1
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Those who wish to succeed must ask the right preliminary questions.
- Aristotle
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
2.1 Elements of Visual Perception 342.2 Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 422.3 Image Sensing and Acquisition 452.4 Image Sampling and Quantization 522.5 Some Basic Relationships Between Pixels 662.6 Linear and Nonlinear Operations 70
2
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsElements of Visual Perception
Structure of the Human Eye
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Structure of the Human Eye
3
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Image Formation in the Eye
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination
4
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Mach bands phenomenon
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Simultaneous contrast
5
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Optical illusions
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Visible Spectrum
700 nm 400 nm
C = f λΕ ∝ f
6
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Image Sensing and Acquisition
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Image Acquisition Using a Single Sensor
7
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Image Acquisition Using Sensor Strips
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Image Acquisition Using Sensor Arrays
8
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Camera Geometry
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Image Sampling and Quantization
Basic Concepts inSampling and Quantization
9
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Result of Sampling and Quantization
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Representing Digital Images
10
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
NxN pixels x k bits
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Spatial Resolution
11
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Spatial Resolution
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Gray-Level Resolution
12
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Gray-Level Resolution
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Images with various levels of details
13
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Zooming and Shrinking Digital Images
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsSome Basic Relationships Between Pixels
Neighbors of a PixelAdjacency, Connectivity, Regions, and Boundaries
14
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Two points in an image are 'connected' if a path can be found for which the value of the image function is the same all along the path.
P1
P2
P3
P4
P1 connected to P2
P3 connected to P4
P1 not connected to P3 or P4
P2 not connected to P3 or P4
P3 not connected to P1 or P2
P4 not connected to P1 or P2
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Chapter 2: Digital Image FundamentalsChapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Alternate distance metrics for digital images
i
m
n
j
i
m
n
j
i
m
n
j
Euclidean Distance City Block Distance Chessboard Distance
= (i-n) 2 + (j-m) 2 = |i-n| + |j-m| = max[ |i-n|, |j-m| ]