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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 9, Issue 2, February 2018, pp. 587–595, Article ID: IJCIET_09_02_057
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=2
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE WITH
FLY ASH, RICE HUSK ASH AND QUARRY
SAND
A. R. Narde
Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department,
Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering College, Nagpur, India
Dr A. R. Gajbhiye
Professor, Civil Engineering Department,
Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering College, Nagpur, India
ABSTRACT
The durability of concrete is defined as its ability to with stand weathering action,
chemical action, chemical attack or any progressive deterioration. A durable concrete
requires little or no maintenance and retains its original form, quality and
serviceability when exposed to its environmental expect harsh or aggressive
environments.
In this research the attempt have been made to examine the suitability of replacing
cement by rice husk ash and fly ash and natural sand by with various percentage of
quarry sand for M25 grade concrete and examine characteristic such as compressive
strength and critical mix was determined and compared with the conventional
concrete(controlled mix)and durability characteristic such as acid attack test for 30
days 60days, 90 days ,120days were analyzed also effect of carbonation was studied
and micro structural analysis was carried by XRF Analysis. The controlled mix with
100% Natural sand and 100% cement and critical mixes with 22.5% fly ash, 7.5 %
Rice husk ash and 30% quarry sand with replacement cement and natural sand
respectively and mix was examined for durability. The use rice husk ash and fly ash in
concrete has been found to improve the resistance of concrete sulphuric acid and
hydrochloric acid attack because of reduced presence of calcium hydroxide which is
more vulnerable to acid attack. The use of fly ash and rice husk ash as partial
replacement of ordinary Portland cement was found to more effective in reduction of
acid attack. And it has been observed that carbonation not effect of compressive
strength of concrete.
Keywords: Quarry sand(QS), fly ash (FA), Natural sand (NS), rice husk ash (RHA),
Coarse aggregate (CA). XRF analysis
A. R. Narde and Dr A. R. Gajbhiye
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 588 [email protected]
Cite this Article: A. R. Narde and Dr A. R. Gajbhiye, Durability Studies on Concrete
with Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash and Quarry Sand, International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 9(2), 2018, pp. 587–595.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=2
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in civil Engineering industry because
of its high structural strength, stability The controlled concrete is produced by using Natural
sand from river bed as fine aggregate. Dwindling sand resources poses the environmental
problem and hence government restriction on sand quarrying resulted in scarcity and
significant increase in it cost and The concrete industry is constantly looking for
supplementary cementations material with the objective of reducing the solid waste disposal
problem of Fly Ash and Rice husk ash and cost savings can result when industrial by-products
are used as partial replacements for the energy - intensive Portland cement. Thus an
increasing demand for cement and concrete can be met by partially replacing cement with Fly
ash and Rice husk ash and natural sand with Quarry sand. This investigation was carried to
study the feasibility of using locally available rice husk ash, Fly ash and Quarry sand as
partial replacements for cement and sand in concrete.
In present investigation cement was replaced by rice husk ash and Fly ash by weight of
the cement as ingredient in concrete and Quarry sand was used as an alternative fine
aggregate material to it which is obtained during quarrying process. This paper describes the
effects of atmosphere on the concrete mixes.
2. MATERIALS
2.1. Coarse Aggregate
The specific gravity and water absorption are 2.67 and 0.8% respectively. The tests were
conducted as per IS: 383 – 1970.
2.2. Cement
Ordinary Portland cement of 43-grade was used in this study conforming to IS: 12269-1987.
The physical properties are: Specific gravity is 3.15gm/cc Normal consistency is 28.3%
2.3. Rice husk ash
RHA was obtained from YASH AGRO, Chimur, Chandrapur. Sieving was carried out by
passing it through 90 micron sieve and then it is use for research purpose. RHA was
considered in the present study as a replacement of cement. The specific gravity of RHA used
is 2.1gm/cc
2.4. Fly ash
Fly ash used was obtained from Koradi Power Plant Nagpur. The fly ash, also known as
pulverized fuel ash, It is produced from burning pulverized coal in electric power generating
plants. Specific gravity of fly ash is 2.29gm/cc.
2.5. Quarry sand
Quarry Sand was obtained from Sidheshwar quarry, Pachgaon. Plant: 360, Surgaon, Nagpur.
The cheapest and the easiest way of getting substitute for natural sand is by crushing natural
stone to get artificial sand of desired size and grade which would be free from all impurities is
known as Quarry Sand. Specific gravity of quarry sand is 3.09gm/cc.
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2.6. Chemical admixture
In this project, super-plasticizer is used as high range water reducer.AC-PLAST-BV
430.Apple Chemie India Private Limited Company, Nagpur as a high range water reducing
admixture for obtaining a workability
3. MIX DESIGN
The concrete mix M25 were designed in accordance with IS 10262-2009. The Three mixes of
three different grades of M25 have been selected for the investigation of durability tests like
acid attack, carbonation, permeability. It is indicated in Table 1.
Table 1 Durability Test on Selected Samples of Concrete
Mix Cement
%
Fly ash
%
Rice
husk ash
%
Natural
Sand %
Quarry
sand %
Coarse
aggregate
%
Mix 1(controlled mix)
M25-A 100 00 00 100 00 100
Mix 2
M25-A4 100 22.5 7.5 100 00 100
Mix3(critical mix)
M25-B6 70 22.5 7.5 70 30 100
4. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
4.1. Testing
Tests on hardened concrete carried out includes compressive test on concrete cube for size
150mm X 150mm X 150mm (IS: 516–1959). Acid resistance test for hydrochloric acid (HCl)
and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) were carried out as per ACTM C-267 and Rapid chloride
permeability test in accordance with ASTM C1202. The chemical composition of cement
concrete is determined using XRF analysis, before and after immersion in acidic water
solution.
4.2. Acid attack testing of concrete
The initial mass and compressive strength of the cubic specimens of 150x150x150 mm was
determined after 28 days of curing before immersing into the acid solutions. Sulphuric and
hydrochloric acid solutions with initial concentrations of 2% by volume were prepared in
acid-resistant tanks. The 2% H2SO4 water solution (98.5% concentration-11.2 ml/liter water)
and 2% HCl water solution (36.46% concentration-48.8 ml/liter water) were prepared. The
Replicates of specimens from each mixture were kept continuously immersed in the sulphuric
and hydrochloric acid solutions for 30, 60, 90 & 120 days as recommended by ASTM C 267.
During the test period, the cubic specimens were removed after 30, 60, 90 & 120 days from
solutions, rinsed with tap water and left to dry for 30 min before weighing and visual
inspection. The solution was replaced at regular intervals to maintain pH 6 constant
throughout. After 30, 60, 90 & 120 days, the specimens were tested for compressive strength
based on the original cross-sectional area. The percentage of strength change were calculated,
percentage weight loss were calculated.
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4.3. Chemical analysis of acid affected concrete
The chemical composition of an inorganic material was determined by X–Ray Fluorescence
Analysis (XRF). It provides highly accurate information about elemental mineral composition
4.4. Rapid Chloride Ion Permeability Test
The rapid chloride ion permeability test (RCPT) is performed as per provisions of ASTM
C1202. This standard specifies the rating of chloride permeability of concrete based on the
charge passed through the specimen during six hours of testing period. RCPT has been used
to evaluate the chloride permeability of hardened cement concretes. The Rapid chloride
permeability test (RCPT) is performed by monitoring the amount of electrical current that
passes through a sample 50 mm thick by 100 mm in diameter in 6 hours this sample is
typically cut as a slice of a core or cylinder. A voltage of 60V DC is maintained across the
ends of the sample throughout the test. One lead is immersed in a 3.0% salt (NaCl) solution
and the other in a 0.3 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. Based on the charge that passes
through the sample, a qualitative rating is made of the concrete’s permeability. RCPT has
been used to evaluate the chloride permeability of hardened concrete. It is indicated in
figure 1
Figure 1 Rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) Testing
4.5. Carbonation of concrete
The carbonation chamber apparatus consists of a chamber as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
The chamber is the environmental supply chamber where air is conditioned to a CO2 content
of 5%, as per European standard EN 13295-2004 and relative humidity of 60% to 70% and
temperature of 27°C to 30 °C. The chambers are easily constructed using aluminium sheet
and Gaskets and sealing clamps can be used to make an air tight system. Relative humidity
was controlled with multiple pans of saturate salt solution composed of lime, NaCl and water.
The cover for steel reinforcement for beam sample was 5 mm. Periodic checks need to be
made to make sure the solution is not under-saturated or dried out. The CO2 gas atmosphere
was inducted using compressed CO2 gas regulator. The humidity and temperature was
measured by hygrometer. In this experiment a 5% CO2 and 95% oxygen atmosphere was
chosen to shorten the test period to suit project requirements. An industrial gas mixture of
5%CO2 in air was tried. The gas regulator was useful in keeping the flow rate and gas pressure
15 to 20 kg /cm2.
It is indicated in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
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Figure 2 Carbonation chamber Figure 3 Schematic diagram for Carbonation process
Table 2 Effect of 2% H2SO4 on compressive strength of M 25 grade concrete.
Mix
Proportions
MIX 1
(M25A)
MIX 2
(M25-A4)
MIX 3
(M25-B6)
No. of Days C1
N/mm2
C2
N/mm2
% C.S.
Loss
C1
N/mm2
C2 N/mm2
% C.S.
Loss
C1
N/mm2
C2 N/mm2
% C.S.
Loss
30 32.74 30.93 5.5 27.9 26.78 4.0 35,8 34.54 3.5
60 32.74 30.28 7.4 27.9 26.10 6.5 35.8 34.08 4.8
90 32.74 30.25 7.6 27.9 26.10 6.7 35.8 34.08 4.8
120 32.74 30.25 7.6 27.90 26.00 6.7 35.8 34,10 4.95
Table 3 Effect of 2% HCl on compressive strength of M 25 grade concrete
Mix
proportions MIX 1(M25-A) MIX 2 (M25-A4) MIX 3 (M25-B6)
No. of Days C1
N/mm2
C2
N/mm2
% C.S.
Loss
C1
N/mm2
C2
N/mm2
% C.S.
Loss
C1
N/mm2
C2 N/mm2
% C.S.
Loss
30 32.74 27.40 3.25 27.90 27.0 3.25 35.8 34.76 3.0
60 32.74 27.00 4.6 27.90 26.64 4.5 35.8 34.40 4.0
90 32.74 27.00 4.6 27.90 26.61 4.6 35.8 34.33 4.2
120 32.74 27.0 4.6 27.90 26.61 4.6 35.8 34.33 4.2
Abbreviations- C1- compressive strength of concrete before immersion in acidic water
solution (28 days curing), C2-compressive strength of concrete after immersion in acidic
Water solution C.S- % compressive strength loss
Figure 4 Strength loss in M25grade concrete after immersion in H2SO4solution
0
2
4
6
8
30 60 90 120
% S
tren
gth
loss
No. of days immerssion in 2%H2SO4 solution
Percentage Strength Loss in M25 grade concrete after
immerssion in 2%H2SO4Solution
M25-A4 M25-A M25-B6
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Figure 5 Strength loss in M25 grade concrete after immersion in HCl solution
Table 4 Variation of compressive strength (C.S.) on of concrete after 120 days carbonation
Mix
Proportions MIX ( controlled mix) MIX (critical mix)
Grade of
concrete
C1
N/mm2
C2
N/mm2
%
variation
of C.S.
C.D.
mm
C1
N/mm2
C2
N/mm2
%
variation
of C.S.
C. D.
mm
M25 32.74 34.64 5.82 2.0 35.80 37.75 5.45 1.0
Abbreviations
C1 - compressive strength of concrete before carbonation(after 28 days curing)
C2 - compressive strength of concrete after carbonation
C.S - % compressive strength increases Or decreases (variation of strength)
C.D - carbonation depth
Table 5 Chemical Composition of M25 Concrete by XRF analysis
Concrete M25- A(controlled mix) M25 (critical mix) 22.5%FA+7.5%
RHA+30%QS
Un
affected
H2SO4
affected-
120 days
HCl
affected-
120days
carbonated-
120 days
Un
affected
H2SO4
affected-
120 days
HCl
affected-
120days
Carbonated-
120 days
Minerals % by
mass
% by
mass
% by
mass % by mass
% by
mass
% by
mass
% by
mass % by mass
Na2 O Sodium
oxide 2.28 1.040 0.900 0.728 3.27 0.962 1.198 0.897
MgO
Magnesium
oxide
2.54 2.343 2.23 2.48 3.37 2.439 2.956 2.243
SiO2 Silicon
dioxide 50.10 49.96 49.31 40.79 50.29 45.98 43.36 44.05
Al2O3
Aluminum
trioxide
11.13 8.489 8.048 7.621 12.67 9.904 10.70 9.758
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
30 60 90 120%
Str
ength
lo
ss
No. of days immerssion in2% HCL
Percentage Steength Loss in M25 concrete after
immerssion in 2% HCL solution
M25-A4 M25-A M25-B6
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Concrete M25- A(controlled mix) M25 (critical mix) 22.5%FA+7.5%
RHA+30%QS
Fe O3 Iron
trioxide 6.36 6.481 6.188 6.068 10.05 7.355 8.692 7.049
TiO2 Titanium
oxide 0.90 0.814 0.738 0.750 1.38 1.057 1.179 1.015
CaO Calcium
oxide 16.79 17.51 19.04 24.91 17.41 15.70 14.66 19.64
K2O Potassium
oxide 1.20 1.417 1.588 1.264 0.56 1.105 1.122 1.156
Table 6 Result of Rapid chloride penetration test ( RCPT test)
Mix Charge passed Charge passed
(Coulombs) (28 Days) (Coulombs) (90Days)
M25-A 1285 1195
M25-A4 1260 1152
M25-B6 1164 1100
5. OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSION
5.1. Acid resistance of concrete
It has been observed that controlled mix is more affected by action of hydrochloric acid and
Sulfuric acid. The resistances against acid get reduce due to presence of more amount internal
voids and this draw back can be rectified by use of fly ash, and rice husk ash which fill up
voids and it will increases resistance against acid. It has been that is observed that percentage
compressive strength loss in case of H2SO4 attack is significantly more than HCl attack as
indicated Table 2 and Table 3 and Fig.4 and Fig 5. It is also observed that action of acid is
more at initial stage and once reaction between acid and concrete takes place it results into
maximum deterioration of concrete and there after deterioration of concrete will not be
significant though concentration of acidic water solution maintained at same as that of initial
stage.
5.2. Hydrochloric Acid Attack (HCl)
During the test, it is observed that the colour of the external surface of the sample is yellow
whereas the colour of their inner surface is brown, and more damage occurred controlled
concrete as compare to concrete composed of fly ash, rice husk ash and quarry sand and it has
been observed that fly ash, rice husk ash concrete has better resistance to acid medium.
The Ca(OH2) calcium hydroxide react with HCl hydrochloric acid and produce CaCl2.
Calcium chloride and concrete loses strength and increases porosity. So acid penetration
becomes easy and hydrochloric acid penetrates inwards the concrete by interval of porosity.
The concrete mixture with fly ash and rice husk ash reduces capillary pores and increases the
resistance.
5.3. Sulphuric Acid Attack (H2SO4)
The sulfuric acid reacts with calcium hydroxide of cement hydrates to produce calcium sulfate
salt. (White powder).These salts are expanding salts and the pressure that is created during
their production which develops cracks and collapse the concrete. The fly ash and rice husk
ash in concrete has been found to improve the resistance to sulfuric acid because of less
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presence of calcium hydroxide which is most vulnerable to acid attack. It is observed that due
to sulfuric acid attack calcium sulfate (white powder) is formed and edges of aggregates get
damaged.
5.5. Carbonation test on concrete
Carbonation of concrete is a process by which carbon dioxide from the air penetrates into
concrete through pores and reacts with calcium hydroxide to form calcium carbonates.
Carbonation leads to a reduction in porosity of the exposed concrete surface because the
volume of the reaction product (CaCO3) exceeds that of the original reactants. It is observed
that compressive strength of carbonated concrete is slightly increases and it is due to CaCO3
occupies a greater volume than Ca(OH)2.Carbonation improve surface hardness, strength due
pore refinement of cement concrete. It is indicated in table 4 Carbonation can be helpful in
non-reinforced cement based products but as pH of carbonated cement paste reduces due to
carbonation, reinforcing steel loses its passivity and becomes vulnerable to corrosion. When
pH value of pore water in concrete reduces below 10 then carbonation gets started. The pH
value of pore water in unaffected hardened concrete was 12.5 to 13.5 It has been observed
that the use of fly ash and rice husk ash refine pore structure and reduces size of pores and
reduces porosity of concrete and that reduces carbonation in case of critical mix concrete.
During hydration process of concrete more amount of calcium hydroxide get consumed by
higher percentage of silica present rice husk ash and balance calcium hydroxide is very less to
react with carbon di oxide during carbonation. And micro fines present quarry sand reduces
pores Therefore effect of carbonation is very less on critical concrete containing rice husk ash
and quarry sand which prevent penetration of carbon dioxide into concrete.
5.6. Microscopic structural analysis observations (XRF Analysis)
XRF analysis showed that chemical composition phases of controlled mix and critical mix it
is found that critical mix contain high percentage of silicon di oxide and iron di oxide because
of that concrete containing RHA and quarry sand gives more strength.
X RF Analysis observed that due action of HCl, H2SO4 Acid and carbonation the
controlled concrete get affected and altered the chemical composition, that observed from
changes in percentage of mass of chemical compounds whereas critical concrete the get less
affected by H2SO4, HCl acid and carbonation. The silicon dioxide gets reduced due to acid
attack in case controlled mix and critical mix. It is indicated in Table 5.
5.7. Rapid chloride permeability test
The Rapid chloride permeability test shows that Critical mix prevents the penetration. It has
Lesser voids and lesser permeability. The more Charge passes through the controlled mix
concrete, shows less penetration resistance as compare to critical mix. The concrete mix with
fly ash and rice husk ash lowers the passage of charge which increases the penetration
resistance. Quarry sand has micro fine particles and incorporation of quarry sand in concrete
reduces the permeability of concrete in larger extend as compare only due to that of fly ash
and rice husk ash and it is indicated in Table 6
6. CONCLUSION
1. The aggressiveness of 2% sulphuric acid medium and 2% hydrochloric acid medium
is different and deterioration is different. The loss of strength is lower in the
hydrochloric acid solutions. The concretes have more strength loss in the sulphuric
acid than in the hydrochloric acid solutions. The degradation mechanisms due to
H2SO4attack and HCl attack are different. Sulphuric acid leached the layers of the
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paste in exposed surface, while hydrochloric acid penetrates inwards the concrete by
the interval of porosity.
2. Controlled mix shows the least durability in acidic solution and mix with combination
with rice husk ash, fly ash and quarry sand shows highest resistance to acid attack i.e.
highest durability in H2SO4 solution and HCl solution. The effect of HCl and H2SO4 is
more on controlled concrete.
3. The concrete mix with fly ash and rice husk ash lowers the passage of charge which
increases the penetration resistance. Quarry sand has micro fine particles and
incorporation of quarry sand in concrete reduces the permeability of concrete in larger
extend. XRF Analysis shows that critical concrete the get less affected by H2SO4, HCl
acid and carbonation.
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