Hanagal, Hanungal, and Hungul, is an historic town in Haveri district in
the Indian state of Karnataka.
Figure 2: Location Map of Hangal Town
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Hangal lies about 75 kilometers (47 mi) south of the city of Hubli-Dharwad, about 30 kilometers
(19 mi) west of the Tungabhadra river and east of the Arabian sea. It is located on state road one,
running north to south. A nearby body of water is the Anakere Lake. The town is on level terrain
in an agricultural district.
As of 2001 India census, Hangal had a population of 25009. Males constituted 51% of the
population and females 49%. Hangal had an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the
national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 67%, and female literacy was 60%. 14% of the
population is under six years of age.
History
Hungal is recorded as Panungal in early documents. It was once the capital of a feudatory of the
Kadambas. The Kadambas was an ancient dynasty of south India which ruled the region of the
present day state of Goa and nearby Konkan region from around AD 485 until the 11th century.
They built temples in Hangal in the Jain tradition.
Hanagal is also known for Agnihotra (three Kunda shroutagni) which was practised by
Brahmashri Chayanayaji—Girishastri Kashikar—for seven generations till 1973.
Around 1031, the Hoysalas took and held Hangal. In 1060, Mallikarjuna of the Shilahara laid
siege to Hangal.
In the 12th century, Hangal was held by the Kalalyani Chalukyas, rulers of the Deccan. The
Chalukyas built temples in the Gadag architectural style, from grey green coloured chloritic
schist.
On 14 July 1800, English forces took Hangal from Dhoondia Punt Gocklah, a Marhatta rebel
deserter
2.1.1 General Details
The Hangal TMC has classified Hangal into 23 wards for administrative purposes. It covers an
area of about 4.27 sq.km. According to the 2011 census, the total population of Hangal was
28159 and number of properties are 5732.
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Table 3: Basic information about Hangal Town
Particulars Data
Present Population 28159
Area 4.27 Sq. K.M
Number of Properties 4468
Number of Wards 23
Length of Roads 84.00
Total Water Supply 3.0 MLD
Per Capita Water Supply 100 LPCD
Summer Temp. 33oC-4OoC
Winter Temp. 23oC-29oC
Table 4: Population of Hangal Town
Year Population
1971 13826
1981 17089
1991 20906
2001 25009
2011 28159
Hangal ward wise population and households detail shown in the table 3.
Table 5 Ward-wise population and household
Ward No. Households Population
1 451 2360
2 160 808
3 304 1433
4 425 1841
5 592 2741
6 206 1093
7 188 972
8 179 835
9 266 1439
10 176 895
11 190 902
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Hangal has 22 slums. The total population of slums in the Town is 18509 residing in 3226slum
households. The percentage of slum population to that of Town is about 65.73 %. All the slums
in the town have been declared.
12 342 1700
13 322 1666
14 124 632
15 127 585
16 148 773
17 291 1459
18 191 926
19 352 1750
20 129 624
21 57 197
22 293 1459
23 219 1069
Total 5732
28159
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Figure 3: Ward map of Hangal Town
2.2 Observation on the Current System
Urban Local Bodies face a variety of issues related to the task of Solid Waste management.
However, ISWM is an obligatory task of the municipal body which has to be compulsorily done.
Solid Waste Management, thus, is done by Town Municipal Council. It is of two package system
comprising primary collection, street sweeping and transportation to landfill site. Door-to-Door
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collections are done in 31 Wards. The user fees shall be collected as per the MSW-rules for
door-to-door collections of waste. After preliminary inspection of the town and basis data
gathering, the following issues have been identified.
2.2.1 No waste segregation
Waste segregation at source is the foremost step to a successful ISWM system. Organic and non-
organic waste must be segregated at the household level so that it can be collected separately by
the ULB. It helps in targeted approach towards the different streams of waste, and accordingly,
the processing and disposal of the waste at the landfill facility will be more efficient. Also, the
value of the recyclable products is higher due to non-cross contamination.
2.2.2 100% of collection coverage is not practiced
A present waste collected from all the areas such as residential, commercial, Marriage halls, Meat
stalls, Street sweeping and drain cleaning except hotel and restaurants waste are not collected by
ULB. An efficiently functioning ISWM process needs a scientifically planned collection and
transportation plan that optimally utilizes the assets and manpower, as per CPHEEO
guidelines. The plan should also highlight the type of vehicle requirement and strategy to collect
waste from different types of generators like residential units, commercial units, markets, street
sweeping, drain silt, etc.
2.2.3 Absence of scientific processing and disposal facility
At present vermi composting unit and windrow platform are being used for processing. No SWM
process can be sustainable and workable if the waste is finally not treated in a scientific manner.
As present the town has a temporary dumping site as the final destination. Area is available
with the TMC for developing a SWM processing and disposal facility which needs to be
developed in a manner suitable for the town’s waste characteristics.
2.2.4 Shortage of assets Within the ULB
Creating necessary assets is of primarily necessary in order to implement a successful ISWM.
This includes proper vehicles, safety gears, tools and machinery, etc., along with systemic
management methodology. Lack of adequate infrastructure brings in inefficiency and results
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are undesirable. Such infrastructure should be made available as per the waste characteristics
of the town, urban fabric like road widths, settlement type distance between the Town and the
disposal site, etc.
2.2.5 Lack of awareness among people
Awareness among the people towards cleanliness is one of the most critical elements for the
success of a solid waste management plan. It is important and primary to design and implement
proper IEC modules to highlight to the people and the children about the dos and don’ts
towards maintaining a clean Town. Campaigns like street plays, door to door campaigning,
announcements, competitions, etc. must be organized in order to achieve the objectives.
Awards and incentives also play an important role in encouraging people for maintaining
cleanliness.
The above are some of the identified issues at the preliminary level in Hangal. The DPR would
focus towards these and other subsequent issues that would come up as critical for deriving
solutions to the solid waste management problem in the town.
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3 Existing Scenario
3.1 Quantification of Waste
The quantity of MSW generated depends on a number of factors such as food habits, standard of
living, degree of commercial activities and seasons. Data on quantity variation and generation
are useful in planning for collection and disposal systems. Indian cities now generate eight times
more MSW than they did in 1947 because of increasing urbanization and changing life styles.
The rate of increase of MSW generated per capita is estimated at 1 to 1.33% annually. MSW
generation rates in small cities are lower than those of metro cities, and the per capita
generation rate of MSW in India ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 kgs/ day.
The quantity of waste from various cities was accurately measured by NEERI and it was
observed that the quantity of waste produced is lesser than that in developed countries and is
normally observed to vary between 0.2-0.6 kg/capita/day. It is estimated that solid waste
generated in small, medium and large cities and towns is about 0.1 kg, 0.3 –0.4 kg and 0.5 kg
per capita per day respectively. Values up to 0.6 kg/capita/day was observed in metropolitan
cities. Average per-capita generation of municipal solid waste per the CPHEEO Manual on
Municipal Solid Waste Management is given in Table 6.
Table 6: Average Per-capita generation of MSW in Indian Cities
Population Range
(in millions)
Average per capita value (kg/capita/day)
< 0.1 0.21
0.1 - 0.5 0.21
0.5 - 1.0 0.25
1.0 - 2.0 0.27
2.0 - 5.0 0.35
> 5.0 0.50
> 5.0 (in metro cities) 0.60
Source: CPHEEO Manual on MSWM May 2000
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3.2 Quantification of Waste in Hangal Town
3.2.1 Estimation of Per capita waste generation
For the purpose of estimating the per capita waste generated in the ULBs, representative
samples were collected from households of low, mid and higher income and slums. The waste
generators were advised to deposit all the waste generated in the bags distributed to them and
hand over the bag to the waste collector on the subsequent day. The waste was weighed after
collection and the weights recorded. The average amount of waste disposed by generators was
estimated by averaging data from several samples collected at multiple representative locations
within the ULB jurisdiction. These quantities were then be extrapolated to the entire ULB to
assess the per capita waste generation.
The per capita waste generation was estimated to be 257 gms/capita/day. The quantity of waste
generated in residential and commercial areas was estimated by multiplying the population with
the per capita waste generation factor. The waste generated from residential and commercial
units is about 9.94 TPD.
There are about 60 eating joints/ hotels in Hangal. The waste from these establishments mostly
includes left-over food, which is outsourced to piggeries, and disposable crockery and it is
estimated that the average generation rate is 15.5 kgs/unit/day and total waste generated works
out to be 0.9 TPD. There are about 20 meat, 9 fish and 15 chicken stalls and there is 1
temporary slaughter house in the Town. It is estimated that the average generation rate is 3.5
kgs/unit/ day from chicken stalls, 18 kgs/unit/ day from mutton and meat stalls and total waste
generated works out to be about 0.38 TPD.
The waste quantity generated from street sweeping and drain cleaning activities was obtained
from the field studies. Based on the field survey conducted, the average waste generation per km
road length is 25 kgs/km. The total waste estimated from street sweeping is about 0.9 TPD
considering that a road length of 84 kms is swept every day. The total waste estimated from
drain cleaning is about 4.18 TPD and the average waste generation per km drain length is
650kgs/ km.
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Table 11 Quantification of MSW in Hangal Town (2016)
Waste Generators Quantity (TPD)
Residential waste 8.28
Commercial waste 1.66
Market waste 0.31
Hotel & Bulk Generators waste 0.99
Meat stall waste 0.38
Drain cleaning & street sweeping waste 5.16
Total waste 16.8
Weighbridge survey
To estimate the quantity of waste disposed in the land fill site, a survey of all the vehicles
reaching the dumping site was undertaken for 2 days from 25/07/2016 and 26/07/2016. All the
MSW collected and transported from the city is bought and disposed in the land fill site. All the
tractors trailers and auto tippers were weighed at a weigh bridge for all trips prior to dumping at
site. Loaded and tare weights of all the vehicles were obtained from the weigh bridge. The data
on waste carried by all the vehicles for 2 days is presented in the table below.
DAY-1
SL NO
Registration No
Vehicle Type
Weight (Loaded Vehicle)
in KG
Weight (Empty
Vehicle) in KG
Waste Collected Waste Collected from
DAY 1 DAY 1
1 ka27 A 2871 TRACTOR 6390 3140 3250 drain & road
2 ka27 A 2871 TRACTOR 5890 3140 2750 drain & road
3 ka 27 A 2869 TRACTOR 4495 3285 1210 drain & road
4 ka 27 G 4058 TRACTOR 4735 3270 1465 residential
5 ….. Auto Tipper 970 590 380 residential
Total 9055 DAY-2
SL NO
Registration No
Vehicle Type
Weight (Loaded
Vehicle) in
Weight (Empty
Vehicle) in Waste
Collected Waste Collected from
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KG KG
DAY 2 DAY 2
1 ka27 A 2871 TRACTOR 4940 3140 1800 drain & road
2 ka27 A 2871 TRACTOR 5604 3140 2464 drain & road
3 ka 27 A 2869 TRACTOR 3830 3285 545 drain & road
4 ka 27 G 4058 TRACTOR 6450 3270 3180 residential
TOTAL 7989
Table 7 Weigh Bridge Survey in Hangal Town
At the time of survey the collection efficiency is only 56%.
The approximate quantity of MSW generated is 16.8 TPD from a population of 301121
distributed in 23 wards. Thus, the overall per capita generation of waste is estimated to be 557
gms/capita/day.
Considering 84 km of open drains where the generation of waste is about 4.18 TPD. Most of the
waste is silt from roads, papers and plastics etc.
3.2.2 Characterization and Composition of MSW
The waste quantification studies was followed by waste characterization studies (physical) by
quartering method and the sample was analyzed in the laboratory for its chemical
characteristics. The waste characterization studies were conducted for samples collected from
the open dumpsite where waste is dumped by different sections of the society.
The characterization is carried is by two methods namely, on site characterization and
laboratory characterization
On site characterization is done while conducting house hold and commercial survey. 10
samples have been collected from each income group namely HIG, MIG and Low Income Group.
The samples are been weighed individually and the weight is noted. The samples have been
characterized as plastic, paper, wood, sand, cloth, steel, and medical waste is termed as dry
waste. The individual waste is noted separately. The waste like vegetable, flower, fruit, food,
coconut, ash diaper etc. is noted as wet waste. The average weight of the samples is represented
in below table.
1 2016 population
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Laboratory characterization is done by taking around 20kg of composite sample from the land
fill site of Hangal Town. The sample has been given to the laboratory for testing. The physical
characterization of MSW is presented in below Table.
As compared to the western countries, MSW differs greatly with regard to the composition and
hazardous nature, in India. MSW contains compostable organic matter (fruit and vegetable
peels, food waste), recyclables (paper, plastic, glass, metals, etc.) and inerts. MSW composition
at generation sources and collection points, determined on a wet weight basis, consists mainly of
large organic fraction (40–60%), ash and fine earth (30–40%), paper (3–6%) and plastic, glass
and metals (each less than 1%). The C/N ratio ranges between 20 and 30, and the lower calorific
value ranges between 800 and 1000 kcal/kg. Based on the characterization study conducted in
various Indian cities by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), the
physical and chemical characterization of MSW is presented in Table 11 and 12 respectively.
Table 8 : Physical Characteristics of MSW in Indian Cities
Population Range
(in million)
Number of Cities
Surveyed
Percent Composition of Municipal Solid Waste
Paper Rubber, Leather & Synthetics
Glass Metals Total compostable
matter
Inert Total
0.1 - 0.5 12 2.91 0.78 0.56 0.33 44.57 43.59 100
0.5 - 1.0 15 2.95 0.73 0.35 0.32 40.04 48.38 100
1.0 - 2.0 9 4.71 0.71 0.46 0.49 38.95 44.57 100
2.0 - 5.0 3 3.18 0.48 0.48 0.59 56.67 49.07 100
> 5.0 4 6.43 0.28 0.94 0.80 30.48 53.90 100
All values are calculated on net weight basis
Source: Manual on Solid Waste Management, NEERI, 1996
Table 9: Chemical Characteristics of MSW in Indian Cities
Population Range
(in million)
Moisture Organic Matter
Chemical Characteristics
Nitrogen as Total Nitrogen
Phosphorous as P2O5
Potassium as K2O
C/N
Ratio
Calorific value in kcal/kg
0.1 - 0.5 25.81 37.09 0.71 0.63 0.83 30.94 1009.89
0.5 - 1.0 19.52 25.19 0.66 0.56 0.69 21.13 900.61
1.0 - 2.0 26.98 26.98 0.64 0.82 0.72 23.68 980.05
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2.0 - 5.0 21.03 25.60 0.56 0.69 0.78 22.45 907.18
> 5.0 38.72 39.07 0.56 0.52 0.52 30.11 800.70
All values, except moisture, are on dry weight basis
Source: Manual on Solid Waste Management, NEERI, 1996
Sample Collection Procedure
The quartering and coining method is one of the best techniques for determining the physical
composition and characteristics of municipal waste. The sample collected from the dumpsite is
reduced to a more manageable size as the actual classification is carried out by hand. The
Quartering and Coining sampling procedure is described below:
Manageable quantity of MSW mixed from outside and inside of the waste pile, sourced from
random entities in an identified sampling location is collected and mixed thoroughly.
The sample is placed as a uniform heap and the heap is divided into four portions using straight
lines perpendicular to each other.
Waste from opposing corners of the divided heap is removed to leave half of the original sample.
The remaining portions are again thoroughly mixed and the quartering process is repeated until
a desired size is obtained (10 kgs of waste can be handled/ segregated efficiently).
The last remaining opposing fractions of waste shall be mixed and analyzed for identifying
physical and chemical properties of the waste.
Chemical analysis of the waste sample follows the physical constituent analysis. Chemical
analysis of the sample shall be performed in a laboratory accredited by the Ministry of
Environment & Forests (Moe).
Table 10 Physical Characteristics of MSW in Hangal
Sl. No. Waste type Residential Commercial Market
Kg % Kg % Kg %
1 Organic 35.3 53.6 42 69.48 10.5 75
2 Recyclables (plastic, paper,
metal, etc.)
21.5 32.6 17.45 28.87 2.5 17.86
3 Cloth, coconut shells, etc. 1.60 2.43 …. …. 1 7.14
4 Ash and Fine earth 3.65 5.5 1.65 1.65 ….. ……
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5 Others 3.8 5.8 …. ….. …. …..
Total 65.85 100 60.45 100 14 100
Table 11 Physical and Chemical Characteristics MSW2 in Hangal
TEST PARAMETER UNIT RESULT
Physical characteristics
Biodegradable
Paper/cardboard % 23.13
Organic Waste % 18.59
Wood % 07.56
Non-Biodegradable
Rubber & Leather % 10.45
Plastics % 25.89
Rags/Textiles % 05.87
Metals % 00.98
Inert
Glass & Crockery % 02.93
Stone & Grits % 04.60
Chemical Characteristics
Bulk density gm/cc 0.386
pH ---- 07.21
Proximate Analysis
Moisture % 29.45
Volatile % 46.23
Fixed carbon % 09.22
Ash content % 15.10
Ultimate Analysis(on Dry basis)
Carbon as C % 42.46
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Hydrogen as H % 05.26
Oxygen as O % 29.83
Nitrogen as N % 00.54
Sulphur as S % 00.21
Phosphorus as P % 00.08
Potassium as K % 00.62
C/N ratio % 71.2: 1
Heavy Metals
Arsenic as (As) mg/Kg ND
Zinc as (Zn) mg/Kg 0.034
Lead as (Pb) mg/Kg ND
Cadmium as (Cd) mg/Kg ND
Copper as (Cu) mg/Kg ND
Mercury as (Hg) mg/Kg ND
Nickel as (Ni) mg/Kg ND
Iron as (Fe) mg/Kg 03.45
Gross calorific value Kcal/Kg 790.00
3.3 Segregation of waste at source
At present waste Segregation is not practiced in the Town. Door to door collection of waste is
collected by auto tippers. Waste collected from door to door collection is dumped into landfill
site.
Table 12: Existing Assets and vehicles within the ULB
Sl. No Existing Assets and Vehicles Numbers
ULB
1 Pushcarts 25
2 Auto tipper 2
3 Tractor Engine 4
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4 Tractor Trailer 3
5 Tractor Placer 2
6 Front End Loader with Back Hoe /JCB 1
7 Trailer mounted suction machine 1
Figure 4: Pushcart
Figure 5: Auto Tipper
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Figure 6: Tractor Trailer
Figure 7: JCB/ Front and Back
Figure 8: Suction Machine
Table 13: Manpower available within the ULB
Sl. No Existing Manpower Numbers
ULB Contract
1 Health Officer/ Environment Engineer 0
2 Health Inspector Senior 3
3 Health Inspector Junior 0
4 Sanitary Supervisors 1
5 Sanitary Workers 19 26
6 Drivers 2
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3.3.1 Residential and Commercial Areas
The door to door collection activities are being carried out using Auto tippers. Waste is collected
in residential areas everyday by auto tippers. Waste from auto tipper is transport waste to
landfill site. The domestic waste generated in commercial areas is collected and transported
through tractor directly to the site.
Figure 9: Household Survey
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Figure 10 COMMERCIAL SURVEY
3.3.2 Markets and Meat Stalls
The market waste is collected by the tractor and transported to landfill site. The meat and
chicken waste generated in the city is collected by the tractor and dumped in landfill site.
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Figure 11: chicken stalls survey
3.3.3 Bulk Generators
The waste from the marriage halls are collected in tractor. The waste is carried out by tractor to
landfill site. Waste consists of food waste, organic waste and disposal crockeries. Waste is
dumped into container and transported by tractor placer to landfill site.
3.3.4 Hotel and Restaurants
The waste is collected through tractor; waste generated usually is food waste, organic waste and
recyclable wastes. Wastes are collected by piggeries.
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Figure 12 Hotels, Bar and Restaurants Survey
3.3.5 Construction & Demolition Waste
The construction and demolition waste is used by the generators for house constructions and
leveling of low lying areas. There is no regulation on this activity of disposal yet.
3.3.6 Bio -Medical Waste
The bio-medical waste is collected by the private Agency on alternate days.
3.3.7 Street sweeping and drain Waste
The street sweeping waste and drain waste is collected by tractor and transported to landfill site.
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3.4 Collection and Transportation of waste
Figure 13 Existing Scenario of SWM
Street Sweeping and Drain Cleaning
Hangal Town has a total road length of 84.00 kms and drain length of approximately 165 kms.
The road length is divided into 3 types of roads on the basis of the frequency of street sweeping
required.
The frequency of sweeping in 3 categories, i.e., Type A (high density areas like Town Centre,
commercials and important areas), Type B (medium Density areas and housing colonies) and
Type C (low density areas and fringe areas).
Table 14: Details on frequency of sweeping depending on the categories
Parameter Length of
roads in km
Frequency of
Sweeping
Type A (Town Centre, commercial areas & important areas) 8.70 Daily
Type B (Medium density areas and housing colonies) 12 Twice a week
Type C (low density areas and fringe areas) 63.3 Once a week
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3.5 MSW Processing and Disposal facility
The ULB has identified the landfill site near Belagal pet village spread over 15 acres of land
located about 10 kms away from the city bus stand for establishing the MSW Processing and
disposal facility.
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Figure 14: Location Map of Landfill Site
Sl.No Name of work Fund
year
photo remarks
1 Watchmen
Shed
2 Warehouse
(Segregated
Storage
Shed)
3 Compound
Wall
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4 Transformer
5 Internal
Roads
6 Gate
`
7 Drains
.
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8 Landfill
9 Vermin
composting
10 Water Tank
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Figure 15: Infrastructure facilities in Landfill Site
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Figure 16 LAYOUT MAP
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3.6 Present SWM Institutional Framework
The Hangal Town Municipal Council is responsible for infrastructure development and
managing the various civic services such as water supply, solid waste management, sanitation
etc. of the Town. The TMC has various departments such as engineering, revenue, health,
administrative, accounts etc., for managing and administrative purposes. These are headed by
the municipal commissioner. The municipal organizational structure related to SWM is given in
figure 22.
Figure 17: Organization Chart
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3.7 Legal Framework
3.7.1 Air & Water Act
All MSW projects have to obtain separately the Consent for Establishment (CFE) and also
Consent for Operation (CFO) under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
and Air Act (Prevention and Control of Pollution) 1981. These Projects shall comply with the
National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The Project has to obtain the relevant Consents from
the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB).
3.7.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006
The notification classifies the Common Municipal Solid Waste Project as falling under Schedule
B which requires Prior Environmental Clearance (EC). The approval has to be obtained from the
State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) before taking up any construction
activity.
3.7.3 MSW (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
Under the Notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Environment and Forests
number S.O. 783(E), dated, the 27th September, 1999 in the Gazettes of India, Part II, Section 3,
sub-section (B) the MSW (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 shall apply to every
municipal authority responsible for collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing
and disposal of municipal solid wastes.
Any MSW generated in a Town or a Town, shall be managed and handled in accordance with the
compliance criteria and the procedure laid down in Schedule–II [See Rules 6(1) and (3), 7(1)
Management of Municipal Solid Wastes]. Municipal authorities shall adopt suitable technology
or combination of such technologies to make use of wastes so as to minimize burden on landfill.
Following criteria shall be adopted, namely: -
The biodegradable wastes shall be processed by composting, vermin-composting, anaerobic
digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for stabilization of wastes. It shall be
ensured that compost or any other end product shall comply with standards as specified in
Schedule –IV;
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Mixed waste containing recoverable resources shall follow the route of recycling. Incineration
with or without energy recovery including pelletisation can also be used for processing wastes in
specific cases. Municipal authority or the operator of a facility wishing to use other state-of-the-
art technologies shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board to get the standards laid
down before applying for grant of authorization.
3.7.4 Site Suitability Analysis
The problem of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) has acquired an alarming
dimension in the developing countries during the last few decades. The quantity of solid waste
generated has increased significantly and its characteristics have changed as a result of the
change in industrialization and urbanization. Hence in India, establishing Municipal Solid
Waste Management facility has become mandatory according to MSW Rules, 2000.
3.7.5 Location Criteria as per CPHEEO Manual
Manual on Solid Waste Management has prescribed criteria for selecting the site for landfill.
The site selected for setting up of solid waste management was evaluated based on the location
criteria as per CPHEEO Manual and discussed below.
Table 15 Evaluation of location as per CPHEEO Manual
Sl.
No
Criteria CPHEEO Manual Requirements Compliance
1 Lake/Pond 200 m away from the Lake/Pond Yes
2 River 100 m away from the river Yes
3 Flood plain No land fill within a 100 year flood plain Yes
4 Highway 200 m from highway Yes
5 Public parks 300 m away from public parks Yes
6 Wet lands No landfill within wet lands Yes
7 Habitation 500 m away from the notified habitation yes
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8 Ground water
table
Ground water table >2m. Yes
9 Critical habitat
area
No landfill within the Critical habitat area. It
is defined as the area in which 1 or more
endangered species live.
Yes
10 Air ports No landfill within 20 kms Yes
11 Water supply
Schemes/ wells.
Minimum 500 m away Yes
12 Coastal
regulatory zone
Should not be sited Yes
13 Unstable zone Landfill Site is not susceptible to land slide. Yes
14 Buffer zone As prescribed by regulatory Not yet declared
3.7.6 Service Level Benchmarks
The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), GoI has introduced Service Level Benchmarking
as one of the appropriate systems for information management, performance monitoring and
benchmarking. This system is aimed at improving not only the service provision but also the
delivery of services to the consumers. MSWM is one of the four basic urban services which
MoUD has identified as a performance parameter. These are indicators to measure the stepwise
performance in MSWM at ULB level.
Under the 13th Finance Commission, Service Level Benchmarking is a key criterion for
performance grant of ULBs.
Table 16: SWM Service Level Benchmarks at a glance
Sl. No Indicator Unit Value Current
1 Household level
coverage of
SWM services
As % of households and establishments that
are covered by daily door-step collection
system
100% 40%
2 Efficiency of
Collection of
MSW
As % of total waste collected by ULB and
authorized service providers against waste
generated within the project area (excluding
100% 80%
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the waste recycled through rag pickers)
3 Extent of
Segregation of
MSW
As % of households and establishments that
segregate their waste
100% 40%
4 Extent of MSW
recovered
Quantum of waste collected, which is either
recycled or Processed, expressed as %.
80% 60%
5 Extent of
scientific
disposal of solid
waste
As % of waste disposed in a sanitary landfill
site against total quantum of waste disposed
in landfills and dump sites.
100% 80%
6 Cost Recovery in
SWM services
Expressed as % recovery of all operating
expenses related to SWM Services that the
ULB is able to meet from the operating
revenues of sources related exclusively to
SWM.
100% 10%
7 Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints
As a % of total number of SWM related
complaints resolved against total number of
SWM complaints received within 24 hrs.
time period
80% 75%
8 Efficiency in
collection of
charges
Efficiency in collection is defined as -
Current year revenues collected, expressed
as a % of the Total operating revenues, for
the corresponding time period.
90% 80%
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4 Review of Technologies
4.1 Introduction
The design tonnage for Hangal Town Municipal Council is 16.8 TPD of solid waste per day,
which has a significant component of biodegradable waste which is about 55 - 60% of the total
composition. The collected solid waste is presently disposed in an unscientific manner by open
dumping at various identified locations. There is an urgent need to stop the crude and
unhygienic method of open dumping of waste and to adopt scientific and environmental friendly
methods where the useful components of waste are utilized and only rejects and inert material
are disposed in an environmentally acceptable manner.
4.2 Recycling of waste
The MSW contains more than 32% recyclable matter like plastics, glass, paper, metals etc. which
can be easily recycled and reused by the community.
4.3 Processing of organic fraction of waste
The organic fraction of MSW contains bio-degradable matter ranging from 30% to 55%
depending upon the size of the Town, income levels of citizens, eating habits of the population
and ongoing economic activity. This organic matter can be profitably converted into useful
products like compost (organic manure), methane gas (used for cooking, heating, lighting,
production of energy) etc. through the following processes:-
(a) Waste to Compost
Aerobic / Anaerobic Composting
Vermi-Composting
(b) Waste to Energy
Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) / Pelletization
Bio-methanation
Incineration
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Pyrolysis / Plasma Gasification
4.3.1 Aerobic / Anaerobic Composting Technology
The municipal waste primarily comprises of organic material such as kitchen and yard waste,
refuse from vegetable markets, food waste from hotels and restaurants; green & horticultural
waste; cow dung and dairy waste etc. The organic content tends to decompose leading to odour
problems and pollution of the environment.
Several processing methods have been proposed to reduce the pollution potential of the waste
and ensure its safe disposal. The waste can either be stabilized before sending it to a landfill or
can be converted into a valuable material such as compost, bio-gas, filler material in landfills
etc. However, the land fill requirements for disposal of MSW and consequent further
contamination of the environment can be avoided by processing of the organic and bio-
degradable waste into usable material viz., Compost.
Composting is one of the most popular and techno-economically viable mechanisms for
processing and disposal of biodegradable waste. The process uses biological mechanism of
microorganism to breakdown organic matter of MSW. There are two major types of process;
aerobic and anaerobic.
The aerobic method uses aerobic bacteria to work under suitable environment, i.e. moisture,
temperature, oxygen content and Carbon/Nitrogen ratio of organic matter. This method
normally produces good quality compost containing Nitrogen and Sulfate, and does not cause
the odor problem. The finished compost can be used as an offset for fertilizers in the agriculture
industry and other related uses such as landscaping, green cover development, barren land
reclamation etc.
The other method is operated under anaerobic environment, and normally causes odor
problems, such as, Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia. This method uses longer time for acquiring
mature to digest and gives lower quality of fertilizer. Normally compost plant is processed under
aerobic condition and requires aeration system, which consequently needs energy consumption.
Principles of Composting Process
Decomposition and stabilization of organic waste matter is a natural phenomenon. Composting
is an organized method of producing compost manure by adopting this natural phenomenon.
Compost is particularly useful as organic manure which contains plant nutrients (Nitrogen,
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Phosphorous and Potassium) as well as micro nutrients which can be utilized for the growth of
plants. When used in conjunction with chemical fertilizers optimum results are obtained.
Stages and Phases of Composting Process
Composting process can be divided into the following four stages:
Mesophilic stage
Thermophilic stage
Cooling Stage
Maturation &Stabilization Stage
The mesophilic process takes place at the temperature range of 200 C to 400 C. When
composting process begins, the mesophilic flora pre-dominates and is responsible for most of
the metabolic activities. This results in rise in the temperature of the compost heap. With the
rise in temperature, mesophilic population is replaced by thermophilic species which thrive at
the temperature of 450 C and above. Thermophilic bacteria are mainly responsible for breaking
down proteins and other readily bio-degradable organic matter. Fungi and Actinomycetes play
an important role in the decomposition of cellulose and lignin.
The increased temperature results in increased rate of biological activity and hence results in
faster stabilization of the material. However, if the temperature rise is very high, the organism
and enzymes get inactivated resulting into decrease in the biological activity. The temperature
range of 500C to 600C is optimum for nitrification and cellulose degradation. The high
temperature also helps in destruction of some of the pathogens and parasites. If the process is so
controlled that the temperature is kept between 500C to 600C for 5 to 7 days, destruction of
pathogens and parasites will be ensured.
Thermophilic stage which continues for 7 to 10 days is followed by cooling stage wherein the
temperature comes down in the range of 200C to 400C. The micro-flora and micro-fauna which
flourish during the final stage of composting are essentially mesophilic. The composting is
normally taken to be complete when the active decomposition stage is over and the C/N ratio is
stabilized around 20.
The cooling stage which covers a period of about a week is followed by the stabilization stage. At
the end of three to four weeks period, the decomposed materials known as “Green Compost” or
“Fresh Compo fully stabilized. It is therefore, stored in large sized windrows for about ten to
fifteen days. At the end of the storage period, the compost is known as “Ripe Compost”.
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By controlling some of the composting influencing factors, natural composting process could be
accelerated. These influencing factors also have impact on quality of compost produced. Some of
the important factors in the composting process are temperature, C/N ratio, phosphorous,
sulphur, moisture, particle size, oxygen flow, etc.
Temperature: For best results, temperature should be maintained between 50 and 550C for
the first few days and 55 and 600C for the remainder of the active composting period. If
temperature goes beyond 660C, biological activity is reduced significantly. Although high
temperatures ensure destruction of pathogens and parasites it could also result in Nitrogen loss.
C/N ratio: Optimum ratio is 30. To bring down the ratio sewage and sludge will be added. To
increase the ratio straw, sawdust, paper will be added.
Phosphorous: One of the essential nutrients for plant growth and determines the quality of
compost. Phosphorous concentration might increase as composting proceeds.
Sulphur: Presence of Sulphur in sufficient quantities can lead to the production of volatile,
odorous compounds. The major sources of Sulphur are two amino acids (cysteine and
methionine). Under well-aerated conditions, the sulfides are oxidized to sulfates, but under
anaerobic conditions, they are converted to volatile organic sulfides or to H2S, leading to a bad
odor. Some compounds like carbon disulfide, carbonyl sulfide, methyl mercaptum, diethyl
sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide might also lead to bad odors.
Moisture: Optimum 50 to 60%, very high moisture content will result anaerobic condition.
Higher moisture content is essential for mechanical operated system and the waste contains
high percentage of fibrous material.
Particle size: Smaller particles produce homogenous particle size which helps to maintain
optimum temperatures. But too fine particle may not allow air to flow into the piles.
Oxygen and aeration: In case of aerobic process, helps to decompose the organic matter at a
faster rate. However, care must be taken not to provide more oxygen which might dry the
system and slow down the composting process.
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Compost Quality
The high organic content in the MSW stream is ideal for composting. However, the MSW also
contains increasing quantities of glass, plastics, metals and hazardous materials which can
contaminate the finished compost. Separating contaminants from the raw material at the
compost site is inefficient as it is likely that much of the contamination has already affected the
organic fraction. Source separating the waste before collection is usually an environmentally and
technically better way to improve the quality of the final compost. In addition to ensuring a safe
product, compost standards provide a valuable marketing tool.
Table 17 Specifications for Compost Quality
Sl. No Parameters Concentration to exceed (mg/kg dry
basis, except pH value and C/N ratio)
1 Arsenic 10.0
2 Cadmium 5.0
3 Chromium 50.0
4 Copper 300.0
5 Lead 100.0
6 Mercury 0.15
7 Nickel 50.0
8 Zink 1000.0
9 C/N ratio 20-42
10 pH 5.5-8.5
Marketing Compost
The quality of compost produced from source segregated organic waste is generally better than
that of compost produced from mechanically separated MSW and of that produced from mixed
MSW (without any separation). Grinding of MSW should be avoided as it can mask the presence
of hazardous material and make it impossible for their removal after the composting is done.
In the absence of waste segregation at source, there is possibility of the produced compost being
contaminated by heavy metals and toxic / hazardous substances etc. It is critical that compost so
produced be environmentally safe and if the compost is marketed for agriculture, it is ensured
through proper testing and certification that it is free from heavy metals, toxic materials, sharp
objects, glass, etc.
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4.3.2 Vermi-Composting Technology
Vermi-composting is the best biotechnology to reduce the load on the treatment and disposal of
biodegradable agro waste. Vermi-composting is basically a managed process of worms digesting
organic matter to transform the material into a beneficial soil amendment. Vermi-composting is
faster than traditional composting methods, requires less space, and creates little odor.
Earthworms consume various organic wastes and reduce the volume by 40–60%. Each
earthworm weighs about 0.5 to 0.6 g, eats waste equivalent to its body weight and produces cast
equivalent to about 50% of the waste it consumes in a day. These worm castings have been
analyzed for chemical and biological properties. The moisture content of castings ranges
between 32 and 66% and the pH is around 7.0.
Process
The process of composting bio-degradable wastes using earthworms comprise spreading the
wastes and cow dung in gradually built up shallow layers. The pits are kept shallow to avoid heat
built-up that could kill earthworms. To enable earthworms to transform the material relatively
faster a temperature of around 300C is maintained.
The final product generated by this process is called vermi-compost which essentially consists of
the casts made by earthworms eating the raw organic materials. Compared to other composts,
this has a finer texture, do a better job of enhancing the soil, have typically higher levels of
nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous, and have more microorganisms to fight diseases in
plants.
The process consists of constructing brick lined beds generally of 0.9 to 1.5 m width and 0.25 to
0.3 m height are constructed inside a shed open from all sides.
For commercial production, the beds can be prepared with 15 m length, 1.5 m width and 0.6 m
height spread equally below and above the ground. While the length of the beds can be made as
per convenience, the width and height cannot be increased as an increased width affects the ease
of operation and an increased height on conversion rate due to heat built up.
Cow dung and waste can be placed in layers to make a heap of about 0.6 to 0.9 m height.
Earthworms are introduced in between the layers @ 350 worms per m3 of bed volume that
weighs nearly 1 Kg. The beds are maintained at about 40-50% moisture content and a
temperature of 200–300C by sprinkling water over the beds.
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(b) Waste to Energy
Energy can be recovered from the organic fraction of waste (biodegradable as well as non-
biodegradable) basically through two methods as follows:
Thermo-chemical conversion: This process entails thermal de-composition of organic
matter to produce either heat energy or fuel oil or gas; and
Bio-chemical conversion: This process is based on enzymatic decomposition of organic
matter by microbial action to produce methane gas or alcohol.
The Thermo-chemical conversion processes are useful for wastes containing high percentage of
organic non-biodegradable matter and low moisture content. The main technological options
under this category include Incineration and pyrolysis/ gasification. The biochemical conversion
processes, on the other hand, are preferred for wastes having high percentage of organic bio-
degradable (putrescible) matter and high level of moisture/ water content, which aids microbial
activity. The main technological options under this category are Anaerobic Digestion, also
referred to as Bio-methanation.
4.3.3 Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Processing Technology
Due to the non-homogeneous property of MSW that usually causes problems in the incinerator,
the conversion of MSW into solid fuel, namely Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) is developed which is
aimed at acquiring a stable, environmentally friendly fuel that is easy to transport.
The RDF production process starts with the separation and sorting of MSW. This operation
removes recyclables, i.e. ferrous materials, glass, non-combustible or potentially hazardous
materials from the waste stream. The remaining combustible material is an input for RDF
production, by being crushed or grinded, then conveyed to a flash dryer to remove excess
moisture by steam or hot air, and finally be compacted in form of pellets.
In some case, additive such as lime (CaO) shall be added during the pelletization process to
reduce pollutants in the combustion. The final product can be reduced to 5% of the original
volume. RDF is a good fuel due to its high heating value from low moisture content. It is easy to
transport and causes lower emission such as NOx and dioxins/furans compares to MSW direct
combustion.
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4.3.4 Bio-methanation
In this process, the organic fraction of wastes is segregated and fed to a closed container (biogas
digester) where, under anaerobic conditions, the organic wastes undergo bio-degradation
producing methane-rich biogas and effluent/sludge. The biogas can be utilized either for
cooking/ heating applications, or through dual fuel or gas engines or gas / steam turbines for
generating motive power or electricity The sludge from anaerobic digestion, after stabilization,
can be used as a soil conditioner, or even sold as manure depending upon its composition, which
is determined mainly by the composition of the input waste. The biogas normally consists of 60-
70% of Methane and 30-40% of Carbon dioxide. Biogas heating value is approximately 20-25
MJ/m3, which is equivalent to a half kilogram of the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Dried
excess sludge from the biogas digester can be made available as good organic compost/soil
conditioner.
The important requirement for implementing this technology is that organic waste must be
separated from other wastes. Front-end sorting systems comprising sorting belts, magnetic
separators, and labors; as well as public campaign such as waste separation shall cause higher
investment cost to the project. With high percentage of organic waste, the anaerobic digestion is
appropriate treatment with broad advantages such as preventing odor, producing energy in the
form of biogas, getting compost/soil conditioner as by-products, and helping reduce landfill
volume requirement.
4.3.5 Incineration
Incineration is an alternative solution in the waste disposal crisis when landfill space is limited.
It is the process of direct burning of wastes in the presence of excess air (oxygen) at
temperatures of about 8000 C and above, liberating heat energy, inert gases and ash. Net energy
yield depends upon the density and composition of the waste; relative percentage of moisture
and inert materials, which add to the heat loss; ignition temperature; size and shape of the
constituents; design of the combustion system (fixed bed/ fluidized bed) etc. In practice, about
65 to 80 % of the energy content of the organic matter can be recovered as heat energy, which
can be utilized either for direct thermal applications, or for producing power via steam turbine-
generators (with typical conversion efficiency of about 30%).
The combustion temperatures of conventional incinerators fuelled only by wastes are
about760°C in the furnace and in excess of 870°C in the secondary combustion chamber. These
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temperatures are needed to avoid odor from incomplete combustion but are insufficient to burn
or even melt glass. To avoid the deficiencies of conventional incinerators, some modern
incinerators utilize higher temperatures of up to 1650°C using supplementary fuel. These reduce
waste volume by 97% and convert metal and glass to ash.
Combustion technologies used for MSW are stoker-fired incinerator, fluidized bed incinerator,
and rotary kiln incinerator. Each technology is suitable for converting waste to energy but with
different advantages and disadvantages. Heat from the combustion process is used to turn water
into steam that will be routed to a steam turbine-generator for power generation. The used
steam is then condensed in condenser and routed back to the boiler.
Residues produced include bottom ash (which falls to the bottom of the combustion chamber),
fly ash (which exits the combustion chamber with the flue gas), and residue (including fly ash)
from the flue gas cleaning system. Common incineration plants comprise of the following
functional units:
Waste reception, Storage and pretreatment
Feed-stock and combustor
Slag extraction / treatment of residuals / storage
Boiler / steam usage
Flue gas cleaning & Chimney
Wastes burned solely for volume reduction may not need any auxiliary fuel except for startup.
When the objective is steam production, supplementary fuel may have to be used with the
pulverized refuse, because of the variable energy content of the waste or in the event that the
quantity of waste available is insufficient.
While incineration is extensively used as an important method of waste disposal, it is associated
with some polluting discharges which are of environmental concern, although in varying degrees
of severity. The major environmental concern of incinerator is stack pollutants formed during
combustion comprising particulates, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon
monoxide (CO), metals, Hydrogen chloride (HCl), Dioxins and Furans. Emission control system
and equipment’s are necessary to meet the stringent ambient air quality requirements such as
dust collector, combustion temperature and retention time control, lime and ammonia scrubber
(with or without catalyst reactor), activated carbon absorber etc. With proper equipment’s,
emissions including Dioxins and Furans can be reduced to comply with the stringent emission
standards. When the operating temperature is maintained to more than1100°c
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4.3.6 Pyrolysis / Gasification
Pyrolysis is also referred to as destructive distillation or carbonization. It is the process of
thermal decomposition of organic matter at high temperature (about 9000C) in an inert(oxygen
deficient) atmosphere or vacuum, producing a mixture of combustible Carbon Monoxide,
Methane, Hydrogen, Ethane [CO, CH4, H2, C2H6] and non-combustible Carbon Dioxide, water,
Nitrogen [CO2, H2O, N2] gases, pyroligenous liquid, chemicals and charcoal. The pyroligenous
liquid has high heat value and is a feasible substitute of industrial fuel oil. Amount of each end-
product depends on the chemical composition of the organic matter and operating conditions.
Quantity and chemical composition of each product changes with Pyrolysis temperature,
residence time, pressure, feed stock and other variables.
Gasification involves thermal decomposition of organic matter at high temperatures in presence
of limited amounts of air/ oxygen, producing mainly a mixture of combustible and non-
combustible gas (Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide). This process is similar to
Pyrolysis, involving some secondary/ different high temperature (>1000o C) chemistry which
improves the heating value of gaseous output and increases the gaseous yield (mainly
combustible gases CO+H2) and lesser quantity of other residues. The gas can be cooled, cleaned
and then utilized in IC engines to generate electricity
Electricity Generation
Electricity can be generated for on-site or for distribution through the local electric power grid.
Internal combustion engines (ICs) and Gas turbines are the most commonly used in power
generation projects.
Environmental Pollution Control Measures for WTE Plants
Incinerators burning MSW can produce a number of pollutants in the flue gas in varying
concentration like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter containing heavy
metal compounds and dioxins. Many of these pollutants are formed as a result of incomplete/
partial combustion. That is, refuse that is not burned at high enough temperatures, for long
enough or when too much or too little air has been added to the fire.
The generation of these pollutants and their release into the atmosphere can be effectively
reduced or prevented by incorporating a number of air pollution control devices and by proper
operation of the WTE facility.
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Concentrations of heavy metals in particulates, particularly lead, zinc, mercury and cadmium,
may be significant and care must be exercised in their removal and disposal. The most
important of flue gas pollutants are sulphur-di-oxide (SO2) and hydrogen chloride (HCl), the
agents of acid rain. These may be eliminated by wet scrubbers. Hydrogen fluoride and oxides of
nitrogen are also produced but are not normally a problem because of low concentrations. The
emission of combustible, carbon-containing pollutants- dioxins and furans is also of concern.
The same can be controlled by optimizing the combustion process.
Other concerns related to incineration include the disposal of the liquid wastes from floor
drainage; quench water, and scrubber effluents, and the problem of ash disposal in landfills
because of heavy metal residues.
4.4 Plastic Waste Management
Plastics are non-biodegradable, synthetic polymers can be molded into finished products. There
are two types of plastics, recyclable and non-recyclable plastics. It is a fact that plastics will
never degrade and remains on landscape for several years. Mostly, plastics are recyclable but
recycled products are more hazardous to the environment than the virgin products. As per BIS
Classification, there are seven types of plastics and these are further categorized as
Recyclable Plastics (Thermoplastics): PET, HDPE, LDPE, PP, PVC, PS, etc.
Non-Recyclable Plastics (Thermo set& others): Multilayer & Laminated Plastics, PUF,
Bakelite, Polycarbonate, Melamine, Nylon etc.
The Thermoplastics, constitutes 80% and Thermo set constitutes approximately 20% of total
post-consumer plastics waste generated. The plastic materials are categorized in seven types
based on properties and applications.
Table 18 Categorization of Plastics
Symbol Short
Name
Scientific Name Used in
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate Water bottles, PET bottles etc.
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HDPE High Density Polyethylene Milk / detergent bags, carry bags,
container etc.
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride Cables, Pipes Flooring etc.
LDPE Low Density Polyethylene Carry bags, films
PP Polypropylene Medicine bottles, cereal liners,
packaging films etc.
PS Polystyrene Foam packaging, tea cups, ice-cream
cups etc.
O Others Thermoset plastics, multi-layer and
laminated plastics, PUF, Bakelite,
Polycarbonate, Melamine, Nylon
etc.
Salient Features of the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2011
The plastic carry bags used for the purpose of carrying or dispensing commodities but
don’t include these bags which are integral part of packaged products. The thickness of
bag shall not be <40μ
Carry bags can also be made from compostable plastics conforming IS/ISO:17088:2008
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Prescribed Authority for registration, manufacture & recycling shall be State Pollution
Control Board (SPCB) or Pollution Control Committee (PCC). And for enforcement of
Rules relating to use, collection, segregation, transportation & disposal of plastic waste,
shall be concerned Municipal Authority
Multilayered pouches or sachets used for packaging of gutkha etc. shall not use plastic
material in any form
No carry bag shall be made available free of cost by retailers to consumers. The
concerned Municipal Authority may be notification determine the minimum price for
carry bags in order to encourage re-use so as to minimize plastic waste generation;
Each State Government shall for constitute a State Level Advisory (SLA) Body to monitor
implementation of Rules. This body shall meet once in a year and may invite experts, if it
considers necessary.
The Plastic Waste Management (PWM) shall be as under;
A. Recycling, recovery or disposal of plastic waste shall be carried out as per the rules,
regulations and standards stipulated by the central government from time to time;
B. Recycling of plastics shall be carried out in accordance with the Indian Standard IS
14534:1998 titled as Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics, as amended from time to time;
C. The Municipal Authority shall be responsible for setting up, operationalization and co-
ordination of the waste management system and for performing the associated
functions, namely:- (i) to ensure safe collection, storage, segregation, transportation,
processing and disposal of plastic waste; (ii) to ensure that no damage is caused to the
environment during this process; (iii) to ensure setting up of collection center’s
manufacturers; (iv) to ensure its channelization to recyclers; (v) to create awareness
among all stakeholders about their responsibilities; (vi) to engage agencies or groups
working in waste management including waste pickers, and (vii) to ensure that open
burning of plastic waste is not permitted;
D. for setting up plastic waste collection centers, the Municipal Authority may ask the
manufacturers, either collectively or individually in line with the principle of Extended
Producer's Responsibility (EPR) to provide the required finance to establish such
collection Centre;
E. Recyclers shall ensure that recycling facilities are in accordance with the Indian
Standard: IS 14534:194 titled as Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics and in compliance
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with the rules under the Environment (Protection) Ad, 1986, as amended from time to
time;
F. The concerned Municipal Authority shall ensure that the residues generated from
recycling processes are disposed of in compliance with Schedule II (Management of
Municipal Solid Wastes) and Schedule III (Specifications for Landfill Sites) of the
Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 made under the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, as amended from time to time;
G. The Municipal Authority shall incorporate the said rules in the Municipal Bye- laws of all
the Urban Local Bodies;
H. The Municipal Authority shall encourage the use of plastic waste by adopting suitable
technology such as in Road Construction, Co-incineration etc. The Municipal Authority
or the operator intending to use such technology shall ensure the compliance with the
prescribed standards including pollution norms prescribed by the Competent Authority
in this regard.
Technological Disposal Options
The selection of appropriate technology for plastic waste disposal and its processes for the
management of plastic wastes are available in literature. Several processes and technologies
have been explored and developed for plastic waste management. Some of these are:
Chemical recycling of pet bottles into fibers
Processing of plastic waste in Blast Furnace
Co-incineration of plastic waste in cement kilns
Utilization of plastic waste in road construction with bitumen
Plasma Pyrolysis Technology for disposal of plastic waste and
Gasification
Plastic Extrusion & Pelletisation
(a) Chemical recycling of pet bottles into fibers
This method of plastic recycling, involves the breaking down of polymer chain in to their basic
components, which can then be used in various industries. The feedstock plastic recycling
process is flexible and more forbearing to the plastic additives, as compared to the mechanical
plastic recycling. This is the most costly method of recycling. The varying end products are
obtained by using following process:
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Monomerization: The waste plastics are initially broken down into their constituent
monomers by chemical reaction (de polymerization). These monomers are then extracted for
use as the raw material in new plastic products. Monomerization produces higher quality plastic
raw materials than material recycling. Which in turn enables the production of high quality
plastic products with the same (or almost the same) quality as virgin raw material. Among other
products, this enables the recycling of waste PET bottles into new PET bottles, which is not
possible with other recycling technologies. About 50% recovery is possible along with clean and
single resin plastic waste as input is required17.
(ii) Processing of plastic waste in Blast Furnace
Plastic waste can be co-incinerated as fuel in the iron and steel industry. This will reduce coal
consumption and hence in reduction in the consumption of energy. The proportion of waste
plastic added to coal should be about 1% by mass. Increased addition of waste plastic will reduce
the heating strength of the coal/coke.
In this process, the collected and baled plastic waste that has been agglomerated by pre-
treatment is mixed together with coal and charged into coke oven. The mixed plastic waste and
coal are carbonized in an oxygen-free reducing atmosphere at about 1,100 to 1,2000C. As a
result, the waste plastic is thermally decomposed into coke (about 20%), tar/light oil (about
40%) and coke oven gas (about40%). These products obtained by the carbonization of waste
plastics have their own uses. When plastics are used together with coke, CO2 emission is
significantly less. The excessive reducing gases are also used for blast furnace stove and power
generation.
Blast Furnace: Plastics waste can be used as an alternative raw material in blast furnaces to
generate energy for manufacturing of iron. Plastic waste can be successfully used as a reducing
agent in blast furnaces for the manufacturing of iron from its ore. Use of coke in blast furnace
provides only one type of reducing agent-carbon Monoxide. In contrast, use of plastic waste
provides one additional type of reducing agent –Hydrogen. Advantage of this process includes
use of all types of plastics including laminated plastics without creating any environmental
pollution. The high temperature inside the blast furnace around 20000C that there is no
possibility of any dioxins formation even if PVC is processed. Furthermore, as the reducing
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atmosphere in the low- temperature region at the top of the furnace contains no oxygen, no
dioxins are produced or re-synthesized in the lower temperature zone also.
The plastics waste is first formed into suitable size either by crushing or pellatising as necessary,
and subsequently injected into the blast furnace from the tuyeres at the base of the furnace with
hot air. The injected plastic waste material is broken down to form reducer gas - Carbon
Monoxide (CO) and Hydrogen (H2). The reducer gas rises through the raw material layers in the
blast furnace and reacts with iron ore to produce pig iron. The gas, after the reduction reaction,
is recovered at the top of the blast furnace which has energy content to the tune of 800
kcal/NM3 and is reused as a fuel gas in heating furnaces within the steel plant. The reactions
involved in the process are:
i) In the presence of Coke only
Coke or pulverized coal is burnt rapidly in the first stage of operation when, in the presence of
oxygen, carbon-dioxide is produced.
C + O2 = CO2
The reaction of freshly produced carbon-dioxide with the coke.
C + CO2 = 2CO
The carbon monoxide reduces the iron ore into pig iron.
Fe2O3 + 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO2
ii) In the presence of Plastic Waste along with Coke
Plastics materials break down to CO and Hydrogen. This presence of hydrogen, produced by
burning of plastics, contributes to the reduction reaction thus reducing the amount of CO2
generated by coke.
½ C2H4 + CO2 = 2CO + H2
Fe2O3 + 2CO + H2 = 2Fe + 2CO2 + H2O
The blast furnace temperature reaches up to around 20000C. Plastics may replace coke or coal
for the reduction reaction. However, coke has a special function in the blast furnace in moving
the gases, liquids and solids within the blast furnace. Plastics and pulverized coal cannot
perform this specific function and hence the substitution of coke is possible only up to a certain
limit, which has been established at approximately 40% (compared to coke).
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As cost of waste plastics is less than coke, use of plastics waste reduces the raw material cost.
Use of plastics waste also reduces the ash generation, ensuring cleaner operation.
There are varieties of low-end plastics waste, whose cost is lower than coke. Basically, these low-
end create waste management problems as the waste pickers find it unviable to pick up those for
normal mechanical recycling. With the utilization of all types of low-end plastics waste in the
blast furnace, the waste management problems can be solved to a great extent. When plastics
are used together with coke, CO2 emission is significantly less (30%) than when only using coke.
Furthermore the blast furnace slag can be used as cement and road material. Also the excessive
reducing gases are also used for blast furnace stove and power generation.
(iii) Co-incineration of Plastics Waste in Cement Kilns
Co-incineration refers to the usage of waste materials as alternative fuels to recover energy and
material value from them. The temperature in the cement kiln process is about 14000C.Excess
level of oxygen and counter flow operation with the flue gases moving in a direction opposite to
the materials lends a high degree of turbulence to the process. The presence of an alkaline
reducing environment (lime) and the pre-heating of the raw materials by a pre-heater tower
(>100 meter tall) acts as an ideal scrubber for hot flue gases before they are emitted into the
atmosphere. The 3Ts - Time, Temperature and Turbulence in cement kilns provides extremely
high destruction removal efficiency (DRE) for the plastic wastes.
Co-incineration leaves no residue as the incombustible, inorganic content of the waste materials
are incorporated in the clinker matrix. Therefore, after the waste is co-incinerated, it becomes a
part of the product. Co-incineration ranks higher on the waste disposal hierarchy and eliminates
the need for landfills and incineration.
(iv) Utilization of plastic waste in road construction
The process of road laying using waste plastics is designed and the technique is being
implemented successfully for the construction of flexible roads at various places in India.
Plastics waste (bags, cups, thermocole) made out of PE, PP and PS cut into a size between 1.18
mm and 4.36mm using shredding machine, (PVC waste should be eliminated). The aggregate
mix is heated to 1650C (as per the HRS specification) and transferred to mixing chamber.
Similarly the bitumen is to be heated up to a maximum of 1600C (HRS Specification) to have
good binding and to prevent weak bonding. (Monitoring the temperature is very important). At
the mixing chamber, the shredded plastics waste is to be added over the hot aggregate. It gets
coated uniformly over the aggregate within 30 to 45 secs, giving a look of oily coated aggregate.
The plastics waste coated aggregate is mixed with hot bitumen and the resulted mix is used for
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road construction. The road laying temperature is between 1100C to 1200 C. The roller used is 8-
ton capacity
(v) Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT)
Plasma pyrolysis is a state of the art technology, which integrates the thermo-chemical
properties of plasma with the pyrolysis process. The intense and versatile heat generation
capabilities of Plasma Pyrolysis technology enable it to dispose of all types of plastic waste
including polymeric, biomedical and hazardous waste in a safe and reliable manner. Plasma
Pyrolysis is the thermal disintegration of carbonaceous material in oxygen-starved atmosphere.
When optimized, the most likely compounds formed are methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen
carbon dioxide and water molecules.
In Plasma Pyrolysis, the plastics waste is fed in to primary chamber at 8500C through a feeder.
The waste material dissociates into carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, higher hydrocarbons
etc. Induced draft fan drains the pyrolysis gases as well as plastic waste into the secondary
chamber where these gases are combusted in the presence of excess air. The inflammable gases
are ignited with high voltage spark. The secondary chamber temperature is maintained at
10500C. The hydrocarbon, CO and hydrogen are combusted into safe carbon dioxide and water.
The process conditions are maintained such that it eliminates the possibility of formation of
toxic dioxins and furans molecules (in case of chlorinated waste). The conversion of organic
waste into nontoxic gases (CO2, H2O) is more than 99%. The extreme conditions of plasma kill
stable bacteria such as bacillus sterio-thermophilus and bacillus subtilis immediately.
Segregation of waste is not necessary, as the very high temperatures ensure treatment of all
types of waste without discrimination.
(vi) Gasification
Gasification is a recycling method where waste plastics are processed into gases such as carbon
monoxide, hydrogen and hydrogen chloride. These gases are then used as the chemical raw
material for the production of chemicals such as methanol and ammonia. Almost all types of
plastics, including those containing chlorine, can be recycled under the gasification method.
This method is therefore suitable for miscellaneous plastics or plastics that are hard to sort.
In this process, the long polymer chains are broken down into small molecules, for example, into
synthesis gas. The process may be fixed bed or fluidized bed gasification. In the fluidized process
sand is heated to 600~8000C at first- stage low temperature gasification furnace and plastic
introduced into the furnace. Waste plastic break down on contact with the sand to form
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hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The gas from the low-stage with a steam at a
temperature of 1,300~1,5000C to produce a gas composed primarily of carbon monoxide and
hydrogen. At the furnace outlet, the gas is rapidly cooled to below 2000C to prevent the
formation of dioxins. The gas then passes through a gas scrubber, and any remaining hydrogen
chloride is neutralized by alkalis and removed from synthetic gas.
Slag is produced as a by-product, which can be utilized as raw material for civil engineering
works and construction materials. There are problems in controlling the combustion
temperature and the quantity of unburned gases.
(vii) Plastic Extrusion & Pelletisation
The main goal for developing green recycling of waste plastic was to design an extruder, which
would have “Zero Significant Adverse E achieved by assigning right motor of minimum capacity,
selecting optimum L/D ratio, heat sealing and right temperature for the processes and trapping
all the emission in pollution control gadget and treating the pollutants to produce byproducts.
The Extrusion & Pelletisation processes have been redesigned to make the pollution from the
process to a minimum level and as a result to enhance the efficiency of the process.
4.5 E-Waste Management
Electronic waste (e-waste) comprises waste electronics/electrical goods that are not fit for their
originally intended use or have reached their end of life. This may include items such as
computers, servers, mainframes, monitors, CDs, printers, scanners, copiers, calculators, fax
machines, battery cells, cellular phones, transceivers, TVs, medical apparatus and electronic
components besides white goods such as refrigerators and air-conditioners. E-waste contains
valuable materials such as copper, silver, gold and platinum which could be processed for their
recovery.
E-waste is not hazardous per se. However, the hazardous constituents present in the e-waste
render it hazardous when such wastes are dismantled and processed, since it is only at this stage
that they pose hazard to health and environment. Electronics and electrical equipment seem
efficient and environmentally-friendly, but there are hidden dangers associated with them once
these become e-waste. The harmful materials contained in electronics products replacing
outdated units, pose a real danger to human health if electronics products are not properly
processed prior to disposal. Electronics products like computers and cell phones contain a lot of
different toxins. For example, cathode ray tubes (CRTs) of computer monitors contain heavy
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metals such as lead, barium and cadmium, which can be very harmful to health if they enter the
water system. These materials can cause damage to the human nervous and respiratory systems.
Flame-retardant plastics, used in electronics casings, release particles that can damage human
endocrine functions. These are the types of things that can happen when unprocessed e-waste is
put directly in landfill.
Components of e-waste management
The major components of e-waste management are:
e-waste collection, sorting and transportation
E-waste recycling; it involves dismantling, recovery of valuable resource, and sale of
dismantled parts and export of processed waste for precious metal recovery.
Figure 18 Processing Technology for E-Waste
The first step in e-waste processing is primary inspection and dismantling where parts and
components that can be refurbished are put back in the market for reuse. The rejects from the
television sets are the cathode ray tubes which are sent to the CRT recycling plants. The other
rejects are generally of three types –plastic wastes, circuit boards and waste cables. Plastic waste
is sent to a plastic granulator to generate sorted plastic mixture. Circuit boards are crushed and
separated to generate sorted plastic mixture. Waste cables are sent to a cable recycling plant to
generate non-ferrous plastic and rubber. Residue from all these processes goes to the disposal
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facility. Setting up of e- waste processing plant is feasible when there is a reasonably high
volume of waste coming in where the money generated from refurbishing can pay for the
treatment of the rejects.
4.6 Construction and Demolition Waste Management
General classification of C&D waste
The efficiency and viability of C&D waste recycling depends very much on the purity of the
recycled materials. Therefore, segregation at source and segregation at the processing site is one
of the keys to success.
A. Non-mineral construction materials: Manual or mechanical segregation for
o Material recovery (metals, glass, plastics, paper & cardboards, cables)
o Production of RDF (wood, plastics, paper & cardboards, floor covers, paints)
o Hazardous waste treatment plants (floor covers, paints)
B. Mineral construction materials:
o Segregation of materials for material recovery, combustibles and hazardous
materials
o Processing of mineral materials for processing the different types of materials
separately
o Depending on the material, the consistence and the particle size it can be used as
o Base layer in road construction
o Insulation and backfilling material for urban channel and pipeline construction
o Aggregates for asphalt road construction
o Aggregates for concrete bricks and other concrete works
o Material for vegetation layer as a porous bottom substrate
o Fine sands can be used as filling material in the brick production
C. Road construction materials:
o Usually, is extracted as single material
o Can be added to the asphalt or concrete processing without much effort
o Can be crushed directly on-site by a mobile processing unit to
o Reuse it directly on-site
o Reduce transportation costs
D. Excavation materials:
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o Approx. 70% can be reused directly on-site without further processing
o Approx. 30% has to be processed (as mineral materials)
Processing and Recycling
The entire process will be carried out into two stages i.e., Primary and Secondary Station.
In the primary processing unit the recyclables - such as metals, glass, cables, plastics, paper etc.
– are segregated from the non-mineral construction materials and the mixed C&D waste.
Moreover, in the primary processing unit the combustibles - such as wood, plastics, paper, etc. –
are segregated from the non-mineral construction materials and the mixed C&D waste.
In the secondary processing unit the mostly mineral construction materials –including the
heavy inert fraction from the primary processing unit –is processed to recycling (RC) materials
of different categories (Cat. I –III).
Hazardous materials are segregated throughout the whole process and stored separately.
Disposal
Fine organics of no further use can be utilized as a sealing layer at a sanitary landfill.
Hazardous materials should be disposed at a hazardous waste landfill or should be treated in a
hazardous waste thermal treatment plant.
4.7 Sanitary Waste Management
At 12%, India has one of the lowest sanitary napkin usage figures in the world. Most Indian
women use cloth pads and some still use traditional local methods many of which are
uncomfortable, insanitary and in some cases actually dangerous to women. The gravity of this
situation has been recognized and government at both central and state levels is actively
working to manufacture and distribute low-cost sanitary pads. Paradoxically, this gives rise to
another related issue that is equally demanding of our attention: the safe and sanitary disposal
of sanitary napkins and the occupational health of those who handle waste. The volume of soiled
pads disposed is only going to increase in the near future. At every level, from the larger
environmental impact to the impact on an individual’s health, this attention.
Environmental implications of sanitary pad disposal
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The materials used to manufacture most pads are derived from the petroleum industry and
forestry. The absorbent core, made from chlorine bleached wood/cotton pulp, could be reduced
to make slimmer products with the addition of polyacrylate gel which sucks up the liquid quickly
and holds it in a suspension under pressure. The remaining materials are mostly derived from
the petroleum industry; the cover stock used is polypropylene non-woven, with the leak-proof
barrier made from polyethylene film. Over 90% of a sanitary pad is made of crude oil plastic; the
rest is made from chlorine-bleached wood/cotton pulp. The problems with these materials are
that they are neither biodegradable nor recyclable, so disposal issues are created worldwide.
Menstrual Waste Management Laws in India
There are no concrete laws in place for menstrual waste management in India. It is treated as
reject waste and one possible categorization under sanitary waste is it being treated as bio-
medical waste. The following are the laws relating to menstrual waste management:
Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
Under this law, waste containing blood, body fluids or faces should be regarded as bio-
medical waste. Strictly speaking, such interpretation requires the assumption that the
process of collecting menstrual fluids takes place in the course of ‘treatment’ of
human
All bio-medical waste is required to be collected, stored, transported and processed
separately and exclusively in Bio Medical Waste treatment Facilities. Bio-Medical waste
should be properly marked in distinctive packaging and given the presence of
chlorinated wood pulp and plastics, menstrual hygiene waste has to be autoclaved
(sterilized under high pressure using steam), micro- waved (disinfecting through moist
heat generated by microwaves) or burnt in approved and registered bio-medical
incinerators.
Obviously, the treatment of menstrual hygiene waste as biomedical waste faces
opposition from municipalities due to the sheer volume (an estimated 5% of all MSW)
and complex logistics associated with separate handling of this stream of waste.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Rules (2000)
The existing MSW Rules contain no provisions relating to Sanitary Waste.
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However, these rules are currently under revision, and the latest draft has provisions for
dealing with sanitary waste as a separate waste stream, only to the extent of separate
packaging at source of generation and thereafter inclusion in dry/ non-biodegradable
category of waste.
Best practices for waste collection and disposal
Disposal bags for collection
The recycled newspaper may be used to prepare disposal bags with a string attached to it to
ensure that the contents do not spill out into the general waste that is sorted through manually
by waste pickers looking to salvage recyclables. Waste pickers can easily identify these bags due
to the label on them and this also helps channel this waste into a different stream.
Notwithstanding the problematic categorization of menstrual hygiene waste, it is imperative to:
1. Prohibit the incineration of menstrual hygiene waste where the product contains
chlorinated wood pulp and plastic.
2. Prohibit flushing of menstrual hygiene waste down the toilets as they lead to clogging
sewers.
Source segregation, sterilization by autoclaving/microwaving, followed by recycling and
composting of the various layers are recommended as the best practices.
4.8 Sanitary Landfill
Municipal waste contains 40% to 55% of the inert matter depending upon the type of Town and
ongoing infrastructure development activity. This inert material cannot be converted into any
useful product and needs to be managed in the scientific and hygienic manner in order to
prevent pollution of underground water reservoirs or surface sources in the vicinity of the Town.
Therefore, the residuals / unutilized / inerts from the waste processing facilities like compost /
waste-to-energy plants are put into the scientifically engineered landfills to prevent
environmental pollution.
The MSW (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 makes it mandatory for each of the
municipal authorities to set up an engineered landfill for the disposal of waste. It directs as
follows.
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Land filling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert wastes and other wastes
which are not suitable for recycling and for biological processing.
Land filling shall also be carried out for residues of waste processing facilities as well as
pre-processing rejects from waste processing facilities.
The term ‘landfill’ is used to describe a u land, designed and constructed with the objective of
minimum impact to the environment by incorporating eight essential components as described
by CPHEEO Manual, 2000. This term encompasses other terms such as ‘secured landfills’ and
‘engineering landfills’ are also some times applied to MSW disposal units. The term ‘landfill’ can
be treated ‘sanitary landfill’ of MSW latter is designed on the principle of waste containment and
is characterized by the presence of a liner and leachate collection system to prevent ground
water contamination. The non-biodegradable inert waste and rejects from the Processing Plant
will be disposed in a scientifically engineered landfill as per the MSW (Management and
Handling) Rules, 2000.
(i) Guidelines for Sanitary landfill
The MSW (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 mandate that each municipal authority shall
set up an engineered landfill for the disposal of waste. It directs as follows.
Land filling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert wastes and other wastes
which are not suitable for recycling and for biological processing.
Land filling shall also be carried out for residues of waste processing facilities as well as
pre-processing rejects from waste processing facilities.
The landfill site shall be large enough to last for 20-25 years.
A buffer zone of no-development shall be maintained around landfill site and shall be
incorporated in the Town-Planning Department’s land-use plant.
Wastes subjected to land filling shall be compacted in thin layers using landfill
compactors to achieve high density of the wastes. In high rainfall areas where heavy
compactors cannot be used alternative measures shall be adopted.
Wastes shall be covered immediately or at the end of each working day with minimum 10
cm of soil, inert debris or construction material till such time waste processing facilities
for composting or recycling or energy recovery are set up as per Schedule 1.
Prior to the commencement of monsoon season, an intermediate cover of 40-65 cm
thickness of soil shall be placed on the landfill with proper compaction and grading to
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prevent infiltration during monsoon. Proper drainage berms shall be constructed to
divert run-off away from the active cell of the landfill.
After completion of landfill, a final cover shall be designed to minimize infiltration and
erosion. The final cover shall meet the following specifications, namely :--
The final cover shall have a barrier soil layer comprising of 60 cms of clay or
amended soil with permeability coefficient less that 1 x 10-7 cm/sec.
On top of the barrier soil layer there shall be a drainage layer of 15 cm.
On top of the drainage layer there shall be a vegetative layer of 45 cm to support
natural plant growth and to minimize erosion.
(ii) Design Requirements & Standards
The seven essential components of a MSW landfill include:
1. A liner system at the base and sides of the landfill which prevents migration of leachate
or gas to the surrounding soil.
2. A leachate collection and control facility which collects and extracts leachate from within
and from the base of the landfill and then treats the leachate.
3. A gas collection and control facility (optional for small landfills) which collects and
extracts gas from within and from the top of the landfill and then treats it or uses it for
energy recovery.
4. A final cover system at the top of the landfill which enhances surface drainage, prevents
infiltrating water and supports surface vegetation.
5. A surface water drainage system which collects and removes all surface runoff from the
landfill site.
6. An environmental monitoring system which periodically collects and analyses air,
surface water, soil-gas and ground water samples around the landfill site.
7. A closure and post-closure plan which lists the steps that must be taken to close and
secure a landfill site once the filling operation has been completed and the activities for
long-term monitoring, operation and maintenance of the completed landfill.
(iii)Design Requirements
(a) Earth Work
The design of the layout is made in such a way that all planned areas have sufficient inclination
to guarantee an unhindered run off of leachate and storm water. The design of the landfill has to
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be prepared in such a manner, that the amount of cut and fills are finally in a balance. Required
cover material need to be considered and has to be made available. Filling and compacting must
be carried out in layers of up to 40 cm maximum.
(b) Base Sealing System Basic Elements: The sealing system has to fulfill the guidelines and technical requirements as
defined in the EIA and in the MSW Rules, 2000.
Mineral Sealing Layer: The mineral sealing layer of 900mm depth will be installed in four
layers of at least 225 mm thickness each. A suitable binding material (suitable combination of
coarse and fine particles) should be used. This material must be installed during favorable
weather conditions. The following qualities are required:
at least 10 mass-% of clay particles with a high adsorptive capacity,
maximum 5 mass-% of organic substances and
maximum 15 mass-% of carbonate.
A permeability of the mineral sealing layer of kf>1 x 10-9 m/s has to be ensured. For the material
and its installation the following requirements must be considered:
homogenous material that has a homogenous water content and homogenous
incorporation of the material,
proctor density (DPR) of each layer of DPR >95 %, and
Water content (w) must be higher than the proctor water content (WPR).
Alternatively, Geo-synthetic clay liner and may also be used along with 600mm of native soil as
the mineral sealing layer.
HDPE Geo-Membrane: The second sealing liner will be a High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
geo-membrane with a minimum thickness of 1.5 mm. The geo-membrane can only be installed
during favorable weather conditions. For the constructing of the layer the following items have
to be considered:
a) Welding of the HDPE layer is only possible if the sun does not shine directly on the
HDPE layer in summer time (danger of blistering),
b) Water is not allowed on the landfill base of the HDPE layer,
c) Before work starts the way of placing has to be defined in a plan,
d) The placed HDPE layer must be fixed (e. g. sandbags),
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e) No equipment must drive on the welded HDPE layers (only the necessary equipment for
welding), and
f) Every welding seam has to be double checked (stability, density with under pressure
method, thickness, visual inspection).
Drainage (Leachate) Layer: A drainage layer, consisting of gravel with a grain size of 16/32
mm will be applied to assist drainage of leachate. Gravel will consist of uniform sizes and be
washed to ensure a high permeability. Perforated HDPE leachate collection pipes will be
embedded in the drainage layer to further assist leachate collection. Leachate will drain towards
the leachate pond. The thickness of the drainage layer will be at least 300 mm. The gravel has to
fulfill the following quality standards:
Permeability kf>1 x 10-3 m/s and
b. Maximum 20 mass-% of carbonate.
Geo-Textile –Protection Layer: For protection of the HDPE layer, a geo-textile must be
applied. A geo-textile material, which is needle-punched and non-woven, will be used as a
protection layer. For incorporation of the layer, the following items have to be considered:
a) Weight of geo-
b) Proof of stamp pushing through force,
c) Proof of strip tensile strength,
d) Static proof, and
e) Proof of stability and resistance to sliding during building and final state.
Laying of the geo-textile is carried out after acceptance of the layers laying underneath. No
vehicles must drive on the geo-textile no equipment or machines should be stored on this layer.
The position of the layer must be secured by appropriate measures to prevent them from getting
lifted up (e. g. sand bags).
Soil Layer: For protection of the Geo-textile layer, a soil layer of 300 mm thickness must be
applied. A suitable binding material (suitable combination of coarse and fine particles) should
be used. This material must be installed during favorable weather conditions. The following
qualities are required:
at least 10 mass-% of clay particles with a high adsorptive capacity,
maximum 5 mass-% of organic substances and
Maximum 15 mass-% of carbonate.
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(c) Top Sealing System
General: To avoid negative impact of the landfill body a surface sealing system has to be
installed after the filling of the landfill or parts of it (landfill cells) are completed. The sealing
system has to fulfill the guidelines and technical requirements as defined in the EIA and in the
MSW Rules, 2000. The surface sealing system has to fulfill the following requirements:
300 mm compensation layer,
Composite layer,
450 mm vegetative layer.
After reaching the highest level of each construction phase, as final cover, the surface sealing
system has to be placed on top of the waste body. The surface sealing system will be constructed
with a maximum slope of 33 % in the embankment area.
Compensation Layer: After completing the waste filling, the waste surface will be re-profiled
according to the planned inclination of the surface sealing system. Above the waste surface, the
compensation layer made of a homogenous non-binding material will be applied. The thickness
of the layer will be 600 mm. The layer will be the foundation for the mineral-sealing layer.
Composite Layer: The Composite layer will act as drainage and mineral sealing layer. It
consist of gravel with a grain size of 16/32 mm will be used for discharging the rainwater and
mineral sealing layer with a thickness of 600 mm (after compaction).The composite layer of the
surface has to fulfill the same quality standards as the mineral sealing layer and drainage layer
of the base.
Vegetative Layer: The Vegetative layer (topsoil) will be used for the final restoration of the
site. The re-cultivation layer will have a thickness of at least 450 mm.
Plants will be placed in accordance to the local flora as provided in the vicinity of the site. In
order to protect the sealing system, deep rooting plants must be avoided. The plants have to
protect the total sealing system against wind and water erosion and have to minimize rainwater
infiltration.
(iv) Tests and Samples during Construction of the Sealing Systems
The tests and samples during construction of the sealing system need to be agreed with the
Contracting Authority but it is likely that they will include the following items.
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Aptitude Test
The fundamental suitability (aptitude test) of the used materials provided for the mineral base
and surface sealing system must be proven before construction works start. The suitability tests
of the used mineral sealing material have to be approved by laboratory tests and a test field. The
following laboratory testing is required:
a) Grain-size distribution
b) Water content
c) Consistency of material
d) Water absorption of material
e) Portion of organic materials
f) Portion of carbonate
g) Density
h) Proctor density
i) Water permeability
j) Homogeneity
The suitability of the used drainage material has to be also approved by laboratory tests. The
following tests are required:
a) Grain-size distribution
b) Content of organic materials
c) Content of carbonate
Test Field
Within a test field the suitability of the clay must be proven under the supposed site conditions.
These test fields are the basis for all conditions stipulated for later application by an
independent supervisor. Construction starts with 4 layers of 225 mm each and includes all
above-mentioned laboratory tests and examinations required for each layer by taking some
samples. Visual tests have to be performed by trial pits. The test fields have to be performed
outside of the sealing areas. The results from the test field (including the results of the
laboratory tests) must be evaluated and documented including the following statements with
regard to the design of the mineral sealing system:
Compacting methods
Compacting equipment
Number of compacting transitions
Operation speed of compacting equipment
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Thickness of un-compacted layers (before compaction)
Type of homogenization
The test field must be at least 20 m in length, the minimum width must be 2 machine widths
plus the required ramps 1: 10 and the embankments 1: 5 as well as the distance of acceleration
and deceleration with driving tracks as wide as the equipment, which are arranged alongside.
The test fields should be located at the bottom and embankment area of the landfill. They should
represent the same slopes as landfill. After the mineral sealing material has been tested, the
application of the other sealing compounds, protection layer and drainage layer will be tested in
the test field accordingly. This will be done for the base sealing as well as for the surface sealing.
Quality Assurance during Construction Works
For the quality assurance during construction works the requirements are as follows:
I. The mineral sealing layers must be built under weather conditions which are in
compliance with required conditions (water content, degree of compression, coefficient
of permeability; example: no construction during heavy rain fall)
II. The top of each completed layer of the mineral sealing system must be dewatered
sufficiently. Shrinkage cracks must be avoided by taking technical measures.
III. Soil lumps, which are bigger than 32 mm, shall not be used for construction the mineral
sealing.
IV. The sealing material must be homogenous and show regular placement water content.
The layers must achieve a homogenous sealing mass. The layers shall overlap.
V. After completion of each compacted layer an acceptance test must be carried out before
starting the next layer.
VI. During and after incorporation the following tests and checks must be carried out
especially for the mineral-sealing layer (for re-cultivation layer, drainage layer and
compensation layer the test has to be done similar):
a) Density
b) Thickness of each layer
c) Flatness of each layer
d) Grain-size distribution
e) Water content
f) Consistency of material
g) Water absorption of material
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h) Proctor density
i) Permeability
j) Content of organic parts
k) Content of carbonate
These tests should be carried according a defined scheme. The size of testing area should be
1000 m². The laboratory test for the aptitude test and the quality assurance during construction
works have to be carried out by a qualified geo-technical institute.
Slope Stability Aspects and Seismic Aspects
The stability of a landfill should be checked for the following cases
I. Stability of excavated slopes
II. Stability of liner system along excavated slopes
III. Stability of temporary waste slopes constructed to their full height (usually at the
end of a phase)
IV. Stability of slopes of above -ground portion of completed landfills
V. Stability of cover systems in above -ground landfills.
The stability analysis should be conducted using the following soil mechanics methods
depending upon the shape of the failure surface:
I. failure surface parallel to slope;
II. wedge method of analysis;
III. method of slices for circular failure surface and
IV. Special methods for stability of anchored geo-membranes along slopes.
In preliminary design of a landfill section, the following slopes may be adopted:
Excavated soil slopes (2.5 Hor : 1 Vertical)
Temporary waste slopes (3.0 Hor : 1 Vertical)
Final cover slopes (4.0 Hor : 1 Vertical)
Slopes can be made steeper, if found stable by stability analysis results.
Acceptable factors of safety may be taken as 1.3 for temporary slopes and 1.5 for
permanent slopes. In earthquake prone areas, the stability of all landfill slopes
will be conducted taking into account seismic coefficients as recommended by
BIS codes.
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(v) Design of Environmental Monitoring System
The objective of an environmental monitoring system is
To find out whether a landfill is performing as designed; and
To ensure that the landfill is conforming to the regulatory environmental
standards.
Monitoring at a landfill site is carried out in four zones:
a) On and within the landfill;
b) In the unsaturated subsurface zone (vadose zone) beneath and around the
landfill;
c) In the groundwater (saturated) zone beneath and around the landfill and
d) In the atmosphere/local air above and around the landfill. The parameters to be
monitored regularly are:
I. leachate head within the landfill;
II. leachate and gas quality within the landfill;
III. long-term movements of the landfill cover;
IV. quality of pore fluid and pore gas in the vadose zone;
V. quality of groundwater in the saturated zones and
VI. air quality above the landfill, at the gas control facilities, at buildings on or near
the landfill and along any preferential migration paths.
The frequency of monitoring will be so fixed that it is capable of detecting unusual events and
risks in the initial phases of their appearance so as to give time to diagnose and localize the
cause and enable early steps to be taken for containment or remediation. Usually a monthly or a
bimonthly monitoring frequency is considered suitable during the operational phase of a landfill
as well as for 3 to 4 years after closure; this frequency can be decreased to 2-3 times a year in
later years, if all systems perform satisfactorily. The monitoring frequency may have to be
increased if higher concentrations than expected are detected, if control systems are changed or
if drainage systems become clogged/non-functional. The frequency of monitoring may also be
increased during those periods in which gas generation or leachate generation is higher, such as
during the monsoon periods.
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(vi) Closure and Post -Closure Maintenance Plan
Determination of the end-use of a landfill site is an essential part of the plan for landfill closure
and post-closure maintenance. Some possible uses of closed landfill sites near urban centers
include parks, recreational areas, golf courses, vehicle parking areas and sometimes even
commercial development. A closure and post-closure plan for landfills involves the following
components:
Plan for vegetative stabilization of the final landfill cover.
Plan for management of surface water run-off with an effective drainage system.
Plan for periodical inspection and maintenance of landfill cover and facilities.
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5 Design Criteria for ISWM
5.1 Population Growth & waste generation projects
Approximate quantity of MSW generated is 16.8 TPD from a population of 30112 distributed in
23 wards.
Table 19 Population & Waste Generation Projections
Year Population as per census
Projected Population by Population considered (Avg. of AP,
II& GP)
Waste Generation (TPD) (@ 5% growth)
Arithmetic
Progressio
n method
Increment
al Increase
method
Geometric
Progressio
n method
1971 13826
1981 17089
1991 20906
2001 25009
2011 28159
2015 29635 29624 29893 29717
2016 30004 29990 30343 30112 16.8
2021 31849 31811 32696 32119 21.4
2026 33694 33623 35231 34183 27.3
2031 35539 35426 37963 36309 34.9
2036 37384 37219 40907 38503 44.6
2041 39229 39003 44079 40770 56.9
2046 41074 40777 47497 43116 72.6
5.1.1 Segregation at Source
The fundamental pre requisite for planning the MSW Collection and Transport system is that
the waste collected and transported will be segregated at source and no mixed waste handling
will be permitted. Waste will therefore be segregated at source into basic three types which is
wet (organic) waste, dry (inorganic) waste and sanitary waste.
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The collection of other streams of waste, termed as ‘special streams’ will be planned for Town
based on the need. These streams include waste like garden waste, construction and demolition
waste, E-waste, etc.
5.1.2 Command Areas
The Town will be divided into two command areas for implementing the Town waste collection
and transportation activities in Hangal. Each command area will comprise of a wards as given
below.
Table 19 command area wise asset requirement
WARD/COMMAND AREA WISE ASSET REQUIREMENT
Command Area 1:
SL No Ward no Population Households & Commercial
Establishments
Auto tippers
Pushcarts
1 1 2524 514
3 2
2 2 864 176
3 3 1532 312
4 4 1969 401
5 5 2931 597
6 6 1169 238
7 7 1039 212
8 8 893 182
9 9 1539 313
10 10 957 195
11 11 965 196
Total 16381 3335
Command Area 2:
SL Ward no Population Households & Commercial
Establishments
Auto tippers
Pushcarts
1 12 1818 370
3 2
2 13 1782 363
3 14 676 138
4 15 626 127
5 16 827 168
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6 17 1560 318
7 18 990 202
8 19 1871 381
9 20 667 136
10 21 211 43
11 22 1560 318
12 23 2242 456
Total 14829 3019
Figure 14 command areas of HANGAL TOWN
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5.1.3 Destination bound Collection and Transportation
The wet, dry and sanitary waste will be collected and transported to its specific destination.
Further every ward will have its designated destinations, for each of the streams of waste.
I. Dry waste – Dry Waste Collection Centre (DWCC)
II. Wet waste – Conventional indoor aerobic composting
III. Sanitary waste –Collection Points / Sanitary waste processing units
The recyclables from the dry waste stream will be sold to recyclers. Dry waste that is non-
recyclable is to be landfilled now, and once the quantity increases beyond 50 tones, they should
be converted to Refused Derived Fuel (RDF). All other inert or post processing rejects shall be
landfilled at the assigned scientific landfill.
5.2 Proposed Plan for Collection & Transportation Operations
The efficiency of the proposed plan described below is driven by the segregation of the waste at
the source. For this purpose, following approach needs to be adopted by the residents:
It is proposed to ban the littering of waste on the streets by introducing segregation of
waste at the source and storage of segregated waste i.e. wet and dry in two different bins
at the house hold level and at other generator areas.
The wet and dry waste will be collected separately on a daily basis. The wet waste shall be
transported to processing facility and the dry waste shall be transported to the dry waste
collection centers.
The system of door to door collection through containerized pushcarts shall be
implemented in the Town.
The wastes from door to door collection through pushcarts and Auto-Tippers. The dry
waste from pushcarts is transferred to the tipper. The wet waste is transferred to the
processing facility while the dry waste is transferred to the dry waste collection centers
located at select location within the Town as well as at the processing site.
The dry waste collection Centre may be located within the Town or within the processing
site itself. The segregated dry waste is collected at this location and sold to the recyclers.
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The waste from bulk generators, markets and hotels shall be collected and transported to
the processing facility by tractor trailer
Meat waste generated would be collected in a dedicated tipper.
Street and drain cleaning waste could be collected by tipper and transferred to
processing site.
The E-Waste generated at households shall be collected during the primary collection
activities and transported to the dry waste collection centers.
Depending on type and capacity of the vehicle, two to three trips shall be made by each
vehicle in a day depending upon waste quantity generated in the designated area.
Figure 19 Proposed Collection & Transportation Plan
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(i) Normative Standards for Collection and Transportation
Pushcart:
One pushcart shall be assigned for every 180 to 200 households/day
A Pushcart shall collect waste from 60 households/ trip there by doing three trips/day.
One worker shall be deployed per pushcart.
Pushcart designed to accommodate 4 HDPE bins of 40 liters or 6 bins of 30 liter each
capacity fabricated out of M.S Angles and flats for door to door collection, for road side
and street waste collection for pushing by hand on patchy roads. The pushcarts should
be painted with Anti corrosive paints to make it corrosive free for longer performance
life.
Auto-tipper:
One Auto tipper shall be assigned for every 1000 households
An Auto tipper shall collect waste from 500 households/trip thereby having two trips/
day
One driver with one helper shall be assigned per auto tipper.
The Auto tipper shall be well maneuverable, diesel fuel 4 wheel auto chassis, equipped
with tipping hopper of capacity 1.8 cubic meter and above, having lids which can be
tipped using a hydraulic arrangement and be adequate for direct transfer to the
compactors.
The vehicle should be suitable for moving in narrow lanes.
The vehicle will be painted with enamel paint.
The auto tippers shall meet with speed governor as per the existing RTO regulation.
Street Sweeping
The roads need to be divided into three categories
I. High density roads - Type A : Daily sweeping
II. Medium density roads - Type B: Three days in a week
III. Low density roads - Type C : One day in a week
Normative standard for staff requirement: 1 person with 1 push cart for 1000 mts
running length on both sides in a day.
Use the pushcarts for collection of waste and transport using the available tractor-trailer.
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The waste should be transported directly to landfill site.
Cleaning of surface drains: collection of waste from clogged drains up to 0.6mt
depth including removing of obstacles under the covered drains in front of houses,
removal of manhole silt from the road side, uprooting of weeds alongside the road /street
shall need to be undertaken by the street sweepers.
(iii) Provision of litter bins on streets and public places
Though Town is bin less, there is a necessity of small litter bins to be provided at crowded public
places to ensure that streets and public places are not littered with waste materials such as used
cans, cartons of soft drinks, used bus tickets, wrappers of chocolates or empty cigarette cases
and the like generated while on a move.
The litter bins may be provided on important streets, markets, public places, tourist spots, bus
and railway stations, large commercial complexes, etc. at a distance ranging from 25 meters to
250 meters and cleared during the time of street sweeping. All litter bins will be labeled –dry
waste and wet waste.
These litter bins can only be used by the general public, commuters and is strictly not to be used
by the commercial shops, residences on the street or by the street sweeping staff to dump the
waste collected.
(iv) Dry Waste Collection Centre (DWCC)
Reduction of waste is also possible by setting up purchase / processing centers for dry waste,
like plastics, paper, and etc. one dry waste collection center shall be set up in the landfill site.
The dry waste shall be collected during the primary collection activities and delivered to the dry
waste collection Centre.
5.3 Proposed Model for MSW Processing and Disposal
Hangal Town Municipal Council presently generates about 16.8 tons of solid waste per day,
which has a significant component of biodegradable waste which is about 60% of the total
composition. The collected solid waste is presently disposed in an unscientific manner by open
dumping at disposal site. There is an urgent need to stop the crude and unhygienic method of
open dumping of waste and to adopt scientific and environmental friendly methods where the
useful components of waste are utilized and only rejects and inert material are disposed in an
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environmentally acceptable manner. The processing and disposal plan is as given in below
Figure.
Figure 20 Overall Proposed Processing & Disposal Plan (long-term)
It is proposed to treat the biodegradable portion of the MSW from households and commercial
shops (besides hotels and petty shops) using aerobic windrow composting method. The RDF
material and recyclables like plastics, glass, paper, metals etc. shall be recovered and balance
inert material shall be sent to the Sanitary landfill. The waste collected from markets and bulk
generators shall also be processed using Vermi composting. The dry waste derived from the
source segregation would be sold to recyclers.
The meat waste generated in the Town is proposed to be processed using windrow platform
method.
The E-waste shall be sold off to e-waste recyclers for processing at e-waste regional processing
facility. The C & D waste shall also be processed in the processing facility.
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In order to ensure that inert waste material such as street sweeping, silt from the drains and C &
D wastes does not land up at the waste processing facilities, the waste should be collected and
transported in three different streams as under:
I. Domestic / commercial wastes
II. Street sweeping and silt from drains
III. Construction and demolition wastes
The domestic market, commercial and institutional wastes should be directly delivered at the
waste processing facilities, whereas the street sweeping and silt from the drains should be
directly taken to the disposal facilities. This would keep away inert wastes from biodegradable
and recyclable/ combustible wastes and facilitate smooth processing of MSW. Till such time,
door-to-door collection facility becomes fully operational, segregation of organic matter (tree
leaves) and recyclables from street sweepings may be done at the disposal facility and sent to the
respective processing facility
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6 Proposed Collection & Transportation Plan
6.1 Road / Street Sweeping
A schedule of street sweeping / cleaning is carried out based on the importance of the
road and the normative standards of the DMA.
A. Frequency of Street Sweeping
Daily sweeping of public streets is essential where there is habitation close by. Isolated
pockets or roads with little or no habitation around do not require daily cleansing but at
the same time they cannot be ignored. A schedule of street cleaning should be prepared,
prioritizing the roads requiring daily cleansing and the ones which are need to be
cleansed periodically. The city can be divided into sweepers’ beats which contain fairly
uniform workloads, despite great differences in the lengths to be covered.
The street sweepings are proposed to be collected separately and directly transferred
into the vehicles for disposing them. It must be strictly monitored that no road sweeping
staff should dump the road swept waste in the neighbouring storm water drains or
nallahs running parallel to the road.
The following measures may be taken to ensure regular sweeping of streets and public
places:
Cleansing of Street on a daily basis including Sundays and Public Holidays
Cleansing of the public roads, streets, lanes, by-lanes should be done daily if there is
habitation or commercial activity on one or both sides of the street. A list of such roads
and streets together with their length and width should be prepared and a program for
their daily cleaning should be worked out keeping in view the work norms (yardsticks)
prescribed. Roads and streets with no cluster habitation which do not require daily
cleaning may be put in a separate group and may be taken up for need-based cleaning
on alternate days, twice a week, once a week or occasionally, as considered appropriate
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by the urban local body. Similarly a timetable should be prepared for cleaning of open
public spaces daily or periodically to ensure that they do not become dump yards and
remain clean.
Working on Sundays
The generation of waste is a continuous process. As waste is produced each day,
collection, transportation and disposal of waste is required to be done daily. There can
therefore be no holiday in street sweeping, primary collection, transportation,
processing and disposal of waste. All local bodies should therefore re-organize their
work schedule and ensure that the Sanitation Department functions on all days in the
year irrespective of Sundays and public holidays. This does not mean that Sanitation
Department staff shall have no weekly off or holidays. The sweepers and other staff
engaged in collection, transportation and disposal of waste as well as supervision of
sanitation services should be given their statutory weekly off by rotation instead of
giving them off on Sunday, by dividing the staff into seven groups and each group
getting a weekly off on one of the days of the week. Thus one-seventh of the staff should
be enjoying their weekly off on each day of the week. This will necessitate staff
consolidation or creation of additional posts to the extent of one-seventh of the total
strength of the staff in the cities where no cleaning is presently done on Sundays.
Alternatively, the staff may be given two half days (afternoon) off in a week in lieu of one
full day weekly off if the sweepers agree to such an arrangement. Here the sweepers may
leave work after working for 4 hours on two days out of seven days of the week to make
up their weekly off. Perhaps they may be happy to have two half holidays instead of one
weekly off in a week as they will have more time for themselves and the family twice a
week. However, since this has legal implications, such arrangements will have to be
worked out by mutual consent.
This arrangement of giving two half days’ leave in lieu of one full day weekly off, may be
made applicable to street sweepers and drain cleaners and their supervisors only and
not to the transportation workers or workers engaged in the disposal of waste as these
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activities have to continue for full shifts of the day. One-seventh additional staff may be
engaged in these sections of the SWM department to make up the requirement of
working on all the days, or overtime may be given as per the need to complete the day’s
work.
Review of Holidays given to the staff working in essential services such as Collection,
Transportation, Processing and Disposal of Waste
The list of public holidays being given to staff engaged in essential services vis-a-vis
general category staff should be reviewed by the local body. Normally the number of
holidays given to essential services staff are less than half the number of holidays given
to general category staff. After review, the local body may finalize the number of
holidays to be given to the sweepers and other staff in SWM and thereafter may make
necessary arrangements for the collection, transportation and disposal of waste on all
public holidays by either suitably compensating existing workers for holiday or by
creating additional mechanisms to carry out the work on public holidays. The staff can
also be compensated by giving additional earned leave in lieu of a public holiday, or
additional salary/allowance as deemed proper. This suggestion does not preclude
continuance of existing arrangements, if any, made by the local body to provide SWM
services on public holidays.
Substitution of Sanitation Workers
When any sanitation worker remains absent or proceeds on leave, alternate
arrangements must be made to ensure that cleaning is done as usual. Badli workers or
leave reserve could be used for this purpose. Any other satisfactory arrangements, which
are currently in use for this purpose, may continue. Work must not suffer on account of
absenteeism.
Prevent open Burning of Waste by Sweepers and the Public
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The Municipal Corporation should take measures to prevent burning of tree leaves and
other waste by sweepers on the roadside and direct sweepers to take all waste to the
communal waste storage bins/sites only. Action may be taken against the erring
employees. Where open spaces are available nearby, the leaves could be rapid-
composted and used locally as organic manure for roadside plantations.
B. Working Hours
It is desirable to start work as early as possible in the morning so that the city looks
clean before the roads and streets get busy in the morning. Normally the labor force is
required to work for 8 hours and is given half an hours’ recess. Considering the type of
work, it is desirable to split the 8 hours of duty of sweepers into two spells, 4 to 5 hours
in the morning and 3 to 4 hours in the afternoon and the work force should be fully
utilized in both the spells of duties. Quite often the work force is utilized in a group in
the afternoon hours, which is highly unproductive. Individual work needs to be allotted
to each person in both spells to ensure full output and accountability. The local body
may decide the duty hours on the above lines and the total hours of work to be taken
from the sweepers, subject to government policy, court orders and union agreements.
C. Equipment used for Street Sweeping
Use of appropriate tool plays an important role in improving the efficiency of the work
force. Presently most of the tools utilized by the sanitation workers are inefficient and
outdated and need to be replaced by efficient tools and equipment. Traditionally the
work force resists any change, even if it is for their good. Persuasion and awareness
efforts ill, therefore, be necessary to convince the workforce to adopt improved tools and
equipment. Equipment used for Manual Street sweepings are; brooms, shovels, and
containers. These are described in the following sections:
Brooms
Instead of using short handled brooms which require bending of the body while at work,
causes fatigue to the workforce and causes back pain in the long run, the workforce may
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be advised to use long handled brooms, which will not require bending, reduce fatigue
and increase their productivity. In cities where a broom allowance is given, or only
broom sticks are provided to sweepers, they may be persuaded that long handled
brooms may be used or made by them for street sweeping. While making such brooms, a
metal blade which can scrape the material sticking on the street should be fixed on the
top of the broom, or a separate metal scraper may be given to the sweepers, to remove
sticky material from the street while sweeping. There is no yardstick about the number
of brooms to be given to sweepers per month. In some cities three brooms per month
are given, whereas in other cities only one broom is given per quarter of a year. One long
handled broom per month is considered to be adequate for street sweeping. The bamboo
(long handle) to which the broom is attached need not be given once a month as it has a
long life. The same bamboo should be reused while making the broom. The bamboo may
be replaced as and when required. It could be once in six months or once a year
depending upon the local conditions of the city.
Shovels
The function of the broom is to gather the street wastes into small heaps, which then
have to be picked up completely, and placed in a receptacle. The conventional tool for
this purpose is a large straight-blade shovel. However, when the wastes comprise large
quantities of very light materials such as leaves, a shovel is ineffective because dried
leaves fall of or are blown away during transfer. A good solution to this problem is to use
a pair of flat boards, usually plywood, between which the wastes are retained by hand-
pressure.
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Hand-Carts
Each sweeper engaged in street sweeping should be given a handcart having 4 to 6
containers for ease of handling. These containers should be detachable to facilitate the
direct transfer of street sweepings and household waste from the container into the
communal waste storage bins. Such containers should lockable with a chain
arrangement. The handcart should have at least 3 wheels ball bearings so that it can be
used efficiently.
6.2 Drain Cleaning
In many cities there are open surface drains beside the road, into which quite often the
sweepers and the public dispose of waste. These drains need to be cleaned on a regular
basis to permit free flow of waste water. Action should be taken to ensure that sweepers
and citizens do not dispose of any waste into drains.
Initially, drain cleaners should be given the work of cleaning shallow surface drains (not
more than 60 cms) up to 500 meter length per day and this length may be increased as
soon as the discharge of solid waste into the drain is substantially reduced. Necessary
tools should be given to the drain cleaners. They should also be given suitable seamless
handcarts and shovels for transferring the silt to sites identified for depositing it. The
periodicity of cleaning such drains should be worked out based on the conditions and
frequency of clogging of drains. The Roster of Cleaning of such drains should be worked
out and strictly followed. Whatever waste is removed from the drains should not be
allowed to remain outside the drain for long for drying. It would be desirable to deposit
the wet silt into a seamless handcart as soon as it is taken out from the drain. If that be
not possible or found difficult, the silt may be allowed to dry for about 4 hours outside
the drain before transporting the semi-solid silt for disposal.
In special situations a maximum of 24 hours should be allowed for removal of such
waste. Seamless handcarts may be used for transfer of silt from the surface drain site to
the waste storage depot. Shovels should be used for transferring the contents from the
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seamless handcart to the vehicles at the temporary storage depot or communal waste
storage site. If this work can be contracted out the contractor should ensure that the silt
removed from the drain is similarly lifted promptly and taken to the disposal site as per
the terms of contract.
Removal of Silt from Underground Drains/ Manholes
The work of removal of silt from underground drains or manholes, storm water drains
or surface drains deeper than 600 mm, should be done by the Engineering Division of
the Municipal Corporation and this work should not be entrusted to the SWM
department. The silt so removed should not be kept on the road/footpath for drying.
This waste should be removed on the same line as suggested for silt removed from the
surface drains. Wet waste only be removed immediately from the main roads and not
less than in 4 hours and in other areas within 24 hours and taken to the disposal site to
prevent nuisance and health hazards. This waste should not be taken to the compost
plant, but may be used as landfill cover. All the drains have to be cleaned once a month
and mandatorily just before the onset of monsoons. The frequency of drain cleaning is
limited if the drain bed is visible.
6.3 System of waste storage at Source
Improvement measures should evolve effective strategies so as to mobilize the
community and citizens towards synchronizing their system of waste storage at source
with the primary collection of the wastes by the ULB and cooperate with the authority to
maintain clean streets and neighborhood in particular and the town in general. The local
inhabitants shall be advised to keep two separate bins/bags for the purposes of
segregation of wastes at source and adopt appropriate mode of disposal of such wastes
from the source.
The Hangal Town Municipal Council shall direct all the waste producers (households,
institutions, commercial establishments and floating population) not to throw any solid
waste in their neighborhood, on the street, open spaces, and vacant plots or into drains
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by organizing public awareness programs. There shall be adequate provision made in
public heath rules to punish the violation at least to some extent like imposing fines in
order to reduce the violations.
At present, about 80% of the waste received is in the segregated form. The following
measures are recommended so as to facilitate an organized and hierarchical system of
waste collection and disposal.
Segregation has to be done at source.
All premises should keep two separate bins/containers/bags for biodegradable waste and
non-biodegradable waste.
The food / biodegradable waste as and when generated shall be stored in any type of
domestic waste container, preferably with a cover.
The dry/recyclable wastes shall be stored preferably in bags or sacks for the collection.
Following are the suggestive specifications for storage of wet and dry wastes:
Individual Households, Slums and Congested Areas
A metal or plastic container with lid of 10-litre capacity (to accommodate 7-8 kg) for a
family of5 members would be adequate,
Households may keep larger containers or more than one container to store the waste
produced in 24 hours having a spare capacity of 100% to meet unforeseen delay in
clearance or unforeseen extra loads and
Community / Group Households
To adopt above-mentioned guidelines at the individual household level in each
community or group households.
Provision of community bin facility for apartment residents within the premises for
storage of domestic wastes and encourage residents to deposit their domestic waste into
the community bins.
To provide separate community bin optionally for the recyclable wastes.
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The Haveri City Municipal Council to issue notices to the existing private society/,
flats/multistoried buildings, etc. and provision of such facility to be made mandatory for
sanctioning building construction permits and completion certificates.
Shops / Offices / Institutions
A metal or plastic container with lid of 30-litre capacity (to accommodate 15 kg) would
be adequate,
The shops, offices and institutions may keep larger containers or more than one
container to store the waste produced in 24 hours having a spare capacity of 100%to
meet unforeseen delay in clearance or unforeseen extra loads and preferably wet wastes
should not be disposed of in plastic carry bags.
Hotels / Restaurants
A HDPE / LDPE container with lid of 50-100 liters capacity (to accommodate at least 50-
100kgs) would be adequate.
The container should have appropriate handle(s) on the top or side and rim at the
bottom for ease of emptying.
Vegetable / Fruit / Meat / Fish Markets
PVC container(s) of 50 liters capacity for each market /stall leaving open shops & road
side shops would be adequate.
The container should have appropriate handle(s) on the top or side and rim at the
bottom for ease of emptying.
Marriage Halls / Community Halls
50 liters capacity PVC bins with lid and handles of adequate number depending on the
volume of waste generated in dining halls and kitchen.
Construction and Demolition Wastes
The generator of construction and demolition waste shall be responsible for storage,
transportation and disposal of the waste.
The generator shall store waste in such a way that it does not hamper the traffic; the
waste does not get spread on the road and does not block the surface drain or storm
water drain.
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6.4 Collection and Transportation
Considering that waste collection is at present performed rather inefficiently, the above
objectives present very ambitious targets for the ULB. The implementation of an
intensive awareness raising and communication campaign to sensitize and motivate the
population is vital to achieving the objective.
Residential Areas and Commercial Establishments
Door-to-door collection through containerized pushcarts and auto-tippers would be the
primary mode of collection from domestic households and commercial establishments.
The door-to-door collection of waste shall be done on a day-to-day basis between 7:00
AM and 2:00 PM.
The wet and dry waste is collected separately. The wastes collected in pushcarts are
unloaded into auto-tippers and the wastes from auto tippers are transferred into tipper
vehicles for transportation to the processing site. The wet waste is unloaded at the
processing facility and the dry waste is delivered at the dry waste collection center in the
site.
The containerized pushcarts to be used for the purpose shall have four detachable
buckets each of capacity 30 liters. Containers shall be exclusively earmarked for dry, wet
and domestic hazardous. The sanitary worker shall ring the bell or blow the whistle
announcing his/her arrival at the place of work to facilitate the citizens and households
to bring the wastes to them.
Collection of Waste from Apartments
Apartment associations should organize for the waste collection from each household in
their apartment complex and the waste shall be brought near the gate. From the
apartment gate, the waste shall be collected through collection vehicles and transported
to the processing site. Bins shall also be placed at easily approachable locations within
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the premises of the apartment complexes with the provision to store dry and wet waste
separately by the residents. The waste from these bins should be emptied into
transportation vehicles on a daily basis for transferring to the processing site.
Slums and Old Areas of the City
It is proposed to deploy auto-tippers for door to door collection of waste from slum and
congested areas and pushcarts will be deployed in locations not accessible by auto-
tippers. The waste shall be collected by bell ringing/whistle system along their main
access-lanes and residents should bring their wastes from their houses to the collection
vehicle. The waste collected shall be transported to the processing facility on a daily
basis. The slum dwellers should be strictly advised to store the wastes in plastic
containers supplied to them.
Meat Stalls
It should be made mandatory for the shopkeepers to store the meat and fish waste in
bins. These wastes shall be collected on a daily basis in auto-tipper and transported to
the processing facility and processed to manure adopting composting process. The meat
waste should be kept covered and transported to the processing site.
Market Yards
The waste generated in the markets is ideal for production of compost. In this view, it is
desirable that all vegetable waste be stored separately. The vegetable / fruit market
shops may be clearly instructed not to throw their waste on roads. The market waste
shall be collected in a tractor trailer and transported to the processing facility.
Bulk Generators – Marriage / Function Halls, Hotels & Restaurants
These are places where large quantity of waste is generated. The characteristics of waste
from bulk generators i.e. hotels, restaurants, marriage halls shows higher bio-
degradable content compared to recyclables and inerts and so can be processed to
manure. The vehicle deployed for transporting the market waste shall be deployed for
collection of wastes from bulk generators. The ULB shall be responsible for the
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collection and transportation of waste from the bulk generators and shall charge a fee
for the providing the services.
Construction & Demolition Waste
The Municipal Council should prescribe the rate per tonne for the collection,
transportation and disposal of construction waste and debris and notify the same to the
people.
Every person who is likely to produce construction waste may be required to deposit with
the Municipal Council an approximate amount in advance at the rates as may be
prescribed by the Municipal Council from time to time, for the removal and disposal of
construction waste from his premises by the Municipal Council. Such amount may be
deposited at the time when the building permission is being sought and in cases where
such permission is not required, at any time before such waste is produced.
The charges for removal of construction waste to be doubled for those who fail to deposit
the amount in advance.
Hospitals/ Nursing Homes/Pathological Laboratories
Collection of bio-medical waste should be done in accordance with the rules / directions
contained in the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India Notification dated
20th July 1998 as the liability for safe disposal of biomedical waste is on such waste
producer and the local body as such is not directly responsible to provide any service.
E-Waste
The E-waste shall be collected during the door the door collection activities along with
the dry waste and transported to the dry waste collection centers and sold to the
recyclers.
Sanitary Waste
It shall be made mandatory to wrap the sanitary napkins in paper bags and secure it
before handing over separately to the sanitary workers.
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6.5 Asset & Manpower Requirement
Table 20: Assumptions for Assets and manpower Requirement
Sl. No Assumptions Assets Manpower
1 Pushcarts for Street sweeping 2 persons/cart
Frequency of cleaning – A type roads 7 days/week
Frequency of cleaning – B type roads 2 days/week
Frequency of cleaning – C type roads 1 day/week
Avg beat length 1,000mtrs
2 Open spaces 2 days/week 2 persons / 7500 sqm
3 No of households 6853
4 Total waste from door to door collection 9.98
6 Pushcart household coverage 0% 1 person /cart
No of households 200 no’s
7 Auto-tipper household coverage 100% 1 driver /auto
No of households 1000 no’s 1 helpers / auto
8 Tractor trailer 1 driver /tractor
3 loaders / tractor
9 Pushcarts (markets) 1 no’s / person 1 person/400 sqm
Pushcarts for Street Sweeping
Total road length : 85 kms
Type A road : 85 x 10% = 8.5~9 kms
Type B road : 85 x 15% = 12.7~13 kms
Type C road : 85 x 75% = 63.5~64 kms
Length of Type A road : 9kms
No of sweepers required : 9 x 1 = 9 no’s
No of pushcarts : 9/2 = 4.5~4 no’s
Length of Type B road : 13 kms
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No of sweepers required : 13 x 2/6 = 4 no’s
No of pushcarts : 4/2 = 2 no’s
Length of Type C road : 64 kms
No of sweepers required : 64 x 1/6 = 11 no’s
No of pushcarts : 11/2 = 5.5~6 no’s
Total no of pushcarts for street sweeping : 12 no’s
Total no of sweepers for street sweeping : 24 no’s
Tractor trailer for Street Sweeping
Length of roads covered : 15 kms / day
Distance covered by tipper : 9 kms / day
No of trips : 2 no’s
Total no of tipper required : 15/9 = 1.66~2 no’s
No of drivers required : 2 x 1 = 2 no’s
No of helpers required : 2 x 3 = 6 no’s
Total no of manpower required : 8 nos.
Auto-tippers and Pushcarts for door to door collection
No of households & petty shops : 6353 + 500 = 6853 no’s
Auto Tipper Coverage (100%) : 6853
Pushcart Coverage (0%) : 0
Total no of Auto-tippers : 6853 /1000 = 6.85~ 7 no’s
Total Auto-tipper to be procured : 7 no’s
Total no of Pushcart : 0
Total Pushcart to be procured : 0
Auto Tipper for meat : 1 no’s
Total no of drivers required : 8 x 1 = 8 no’s
Total no of helpers required : 8 x 1 = 8 no’s
Total no of manpower required : 8+8 =16nos
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Tipper for Secondary Collection & Transportation
Waste transported by Tipper : 10 TPD (households + commercial)
No of trips : 2 no’s
Capacity of Tipper : 3 T
No of tractors required : 10/ (2 x 3) = 1.67~2 no’s
Total no of drivers required : 2 x 1 = 2 no’s
Total no of helpers required : 2 x 3 = 6 no’s
Total no of manpower required : 8 no’s
Tractor Trailer for Bulk generators, Hotels and Market Waste to be transported : 1.68 TPD
No of trips : 2 no’s
Capacity of Tipper : 1.6 T
No of tipper required : 1.68 / (2 x 1.6) =0.525~1 no’s
Total no of drivers required : 1 x 1 = 1 no’s
Total no of helpers required : 1 x 3 = 3 no’s
Total no of manpower required : 4 no’s
Table 21 : Assets Requirement
Sl. No Particulars Requirement (no’s)
A City Sanitation
1 Push carts (Street Sweeping) 12
2 Tipper (Street Sweeping) 2
3 Nala cleaning machine 1
B Collection & Transportation
1 Auto-Tippers (Primary Collection) 7
2 Tipper (Secondary Collection) 2
3 Pushcarts ( Market) 3
4 Tractor trailers (Markets, Bulk generators, Hotels ) 1
5 Auto-Tipper (Meat stalls ) 1
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Table 22 : Manpower Requirement
Sl. No Particulars Requirement (no’s)
A City Sanitation
1 Sweepers 24
2 Tractor Trailer Driver @ 1 driver/vehicle 2
3 Tractor Trailer Helper @ 3 loaders/vehicle 6
B Collection & Transportation
2 Auto-Tipper Drivers @ 1 driver/vehicle 7
3 Auto-Tipper Helpers @ 1 helpers/vehicle 7
4 Tipper Drivers @ 1 driver/vehicle 2
5 Tippers Helpers @ 3 helpers/vehicle 6
6 Sweepers (Markets) 3
7 Tractor Driver @ 1 driver/vehicle (Markets , Hotel & Bulk generators)
1
8 Tractor helpers @ 3 loaders/vehicle(Markets , Hotel & Bulk generators)
3
9 Auto-tipper Driver @ 1 driver/vehicle (Meat stalls & dead animals)
1
10 Auto-Tippers Helpers @ 1 helpers/vehicle (Meat stalls & dead animals)
1
Grand Total 63
Table 23 : Administrative Manpower Requirement
Sl. No Manpower Requirement (no’s)
1 Environmental Engineer 1
2 Senior Health Inspector 3
3 Junior Health Inspectors 3
4 Supervisors 9
Total 16
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Table 24 : Assets to be procured
Sl. No
Assets Requirement Existing To be procured
A City Sanitation
1 Push carts 12 0 12
2 Tractor Trailer 2 2 0
3 Nala cleaning machine 1 1 0
B Collection & Transportation
1 Auto-Tippers 8 2 6
3 Pushcart (Market) 3 3 0
3 Tipper 2 1 1
4 Tractor for Market & Bulk Generators 1 1 0
4 GPS Tracking System 13 0 13
Table 25 : Command area-wise allocation of Assets
Sl. No Zone Auto-Tipper
1 Command area 1 3
2 Command area 2 3
Total 6
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7 Proposed Processing & Disposal Plan
7.1 Compost Processing Plant - Operation Details
The quantity of bio-degradable waste generated in Hangal is about 17 TPD. The
Compost plant for Hangal is designed for a capacity of 22 TPD to cater to the waste
generated next five years.
Pre-Sorting
The incoming waste is received at the tipping floor and the waste is manually screened
to remove large inert, coconut shells and recover recyclables. Controlled volume of
garbage is fed to a feeder conveyor belt that feeds the shredder. The design of the conveyor
belt is such that controlled speed enables manual picking of non-biodegradable/plastic
waste from thinly spread moving layer of garbage. Post sorting the organic waste
moving on the conveyor belt is automatically fed into the shredding unit, made up of
stainless steel casing designed with series of blades. Biodegradable waste is furthered
shredded into fine particles. A screw conveyor is placed under the shredder such that
the shredded output falls into the screw conveyor casing. The screw conveyor movement
pushes the shredded output almost 4 feet away from the machine. So the end of the
screw conveyor will directly open into a composting units resulting in reduced handling
of shredded output.
Windrow Formation & Operations
The MSW is formed into trapezoidal heaps of base width 6 - 8 m, top width 2.0 – 4.0 m
and height of 2.5m to 3.5m, called windrows. Space is created for forming 46 windrows.
The windrows are aerated by dismantling the windrows and turning the waste over
using a backhoe or front loader. The turning operation is carried out once every 7 days.
Proprietary innoculum is sprayed to accelerate the decomposition process.
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At the plant seven windrows will be formed in a week for all seven days. After seven days
the waste in the first heap is turned and kept in the inner side to create more space for
the fresh waste. The similar turning and placement will be performed for remaining six
days. After 14 days the waste at the second position is turned and placed at the third
position simultaneously, this provides space for fresh waste. This process is required
continuously for 4 weeks. This process manages the reducing bulk and space at the plant
and more importantly turning control odour and microbial population of the under
process waste.
The aerobic composting occurs when the Carbon: Nitrogen (C: N) ratio is below 50, the
moisture content is between 40-45% and pH between 6-8. A temperature buildup of 60-
650 occurs during the process of decomposition, which helps is destruction of
pathogens, helminth eggs and inactivation of weed seeds. Leachate which would be
generated during the process is recirculated for maintaining the moisture content and
also the microbial levels. Excess leachate needs to be treated in the leachate treatment
plant. The decomposed waste after 28 days is spread in the yard to allow maturation and
drying. The matured waste which has a C: N ratio between 20-25 is taken up for
screening.
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Monsoon Shed
The digested material from the windrow pad is moved to the monsoon shed for drying.
Mechanical sieving
The dried material is then fed into a rotary trommel fitted with dual mesh (25 mm and 4
mm holes). After trommel rotation, the product passes through the sieve to obtain final
compost (-4 mm size). The rejects from screening unit are disposed off in the landfill.
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7.2 Area requirement for Windrow Platform
Assumptions
Density 0.5 t/m3
Width of windrow 5 m
Height of windrow 3 m
No of days 6
End spaces along the length 3 m
End spaces along the width 3 m
No of Windrows 5 no’s
No of Clearances 4 no’s
Clearance width 3 m
Quantity of waste to be processed 22 TPD
Volume of waste 44 cum
Length
Unit area 11.8 sqm
Length of windrow 3.74 m
End spaces 6 m
Aggregate length in 6 days 22.4 m
Total length 28 m
Width
Space required for Windrows 13 m
Space for clearances 10
End spaces 6
Total width 30 m
Total Area 853 sqm
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Table 26 : Area requirement for Compost Processing Plant
Sl. No Particulars Dimensions (m) Area (sqm)
1 Windrow Platform (proposed) 28 30 853
Windrow Platform (Existing) 15.6 20.02 312.31
Windrow Platform (Required) 540.6
Table 27: Specifications for 20 T Garbage Sorting and Processing Machine
Sl. No Description Technical Details
1 Drag Conveyor with Collection Hopper
Hopper capacity 4 to 5 tons
Conveyor Capacity 2.5 tons per hour
Conveyor width 700 mm
Drag conveyor motor 2HP
Drag conveyor Length 8 feet
Angle of Inclination 30 degree
Power required– Conveyor
3hp
Hopper Rotor 1.5 hp
Material Used Mild Steel
2 Conveyor System
Working area 4ft x 20ft
Sorter top platform 3 ply. 315/5 Nylon belt. 1219 mm width Hari belt
Motor Capacity 1Hp 15 rpm, uniform loaded geared motor of ISO standard
Controller Variable Frequency Drive provided in electrical panel base to vary the conveyor speed
Drive Rugged steel pipe rollers with push in pillow bearings at drive ends
Bearings at drive ends
Roller drive mechanism Helical geared motor 1hp
Take up bearings at feed end of rollers
Drive transfer motor Chain and sprocket connection from geared motor to drive pulley
Structure Tubular constructed conveyor stringers
Intermediate cross supports for
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stringers holdings
3mm thick top deck sheet for belt sliding
2mm thick bottom deck sheet for belt sliding
3mm thick feed tray with support
Dip water Collector 3mm thick Dip tray with stands on lower stand end of the conveyor
3 Shredding System
Shredder Capacity 20 tons per day/2.5 tons per hour segregated waste
Shredder feed size 450 x 1300 mm
Rotor diameter 440mm
Shredder shaft 100 dia x 1300mm length E NS material
Bearing diameter 55mm double row deep groove ball bearing
Bearing housing 150x150x50mm steel fabricated bearing housing with covers
Cutter blocks 40x40x150mm long blocks, cutting face welded with hard face welding rods to 700 BHN hardness
Fixed cutter blades 20mm thick SS 140 blades with profiled cutting edges
Supporting cutter blades 12mm SS 140 blades with profiled cutting edges
Shredder Body 10mm thick base constructed body with flanges for stability, inner body covered with SS liner
Motor 20 hp capacity ISO standard 3 phase 1440 rpm foot mounted induction motor
Drive pulley 12”x2B solid pulleys with suitable size belts
Stand structure mc 125 base construction frame to mount
Shredder with drive
Shredder Discharge Shredder Discharge designed on side wards to facilitate discharge screw conveyor to mount in an inclined angle
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4 Screw conveyor System
Screw conveyor diameter 225 mm width 225 mm
Conveyor casing 3mm thick ‘V’ formed trough
Screw pipe 60.3 x 5.4 T ERW pipe
Flights thickness 3 mm
Bearings size 50 mm
Motor Capacity 1 hp
Drive and non- drive pulley
6” x 1 B. ‘V’ pulley with suitable belts
Table 28: Specifications for Double Deck Rotary Screening Machinery
Sl. No Description Technical Details
1. Apron Feeder 01 No
Capacity 10 tons/hr
Length of Appron 2.5 meters
Width of Appron 0.8 meters
Motor 5hp 3ph induction motor
Chain support Rollers Nylon
Appron Support Rollers Nylon
KW 7.5 K.W.
Power Supply 3 phase
2 Conveyor System
Conveyor capacity 4tons/hr
Belt Width 800 mm wide
Conveyor length 30 feet
Motor Capacity 5 hp geared motor
Drive mechanism Geared drive to 3hp motor
No of Rollers 7 sets
Supporting structure MB 200 beams
Transmission Chain and sprocket
Chute 4mm thick ms sheet
Supporting frames MC 100 channels
Belt Material 315/3 nylon belt
Feed Chute 5mm plate construction with skirts
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3 Rotary Screening Machine
Capacity 4 tons/hr
Screening mechanism Mile steel rotary screen
Hopper Mild steel collection hopper with support structure
Number of rollers Rotary support rollers 4 numbers
Roller driving mechanism Helical geared motor
Drive transfer motor Sprocket and chains
Motor Capacity 5 HP, 3 Ph, 1440 RPM
Screen type and Thickness Double Deck 4mm thick 20 and 4 dia perforated sheet
4mm perforated sheet 6000 mm
20mm perforated sheet 6000 mm
Discharge area 1 meter
Outer shell 1500 O.D.
Inner Shell 1200 O.D
Motor 5 hp 3 phase
Screen Drum Length 7000 mm
Structural Support structure of 7 feet height – Mild steel angles
4+ mm thick rotary screen with 4 mm perforated sheet.
RDF Preparation
The non-biodegradable and combustible portion of the MSW is bailed after the removal
of the recyclables, i.e. ferrous materials, glass, noncombustible or potentially hazardous
materials on the tipping floor.
Table 29 : Technical Specifications for Baling Machine (1.5
TPD)
Technical Details
Block size- capacity 17 inches x 17 inches x 14 inches block
Feature Arrangements for tying the block using binding wire or plastic strap
Pressing mechanism Hydraulic press
Cylinder Hydraulic cylinder with 450 + mm height
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Weight of the machine Approximately 600 kgs
Overall Height 6.5 ft
Overall Width 3 ft
Pressure Mechanism Hydraulic oil
Bale Weight 50 kg bales
Total capacity 1.5 Tons per day
Painting Corrosion resistant paint
Structure MS angles supporting frame
Gauge Pressure Gauge
Indicator Hydraulic oil level indicator
Electrical connection 3 Phase electric supply (2HP motor)
7.3 E-Waste Management
The towns of Haveri district do not have a distinct IT/BT character. Hence e-waste
generated from these towns is of a heterogeneous nature consisting of rejects of the
household and shops catering to household needs. On a survey of the landfill site, the
informal sector and the households, the following are the major components of the e-
waste generated in the towns
Tube lights
Fluorescent bulbs
Wires
Batteries
Cellular phone and its peripherals like head phones
Computer peripherals like home speakers & head phones
Cartridges
Items such as computers, televisions, washing machines and refrigerators are reported
to be resold in the market by the owner themselves for refurbishing and use of parts.
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Setting up of an e-waste treatment plan is manpower and cost intensive affair. Most
Indian towns of non IT-BT nature do not generate very high quantum of e-waste to
support an independent e-waste handling facility. To take care of the e-waste disposal
requirements of the cities, every state has registered a number of e-waste handling
facilities who are registered with the Pollution Control Board of the state. In Karnataka,
there are 67 e-waste handling plants that collect and process e-waste.
For towns in Haveri district, the following system is proposed for managing the E-waste
generated. The proposed system suggests 100% source segregation at the household
level. The e-waste generated from the houses hence would be collected along with the
dry waste and brought to the dry waste collection centers, where sorting of the waste is
undertaken. During this sorting process, the e-waste items should be ideally segregated
and stored. The ULB can have a contract with a registered e-waste facility that would
collect the waste from each ULB for the disposal.
7.4 Sanitary Waste Management
It is proposed to dispose the used sanitary napkins in diesel fired sanitary pad disposal
system. The system can dispose 50 pads at a time.
Table 30 : Salient Features of Sanitary Pad Incinerator
Sl. No Salient Features
1 Combustion Chamber made from IS 2042 grade mild steel materials duly lined with Fire Bricks to withstand the temperature of 800°C.
MOC: IS 2062 Grade MS Plate with required Channels & Angles.
Fabricated Hooks for easy Loading and Unloading.
Lining : Fire Bricks Backed Up By Insulation Bricks: Total Thickness 120 mm.
2 Diesel Fired Manual Burner Assembly for the fire Chamber.
Combustion Burner: Diesel Fired Manually Operated Burner for the Chamber.
3 Ash cum Maintenance Doors for the Chambers.
MOC: MS IS 2062 Grade. With Fabricated Heavy Hinges, Handles & Lock.
Lining : High Grade C a stable Cement
4 ID Fan with electric motor.
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Details: M.S. Centrifugal Fan Connected with 1 HP Electric Motor.
5 Chimney 5 Feet. And Total Height for Smoke Exhaust about 10 Feet from Ground Level.
Details: M.S. Flange Mounted on the ID Fan.
6 Duct Line connected from combustion chamber to ID fan & Chimney.
Details: M.S. Fabricated Duct Lines from Primary Chamber to ID Fan.
7 Control Panel with suitable box made from sheet materials, mounting plates, fitting and key, hooter, PVC channel, control fuse, over load relay, indicating lamp, temperature controller cum indicator for primary chamber, temperature indicators, etc.., completely fitted and wired.
8 Painting: All the Equipment’s& Components will be Coated With 2 Coats of Epoxy
Heat Resistance Paint.
9 Safety Interlocks:
Details : To prevent damages to the plant or its parts and also for the safety purpose,
Hooter is provided with the incinerator system offered.
On Panel Temperature Indicator for easy operation of the Burner by the Operator.
When ID Fan failures the Burners shall trip.
10 Operating Standards
Combustion efficiency : 99.99%
Combustion Chamber : Single Chamber
Operating temperature : 600 ±50°C
7.5 Bio-medical Waste Management
There is an existing system of waste storage collection and transport as per the
biomedical waste handling rules. The need is to ensure all the waste generators
subscribe to this facility and medical waste does not enter the municipal waste stream.
7.6 C & D Waste Management
The construction and demolition waste shall be collected and transported for disposal in
low lying areas.
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7.7 Sanitary Landfill Facility
The landfill is a combination of below and above ground landfill in order to economize
on space. The landfill will have an overall height of 18 m. It is proposed to be placed in
an excavation of 3 m deep.
Table 31 : Area requirement for Sanitary Landfill
Sl. No Assumptions
A Assumptions
1 Initial Waste generation (2016) 16.8 TPD
2 Bulk density of the material 0.8 T/m3
3 Fraction of waste to be land filled (%) 20%
4 Design Life 5 yrs.
5 Weight of the waste to be landfilled per day 4.4 TPD
6 Quantity (Cum) (6/0.8) per day 5.5 m3
7 Waste Collection depth per day 1 m
8 Area 5.5 m2
9 Soil depth above the landfill Waste 0.10 m
10 Qty of Soil above the landfill Waste 0.55 m3
11 Total Volume per day 6.05 m3
Per Year 2016 2208.25 m3
Per Year 2017 2429.08 m3
Per Year 2018 2671.98m3
Per Year 2019 2939.18m3
Per Year 2020 3233.10 m3
12 Total Waste for 5 years 14829.75 m3
B Dimensions of Landfill Site
1 Depth of Landfill 3.00 m
2 Length 70.31 m
3 Breadth 70.31 m
4 Slope 1V:2.5H 7.50 m
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5 Slope height 8.08 m
6 Top Length 77.81 m
7 Top Width 77.81 m
8 Bottom Length 62.81 m
9 Bottom Width 62.81 m
10 Slope Length considering 1V:2.5H 8.08 m
11 Depth of the pit 3.00 m
C Vehicle Ramp
1 Width 5 m
2 Length (1V:7H) 21 m
3 Ramp size 521
Total area of the landfill (m2) 4943.25 m2
Total area of the landfill (acre) 1.22 acre
The bottom of the SLF would be lined with 900 mm of mineral sealing system with clay
of permeability k< 1x 10 -9m/s/. It would be overlaid with at least 2.0 mm of HDPE geo-
membrane and protected by 2000 gsm geo-textile. Over this a 300 mm thick gravel
layer is laid for drainage of leachate.
Perforated HDPE pipes of 250 mm dia would be placed at 40 m spacing to intercept and
divert any leachate generated. All the leachate collection pipes are connected to a main
HDPE header pipe of diameter 315 mm. This header pipe would lead the leachate to the
leachate holding tank.
This Landfill facility shall have a side slope of 1:2 and is lined with Clay liner of 90 cms
thick, 1.5 mm thick of High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) sheet, drainage layer of 30
cms thick with leachate collection and removal system. Final covering slope of the
landfill 1:3.The area requirement for land filling waste for 5 years is about 1.22 acres.
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7.8 Leachate Treatment
Leachate from the composting plant and sanitary landfill facility shall be collected in a
leachate collection pond. The leachate collected shall be reused for spraying on the
windrows.
7.9 Asset, Manpower & Area Requirement
Table 32 : Asset requirement for Processing & Disposal Facility
Sl. No Assets Net (No’s)
1 Weigh bridge (30 MT) 1
2 Sorting Machine (20T) 1
a Double Decker Screening Machine (10 TPH) 1
3 Bailing machine 1
4 Sanitary Pad Disposal Incinerator 1
5 Vehicles
(i) Handcarts 4
(iii) Tractor Trailer 1
(iv) JCB Backhoe Loader 1
Table 33 : Man power requirement for Processing & Disposal Facility
Sl. No Particulars Requirement (no’s)
1 Manager cum Supervisor 1
2 Workers – Tipping Floor 1
3 Processing Plant 2
4 Drivers 2
5 Helpers 2
6 Security 2
7 DWCC 1
Total 11
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Table 34 : Area requirement for Processing & Disposal Facility
Sl. No Particulars Area
1 Compost Plant 853 sqm
2 Sanitary Landfill (5 years) 4943.25 sqm
3 Other infrastructure 5000 sqm
Total Area 10796 sqm ~ 2.66 acres
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8 Project Financials
8.1 Introduction
The cost estimates for MSW management for Hangal city is worked out based on the detailed
study and its assessment of the SWM operations in Hangal The existing infrastructure available
with the ULB has been taken into account and costing for up-gradation of the system is worked
out. The additional investments thus required are to increase the efficiency of the system and to
meet the norms prescribed by the MSW (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.
8.2 City Sanitation Operations
The cost for physical infrastructure components in the city sanitation services includes
procurement of wheel barrows, and tractor trailers.
Sl. No Particulars Requirement
(no’s) Available
(no’s) Net
(no’s)
Unit Rate (Rs.)
Total Cost
(Rs. in lakhs)
1 Push Carts 12 6 6 13700 0.822
2 Tractor Trailer 2 2 0 865826 0
3 Contingency 3%
0.0247
Total
0.8467
Table 35: Capital Cost for City Sanitation Operations
Sl. No
Particulars No of Units
Unit Rate (Rs.)
Cost Price (Rs.)
Cost/yr. (Rs.)
Total (Rs. In lakhs)
1 Manpower
Street Sweepers 24 19,391 465375 5,584,500 55.85
Drivers 2 16,649 33297.47596 399,570 4.00
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Loaders 6 19,391 116343.75 1,396,125 13.96
2 Fuel cost
Tractor trailer 6 60 360 131,400 1.31
3 Maintenance 0.05
198,470 1.98
5 Contingency 0.03
0.0990
Total
77.20
Table 36 : O & M Cost for City Sanitation Operations
8.3 Collection & Transportation Operations
The cost for physical infrastructure components in the collection & transportation operations
include procurement of bins for households, pushcarts, auto-tippers and tractor trailers fitted
with monitoring devices.
Sl. No
Particulars Require
ment (no’s)
Available (no’s)
Net (no’s)
Unit Rate (Rs.)
Total Cost (Rs. in lakhs)
1 Pushcarts (market) 3 0 3 13700 0.411
2 Auto-Tippers ( DDC) 7 2 5 865826 43.291
3 Tipper ( secondary
transportation) 2 1 1
1,205,000.00
12.050
4 Tractor Trailer ( Market , hotels & Bulk generators
1 0 1 865826 8.658
6 Contingency 3%
1.571
Total
65.981
Table 37 : Capital Cost Collection & Transportation Operations
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Sl. No
Particulars No of Units
Unit Rate (Rs.)
Cost Price (Rs.)
Cost/yr. (Rs.)
Total (Rs. In lakhs)
1 Manpower
Market (Pushcarts) 3 19,391 58171.875 698,063 6.98
drivers (Normal Vehicles) 10 16,649 166487.3798 1,997,849 19.98
Helpers 19 15,265 290041.9271 3,480,503 34.81
Sanitary Supervisors 3 20,123 60369.77163 724,437 7.24
2 Fuel cost
Auto-Tipper 44 60 2,640 963,600 9.64
Tractor trailer 6 60 360 131,400 1.31
Tipper 6 60 360 131,400 1.31
3 Maintenance 0
108,907 1.09
4 PP Equipment’s/year 32 2,500
80,000 0.80
5 Contingency 0.03
64,192 0.64
Total
83.80
Table 38 : O & M Cost for Collection & Transportation Operations
8.4 Vehicle Monitoring System
Table 39: Vehicle Monitoring System
Sl. No
Particulars No of Units Unit Rate (Rs.)
Cost/Yr. (Rs.)
Total (Rs. in lakhs)
1 GPS for Vehicle
GPS System, 12 14954 179448 1.79
Annual Subscription (Including tax) 12 4108 49298 0.49
2.29
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8.5 Processing & Disposal Facility
The cost for physical infrastructure components in the processing & disposal plant includes
procurement of processing plant and machinery, civil works and electrical works.
Sl. No Assets Net (No’s) Cost per
Unit
Total Cost in Lakhs
1 Weigh bridge ( 30 MT) 1 620000 6.20
2 Sorting Machine (20T) 1 22 22.00
a Double Decker Screening Machine (10 TPH) 1 18.4 18.40
3 Bailing machine 1 440825 4.41
4 Sanitary Pad Disposal Incinerator 1 207000 2.07
5 Vehicles
(i) Handcarts 4 13700 0.55
(iii) Tractor Trailer 1 865826 8.66
(iv) JCB Backhoe Loader 1 2255202 22.55
6 Contingency 3% 1.192
Total 86.03
Table 40: Capital Cost for Plant & Machinery
Sl. No Description of Item No’s Qty Units Unit Rate (Rs.)
Total Cost (Rs. in lakhs)
1 Electrical panel cum DG Platform
1 66 sqm 14091 9.359
2 Toilet Block with Outside Wash Area
1 22 cum 27844 6.042
3 Weighbridge Room 1 15 sqm 21024 3.244
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4 Weighbridge Platform 1 54 rmt 5760 3.110
5 Administrative Office 1 23 sqm 26855 6.06
6 Transformer yard 1 50 sqm 1200 0.60
7 Bore well 1 1 sqm 150000 1.50
8 Monitoring Bore wells 4 5 sqm 150000 30.00
9 Office vehicle parking 1 100 sqm 500 0.50
10 Plumbing and sanitary works
1 1 sqm 500000 5.00
11 Electrical (Internal & External)
1 1 no’s 2500000 25.000
12 Green belt 1 1910 no’s 175 3.34
Total 93.76
Table 41: Capital Cost for Civil Works
Sl. No Particulars Total Rates/
Unit (Rs)
Amount / year (Rs.
in lakhs)
A Staff Salary/ Wages
1 Manager cum Supervisor 1 20,123 2.41
2 Workers – Tipping Floor 1 19,391 2.33
3 Processing Plant 2 19,391 4.65
5 Drivers 2 16,649 4.00
6 Helpers 2 15,265 3.66
7 Security 2 15,265 3.66
8 DWCC 1 15,265 1.83
Sub- total A 11
22.55
B Power charges
1 Equipment’s and Lighting LS
4.80
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Sub-total B
4.80
C Consumables
1 Microbial Culture (bottles/month) 20 2,500 6.00
2 PPE (set/year) 20 2,500 0.50
3 Hose pipe (Rmts) 100 30 0.12
4 Plastic Pots (no’s) 30 75 0.09
5 Shovel (no’s) 30 150 0.18
6 HDPE bags (TPD) 12 35 1.57
Sub-total C
8.46
D Utilities
1 Soil Cover for Landfill LS 10,000 1.20
2 Water supply @3KLD/Day 90 3,000 32.40
3 Soap & Detergents LS 2,000 0.24
4 Garden Maintenance LS 5,000 0.60
5 Laboratory charges LS - -
6 Administrative Charges LS 5,000 0.60
Sub-total D
35.04
E O & M
1 Civil items
0.01 0.94
2 Mechanical works & Vehicles
0.03 -
Sub-total E
0.94
Cost / annum
71.79
Contingencies
0.01 0.72
Grand Total
72.51
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Table 42 : O & M Cost for Processing & Disposal Facility
Sl. No Particulars Capital Cost (Rs. in lakhs)
O & M Cost (Rs. In lakhs)
1 City Sanitation 0.85 77.200
2 Collection & Transportation 65.98 83.804
3 GPS System for Vehicle 1.79 0.493
4 MSW Processing Facility
a Plant & Machinery 86.03 71.789
b Civil structures 93.76 0.938
Total 248.41 234.223
Table 43 : Summary
Sl. No Particulars Total
1 Capital Cost 248.413
Cost/Ton 14.786
2 Operation & Maintenance Cost 234.223
Cost/Ton 3819.684
Table 44 : Cost/ tonne
8.6 Funding Pattern for Capital Cost
It is envisaged that the capital expenditure for providing MSWM services would be through
Grants from both Central and State government. The funds allocated would be used towards
procurement of tools, equipment, vehicles and development of processing and landfill facility.
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Table 45 : Funding Pattern for Capital Cost
Sl. No Particulars (Rs. in lakhs)
1 Total Capital Cost 248.4130544
2 GOI Share @ 35% of Capital Cost 86.94456906
3 GOK Share @ 1/3rd of GOI Share 28.98152302
4 ULB Share 132.4869624
a Funds available with the ULB 38.56
b Other funds
Deficit 93.92696237
8.7 Funding Pattern for Operations & Maintenance Cost
The O & M expense for the MSWM services includes salary expenses, repair and maintenance
and fuel expenses. It is proposed that the O&M expenses would be entirely funded through
internal cash flows such as municipal funds, collection of user charges from various categories of
waste generators and sale of compost and recyclables.
8.7.1 Municipal Funds
The source of income of the ULB includes income from resource mobilization activities of the
ULB in the form of taxes i.e. property tax, professional tax and other taxes, all non-tax revenues
such as fees for building permission, trade licenses, etc. and charges levied as per the Municipal
Act i.e. income from special services, income from properties, interest on investments and
miscellaneous items etc.
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Table 46 : Sources of Income of the ULB
Sl. No Particulars (Rs. in lakhs)
1 Advertisement 0.6
2 Trade license 2.0
3 Building permission & development 18.22
4 Sale of forms and transfer charges ….
5 Rent hire charges 4.8
6 SAS Tax 5.65
Total 29.72
8.7.2 User Charges
With an objective of making the MSW management activities self-sustainable and to enable
recovery of O&M costs to the extent possible, a resolution for collection of user charges from
various generators had been issued by the ULB. The resolution is under implementation and the
collection of user charges from various generators has commenced.
Table 47 : Revised User charges for various generators
Sl .No User Charges Numbers Charges/month
in Rs.
Amount in Lakhs
2016
1 Residential 6353 50 38.118
2 Commercial 500 250 15
3 Hotel & Bulk Generators 60 500 3.6
4 Meat stalls 44 500 2.64
5 Marriage halls/event 25 2000 6
Total 65.358
s
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8.7.3 Revenue from sale of Compost & Recyclables
The quantum of compost generated from the processing facility is assumed as 10% and the
recyclables that can be sold is about 20% of the incoming waste.
Sl. No
Revenue Streams Quantity (TPD)
Unite Rate (Rs.)
Total (Rs. in lakhs)
1 Sale of Compost 2.5 2500 22.81
2 Sale of recyclables 1 800 2.92
Total 25.71
8.7.4 Salaries from SFC Grants
The manpower cost is estimated to be about Rs. 165.36 lakhs and 75% of the manpower cost
i.e. 124.02 lakhs shall be funded from the SFC Grants.
Table 48 : Funding Pattern for O&M Cost
Sl. No Particulars Total
(Rs. in lakhs)
1 Total O & M Cost 234.223
2 Sources of Revenue
SFC Grants 124.02
SWM User Charges (50% ) 32.679
Revenue through sale of compost& recyclables
(50%)
12.85625
3 Deficit 64.67
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9 . Operating Framework
9.1 Options for Project Implementation
The Project Facilities could be developed by Hangal TMC under any of the two options set out
below:
Option 1: Service delivery by the ULB
Option 2: Service delivery by a private operator
9.2 Option 1: Service delivery by ULB
Under this option, the two distinct activities, with respect to collection & transportation of MSW
and treatment & disposal of MSW, would need to be undertaken by ULB in the following
manner.
(i) Collection and transportation of MSW
Procure tools / equipment and vehicles for collection and transportation of MSW.
Hire manpower for carrying out the activities envisaged
(ii) Treatment and disposal of MSW
Select a contractor to undertake development of the compost facility and develop
the landfill facility.
Hire skilled manpower for carrying out the operations and maintenance of the
developed facilities.
9.3 Option 2: Service delivery through Private Operator(s)
In this option, implementation of MSW management would be undertaken by a private
operator(s) with the ULB playing the role of a facilitator. The private operator(s) would need to
carry out their roles and responsibilities as per the contractual agreement signed with the ULB.
The involvement of private operator(s) in various stages in the MSW management chain is
detailed below.
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(i) Collection and transportation of MSW
The ULB would identify private operator for carrying out this activity. The collection and
transportation of MSW from the households would be carried out by the private operator. The
private operator would be responsible for identification of collection crew, procurement of tools/
equipment/ vehicles by utilizing the funds provided by the ULB and also are responsible for
O&M of the same.
The private operator would be required to collect the user charges from the households for
provision of door to door collection services.
(ii) Treatment and disposal of MSW
The private operator would be responsible for development of the treatment and disposal
facility. The operator would be responsible for mobilization of finances for development of these
facilities (capital expenditure) and also O&M of these facilities in accordance with design,
construction and O&M specifications provided by the ULB.
The components of the Project could be implemented in the following ways.
Option 1: Implementation by a single private operator
Under this option the entire chain of MSW management activities including collection and
transportation of MSW and treatment and disposal of MSW facility would be undertaken
through the private operator. The private operator under this option would be selected through
a transparent competitive bidding process. The ULB in turn would need to pay a service fee for
the services rendered. The advantage of having a single private operator would be that since the
entire system is implemented by a single private operator, the operations would be easy to
undertake and monitor but the disadvantage could be failure of the private operator in
performing its obligations would lead to collapse of the entire SWM system in the town.
Option 2: Implementation by different operators
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Under this option two packages could be formed; Package I - Collection and Transportation and
Package II- Treatment and Disposal of MSW. Each of the two packages could be undertaken
independently by different operators. The private operators could be selected through a
transparent competitive bidding process. C&T of MSW could be implemented by private
operator under a service contract. The integrated T&D facility could be developed under BOT
concession framework.
A comparative analysis of the risks associated in an event of implementation of the two options
discussed above is set out in the table below:
Table 49 : Comparative Analysis of risks
Options Parameters Impact
Service delivery
by ULB
Manpower Recruitment & management of operational staff by
ULB
Skill set
ULB would need to appoint technical consultants for
developing a strategy for integrated MSW
management and for design and construction of
MSW treatment & disposal facilities. ULB would also
be required to hire skilled manpower to operate and
maintain the treatment and disposal facilities.
Service
Delivery
Since payments to operational staff are not
Performance based and often their motivation levels
are low, this could affect the level of service delivery.
Finances
ULB would need to mobilize finances for
Procurement of tools / equipment and vehicles and
for development of C&T and T&D facilities.
Project Risks
The projects related risks such as design risk, cost
overrun risk, time risks etc. and adherence to
applicable laws would be retained by ULB.
Service delivery
by Private
Operator
Manpower
ULB would need only supervisory staff as the private
operator would be responsible for deployment of
staff for providing MSW management services.
Skill set The onus of providing skilled manpower would be
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with private operator.
Service
Delivery
As the payment to the operator would be made
Subsequent to demonstration by him of adherence
to performance standards specified by ULB, the
service delivery levels would be high.
Finances
The private operator would need to mobilize
finances for procurement of tools / equipment and
vehicles and for development of T&D facilities.
Project Risks
The projects related risks such as design risk, cost
overrun risk, time risks etc. and adherence to
applicable laws would be retained by private
operator.
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10 Legal Aspects
10.1 Introduction
Local bodies in the country are governed by various laws enacted by their respective State
Legislatures. Many state laws governing urban local bodies do not have adequate provision for
ensuring appropriate solid waste management systems with the result outdated systems
continues affecting the quality of life of the people. For improving solid waste management
practices in urban areas it is necessary to incorporate suitable provisions in the state laws to
ensure public participation and providing for minimum level of solid waste management
service.
Local laws also need to provide for punishment on the spot to those who do not adhere to the
directions given for maintaining appropriate solid waste management systems in the urban
areas, giving adequate power to the local wherever they do not exist with suitable modification
wherever necessary.
10.2 Proposed Legal Provisions Prohibition Against Littering the Streets, Deposition of Solid Waste on the Streets,
Open Defecation, etc.
No person shall litter public streets or public places or deposit or cause or permit to be deposited
or thrown upon or along any public street, public place, and land belonging to the local body,
State or Central Government or any unoccupied land or on the bank of a water-body or resort to
open defecation.
Duty of Occupiers of Premises to Store Solid Waste at Source of Generation
It shall be incumbent on the occupiers of all premises to keep two receptacles, one for the
storage of food/organic/bio-degradable waste and another for recyclable and other types of solid
wastes generated at the said premises. The domestic hazardous waste, as may be notified by the
local body, shall also be kept separately in a suitable container as and when such waste is
generated.
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Duty of Occupier not to mix Recyclable /Non-Bio-degradable Waste and Domestic
Hazardous Waste with food waste etc.
It shall be incumbent on the occupier of any premises to ensure that the recyclable waste as well
as domestic hazardous waste generated at the said premises does not get mixed up with the
food/bio-degradable waste and stored separately.
Duty of Societies/ Associations/ Management of Commercial Complexes to Clean their
Premises and to provide Community Bins
It shall be incumbent on the management of Co-operative Societies, Associations of residents,
multistoried buildings, commercial Complexes, Institutional buildings, markets and the like to
arrange for daily cleaning of their internal streets, common spaces, etc., and provide community
bin/bins of appropriate size as may be prescribed by urban local body, for the temporary storage
of food/biodegradable waste duly kept segregated by the members of the society/association for
facilitating primary collection of food/biodegradable waste from one point by the municipal
authorities. A separate community bin may similarly be provided for the storage of recyclable
waste where door to door collection of recyclable waste is not practiced.
Community Bins to be kept in Good Condition
Community bins shall at all times be kept in good condition, regularly maintained and shall be
provided in such number and at such places as may be considered adequate and appropriate to
contain the waste produced by the citizens supposed to be served by the community bins.
Duty of Occupiers to Deposit Solid Waste in Community Bins
It shall be incumbent on occupiers of all premises for whom community bins have been
provided that all segregated domestic waste, trade waste, and institutional waste from their
respective premises to be deposited in the appropriate community bins.
Duty of Occupier of Households/Shops/Establishment to Hand Over the Recyclable
Material/Non-Bio-degradable Waste to the Waste Collectors/ Waste
Purchasers/Recyclers
It shall be incumbent on households / shops / establishments to hand over their segregated
recyclable waste / non-bio-degradable waste to the collectors, waste purchaser or recyclers as
may be convenient or as may be notified by the local body from time to time. Such waste shall
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not be disposed off on the streets or in municipal bins or open spaces along with the
organic/food/bio-degradable waste.
Duty of Occupier of Households, Shops and Establishments to Deposit Domestic
Hazardous/Toxic Waste in Special Bins Provided by the Local Body
It shall be incumbent on households, shops and establishments to deposit domestic hazardous
waste/toxic material in containers provided by the urban local body.
Duty of Local Bodies to Collect Waste from Community Bins and to Deposit it at Waste
Storage Depots for Onward Transport
It shall be incumbent for local bodies to remove all solid waste deposited in community bins on
a daily basis and transport to processing or disposal sites.
Duty of Local Bodies to Clean All Public Streets, Open Public Spaces and Slum Areas
It shall be incumbent on local bodies to arrange for cleaning of all public streets having
habitation on both or either side, and all slums on all days of the year including Sundays and
public holidays.
Duty of Local Body to Arrange for Processing of Food/Biodegradable Waste through
Appropriate Technology and Disposal of Rejects
It shall be incumbent for the local bodies to arrange for the processing of food/organic/bio-
degradable wastes produced in the city and dispose of the rejects and non-biodegradable waste
in an environmentally acceptable manner.
Prohibition Against Deposition of Building Rubbish
No person shall deposit or cause or permit to be deposited any building rubbish in or along any
street, public place or open land except at a place designated for the purpose or in conformity
with conditions laid down by the ULB.
Prohibition on Disposal of Carcasses, etc.
No person shall deposit or otherwise dispose of the carcass or parts of any dead animal at a
place not provided or appointed for this purpose.
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Punishment for Littering on Streets and Depositing or throwing any solid waste in
Contravention of the Provisions of this Act
Whosoever litters the street /or public places or deposits or throws or causes or permits to be
deposited or thrown any solid waste or construction debris at any place in contravention of the
provisions of this Act permits the flow of any filthy matters from his premises shall be punished
on the spot with a fine not less than Rs.50/- as may be prescribed under the rules framed by the
State Govt. from time to time. Such spot fines may be collected by officers authorized by the
ULB, not below the rank of sanitary inspector. The amount of fine imposed shall be recoverable
as arrears of property taxes. The amount of fine shall be kept higher for repeat offences.
The powers to levy such penalty should also be delegated to railway authorities, cantonment
authorities, notified areas, which are outside the purview of municipal corporations or
municipalities in various cities so that the areas under their control can also remain neat and
clean.
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11 . Health Aspects
11.1 Low Cost Sanitation Program to prevent Open Defecation
Open defecation is rampant in the areas where low-income group people reside. The
ULB shall take some measures for setting up public toilets. It is strongly recommended to
establish free public toilets in all the slum areas and more of pay and use toilets at tourist places
like areas close to temple, commercial areas and other religious locations on. Mobile toilets are
other options which can be put up during festivals and construction sites on cost recovery basis.
11.2 Covering of Buildings under Construction
It is recommended that the ULB shall enforce the rule of covering of buildings under
construction so as to avoid dust and particulate matter in the surrounding areas. This should be
made applicable to only large construction sites like construction of commercial complex,
multistory building or multiplex.
11.3 Cattle Nuisance
The cattle deteriorate the sanitary conditions by moving in and around the waste and
Spreading it on the larger area. Punitive measures should be put into practice for owners of such
cattle. Pay and use cattle sheds are also considered away from the living areas.
The cattle are seen more near them market area. The market traders should be informed to not
dispose the market waste on streets. It is essential to curb the movement of stray cattle within
the town. Owners of these animals should be suitably charged an administration charge for the
any infringement and disposal of such trade waste in the municipal system.
11.4 Health Monitoring for Sanitary Workers
The solid waste management activities are not hygienic. There are large number of ULB
employees involved in town sanitation maintenance, cleaning the solid waste and underground
drainage system. The health and hygiene of these staff is not checked regularly at present. The
ULB should insist on annual medical examination and monitoring, health education and free
medical treatment for the solid waste management and sanitation staff. It should become a
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standard practiced to conduct medical examination of employees bi-annually. The same shall be
included in the contracts signed with the private sector and community based organization. A
group insurance for health coverage is also to be taken. The ULB should ensure that following
measures are compulsorily practiced.
Sanitation workers should compulsorily take a weekly off
The workers should compulsorily wear all safety equipment’s
The workers should immediately report to health inspectors in case of any accidents
Sanitation workers duty should never be stretched for more than 8 hours including breaks and
attendance period
The staff should be checked with basic medical tests once in 3 months.
11.5 Prevent Indiscriminate Use of Pesticides
Use of pesticides particularly in domestic areas should be banned. However, in gardens & public
parks use of pesticides may be allowed in a scientific manner. The Managers of such gardens
and public parks should be asked to maintain records to type and amount of pesticides they have
used.
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12 . Role of Stakeholders
12.1 Role of the ULB
Ensure compliance by citizens.
Monitor the works being performed by the private operator.
Make the payments to the private operator.
12.2 Role of the Citizens
Participation of citizens in efficient disposal of MSW is vital as it would reduce the
environmental impact and help in enhancement of serenity of the city. The functions that need
to be carried out by the citizens from various sources are as set out below:
Household
The citizens would need to carry out segregation of waste at the household level and the
segregated waste should be handed over to the primary collection crew at the pre-notified time.
For the services provided, the citizens shall pay a user fee on a monthly basis. Unhygienic
disposal of waste on streets would need to be avoided by the citizens.
Bulk generators
Bulk generators like hotels, commercial establishments, function halls etc. should dispose the
waste thorough primary collection crew at the pre-notified time.
12.3 Role of the Private Operator
Collection of MSW from different categories of waste generators.
Development, operation, maintenance, and management of integrated processing and disposal
facility.
Transportation of MSW to the integrated treatment and disposal facility.
Processing of the MSW received at the integrated treatment and disposal facility.
Landfilling of the rejects of the processing facility and other non-biodegradable MSW.
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13 . Information, Education and Communication
13.1 Introduction
In the present scenario waste management and handling process is unplanned due to lack of
proper infrastructure, awareness among the public and its involvement. No target oriented
awareness programs conducted in the past for solid waste management improvement or for
waste segregation. Thus for making proper, reduced, segregated waste collection, there is a great
need of public awareness and their involvement. Along with this, the Municipal Solid waste
collection, handling and processing staff should be trained and sensitized.
The problem of waste management is becoming acute in the urban areas with the growth of
population and increase in the quantities of waste generating from various sources. The inability
of the local governments to effectively deal with the problem and lack of awareness among the
public and its involvement is making situation worse. The solution to the problem lies in
efficient management by the civic authorities as well as active participation of the people in a
coordinated manner. Therefore, Information, Education & Communication (IEC) Plan and
Training of staffs responsible for Solid Waste Management become very necessary.
13.2 Approaches of IEC Plan
The key to success of solid waste management system in any city is the cooperation of the
citizens. Citizens must be fully involved in the proper storage, collection and safe disposal of
waste and should be made aware of health risks associated with improper solid waste
management. It is also necessary to provide facilities for imparting training to staff at various
levels so that they can provide efficient service.
IEC should hence focus on creating awareness, motivating people to change their habits,
informing them of actions required to be taken, and maintaining the desired habits by sustained
efforts from both local governments, citizens, community based organization. The basic
approach of IEC plan is to create an effective Solid Waste Management System.
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To achieve an effective and efficient system, attitudinal and behavioral changes of the residents
are very important. For this purpose, communication with the residents is required through
various techniques and modes. There needs to be a two-way approach for IEC Implementation:
13.3 Awareness about Reduce, Reuse and Recycle Waste
The ULB should emphasize on spreading awareness in general public on reduction of waste
generation at source; reuse it by making some other useful product out of the waste or in the
same form but with different application or hand in over to recyclers for recycling. The following
measures may be taken to reduce, reuse and recycle of waste generation:
1. All residents should be asked to reduce generation of food waste as far as possible. They
should be asked to hand over food waste to animal breeders for feeding animals, if possible.
2. All hoteliers should be asked to put signboards or display notices to the visitors advising them
not to generate waste or minimize waste generation.
3. Traders who are collecting recyclable waste from citizens should be encouraged and should be
given incentives in terms of reduction in taxation fee or license fee per ton of recyclable waste
collected by them.
4. Usage of hard to recycle packaging material like PET bottles, metal coated plastic films and
multi film packs should be discouraged.
5. Usage of thin polythene bags (less than 20 micron) should be prohibited.
6. All floating population should be instructed not to liter any waste and minimize waste
generation in the city to keep it clean and green. Such instructions may be given at bus stands,
railway stations and other public places through display boards.
7. Temple management should be asked to advise devotees not to generate waste in the temple
premises.
8. NGOs and voluntary organizations should be encouraged to organize awareness programs
and campaigns for reuse and recycle of waste. The corporation may even think of extending
nominal financial support to such NGOs.
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13.4 Awareness about segregation of waste at source
The term sorting indicates separation and storage of individual constituents of waste
Material so as to facilitate material and energy recovery and reduce the load on the final disposal
of MSW in the landfill. The public should be educated about the desirable sorting stream, the
following could be educated to the public and households which will help the ULB to achieve
better management of solid waste.
1. Dry recyclable materials – Paper, plastic, cardboard and cartons, containers,
packaging, glass, metals, tags, rubber wood, foils, wrappings, pouches, sachets, tetra packs
(rinsed), cassettes, computer diskettes, printer cartridges and electronic parts, discarded
clothing, furniture and equipment.
2. Bio-waste and Horticultural waste – Food waste (including eggshells and
bones), flower and food wastes, house sweepings, vegetable peelings.
3. Hazardous materials in household waste: Aerosol cans, batteries from flashlights and
button cells, bleaches and household kitchen and drain cleaning agents, car batteries, oil filters
and car care products and consumables, cosmetic items (Chemical based), Insecticides and their
empty containers, light bulbs, tube lights and compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), containers of
Paint, oils, lubricants, glues, thinner etc., pesticides and their empty containers, photographic
chemicals, Styrofoam and soft foam packing from new equipment, thermometers and mercury-
containing products.
Apart from the scientifically proven ideas, citizens can generate innovative ideas in day to-day
life to reduce the total quantity of waste generated.
13.5 Strategies for creating Awareness
Selection of key target audience plays a key role in generating effective awareness. Once the
target groups have been identified, the responsibility lies in developing the approach for
educating these groups. For successful implementation of any program involving public at large,
it is essential to spell out clearly and make them know the manner in which the problem is
proposed to be tackled to keep area clean and improve the quality of life. The communication
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material should be developed and must be utilized in public awareness program through the
tools of publicity. The use of various publicity tools shall be made as under:
Group Education
This may be done through:
Group meetings
Workshops
Exhibitions
Lecture Series
Panel discussions
Mass Education
This is very essential to cover the entire population as it is not possible to reach all the people
through group education programs. Mass Education programs can be planned using following
methods communication.
(i) Use of Print Media:
ULBs can also use newspaper delivery services by inserting handbills for readers in a particular
locality to announce the start of campaign from time to time and to adhere to the systems
introduced.
(ii) Use of TV / Cable TV / Radio/Web Site:
This is the very powerful medium and can be used through local programs to inform the citizens
of new waste collection arrangements made by the local body as and when they become
operational and advise them to participate effectively in the prescribed manner. Contact
numbers of the concerned officials for problem solving or reporting of SWM grievances may also
be publicized. This media may be used to publicize successful efforts in some localities to
motivate other citizens to perform likewise and get similar recognition of their effort.
(iii) Use of Cinema Halls:
Slides in cinema theaters can be displayed to inform and motivate the public.
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(iv) Posters:
Attractive posters with good photographs and messages with a very few words, readable from a
distance, should be prepared and displayed in various parts of the city where awareness
campaign is being taken up.
(v) Pamphlets:
Pamphlets, hand bills can be printed giving instructions in very simple and understandable
language showing photographs in action and circulated in the community requesting public
participation.
(vi) Use of Hoarding:
Special hoarding may be put at strategic locations in the town/city carrying messages seeking
public participation. These hoarding should also carry the contact numbers.
(vii) Use of Public Transport System:
Brief messages can be painted on the rear of public buses or inside the bus panels. Public and
private firms having their own bus fleets may be invited to support such efforts.
(viii) Use of School Children:
Children are powerful communicators. The ULB should hold regular meetings with principals,
teachers and students to explain the need for change, and the usefulness to society of new ways
to manage waste. The message can be reinforced by holding essay, debate or drawing and
painting competitions on the subject and publicizing the winning contestants. Social clubs can
be encouraged to sponsor such events to keep the topic alive. The leading schools could be
persuaded to work as a role model for other schools in taking up awareness campaigns in the
city through their students, which should be highly publicized and other schools could be
persuaded to follow suit.
(ix) Involvement of National Cadet Corps (NCC), National Social Service (NSS) and
Scouts:
In the schools and colleges the students are participating in NCC, NSS and scout activities.
These students could also be sensitized on the public participatory aspect in solid waste
management and as part of their activities they can be involved in the awareness campaign to
bring about a change in public behavior.
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(x) Involvement of Religious Leaders:
Religious leaders play a significant role in bringing about a change in the mindset of the people.
If they advise their devotees/disciples to keep their surroundings clean by not littering anywhere
and by managing their waste as advised by the urban local body it will go a long way in
improving the situation in the urban areas.
(xi) Involvement of Medical Practitioners:
Medical practitioners are held in high esteem by the citizens. A word from them to the patients
or the community to practice appropriate systems of waste management at home, offices, shops
and establishments would help substantially in bringing compliance of the directions of the
urban local body to keep the city clean.
(xii) Involvement of Mahila Mandals/Women Associations:
Women are generally found more concerned in maintenance of health and hygiene and they are
involved in domestic waste management on day to day basis. The awareness among the women
could be raised through Mahila Mandals/Women Associations who could be given talking points
and necessary literatures in a very simple understandable language / graphics for creating
awareness among women.
(xiii) Resident Associations:
Most citizens want a nearby facility to dispose of their waste, but nobody wants a dustbin at
their doorstep. Both needs can be met by the house-to-house collection system. Neighborhoods
can be rewarded for good response to doorstep collection of segregated waste. Groups that
undertake to manage the cleaning of their own area can be rewarded by ULBs through
grants/subsidies.
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Figure 21 : IEC Modules used at Town Level
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