Dr. Jan Erik GrindheimAssoc. Prof. II
Department of Comparative PoliticsUniversity of Bergen
Dr. Jan Erik GrindheimAssoc. Prof. II
Department of Comparative PoliticsUniversity of Bergen
EU ENLARGEMENT EU ENLARGEMENT
EUROPAN COUNCIL SUMMIT 8-9 DECEMBER 2011
1. Introduction
2. Enlargement Rationality
3. The Accession of Croatia
4. Flexible Integration?
5. Conclusion
EU EnlargementEU Enlargement
1. Introduction1. Introduction
"Today's signature of the Accession Treaty is an outstanding moment for the European Union and for Croatia" […]
"Croatia is the best proof of how strong and successful the transformative power of the enlargement policy can be".
Jose Manuel Barroso, 9 December 2011
2. Enlargement Rationality2. Enlargement Rationality
1957: France, Germany, Italy & Be-Ne-Lux1957: France, Germany, Italy & Be-Ne-Lux
2004: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Cyprus & Malta
2004: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Cyprus & Malta
1973: UK, Ireland & Denmark1973: UK, Ireland & Denmark
1981: Greece 1981: Greece
1986: Portugal & Spain1986: Portugal & Spain
1995: Austria, Finland & Sweden1995: Austria, Finland & Sweden
ENLARGEMENT 2004:
1/4 growth of territory
1/3 growth of population
1/20 growth of GDP
2009: Candidate Countries: Turkey, Croatia & Macedonia2009: Candidate Countries: Turkey, Croatia & Macedonia
2007: Bulgaria & Romania2007: Bulgaria & Romania
1990: East joins West in Germany1990: East joins West in Germany
EU EnlargementEU Enlargement
GDP per capita in Europe 2003
Source: The Economist 18 September 2004.EU EnlargementEU Enlargement
The Cold Figures of Enlargement
In the member states that joined in 2004:
over 92 % of population lived in regions with a GDP per capita under 75 % of the EU 25 average
61 % of the population lived in regions below 50 %, whereas no regions in the former EU 15 falls below this level
14 % of the population within EU 15 lived below 75 % of the EU average
Source: IP/05/107 Brussels 28 January 2005. EU EnlargementEU Enlargement
3. The Accession of Croatia3. The Accession of Croatia
The Treaty of Accession of Croatia to the European Union was signed 9 December 2011 at the European Council in Brussels.
“The signature marks the successful end to six-years of negotiations and represents one of the final milestones in the country's road to EU Membership.”
Croatia … applied for EU membership in 2003
candidate country in 2004
accession negotiations started October 2005
successful negotiations 30 June 2011
foreseen to hold referendum in early 2012 subject to the ratification, of the Accession Treaty by all 27 Member
States
will join EU 1 July 2013
4. Flexible Integration?4. Flexible Integration?
CANDIDATE COUNTRIES
Croatia [Accession Treaty signed]Iceland
The Former Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniaMontenegro
Turkey
POTENTIAL CANDIDATES
AlbaniaBosnia and Herzegovina
Serbia and Kosovo under UNSecurity Council Resolution 1244
Flexible Integration?
European Economic Area Treaty, bilateral between organisations
European Economic Area Treaty, bilateral between organisations
Membership based on multilateral treaties
Membership based on multilateral treaties
Free Trade Agreements, bilateral
Free Trade Agreements, bilateral
Special Arrangement Special Arrangement
EU EnlargementEU Enlargement
5. Conclusion5. Conclusion
The EU is a Hybrid - A New Political Order in Europe
Social and Economic Rights
Civil and Political RightsManyNo
Many
State-and Nation-Building 1648 State-and Nation-Building 1648
Constitution-Making and Democratisation 1789 Constitution-Making and Democratisation 1789
Representation and Welfare 1848
Representation and Welfare 1848
Globalisation and European Integration 1989
Globalisation and European Integration 1989
EU EnlargementEU Enlargement