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Chapter 11Chapter 11
Wireless Systems and Standards
Yim in Zha ng , Ph.D.
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Villanova Universityhttp :/ / y im inzha ng .c om / ECE8708
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D-AMPS/IS-54
CDMA/IS-95
GSM 900
GSM 1800GSM 1900
DECT
Paging PHS
PACSPDC PCS 1900
Evolution Overview
Japan US Europe JapanUSEurope
1st
2nd
3G
AMPS
RADIOCOM
NMT450 TACS
NMT900 NETZ-C
CT0…3
IMT-2000
Wireless Cordless
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Terminology AMPS AMPS (( A Advanceddvanced MMobileobile PPhonehone SSystem): North American cellularystem): North American cellular
phone standard, operates in 800 MHz and 900 MHz bands. Aboutphone standard, operates in 800 MHz and 900 MHz bands. About85% of AMPS subscribers are in the U.S.85% of AMPS subscribers are in the U.S.
GSMGSM ((GGrouperoupe SSpecialepeciale MMobile): Digital cellular standard in Europe.obile): Digital cellular standard in Europe.
DCSDCS 18001800 (Digital Communication Service): an extension of GSM(Digital Communication Service): an extension of GSMstandard, operates at 1800 MHz.standard, operates at 1800 MHz.
DECTDECT (Digital European Cordless Telecommunications): a cordless(Digital European Cordless Telecommunications): a cordlesssystem supporting voice and data.system supporting voice and data.
NMTNMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone): one of the first cellular systems,(Nordic Mobile Telephone): one of the first cellular systems,operates in 450 MHz and 900 MHz bands. Used in Scandinavianoperates in 450 MHz and 900 MHz bands. Used in Scandinaviancountries (Norway, Sweden, Finland).countries (Norway, Sweden, Finland).
TACSTACS (Total Access Communications System): derivative of AMPS(Total Access Communications System): derivative of AMPSdeveloped in U.K. 91% of TACS subscribers come from Europe.developed in U.K. 91% of TACS subscribers come from Europe.
TACS/NTTTACS/NTT: Japanese digital transmission scheme, operates in: Japanese digital transmission scheme, operates in
800 MHz and 1500 MHz bands; based on TDMA/FDD.800 MHz and 1500 MHz bands; based on TDMA/FDD.
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Generations of Mobile Systems
11stst Generation (1G): Analog TransmissionGeneration (1G): Analog Transmission AMPS AMPS
TACS (ETACS)TACS (ETACS)
NMTNMT
22ndnd Generation (2G): Digital TransmissionGeneration (2G): Digital Transmission GSMGSM
CT2, CT3 (Cordless Telephone)CT2, CT3 (Cordless Telephone) DECTDECT
CDMACDMA
33rdrd Generation (3G): Unification of technologiesGeneration (3G): Unification of technologies
FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems)FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems)
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom System)UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom System)
cdma2000, WCDMA (Wideband CDMA)cdma2000, WCDMA (Wideband CDMA)
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First Generation - History
AMPS: Advance Mobile Phone System
- 1978 First cellular experimental analog
systems - AT&T AMPS system(Chicago, IL); channel spacing is 30KHz
- 1983 First commercial analog systemat Chicago, IL; total 40 MHz spectrumin 800 MHz band
- 1989 Additional 10 MHz (extended
spectrum) band
- 1991 Motorola developed AMPS-likesystem N-AMPS (narrowband AMPS);channel spacing is 10 KHz
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First Generation - History
ETACS: European Total AccessCommunication System, orTACS
- Developed in Mid-1980s; virtuallyidentical to AMPS
- The channel spacing is 25 KHz
- The mobile identification number(MIN) accommodates country
codes.
N-AMPS developed by Motorola(3*capacity, still analog) in 1991
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Second Generation – USDC/ CDMA/GSM
• IS-54 “dual mode” digital cellular in 1990, also known as USDC
(United States Digital Cellular), D-AMPS (Digital AMPS), and NADC(North American Digital Cellular)
– TDMA/FDD
– Support 3 full-duplex users on each AMPS channel
• IS-136 in 1994 (against competition from PCS1900)
• Design objectives:
– Higher Capacity
– Backward compatibility
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Second Generation – USDC/CDMA/GSM
• Qualcomm CDMA proposal in 1989 and IS-95 in 1992
• GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)
• Design objectives:
- Standardized Pan-European mobile system
- Equivalent traffic capacity to pre-existing 25kHz European
analog cellular bandwidth (200kHz/8)
- Wireless counterpart for ISDN
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Second Generation Share
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User 1
• Slot 1
• Slot 4
User 2
• Slot 2
• Slot 5
User 3
• Slot 3
• Slot 6
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Data: total 260 bits
Sync: 28 bits
SACCH: 12 bits - Slow Associated Control Channel
- provides a signaling channel in parallel with the digital speech
- carries various control and supervisory messages between thesubscriber unit and the base station
- used by the mobile unit to report the results of signal strength
measurement of neighboring base station
CDVCC: 12 bits – Coded Digital Verification Color Code
- 8 bit information + 4bit coding
- MS must receive, decode, and retransmit the same CDVCC
Guard: 6 bits - guard bits to compensate for timing differences
Ramp: 6 bits - ramp bits to allow for power ramp up of RF signal
FACCH: Fast Associated
Control Channel
- important control of
specialized traffic data (e.g.,
handoff)
- within data traffic channel
FACCH: Fast Associated
Control Channel
- important control of
specialized traffic data (e.g.,
handoff)
- within data traffic channel
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Data: total 260 bitsSync: 28 bits
SACCH: 12 bits - Slow Associated Control Channel
FACCH: Fast Associated Control Channel
- within data traffic channelCDVCC: 12 bits – Coded Digital Verification Color Code
- 8 bit information + 4bit coding
- MS must receive, decode, and retransmit the same CDVCC
Reserved: 12 bits
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Second Generation – USDCChannel coding:
uncoded information: 77 class-1 bits and 82 class-2 bits.
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Second Generation – USDCInterleaving
Use two speech frames x and y.
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Second Generation – USDCModulation
48.6 kbps over 30 kHz band
1.62 bps/Hz spectral efficiency
π/4-DQPSK is used.
Roll-off factor: 0.35
Equalization
symbol rate : 24.3 ksps
maximum rms delay is 4.12µs without equalization
Probability that rms delay exceeds 4µs is 25% of the location in 4 cities
DFE equalizer: 4 feedforward taps (1/2 symbol spacing), 1 feedback
tap
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Second Generation – USDCIS-136 – Final USDC standard
provide new features and services to be competitive with IS-95 and
GSM.
- short message capability
- private, user group
- sleep mode
- control channel changes from 10 kbps FSK to 48.6 kbps DQPSK
- IS-54 and IS-136 terminals are not compatible
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Second Generation – GSM- Before GSM, European countries used different cellular standards
throughout Europe.
- GSM is now the world’s most popular standard for 2nd generation
wireless communications in the world.
- First introduced in 1991.
- Several non-European countries in South America, Asia, Australia
adopted GSM.
- GSM uses removable Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) to store
information of the subscriber’s identification information, network and
countries where the subscriber is entitled to service, private keys.
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Second Generation – GSM
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Second Generation – GSMG S M S y s te m
Rad io Ne two rk BSS )
M ob i le Sw i t c h i ng Ne two rk< S w i t c hi n g a n d M a n a g em e n t S u b s y s te m > S M S S )
M a n a g em e n t N e t w o r k< O p e r a ti o n a n d M a in t en a n c e S u b s y st em > O M S S )
M ob i le S t a ti onM ob i le E qu ipm e n tSubsc r ibe r I den t i ty M odul S IM )
Base T r ansce ive r S t a t ion BT S)Base S t a t ion Co n t r o l le r BS C)
M ob i le Sw i t c h ing Ce n t e r M S C)G a t e w a y M o b i le Sw i t c h ing Ce n t e r G M SC)In t e rna ti ona l Sw i t ch ing Cen te r ISC)H om e L oc a t ion Re g i s t er H L R )Vi s i t o r Loca t i on Reg i s t e r VL R)
O pe r a t ion a nd M a i n te na nc e Ce n t e r O M C)Equipm ent I den t i ty Reg i s t e r E IR)A u t he n t ic a t ion Ce n t e r A U C)
F ixed
mob i l e
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Second Generation – GSM■BTS: Provide the radio channel for signaling and user data traffic in this cell■BSC: Control of BTSs; Frequency administration■MSC : The major tasks of an MSC are routing incoming and outgoing calls and
the assignment of user channels on the A-interface.■HLR : An HLR can be regarded as a large database that administers the data ofliterally hundreds of thousands of subscribers.
■VLR : A VLR contains subscriber data, but only part of the data in the HLR andonly while the particular subscriber roams in the area for which theVLR is
responsible.
■ISC: Connections to other mobile or international networks are mostly routedover the International Switching Center (ISC) of the respective country.
■OMC: Administration and commercial operation; Security management;Network configuration, performance management■ AUC:Confidential data and keys are stored or generated in AUC
■EIR:Stores the serial numbers of the terminals
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Second Generation – GSM- GSM originally used two 25 MHz cellular bands.
- GSM uses FDD and a combination of TDMA and FHMA schemes to
provide multiple access to mobile users.
- Forward and reverse frequency bands are divided into 200 kHz wide
channels, called ARFCN (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel
Numbers).
- Each channel is time shared between as many as 8 subscribers using
TDMA.
- Guard band of 100 kHz at each end; total 125 channels (about 1000
users).
- ARFCN+TS constitutes physical channel.
- Data rate: 270.833 kbps per channel, 33.854 kbps per user
- Modulation: GMSK modulation with BT=0.3
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Second Generation – GSM
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Second Generation – GSM
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Second Generation – GSM
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Second Generation – GSM
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Second Generation – GSM
ignaling
raffic
Broadcast Channel
(BCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Frequency Correction Channel (FCH)
Common Control
Channel
(CCCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Access Grant Channel (AGCH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Dedicated Control
Channel
(DCCH)
Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
Associated Control
Channel
(ACCH)
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)
Traffic Channel
(TCH)
Full-rate Channel (Bm)
Half-rate Channel (Lm)
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Second Generation – GSM
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Second Generation – GSM
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Second Generation – GSM
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Second Generation – CDMA- Qualcomm developed CDMA/AMPS dual mode phone in 1994.
- As of 2001, there are over 80 million CDMA subscribers worldwide.
- Each IS-95 channel occupies 1.25 MHz on each one way link.
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CDMA
24x16 array
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CDMA
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Migration Path – 2G, 2.5G, 3G
2000 2001 2002 2003
Japan
Europe
America
PDC
GSM
AMPS/D-AMPS
IS-95A IS-95B
D-AMPS+
GPRS EDGE
W-CDMA
HSCSD
CDMA2000
2G System
3G System
Easy upgrade
Upgrade requiring new modulation
Upgrade requiring entire new radio system
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Evolution
2G Handsets
This is the current digital mobile phone
technology most of us are using.
Features includes:
• Phone calls
• Voice mail
• Receive and send SMS
Speed: 9.6 kilobits/sec
Time to download a 4 min MP3 song: 50 min
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Evolution Cont.
2.5G HandsetsThe best technology now widely available
Features includes:
• Phone calls/fax - always on• Voice mail
• Send/receive large email messages
• Internet browsing
• GPS• Instant news update
Speed: >10 - 144kilobits/sec
Time to download a 4 min MP3 song: 7 - 12min
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Evolution Cont.
3G HandsetsCombines a mobile phone, laptop PC and television.
Features includes:
• Phone calls/fax - always on
• Global roaming• Send/receive large email
• High speed internet
• GPS
• Videoconferencing• Live streaming
Speed: >144 - 2 megabits/sec
Time to download a 4 min MP3 song: 15sec - 1.6min
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Generations of Mobile Systems
11stst Generation (1G): Analog TransmissionGeneration (1G): Analog Transmission AMPS AMPS
TACS (ETACS)TACS (ETACS)
NMTNMT
22ndnd Generation (2G): Digital TransmissionGeneration (2G): Digital Transmission GSMGSM
CT2, CT3 (Cordless Telephone)CT2, CT3 (Cordless Telephone)
DECTDECT
CDMACDMA
33rdrd Generation (3G): Unification of technologiesGeneration (3G): Unification of technologies
FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems)FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems)
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom System)UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom System)
cdma2000, WCDMA (Wideband CDMA)cdma2000, WCDMA (Wideband CDMA)
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Homework Assignment 6Homework Assignment 6
9.12
11.1 (find by yourself for DECT)
11.13
11.6 (optional + 20)
Deadline 4/20/05
Before next class begins