ii
EFFECT OF TIME OF HARVEST AND SEED SIZE
ON SEED QUALITY OF SOYBEAN
By
DIDIK HARNOWO
Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra
Malaysia,
in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
October 2004
iii
Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia
in fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
EFFECT OF TIME OF HARVEST AND SEED SIZE
ON SEED QUALITY OF SOYBEAN
By
DIDIK HARNOWO
October 2004
Chairman : Uma Rani Sinniah, Ph.D.
Faculty : Agriculture
Soybean is one of the most important legume crop in Indonesia. It is widely
cultivated in several agro-ecosystems to meet the local needs. The availability of
high quality seeds is essential for increased productivity but is often neglected.
Farmers use seeds from the previous planting irrespective of season, harvest time
and bulk seeds of varying size together. This study was undertaken in three step
wise experiments in order to study the effect of the current practices on seed
quality, namely (1) to understand the effect of production environment (wet and
dry seasons) and time of harvest on seed quality, (2) to study the effect of seed
size within cultivar on seed quality, and (3) to determine the agronomic
performance of seed lots within cultivar differing in seed size. Seed quality was
assessed using the value of its potential longevity (Ki, in probit scale), the
intercept of the transformed seed survival curve into probit scale. Production
environment affected seed quality, whereby seeds produced in wet season had
lower quality than those in dry season, as indicated by lower seed potential
iv
longevity (Ki). The response of six soybean cultivars to production environment
on seed size and crop duration was similar. Physiological maturity or mass
maturity occurred at around developmental stage R6 + 15 days while maximum
seed quality occurred five days later. Since farmers generally harvest soybean at
around developmental stage R6 + 15 days, delaying harvest until some time after
mass maturity will ensure better seed quality. Seed quality as indicated by Ki value
positively correlated with oligosaccharides, especially raffinose but negatively
correlated with monosaccharides as noted between seasons, among cultivars and
harvest times. On the other hand, the relative amount of pectin methyl esterase
(PME) negatively correlated with seed potential longevity. This suggests that
oligosaccharides and PME play a role in determining quality of seed.
Small sized seeds within cultivar comprised 13.8 – 16.5% of total seed produced
and they exhibited lower quality than large seeds. This is largely attributed to late
pollination and thus resulting in shorter grain filling period. Large and medium
sized seeds within a cultivar did not differ much in quality but large seeded
cultivars had much lower Ki value, indicating poorer storability. If such seeds are
to be stored, more attention in relation to storage condition should be given as
compared to small seeded cultivars. Differences in seed quality as shown by the Ki
value correlated positively with oligosaccharides and negatively with pectin
methyl esterase (PME). Interestingly, when the data of soluble sugars and PME
from the first and the second experiments were pooled, and a simple linear model
relating seed potential longevity with soluble sugars and PME was constructed,
the content of raffinose in seeds had strong contribution to seed potential
v
longevity, whereas PME had smaller contribution. These two biochemical
substances could explain 75% of the variation in seed potential longevity. Thus,
the changes in both the content of raffinose and the relative amount of PME in
seed may partly explain the changes in seed potential longevity due to the
difference in production environment, time of harvest, and seed size. Cultivars
responded differently in its agronomic performance when planted under optimal
condition. Plants from large sized seeds had better growth parameters as compared
to those from small sized seeds. Therefore, bulking should not be practiced, rather
the 15% of small sized seeds should be removed from the seed lot.
Since soybean cultivation is a big industry in Indonesia, the establishment of a
seed program should be initiated. Based on the results of the present study, this
thesis provides a strong basic knowledge to help in establishment of a seed
production plan, namely (1) seed production should be carried out in dry condition
(dry season) i.e. during early dry season (EDS) or late dry season (LDS), (2)
harvesting seeds should be done when the quality is at its maximal i.e. about five
days after physiological maturity, (3) post harvest seed handling should be carried
out properly especially for large seeded cultivars due to their faster deterioration
rate and (4) grading should be done to exclude around 15% of small sized seeds.
The above mentioned factors will ensure more uniform seed lot in terms of seed
size, quality and stand establishment.
vi
Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia
sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Doktor Falsafah
KESAN MASA PENUAIAN DAN SAIZ BIJI BENIH
TERHADAP KUALITI BIJI BENIH KACANG SOYA
Oleh
DIDIK HARNOWO
Oktober 2004
Pengerusi : Uma Rani Sinniah, Ph.D.
Fakulti : Pertanian
Kacang soya merupakan tanaman kekacang terpenting di Indonesia. Ianya
ditanam secara meluas di persekitaran yang berbeza agro-ekosistemnya. Biji
benih yang berkualiti tinggi adalah penting bagi meningkatkan produktiviti, tetapi
ianya sering diabaikan. Petani di Indonesia sering menggunakan biji benih
daripada tanaman musim sebelumnya tanpa mengambilkira faktor persekitaran,
masa penuaian dan saiz biji benih. Bagi memperbaiki sistem pengeluaran biji
benih yang sedia ada, satu kajian telah dijalankan dan dibahagikan kepada tiga,
iaitu (1) kesan persekitaran dan masa penuaian terhadap kualiti biji benih, (2)
kesan perbezaan saiz biji benih terhadap kualiti, dan (3) tumbesaran serta hasil
daripada biji benih yang berbeza saiz. Kualiti biji benih diukur berasaskan nilai
potensi penyimpanan (Ki), iaitu nilai pangkasan pada paksi y pada graf
percambahan biji benih terhadap masa setelah transformasi kepada skala probit
dilakukan. Keadaan persekitaran semasa tumbesaran dan perkembangan biji benih
vii
mempengaruhi kualiti biji benih, dimana biji benih yang dihasilkan dalam musim
hujan adalah lebih rendah berbanding dalam musim kering, berikutan nilai potensi
penyimpanan (Ki) yang rendah. Keenam-enam kultivar memberikan respon yang
sama terhadap saiz biji benih dan jangkamasa kematangan walaupun persekitaran
penanaman adalah berbeza. Kematangan fisiologi berlakukan sekitar fasa
tumbesaran R6 + 15 hari manakala kualiti biji benih mencapai nilai maksimum
lima hari selepas kematangan fisiologi. Oleh kerana petani menuai kacang soya
sekitar fasa perkembangan R6 + 15 hari, menunda penuaian biji benih sehingga
selepas kematangan fisiologi akan menghasilkan biji benih dengan kualiti yang
lebih tinggi. Terdapat korelasi positif diantara oligosakarida terutamanya raffinosa
dengan kualiti biji benih manakala monosakarida memberikan korelasi negatif
dengan potensi penyimpanan. Sebaliknya, jumlah relatif pectin methyl esterase
(PME) dalam biji benih juga mempunyai korelasi negatif dengan potensi
penyimpanan biji benih. Ini menunjukkan bahawa kedua dua jenis bahan di atas
mempunyai peranan dalam menentukan kualiti biji benih.
Biji benih kecil didalam satu cultivar berjumlah sekitar 13.8 – 16.5% daripada
berat keseluruhan dan menunjukkan kualiti yang lebih rendah berbanding dengan
yang berbiji besar. Biji benih kecil adalah biji benih daripada pembuahan yang
akhir, oleh itu jangkamasa pengisian biji adalah lebih pendek. Biji benih besar dan
sederhana tidak menunjukkan perbezaan yang besar dari segi nilai Ki (kualiti)
tetapi kultivar berbiji besar mempunyai nilai Ki yang lebih rendah, melambangkan
keupayaan penyimpanan yang rendah. Sekiranya biji benih kultivar besar hendak
disimpan maka lebih perhatian harus diberikan terhadap persekitaran
viii
penyimpanan berbanding dengan biji benih dari kultivar berbiji kecil. Perbezaan
nilai Ki akibat saiz biji benih menunjukkan korelasi positif dengan
oligosaccharida dan korelasi negatif dengan PME. Apabila semua data gula
terlarut dan PME daripada kajian pertama dan kedua dikumpulkan dan suatu
model yang menghubungkan potensi penyimpanan dengan gula terlarut dan PME
dibuat, maka raffinosa didapati memberikan sumbangan yang besar terhadap
potensi penyimpanan manakala sumbangan PME lebih kecil. Kedua-dua bahan ini
dapat menerangkan lebih kurang 75% daripada variasi pada potensi penyimpanan.
Maka perubahan pada nilai gula raffinosa dengan PME dapat menerangkan
sebahagian daripada perubahan nilai potensi penyimpanan yang diperolehi akibat
persekitaran, masa penuaian dan perbezaan saiz biji benih.
Tindak balas cultivar terhadap tumbesaran serta ciri agronomi bagi biji benih
berbeza saiz adalah berbeza walaupun ditanam pada keadaan optima. Pokok
kacang soya yang berasal daripada biji benih besar menunjukkan pertumbuhan
yang lebih baik berbanding dengan yang berasal daripada biji benih kecil. Oleh
itu, bagi mendapatkan keseragaman, biji benih perlu digredkan dan kurang lebih
15% daripada biji benih bersaiz kecil harus dikeluarkan daripada lot biji benih.
Oleh kerana penanaman kacang soya di Indonesia merupakan industri yang besar,
program industri biji benih yang maju harus diwujudkan. Berasaskan keputusan
yang diperoleh daripada kajian yang dilakukan, tesis ini dapat memberikan
sumbangan bagi mendirikan industri biji benih kacang soya, iaitu : (1)
pengeluaran biji benih kacang soya harus dilaksanakan dalam musim kering,
ix
sama ada dalam musim kering awal atau musim kering akhir, (2) penuaian biji
benih harus dilakukan pada masa kualiti yang maksimum iaitu sekitar lima hari
selepas kemasakan fisiologi, (3) pengendalian pasca tuai biji benih perlu
dilakukan secara tepat terutamanya untuk kultivar bersaiz biji besar kerana ianya
mempunyai kadar deteriorasi yang lebih cepat berbanding dengan biji benih dari
cultivar bersaiz kecil, (4) semasa pemprosesan, biji benih perlu digredkan untuk
mengeluarkan biji benih bersaiz kecil yang berjumlah sekitar 15% daripada berat
biji benih keseluruhan. Faktor-faktor di atas akan menjamin keseragaman saiz biji
benih dalam lot, kualiti serta kemampuan percambahan.
x
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Uma Rani Sinniah for
her supervision, constructive criticisms, and her invaluable guidance and
encouragement throughout my study and preparation of this manuscript.
My sincere thanks are also addressed to my supervisory committee
members, Prof. Dr. Mohd. Khanif Yusop, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd. Said Saad and
Prof. Dr. Bambang Guritno, for their invaluable advice and encouragement during
my study and preparation of this manuscript.
I am grateful to Ketua Komisi Pembinaan Tenaga, the Project Director of
Participatory Development of Agricultural Technology Project (PAATP), Agency
for Agriculture Research and Development (AARD), and also the Ministry of
Agriculture of the Government of Indonesia for the opportunity and scholarship to
pursue a postgraduate program for doctoral degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia.
I would also like to express my deepest thanks to my wife Koesniah and
my sons Irfan Hartanto and Yusuf Adi Nugroho for their encouragement,
patience, moral support and endless praying during the period of study. Also to
my mother (in memory) who taught me to look for the good in the worst of us,
and to my father who warned me to beware of the bad in the best of us.
xi
Personal appreciation and thanks are go to Dr. Aulani ‘Am, Dra. Sri
Widyarti, Msi. and Ir. Nur Hadi MSc. for their invaluable support on
electrophoresis, to Mr. Danu for sugar analysis, to Nuraedy for his assistance
during the field work, and to Ir. Suprapto for his providing conducive atmosphere
for the author to carry out laboratory research activity. My sincere appreciations
and thanks are also directed to my friends and colleagues.
Above all, Alhamdulillah, be praised to ALLAH SWT, the most
beneficent, the most gracious and merciful who give me physical and
psychological strength and comfort to successfully complete my studies.
xii
I certify that an Examination Committee met on October 27, 2004 to conduct the
final examination of Didik Harnowo on his Doctor of Philosophy thesis entitled
“Effect of Time of Harvest and Seed Size on Seed Quality of Soybean” in
accordance with Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Act 1980 and
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Regulation 1981. The Committee
recommends that the candidate be awarded the relevant degree. Members for the
Examination Committee are as follows:
Mohammad Mohd. Lassim, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Mohd. Ridzwan Abd. Halim, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
Adam Puteh, Ph.D.
Lecturer
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
Izham Ahmad, Ph.D.
Seed Technologist
Malaysian Agriculture Research and
Development Institute (MARDI)
(Independent Examiner)
___________________________________
ZAKARIAH ABD. RASHID, Ph.D. Professor / Deputy Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date : 28 Januari 2005
xiii
This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been
accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
The members of the Supervisory Committee are as follows:
Uma Rani Sinniah, Ph.D.
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman)
Mohd. Khanif Yusop, Ph.D.
Professor
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)
Mohd. Said Saad, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)
Bambang Guritno, Ph.D.
Professor
Faculty of Agriculture
Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia (Member)
_________________________
AINI IDERIS, PhD.
Professor / Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date :
xiv
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations
and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not
been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at UPM or other
institutions.
__________________
DIDIK HARNOWO
Date : 6 Januari 2005
xv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ii
ABSTRAK v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix
APPROVAL xi
DECLARATION xiii
LIST OF TABLES xvii
LIST OF FIGURES xix
LIST OF PLATES xxi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/NOTATIONS xxii
CHAPTER
1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Research Objectives 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1. Seed Quality 6
2.1.1. Definition and Components of Seed Quality 6
2.1.2. The Concept of Seed Germination and Vigor 8
2.1.3. Seed Potential Longevity 10
2.2. Seed Development and Maturation in Relation to Seed
Quality
14
2.2.1. Moisture Content and Dry Weight 16
2.2.2. Nutrients and Food Reserves 20
2.2.3. Soluble Sugars 23
2.2.4. Pectin Methyl Esterase (PME) Enzyme 27
2.3. The Effect of Production Environment on Seed Quality 33 2.3.1. Temperature and Light 33 2.3.2. Rainfall and Soil Moisture 35 2.3.3. Nutrients 37 2.4. The Effect of Seed Size on Seed Quality and Yield 37 2.5. The Agro-ecosystem for Soybean Seed Production in
Indonesia
42
3 THE EFFECT OF PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT AND
TIME OF HARVEST ON SEED QUALITY OF SOYBEAN
46
3.1 Introduction 46
3.2 Materials and Methods 47
3.2.1 Location 47
3.2.2 Crop Establishment 47
xvi
3.2.3 Treatment and Experimental Design 48
3.2.4 Handling at Harvest 49
3.2.5 Parameters 50
3.2.5.1 Seed Moisture Content and Dry Weight 50
3.2.5.2 Germination of Fresh and Desiccated
Seeds
50
3.2.5.3 Seed Potential Longevity 51
3.2.5.4 Conductivity of Seed Leachates 52
3.2.5.5 Seed Coat to Seed Ratio 52
3.2.5.6 Soluble Sugars 52
3.2.5.7 Pectin Methyl Esterase (PME) Enzyme 53
3.2.6 Statistical Analysis 55
3.3 Results and Discussion 56
3.3.1 Seed Moisture and Dry Weight 56
3.3.2 Germination of Fresh and Desiccated Seeds 60
3.3.3 Conductivity of Seed Leachates 65
3.3.4 Seed Coat to Seed Ratio 69
3.3.5 Seed Potential Longevity 70
3.3.6 Soluble Sugars 76
3.3.6.1 Changes in Soluble Sugars Due to
Production Environment
77
3.3.6.2 Changes in Soluble Sugars Due to Time
of Harvest
82
3.3.6.3 The Relation between Sugar Content
and Seed Potential Longevity
85
3.3.7 The Relative Amount of PME Due to Production
Environment and Time of Harvest
88
3.8 Conclusions 94
4 THE EFFECT OF SEED SIZE WITHIN CULTIVAR ON
SEED QUALITY PRODUCED IN DIFFERENT
ENVIRONMENT
98
4.1 Introduction 98
4.2 Materials and Methods 100
4.2.1 Location 100
4.2.2 Crop Establishment, Harvest and Seed Processing 100
4.2.3 Treatment and Experimental Design 103
4.2.4 Parameters 103
4.2.4.1 Seed Size Proportion by Weight 103
4.2.4.2 Standard Germination 104
4.2.4.3 Seed Potential Longevity 104
4.2.4.4 Seed Coat to Seed Ratio 104
4.2.4.5 Speed of Seed Imbibition 105
4.2.4.6 Soluble Sugars 105
4.2.4.7 Pectin Methyl Esterase (PME) Enzyme 105
4.3 Results and Discussion 106
4.3.1 Seed Size Proportion by Weight 106
4.3.2 Standard Germination 107
xvii
4.3.3 Survival Curves and Seed Potential Longevity 109
4.3.4 Seed Coat to Seed Ratio 112
4.3.5 Speed of Seed Imbibition 115
4.3.6 Soluble Sugar Content 119
4.3.6.1 The Content of Soluble Sugars Due to
Production Environment
120
4.3.6.2 The Content of Soluble Sugars Due to
Seed Size
122
4.3.6.3 The Relation between Soluble Sugar
Content and Seed Potential Longevity
126
4.3.7 The Relative Amount of PME Due to Production
Environment and Seed Size
130
4.4 Conclusions 133
5 AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF SEED LOTS WITHIN
CULTIVAR DIFFERING IN SEED SIZE
136
5.1 Introduction 136
5.2 Materials and Methods 137
5.2.1 Location and Crop Establishment 137
5.2.2 Treatment and Experimental Design 138
5.2.3 Crop Management 138
5.2.4 Parameters 139
5.2.4.1 Plant height, Leaf Area and Plant Dry
Matter
139
5.2.4.2 Plant Growth Rate (PGR) 139
5.2.4.3 Yield Components and Grain Yield 139
5.3 Results and Discussion 140
5.3.1 Plant Height and Leaf Area 140
5.3.2 Plant Dry Weight (Biomass) and Plant Growth
Rate
142
5.3.3 Yield Components and Grain Yield 144
5.4 Conclusions 146
6 GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 148
REFERENCES 163
APPENDICES 182
BIODATA OF THE AUTHOR 205
xviii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1 Development Stage Description for Soybean 15
3.1 Germination Percentage of Fresh Soybean Seeds Produced in
Dry and Wet Season Harvested at Different Time of Harvest
60
3.2 Germination Percentage of Fresh Seeds of Six Soybean
Cultivars Harvested at Different Time of Harvest
62
3.3 Germination Percentage of Desiccated Soybean Seeds
Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons Harvested at Different Time
of Harvest
63
3.4 Germination Percentage of Desiccated Seeds of Six Soybean
Cultivars (Over Seasons) Harvested Different Time of Harvest
65
3.5 Conductivity of Seed Leachates of Six Soybean Cultivars
Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons
66
3.6 Conductivity of Seed Leachates of Six Selected Soybean
Cultivars Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons Harvested at
Different Time of Harvest
68
3.7 Seed Coat to Seed Ratio of Six Soybean Cultivars Produced in
Dry and Wet Seasons and, Season and Cultivar Average
70
3.8 The Estimates of Potential Longevity (Ki) of Seed Lots of Six
Soybean Cultivars Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons
Harvested at Four Developmental Stages (Four Harvest Times)
76
3.9 Simple Correlation Coefficient between Sugars and Seed
Potential Longevity and Among Sugars
87
3.10 The Relative Content of Pectin Methyl Esterase (PME) in Six
Selected Soybean Cultivars Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons
Harvested at Four Developmental Stages
92
4.1 Mean Seed Dry Weight of Nine Seed Lots Used in this Study 102
4.2 Seed Size Proportion by Weight for Three Soybean Cultivars
Produced During Dry and Wet Seasons and Separated into
Three Seed Size Classes
107
xix
4.3 Standard Germination of Seeds of Three Soybean Cultivars
Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons Separated into Three Seed
Size Classes
108
4.4 Potential Longevity (Ki) and 1/σ (in bracket) of Seed Lots of
Three Soybean Cultivars Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons
Separated into Three Seed Size Classes
111
4.5 Seed Coat to Seed Ratio (%) of Three Soybean Cultivars
Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons Separated into Three Seed
Size Classes
113
4.6 Simple Correlation Coefficient (r) between Sugars and Seed
Potential Longevity and Among Sugars
129
4.7 The Relative Content of PME in Seed Lots Differing in Seed
Size in Three Soybean Cultivars Produced in Dry and Wet
Seasons
132
5.1 Single Effect of Season on Plant Height and Leaf Area at Two
and Five Weeks After Sowing
140
5.2 Plant Height and Leaf Area of Soybean at Two and Five
Weeks After Sowing (WAS) from Seed Lots Differing in Seed
Size of Three Soybean Cultivars Originating from Dry and
Wet Seasons
141
5.3 Plant Biomass at Two and Five Weeks After Planting (WAS)
and Plant Growth Rate between Two to Five WAS in Three
Soybean Cultivars Planted in Screen House
143
5.4 Single Factor Effect of Cultivar and Seed Size on Yield
Components and Grain Yield of Soybeans
145
xx
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.1 An Illustration of the Relation between Seed Survival Curve
(A) and Seed Viability Line (B)
12
2.2 The General Pattern of Seed Development With Three
Conceptual Phases Showing Temporal Changes in FW
(Fresh Weight), DW (Dry Weight) and MC (Moisture
Content)
15
2.3 The Amino Acids Sequence of the Primery Structure of
PME. Histidine and Tyrosine are the Only Two Residue
Types that have been Ascribed Fuctional Importance in the
Enzyme Activity
29
2.4 Diagram Showing the Existing Cropping System of
Soybean Based on Agro-ecological Condition in Indonesia
and Soybean Seed Flow
44
3.1 Changes in Seed Moisture Content (%) and Mean Seed Dry
Weight (mg) of Soybean cv. Dieng (A), Tidar (B) and Wilis
(C) Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons Harvested at Four
Developmental Stages
57
3.2 Changes in Seed Moisture Content (%) and Mean Seed Dry
Weight (mg) of Soybean cv. Cikurai (A), Argomulyo (B)
and Burangrang (C) Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons
Harvested at Four Developmental Stages
58
3.3 Survival Curves of Soybean Seed cv Dieng (A), Tidar (B),
Wilis (C), Cikurai (D), Argomulyo (E) and Burangrang (F)
Produced in Dry Season
72
3.4 Survival Curves of Soybean Seed cv. Dieng (A), Tidar (B),
Wilis (C), Cikurai (D), Argomulyo (E) and Burangrang (F)
Produced in Wet Season
73
3.5 The Content of Stachyose, Raffinose and Oligosaccharides
of Soybean Seeds (Over Seasons and Time of Harvests)
Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons
78
3.6 The Content of Galactose, Glucose, Fructose and
Monosaccharides in Seed of Soybeans (Over Cultivars and
Time of Harvests) Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons
79
xxi
3.7 The Content of Galactose, Glucose and Fructose of Seeds in
Six Soybean Cultivars Over Seasons and Time of Harvests
80
3.8 The Effect of Time of Harvests on Sugar Content in Seed of
Soybeans Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons
84
4.1 Survival Curves of Three Seed Lots Differing in Seed Size
of Soybean cv. Dieng (A), Wilis (B) and Argomulyo (C)
Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons
110
4.2 Rate of Seed Imbibition of Seed Lots Differing in Seed Size
in Three Soybean Cultivars i.e. A: Dieng, B: Wilis, and C:
Argomulyo Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons
116
4.3 The Content of Fructose, Galactose, Monosaccharides and
Sucrose in Seed of Three Soybean Cultivars Produced in
Dry and Wet Seasons
121
4.4 The Content of Stachyose, Raffinose and Oligosaccharides
in Seeds of Three Soybean Cultivars Produced in Dry and
Wet Seasons
122
4.5 The Content of Galactose and Glucose in Seed of Three
Soybean Cultivars Differing in Seed Size Within Cultivar
(Large, Medium and Small) Produced in Dry and Wet
Season
124
4.6 The Content of Stachyose and Oligosaccharides in Seed of
Three Soybean Cultivars Differing in Seed Size Within
Cultivar (Large, Medium and Small) Produced in Dry and
Wet Season
125
4.7 The Content of Raffinose in Seed of Three Soybean
Cultivars Differing in Seed Size Within Cultivar Produced in
Dry and Wet Seasons
127
6.1 The Diagram Showing the Involvement of PME on Seed
Deterioration and Seed Quality
159
xxii
LIST OF PLATES
Plate Page
3.1 The Physical Appearance of Harvested Crop (cv. Wilis)
Coinciding With the Four Developmental Stages of Soybean.
49
3.2 Electrophoretic Profile of Seed Protein of Soybean cv. Dieng
(A) and Tidar (B), Produced in Dry Season (Lane 1-4, Each
Indicates H1-H4) and Wet Season (Lane 5-8, Each Indicates
H1-H4)
89
3.3 Electrophoretic Profile of Seed Protein of Soybean cv. Wilis
(A) and Cikurai (B), Produced in Dry Season (Lane 1-4, Each
Indicates H1-H4), and Wet Season (Lane 5-8, Each Indicates
H1-H4)
90
3.4 .Electrophoretic Profile of Seed Protein of Soybean cv.
Argomulyo (A) and Burangrang (B), Produced in Dry Season
(Lane 1-4, Each Indicates H1-H4) and Wet Season (Lane 5-8,
Each Indicates H1-H4)
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4.1 Seeds of Soybean cv. Dieng, Wilis and Argomulyo Separated
into Three Seed Size Classes
102
4.2 Electrophoretic Profile of Seed Protein of Soybean cv.
Argomulyo, Wilis and Dieng Produced in Dry (A) and Wet
(B) Seasons, Each Consists of Three Seed Size Classes i.e
Large, Medium and Small
131
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LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS / NOTATIONS
oC : Degree Celcius
AA : Accelerated Aging
Anova : Analysis of Variance
AOSA : Association of Official Seed Analysts
APS : Ammonium Peroxydisulphate
BIS : N. N’-Methylenbisacrylamide
BPB : Bromophenol Blue
BSA : Bovine Serum Albumin
cm : centimeter
D : Day
DAS : Day(s) After Sowing
DMRT : Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
EC : Enzymes Catalog
et al. : et alia
g : gram
Ha : Hectare
ISTA : International Seed Testing Association
i.e. : id est L.
KDa : Kilodalton
Kg : Kilogram
L : Liter
mg : milligram
ma : milliampere
mL : milliliter
mm : millimeter
M : Molar
nm : nanometer
PAGE : Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
PME : Pectin Methyl Esterase
ppm : part per million
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rpm : rotary per minute
SAS : Statistical Analysis System
SDS : Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
t : tonnes
TEMED : N, N, N, N, - Tetramethylethylendiamine
Tris-HCl : Tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane Hydrochloric Acid
mg : microgram
Wb : Wet basis