EE453/ECG 653Introduction to nanotechnology
Dr. B. DasNevada Nanotechnology Center
UNLV
Current Computer Chip Manufacturing• Gordon Moore: co-founder of Intel
• Predicted that number of transistors per chip would grow exponentially (double
every 18 months)
Integrated Circuits
Transistor is the smallest unit of the circuit
Smallest feature in a transistor can be as smallas 45 nm (next generation : 35 nm)
Courtesy : Intel
Graph Demonstration for size of matters in the universe (from www.nano.gov):
Scale of Things (from www.nano.gov)
•A human hair is about 80,000 nanometers wide :
courtesy : IBM
Nano World
Properties of material changes at the nanoscale : Novel effects (quantum mechanical)
In general material properties are better at the nanoscale
Nano Materials
Nanoparticles : small spheres
Nanotubes
Nanopillars or nanorods
Nanoshells
Light emission from nanoparticles
Same material with different size can emit different colors
Diameter Emission
1.9nm - 6.7nm 465nm-640nm
Courtesy : Evident Technologies
Nanofabrication
Chemical techniques
Lithographic techniques (IC fabrication)
Nonlithographic techniques– Natural self-organization– Biomimetic
Equipment Chemical Technique at UNLV
UNLV Nanodeposition System
Unique
One-of-a-kind in the world
Load locked magnetically coupled sample mount.System base pressure ~ 1x10-10 mbar Sample holder could be heated to 800oC and rotated at 50RPM.Water-cooled quartz crystal monitor for thickness measurement
High Power electron microscopeat UNLV
600,000magnification
UNLV Atomic Force Microscope
Atomic resolution
UNLV Optical characterization
Si nanoparticles with an average 10 nm diameter
Nanoparticles deposited at UNLV
UNLV : Si Nanoparticle
High density CdS QD samples werecreated for TEM characterization.High resolution TEM data showsexcellent single crystalline natureof the QDs.
This is significant for efficient opticalemission.
UNLV Nanotechnology Laboratory
UNLV : Nanoporous Materials
Cross-section Top view
UNLV : Nanopillars
A 40-nanometer-wide NIST logo made with cobalt atoms on a copper surface.
•There are one billion nm's to a meter. Each nm is only three to five atoms wide
Courtesy : NIST
Prediction
Molecular Assembler Nanocomputer Cell Repair Commercial Product Nanotech Law
Robert R. Birge 2005 2040 2030 2002 1998
Donald W. Brenner 2025 2040 2035 2000 2036
K. Eric Drexler 2015 2017 2018 2015 2015
J. Storrs Hall 2010 2010 2050 2005 1995
Richard E. Smalley 2000 2100 2010 2000 2000
Bottom Line 2011 2041 2029 20042009 David Pescovitz
Nanoparticles and Photovoltaics
Carbon Nanotube• Basically graphene hexagonal sheets rolled into tubes
• The strongest fiber that will be ever made (1000 times stronger than steel)
• Electrical conductivity of copper or silicon
• Thermal conductivity of Diamond
• The chemistry of carbon
• The size and perfection of DNA
Carbon Nanotube Applicatons• Combat clothes: MIT is working on such project• Concrete: increase tensile strength• Artificial muscles• Computer circuits
Motorola's display is 3.3 millimetres thick. The prototype is a 5-inch diagonal section of a 42-inch 1280x720 high-definition television and has a refresh rate of 60 Hz.
Courtesy : Motorola
ApplicationsTreatment and Detection of Cancer.
When the vaccine is injected into patients, the virus enters specialized cells known as "antigen presenting cells." The vaccine produces 5T4, an antigen naturally made by the kidney cancer cells. This induces an immune response. This results in destruction of the kidney tumor cells by the immune system.ILLUSTRATION CREDIT: Nancy Heim
• Purple cell clusters: normal breast tissue
• Red cell clusters: breast carcinoma
Credit : T. Wu
• Purple cell clusters: normal breast tissue
• Red cell clusters: breast carcinoma
Credit : T. Wu
Nano-motors to Nano-robotsOnce the structural and operating functions of artificial and natural biological machines is known, we can develop robots to perform standard operations such as the delivery and distribution of medicines.
Here, a nanorobot delivers a molecule to the organ inlet --represented by the white cylinder. (Credit: Adriano Cavalcanti)
Nanorobot
Nano Applications to Environment
Researchers aim to use nanotechnology to provide efficient and effective filters for water and air, leading to reduced pollution.Using Carbon Nanotube Fuel Cells to Store HydrogenBiomimicry:
scientists attempt to copy plants’ photosynthesis mechanism
Nano Applications to Environment
cost-effective nanomaterial to remove mercury from industrial wastes without producing harmful byproducts or secondary waste