ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
ekaterine diasamiZe
qarTuli saeklesio galoba
qarTvelTa kulturuli identobis konteqstSi
wardgenilia anTropologiis doqtoris (Ph.D) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
d i s e r t a c i a
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori qeTevan xuciSvili samecniero TanaxelmZRvaneli: xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, profesori ioseb Jordania P
Tbilisi 2017
sarCevi
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Tavi pirveli kulturuli da musikaluri identobis aspeqtebi . . . .15
Tavi meore
musikis anTropologia da qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianoba (kvlevis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi). . . 41
Tavi mesame
qarTuli saeklesio galobisa da qarTvelTa kulturuli identobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi . .81
daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
D damowmebuli literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
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Sesavali
`yvela ers, ganurCevlad kulturisa, unda SeeZlos
sakuTari musika – rwmenis, gamocdilebisa da saqmianobis
erTian konteqstSi moiazros, radgan amgvari kavSirebis
gareSe musika ver iarsebebs“ (alan meriemi)
Tanamedrove msoflios globalizaciis pirobebSi, mcire erebis enisa
Tu kulturuli memkvidreobis warmoCenisa da calkeul SemTxvevebSi –
SenarCunebis sakiTxi dadga. aRniSnul procesSi umniSvnelovanesi adgili,
ama Tu im kulturuli fenomenis mecnierul Seswavlas uWiravs. amgvari
kvleva, tradiciuli kulturis TviTmyofadobis obieqtur warmoCenasa da
msoflio civilizaciaSi misi rolis gansazRvras emsaxureba.
mecnierebaTa rig dargebSi (sociologia, anTropologia,
kulturologia, eTnomusikologia, musikis anTropologia), Zalze
aqtualuri termin `identobis” gamoyeneba gaxda. XIX saukunidan
moyolebuli, siciologTa da anTropologTa mier, kulturul
RirebulebaTa erTiani sistemis mqone eTnografiuli jgufebis siRrmiseul
Seswavlas Caeyara safuZveli. principiT – `vis gavxar da visgan
gansxvavdebi”. samecniero kvlevaSi, msgavsebisa da igiveobis koncefcia wina
planze gamovida da iman, Tu visTan iziareb mSobliur enas, visTan gaqvs
saerTo kulturuli tradiciebi – kvlevisTvis saWiro mniSvneloba SeiZina.
sakvlevi jgufebis gansazRvraSi, eTnikuri mxare gansmazRvrel
maxasiaTeblad iqca. identobis Temam ara Tu SeinarCuna, aramed kidev ufro
meti aqtualoba SeiZina, rasac, vfiqrob, upiratesad zemoaRniSnuli
globalizaciis procesi da geopolitikuri kataklizmebi ganapirobebs.
marTalia, anTropologebi cdiloben termin `identobis” kvaldakval, axali
alternatiuli terminologia SeimuSaon, Tumca, Tu am mimarTulebiT
arsebul Tanamedrove samecniero Sromebs gadavxedavT, vnaxavT, rom
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erovnuli, kulturuli Tu religiuri identoba – es is Temebia, romlebsac
dResdReobiT, msoflios araerTi saerTaSoriso konferenciaze eTmoba
adgili. identobis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria postsabWoTa
sivrceSi, sadac am mimarTulebiT kvleva SedarebiT axalia. amasTan,
gasakviri ar aris, rom sabWoTa kavSiris saxelwodebis qveS gaerTianebuli
qveynebis mosaxleobas, hqonda da aqvs – mSobliuri enisa Tu sakuTari
TviTmyofadi erovnuli kulturis rogorc SenarCunebis, ise misi adreuli
Sreebis aRdgenisa da maTi kvlavwarmoebis survili.
kvlevis amocanaa, ganxilul iqnas is, Tu ra rols asrulebs
tradiciuli musika, kerZod ki mravalxmiani simRera-galoba, ama Tu im
niSnis qveS gaerTianebul jgufSi Semavali adamianis, rogorc mravali
identobis mqone arsebis cnobierebis, kulturuli mikuTvnebulobis
gansazRvraSi da rogor aisaxeba es yovelive koleqtiuri qvecnobieris
arqetipul maxasiaTeblebze. am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas, qarTuli
tradiciuli mravalxmianobis, kerZod ki saeklesio galobis magaliTze
SevecdebiT.
winamdebare Sroma warmoadgens pirvel sakvalifikacio naSroms,
romelic qarTuli tradiciuli saeklesio mravalxmianobisa da qarTvelTa
kulturuli identobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs eZRvneba. aRniSnuli
sakiTxisadmi miZRvnili Sromebis simwirem kidev ufro meti motivacia
SegvZina da dagvarwmuna, rom am mimarTulebiT kvleva Tanamedrove
kulturis kvlevaTa Soris erT-erTi prioritetia.
winamdebare naSromi dargTaSoriso kvelvaa, romelic musikis, rogorc
kluturis, an kulturaSi Semavali fenomenis Seswavlas gulisxmobs.
sxvagvarad, mas musikis anTropologiuri kvleva SegviZlia vuwodoT, sadac
musika – anTropologiis dargidan miRebuli samecniero midgomis
gamoyenebiT, kulturis konteqstSi Seiswavleba. zemoaRniSnuli midgomis
safuZvels, cxadia, araerTi samecniero Sroma warmoadgens; erT-erTi
maTgani, uSualod naSromis saTaurSive aRwers im princips, romlis
mixedviTac momijnave dargebis – musikologiis, eTnomusikologiisa da
kulturuli anTropologiis farglebSi, kvlevis mimarTulebam erTgvari
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evolucia ganicada. naSromis saxelwodebaa – A Survey of the Development of the
Theories of Ethnomusicology from 1955 to 2003. From “Sciencing about Music” To “People
Experiencing Music” (Alan D. Gordon, 2004). marTalia, kulturuli anTropologia
kvlevis konkretul samecniero meTods gulisxmobs, Tumca mizezi, Tu
ratom SeiZina anTropologiam saukunis mecnierebis datvirTva
dakavSirebulia anTropologiasTan, rogorc samyaroze farTo
humanitaruli xedvis mqone disciplinasTan (xuciSvili, 2008:101). winamdebare
naSromi interdisciplinuria imdenad, ramdenadac igi musikologiis,
eTnomusikologiisa da kulturuli anTropologiis disciplinebis
gamocdilebas eyrdnoba. zemoT aRniSnuli momijnave dargebis sakiTxTan
mimarTebiT, meti sicxadisaTvis, CvenTvis saintereso da misaReb
ganmartebebs moviyvanT, romelsac bruno netli gvTavazobs. igi ganixilavs
`eTnomusikologiis” gansazRvrebis problemas da 120 wlis manZilze,
sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva avtorTa mier SemoTavazebuli gansazRvrebebis
Semdeg CamonaTvals iZleva: `musikologia” (1880-iani wlebi), “SedarebiTi
musikologia” (daaxloebiT 1950 wlamde), `eTno-musikologia” (daaxloebiT
1950-1956 wlebi); es ukanaskneli maleve `eTnomusikologiad” gardaiqmna. b.
netlis TqmiT, defisis mocileba ideologiuri svla iyo, ramac
disciplinis damoukideblobas gausva xazi. avtori aseve miuTiTebs iseT
gansazRvrebebze, rogoric aris `kulturuli musikologia (j. kermani, 1985)
da `socio-musikologia” (s. feldi, 1984). gansazRvrebaTa cvlilebas avtori
inteleqtualuri orientirebisa da maxvilebis cvlilebas ukavSirebs (Nettl,
2005:3). disciplinebTan mimarTebiT, b. netli aRniSnavs, rom isini, vinc
`eTnomusikologiis” gansazRvrebis ZiebaSi arian, arCevans, qvemoT mocemuli
CamonaTvalidan erT-erTze akeTeben:
folkloruli musika, romelsac `primitiuls” uwodeben, romelic
Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, adgilobrivia, SesaZloa uZveles musikalur-
kulturul Sres miekuTvnebodes;
aradasavluri da folkloruli musika;
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yvela im tipis musika, romelic mkvlevris kulturis gareT, an
kulturis miRma arsebobs;
yvela im tipis musika, romelic zepir tradiciaSi cocxlobs;
yvela im tipis musika, romelic adgilobrivia, magaliTad `tokios
eTnomusikologia”;
musika, romelic garkveuli mosaxleobis jgufisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli, romelic maTi sakuTrebaa, magaliTad amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis e. w. `Savi musika”;
yvela tipis Tanamedrove musika (g. Ceisi, 1958);
kacobriobis musika.
mkvlevrebis nawili, romelTa interesi aqtivobis garkveul tips
ukavSirdeba, SesaZloa qvemoT CamoTvlilidan erT-erTi airCion:
1. musikaluri sistemebis da kulturebis SedarebiTi (komparatiuli)
kvleva, rac ZiriTadad musikologiur aqtivobad aris miCneuli;
2. erTi konkretuli sazogadoebis musikisa da musikaluri kulturis
fundamenturi – arsebiTad anTropologiuri analizi;
3. musikis, rogorc sistemebis, an niSanTa sistemebis Seswavla – aqtivoba,
romelic lingvistikasa da semiotikas ukavSirdeba;
4. musikis, rogorc kulturis, an kulturaSi Semavali fenomenis
Seswavla, musika – Seswavlili mis kulturul konteqstSi,
anTropologiis dargis safuZvelze miRebuli teqnikis gamoyenebiT, rac
xSirad `musikis anTropologiad” iwodeba;
5. dasavleTis klasikuri musikis miRma arsebuli musikis Seswavla, rac
istorikosTa midgomebis gamoyenebiT, folkloristebis kvlevis areals
warmoadgens (Nettl, 2005:4-5).
da bolos avtori miuTiTebs imaze, rom eTnomusikologiis, rogorc
disciplinis identoba, xSiri ganxilvis sagania.Aazrebi Semdegnairad iyofa.
eTnomusikologia es aris:
1. srulyofili disciplina;
2. musikologiis ganStoeba;
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3. anTropologiis ganStoeba;
4. interdisciplinuri swavlebis sfero;
5. yovlismomcveli disciplina, romelic `musikologia” unda yofiliyo,
magram ver gaxda (Nettl, 2005:4-5).
zemoT CamoTvlilTagan Cven veyrdnobiT im kvleviT meTods, romelic
musikis, rogorc kulturis, an kulturaSi Semavali fenomenis Seswavlas
gulisxmobs. musika – Seswavlili mis kulturul konteqstSi, rasac
Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi xSirad musikis anTropologiis dargs
miakuTvneben.
Sesavlis pirvel gverdze xsenebulma globalizaciis procesma didi
roli Seasrula im niadagis momzadebaSi, romlis safuZvelzec qarTuli
kultura, maT Soris ki qarTuli tradiciuli musika, qveynis sazRvrebs
gascda. sagulisxmoa, rom qarTvel mkvlevrebTan erTad, qarTuli
mravalxmiani musikiT mravali ucxoeli mkvlevari dainteresebula da
dResac interesdeba; maT mier, aRniSnuli musikis mecnierul Seswavlas am
droisaTvis ukve didi istoria aqvs. specialistebis garda, qarTuli
xalxuri Tu saeklesio hangebiT ucxoeli momRerlebi, anda iseTi
adamianebi interesdebian, romlebsac eTnomusikologiasTan, an zogadad,
musikasTan manamde Sexeba ar hqoniaT. saqarTvelos farglebs gareT myofi
mkvlevrebisa da Semsruleblebis esoden did yuradRebas, vfiqrob,
TviTmyofad musikalur azrovnebasTan da ucxo hangis struqturaSi
garkvevasTan erTad, saqarTveloSi arsebuli, mZlavri, cocxali zepiri
tradiciis mimarT interesic ganapirobebs.
cnobilia, rom mkvlevarTa ori ZiriTadi kategoriis mixedviT, erTni
im kulturis matarebelni arian (Insider), romelsac swavloben; Sesabamisad
maTi mxridan maTive kulturis kvleva xdeba `Signidan”. meoreni, Sesaswavli
kulturis matareblebad ar gvevlinebian (Outsider), isini `garedan” cdiloben
kulturis Seswavlas da im maxasiaTeblebis Secnobas, romelic maTTvis
ucxoa, radgan isini Tavad sxva kulturaSi aRizardnen 1960-iani wlebidan
moyolebuli, sakiTxma – vin `ukeT” swavlobs msoflio xalxTa musikas
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(kulturuli `insaideri” Tu `auTsaideri”), gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba
SeiZina. qarTul saeklesio galobasTan mimarTebiT mkvlevarTa oTx ZiriTad
kategorias ganvsazRvrav:
1. ucxoeli mkvlevari, romelmac adgilobrivi ena ar icis, ar aris
marTlmadidebeli qristiani, ar galobs (arc saeklesio da arc saero
garemoSi), Tumca sagaloblebis musikalur struqturasa da
saSemsruleblo praqtikaSi arsebul tendenciebs siRrmiseulad
Seiswavlis;
2. ucxoeli mkvlevari, romelic adgilobriv enas eufleba,
marTlmadideblur aRmsareblobas Rebulobs da taZarSi galobs, radgan:
a) moswons es kultura da surs, rom is gaiTavisos (emociuri
midgoma);
b) miaCnia, rom Sesaswavl masalasTan amgvari siaxlove mis kvlevas
met damajerebelobas Sematebs (racionaluri midgoma);
g) zemoT aRniSnuli orive faqtoris erTdrouli gaTvaliswinebiT;
3. mkvlevari, romelic adgilobrivi mkvidria, adgilobrivi ena misTvis
mSobliuri enaa, Tumca miuxedavad imisa, rom marTlmadidebel
qristianad aris monaTluli, wirvaze daswrebis Cveva Tu survili ar
aqvs da mas mxolod kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare eswreba;
4. mkvlevari, romelic adgilobrivi mkvidria, adgilobrivi ena misTvis
mSobliuri enaa, Tavad aris marTlmadidebeli qristiani da aseve
mgalobeli (yvela am parametris gaTvaliswinebiT igi, rogorc
kulturasTan yvelaze daaxloebuli piri, mas Signidan ikvlevs).
zemoT CamoTvlil klasifikaciaSi varireba da oTxi ZiriTadi
kategoriis qvekategoriebad dayofaa SesaZlebeli, Tumca vfiqrob es Sors
wagviyvanda. oTxi ZiriTadi kategoriisgan Semdgar zemoaRniSnul
klasifikaciaSi mniSvnelovania distanciis sakiTxi, kerZod ki is, Tu
rogori manZilia mkvlevarsa da sakvlev obieqts Soris. pirvel da meoTxe
kategoriasTan dakavSirebiT met-naklebi sicxadea. pirveli aRiqmeba,
rogorc sakvlevi obieqtisgan yvelaze metad dacilebuli, xolo meoTxe ki
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– yvelaze daaxloebuli mkvlevari. meore da mesame kategoriasTan
mimarTebiT Cndeba kiTxva: romeli maTgania sakvlev obieqtTan ufro axlos,
is vinc axali kultura siRrmiseulad gaiTavisa Tu is, vinc am kulturis
wiaRSi daibada. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, piradi gamocdilebis
magaliTze, saintereso epizodebs aRwers eTnomusikologi bruno netli. am
epizodTagan erT-erTi maTgani, mis mier sparsuli musikis Seswavlis
periods ukavSirdeba, rodesac samxreT TeiranSi, gakveTilis dasasrulisas,
pedagogma mas Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTa: `am musikas Sen verasdros gaigeb –
arsebobs raRac, rasac quCaSi gamvleli nebismieri sparsi rom gaaCero,
instiqtis doneze gaigebs, Sen ki rogorc ar unda ecado, verasdros
Cawvdebi mas”. bruno netli gaocda, magram mixvda ra, Tu rogor `wvdomas”
gulisxmobda misi pedagogi da upasuxa: `me arc maqvs imis molodini, rom
sparsul musikas Cavwvde ise, rogorc adgilobrivi mkvidri, me mxolod imis
amoxsnas vcdilob, Tu ra principebs emyareba es musika”; razec pedagogma
uTxra: `magis swavlas albaT SeZleb, magram eg arc Tu ise mniSvnelovania”
(Nettl, 1983, 2005:149). erTi SexedviT, mkvlevari, romlisTvisac kvlevis sagani,
misive mSobliuri kulturis nawilia, xolo sakvlevis masalisa Tu
informantebis (eTnoforebis) ena – mkvlevris mSobliuri ena, mowinave
poziciaSia im mecnierTan, romlisTvisac sakvlevi masala da misi
kulturuli konteqsti ucxoa, magram praqtikidan gamomdinare Cven vxedavT,
rom orive maTgans, Tanabari Rirebulebis mqone kvlevis Catareba SeuZlia.
aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom ucxo musikalur kulturaze
dakvirvebisas, enobrivi Tu sxva kulturuli barierebis pirobebSi,
mkvlevars ganksauTrebuli sifrTxile marTebs, raTa mecnierebas, misi
kvlevis Sedegad mcdari informaciis matarebeli, saerTaSoriso
mniSvnelobis mqone Sroma ar SemorCes.
zemoaRniSnuli oTxi ZiriTadi kategoriidan mimaCnia, rom meore aris
monawile-damkvirvebeli (Participant observation), mesame ki damkvirvebeli. amaTgan
sagnis SeswavlaSi garkveuli wvlilis Setana oTxive kategoriis mkvlevars
SeuZlia, rac pirvel rigSi SedarebiTi kvlevis meTods ukavSirdeba; Tumca
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kulturis miRma myofi im mkvlevris muSaoba, romelic damkvirvebelTan
erTad monawilec1 xdeba, sakvlev obieqtTan ufro met siaxloves amJRavnebs.
da bolos. umniSvnelovanesia, rom kulturis SigniT myofi mkvlevari,
analitikur distancias flobdes; mas unda hqondes unari sakuTar
kulturas odnav mocildes da mas obieqturad daakvirdes.
Cemi sakvalifikacio naSromis meTodologiur bazas Seadgens:
• eTnomusikologiur naSromebSi gamoyenebuli SedarebiTi da kulturul-
anTropologiuri meTodologia; • interdisciplinuri kvlevis meTodi;
• raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi kvlevis meTodebi (monawileoba-dakvirveba,
gamokiTxva, statistika); • istoriuli analizis meTodi; • samusikismcodneo medievistikis samecniero gamocdileba;
• Cem mier winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi Sedgenili kiTxvari, romelic
erTi konkretuli tipis fokus-jgufisTvisaa gankuTvnili; naSromSi viyeneb
interviuebs im adamianebTan, romlebic Cemi kvlevis sferoSi praqtikul
saqmianobas ewevian.
naSromis mecnieruli siaxle – qarTuli saeklesio mravalxmiani
galoba amgvari dargTaSoriso kvlevis sagani aqamde ar gamxdara;
kulturuli anTropologiis, musikologiisa da eTnomusikologiis
mimarTulebaTa safuZvelze, tradiciuli mravalxmianoba, saeklesio galoba
da kulturuli TviTmyofadoba erTian konteqstSi ganixileba. naSromis
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes nawils, Tanamedrove mgalobelTa gamokiTxva
warmoadgens, romlis safuZvelze, Cven konkretuli daskvnebis gakeTebis
SesaZlebloba mogveca. daskvnebi, Tanamedrove qarTul yofaSi tradiciuli
saeklesio mravalxmianobis rolsa da mis mniSvnelobas moiazrebs.
gamovlenilia is ZiriTadi xedva, romelic dRevandel dRes galobis
irgvliv arsebul problematikas ukavSirdeba.
1 monawile – ara mxolod, rogorc mecnieri, romelic ama Tu im kulturiTaa garemoculi, sxvadasxva qmedebaSi – mxolod kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare monawileobs, aramed monawile, rogorc individi, romlis gemovnebisTvisac ama Tu im kulturis esTetika srulebiT misaRebia.
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naSromis praqtikuli Rirebuleba – qarTuli tradiciuli
mravalxmianobisa da qarTuli saeklesio galobis sakiTxebis samecniero
kvlevebSi gamoyenebaa. vfiqrobT, naSromi daexmareba rogorc uSualod
qarTuli tradiciuli musikiTa da musikismcodneobis sakiTxebiT
dainteresebulT, ise kulturis kvlevebisa da kulturuli anTropologiis
sferoSi momuSave mkvlevrebs, aseve maT, vinc musikaluri identobis
sakiTxebiT arian dainteresebulni. winamdebare naSromi daxmarebas gauwevs,
ara mxolod sakiTxiT dainteresebul mkvlevrebs, aramed praqtikos
regentebsa Tu mgaloblebs. naSromSi pirvelad aris Tavmoyrili is
ucxouri samecniero midgomebi, romlebic tradiciuli musikis SeswavliT
dainteresebul studentebsa da mkvlevrebs daxmarebas gauwevs.
kvlevis ZiriTadi sagania qarTuli saeklesio galoba, rogorc
vokaluri mravalxmiani azrovnebisa da koleqtiuri locvis forma.
Tanamedrove sociumSi, zemoaRniSnuli azrovnebis gamovlenaze dakvirveba
Cemi kvlevis ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens.
sakvalifikacio naSromis I Tavi - kulturuli da musikaluri
identobis aspeqtebi, identobas, rogorc sxvadasxva mimarTulebis
Tanamedrove kvlevebis, maT Soris ki kulturuli anTropologiis dargis
erT-erT sakvanZo sakiTxad ganixilavs. Cemi azriT, globalizaciis
procesis fonze, sxvadasxva eris kulturulma identobam meti simZafriT
iCina Tavi da aRniSnuli procesis Seswavlis saWiroebac dadga.
urTierTgaxsnil kulturul sivrceSi, sadac kulturaTa gacvla
yovelwuTier xasiaTs atarebs, kulturasTan erTad, kulturuli identobis
cnebac zogjer erovnul CarCos scdeba da mravalkulturul garemoSi
hibriduli formiT yalibdeba.
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, kulturuli
identobis amgvar ganmartebas vemxrobi: kulturuli identoba vlindeba,
rogorc koleqtiur, ise individualur doneze. igi warmoadgens: istoriaze,
genetikur kavSirze, erovnebaze, sacxovrebel adgilze, sametyvelo enaze,
saerTo Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli parametrebis nakrebs, romelTanac
individi sakuTari Tavis kulturul identifikacias axdens. kulturuli
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identoba erTi mxriv sakuTari Tavis Secnobas, xolo meore mxriv ki
sakuTari Tavis sxvebTan kavSirSi Secnobas gulisxmobs.
pirvel TavSi, erTi da imave kulturis farglebSi, kulturuli
insaiderisa da auTsaideris funqcionirebis sakiTxia dasmuli. sainteresoa,
identobis ra formasTan gvaqvs saqme, maSin rodesac kulturuli
auTsaideri ucxo qveynis tradiciul musikas eziareba; xdeba Tu ara es
ucxo kultura misi kulturuli identobis Semadgeneli nawili? aseT
fenomens SeZenil identobas vuwodeb, romlis pirobebSi ara genetikur,
aramed ucxo kulturis konteqstSi Camoyalibebul kulturul (musikalur)
identobasTan gvaqvs saqme.
pirveli Tavis dasasruls, yuradRebas kulturuli identobis
krizisze vamaxvileb; magaliTis saxiT, Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi
saeklesio galobis mimarTulebiT arsebul erT-erT yvelaze did
problemas – qarTul taZrebSi RvTismsaxurebis araqarTuli hangis
TanxlebiT aRvlenas, bizantiuri galobis Semswavleli jgufis magaliTze
ganvixilav.
naSromis II Tavi – musikis anTropologia da qarTuli tradiciuli
mravalxmianoba (kvlevis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi), eTmoba musikis
anTropologias, rogorc axal mimarTulebas da igi ganxilulia
dargTaSoriso konteqstSi, im ZiriTadi samecniero Sromebis safuZvelze,
romlebic musikis anTropologiisa da mis momijnave dargebSi Sesrulda.
meore TavSi ganxilulia sakiTxis Seswavlis istoria, rogorc
sazRvargareTuli, ise qarTuli samecniero literaturis farglebSi;
aRwerilia anTropologebis, eTnomusikologebis, musikologebis,
istorikosebisa da eTnologebis is xedva da midgomebi, romelTa gareSe
musikis anTropologia, rogogrc dargi ver iarsebebs. aRniSnuli Tavis
praqtikuli Rirebuleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom masSi pirvelad aris
Tavmoyrili da damuSavebuli is umniSvnelovanesi dasavluri samecniero
literatura, romlis gareSec tradiciuli musikis Seswavla
warmoudgeneli iqneboda; Sesabamisad, naSromi am sakiTxiT dainteresebuli
qarTveli studentebisa Tu mkvlevrebisaTvis gamosadegia. meore TavSi
11
vexebi qarTul tradiciuli mravalxmianobis – rogorc musikis istoriul
da Teoriul, aseve eTnomusikologiur da anTropologiur mxareebs.
aRvniSnav ra tradiciuli mravalxmiani musikis socialuri sawyisis Sesaxeb,
qarTul tradiciul mravalxmianobasTan mimarTebiT Semdeg mosazrebas
gamovTqvam: qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianoba warmoadgens socialur-
funqciuri mravalxmianobis iseT formas, romelic ramdenime Semsruleblis
mier SemoqmedebiTi individualobis urTierTgaziarebis Sedegia. am
procesSi adamianTa Soris siaxlovis, urTierTdamokidebulebis garkveuli
xasiaTi da principi – gansxvavebulobiT miRweuli erTianoba vlindeba.
winamdebare sakvalifikacio naSromis meore Tavi moicavs, erTi mxriv,
koleqtiuri musikaluri azrovnebis Sedegad miRebuli vokaluri
mravalxmianobis Camoyalibebis istoriul-Teoriul wanamZRvrebs, meore
mxriv ki uSualod qarTuli saeklesio galobis warmoSobis savarudo
periodsa da masTan dakavSirebul ramdenime musikologiur-medievistur
Sromas exeba.
aRniSnul TavSi, tradiciuli musikaluri struqturis analiziTan da
terminologiasTan dakavSirebul Cemeul xedvasac vexebi da ganvamrtav, Tu
ratom aris Cem mier amave TavSi SemoTavazebuli saxeldebebi ufro upriani
im musikalur masalasTan mimarTebiT, romelic eTnomusikologiuri, anda
anTropologiuri kvlevis obieqts SeiZleba warmoadgendes.
tradiciuli musikaluri kulturisa da mravalxmiani galobis
Camoyalibebis konteqstSi, meore TavSi, winareqristianuli da qristianuli
kulturebis urTierTmimarTebis problemac ganixileba. qarTlis
gaqristianebasTan dakavSirebiT viziareb mosazrebas, rom garda politikur-
diplomatiuri mizezebisa, qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis
mizezi, sazogadoebis mxridan sulieri da kulturuli ganviTarebis axal
etapze gadasvlis mzaobaSia.
naSromis III Tavi – qarTuli saeklesio galobisa da qarTvelTa
kulturuli identobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi, uSualod galobis
irgvliv arsebul problematikas exeba. mesame TavSi warmodgenilia mcire
istoriuli eqskursi, romelic qarTuli saeklesio galobis sferoSi,
12
upiratesad XIX saukunis mdgomareobas asaxavs. aRniSnuli istoriuli
mimoxilva imdroindeli sasuliero pirebis, sazogado moRvaweebisa Tu
mwerlebis saxelebs moicavs, rac SemTxveviTi ar aris, radgan rogorc
wyaroebidan Cans, maT yvelas erovnuli TviTSegnebis mZafri gancda da
qarTuli saeklesio galobisadmi gaweuli amagi aerTianebT. rodesac
vsaubrobT galobaze, rogorc kulturuli da musikaluri identobis
nawilze, SeuZlebelia gverdi avuaroT im adamianebs, romlebic, miuxedavad
imisa, rom sxvadasxva sferos warmomadgenlebi arian da xSir SemTxvevaSi
saeklesio galobasTan uSualo kavSirSi ar imyofebian, isini
sakvalifikacio naSromSi dasmuli sakiTxis ganxilvisas, yvelaze
TvalsaCino magaliTad gvevlinebian, radgan swored kulturuli identobis
konteqstSi, qarTuli saeklesio galobis aRdgenis saqmeSi maT udidesi
wvlili Seitanes.
mesame Tavis mniSvnelovan nawils Cem mier Catarebuli gamokiTxva da
misi Sedegebi warmoadgens. Cvens dargSi momuSave araerTi mecnieris
kvaldakval, naSromis am nawilSi informantebis interviudan amonaridebia
moyvanili, rac erTi mxriv masalis aRqmas mniSvnelovnad amartivebs, meore
mxriv ki ufro met damajereblobas sZens mas. amave mizeziT, pasuxebis
nawili mcire rukebSia asaxuli, romelTa sruli versia naSromis danarTSi
ganvaTavseT. Cem mier Sedgenili kiTxvari, galobasTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebis vrcel da vfiqrob – amomwurav speqtrs moicavda, romelTa
Soris, sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gverdiT ganvixileT: samgaloblo
repertuaris, galobis saSemsruleblo stilis, galobis musikaluri,
religiuri da socialuri aspeqtebi.
mokled aRvwerT im sakiTxebs, romlebic uSualod informatTa mier
mwvaved daisva. esenia ganaTlebis sakiTxi, maT Soris:
1. uSualod mgalobelTa profesiuli ganaTleba, rac galobis
xarisxs aamaRlebda,
2. galobis mimarTulebiT sasuliero pirebis ukeT ganaTleba, rac
mgaloblebisTvis saWiro platformas Seqmnida,
13
3. saqarTvelos saSualo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebsa da
musikalur skolebSi galobis gakveTilebis SemoReba, (rac erTi mxriv am
sferos mcodneTa ricxvs gazrdida, meore mxriv ki galobis mimarT
sazogadoebis mxridan dainteresebasa da damokidebulebas axal – ufro
maRal safexurze aiyvanda).
galobis saqmis materialuri uzrunvelyofa; galobis Sesrulebis
xarisxisa da mgalobelTa gundebis raodenobis TvalsazrisiT regionebSi
arsebul arc Tu ise saxarbielo mdgomareoba; zogierT taZarSi
arakanonikuri galobis Sesaruleba. zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebis vrceli
mimoxilvis Sedegad, dgeba kulturis politikis, rogorc aRniSnul
problemaTa mogvarebis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro eqfeqturi saSualebis
sakiTxi.
daskvniT TavSi Sevecade warmomeCina is, Tu rogor
urTierTdamokidebulebaSia qarTuli galoba da kulturuli identoba
Tanamedrove – dRevandel saqarTveloSi; gamomerkvia is mizezebi, romelTa
gamo sxvadasxva asakisa da profesiis adamianebma saerTo saqmes – saeklesio
galobas mihyves xeli.
Cemi samomavlo kvlevis interesis sagania qarTuli tradiciuli
mravalxmiani musikis mniSvnelobaze dakvirveba: 1. qarTul sekularul
sazogadoebaSi, 2. aramarTlmadidebeli, gansxvavebuli konfesiis mqone
qarTvelebSi, 3. emigraciaSi myof qarTvelebSi. empiriuli gamocdilebis
safuZvelze vvaraudob, rom qarTul mravalxmian sagalobels, zemoT
CamoTvlil sam kategoriaSi Semavali adamianebisTvisac garkveuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba, xolo Tu ramdenad didia qarTuli tradiciuli
musikis mniSvneloba da rogori formiT gamoixateba igi, amas kvlevis
momdevno etapebi gviCvenebs. calke Seswavlis sagnad, saqarTvelos
monastrebSi, galobis kuTxiT arsebuli mdgomareoba mimaCnia. am
mimarTulebiT Casatarebeli samomavlo kvleva swored monasterebiT unda
diwyos, rac problemaTa identificirebis kidev ufro Rrma da safuZvlian
SesaZleblobas mogvcemda.
14
rogorc winamdebare naSromis farglebSi, ise momaval kvlevaSi, Cemi
mizania qarTuli saeklesio galobis, rogorc kulturul, musikalur da
religiur identobasTan dakavSirebuli aqtis gamovlinebis im formaze
dakvirveba, romelic informaciis Taobidan Taobaze gadacemul uwyvet
tradicias ukavSirdeba.
15
Tavi pirveli
kulturuli da musikaluri identobis aspeqtebi
„msoflio istoriis manZilze adamianebma sxvadasxva tipis jgufi,
iseTi kriteriumebis safuZvelze Seqmnes, romelic Cven – maTgan gangvarCevs“
(Grosby. 2005:1). identoba, socialur TeoriaTa ganxilvaSi, erT-erTi wamyvani
Temaa. identoba – filosofiaSi, kulturasa da religiaSi – es mxolod
nawilia im mimarTulebebisa, romelSic identobis sakiTxebsa da maT
Seswavlas didi adgili eTmoba. Identitas (laT.) – msgavsebas, erTgvarobas,
igiveobas, erTsaxeobas niSnavs. religiaSi, aRniSnuli sakiTxis Seswavla,
identobis formirebis iseT specifiur saxes gulisxmobs, rodesac wina
planze, ama Tu im religiaSi koleqtiuri mikuTvnebulobis (wevrobis)
grZnobaa wamoweuli; am TvalsazrisiT igi erovnuli da kulturuli
identobis analogs warmoadgens. adamianis religiur identobaze
dakvirvebisas, samecniero kvlevebSi, ramdenime faqtorze gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba gamaxvilda; maT Soris: 1. erovnebaze, 2. imaze, Tu romel Taobas
warmoadgens Seswavlis esa Tu is subieqti, 3. sqesze. aRniSnul faqtorebs,
xalxTa kulturuli identobis kvlevaSic didi mniSvneloba eniWeba.
entoni smiti, Tavisi naSromiს erovnuli identoba (National Identity),
pirvelive TavSi aRniSnavs, rom sazogadoebis winaSe, identobis sakiTxi
jer kidev Zv. w. a. 429 wels dadga, maSin, rodesac sofokles „oidipos mefe“
daidga. avtoris TqmiT, am nawarmoebis centralur problemas, swored
identoba warmoadgens (Smith, 1991:1). ganagrZobs ra oidiposis magaliTze
identobis Temis ganxilvas, smiti gamoyofs im kategoriebs, romelTa
safuZvelze koleqtiuri identoba yalibdeba. esenia: 1. sqesi, 2.
sacxovrebeli adgili (teritoria), 3. socialuri klasi, (socialur-
ekonomikuri identoba), (Smith, 1991:4). aRniSnul naSromSi, smiti im
fundamentur maxasiaTeblebs ayalibebs, romlebic erovnul identobas
gansazRvraven. esenia:
16
1. istoriuli teritoria – samSoblo;
2. saerTo miTebi da istoriuli mexsiereba;
3. saerTo masobrivi kultura;
4. saerTo kanonieri uflebebi da movaleobebi;
5. saerTo ekonomika; (Smith, 1991:14).
erovnuli identobis mimarT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac igi
politikur ideologiasa Tu sxvadasxva socialur aqtivobas ukavSirdeba,
sazogadoebis liberalur nawils, araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba –
ZiriTadad ki inteleqtualuri skepticizmi axasiaTebs; Tumca meore mxriv,
sxvadasxva droSi, swored inteleqtualebma (filosofiaSi, literaturaSi,
poeziaSi, xelovnebaSi) warmoaCines samSoblo, rogorc aseTi, wina planze
gamoitanes erovnuli cnobierebis sakiTxi. amis magaliTad, sxvadasxva
qveynis (maT Soris saqarTvelos) profesiul musikaSi, erovnuli skolebis
Camoyalibebac gamogvadgeba; Sedegad ki ama Tu im qveynis tradiciuli
musikiT gajerebuli akademiuri musika Seiqmna.
e. smiti, ganixilavs ra erovnuli identobis doqtrinas, aRniSnavs,
rom:
1. samyaro sxvadasxva erisagan Sedgeba, TiToeul ers individualoba,
istoria da bedi gamoarCevs;
2. eri – es aris wyaro yovelgvari politikuri Tu socialuri
Zlierebisa;
3. adamianebma sakuTari Tavis - erTan identificireba unda moaxdinon,
Tu maT surT, rom iyvnen Tavisufalni da sakuTari Tavi Seicnon;
4. erebi unda iyvnen Tavisufalni da daculni, raTa msoflioSi
mSvidobam da samarTlianobam ibatonos; (Smith, 1991:74).
entoni smitis gansazRvrebiT, nacionalizmi – es aris kulturis
forma – ideologia, ena, miTologia, simbolizmi da cnobiereba, romelsac
globaluri rezonansi aqvs, xolo eri – warmoadgens iseTi tipis
identobas, rodesac mniSvneloba da prioriteti, kulturis zemoTaRniSnuli
formiT aris nakarnaxevi (Smith, 1991:92).
17
mkafiod gamoxatuli kulturuli identoba, sakuTari kulturuli
konteqstis da TviTmyofadobis stabilur gancdas gulisxmobs, rac Tavis
mxriv subieqtur grZnobebs ukavSirdeba da es grZnobebi mimarTulia im
obieqturi garemos mimarT, romelSic konkretuli Temi Tu individi
cxovrobs, an aRizarda. aRniSnul kulturul konteqstSi gaurkvevloba da
eWvis Setana identobis kriziss iwvevs, rac Tanamedrove socialuri
Teoriis kidev erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxad gvevlineba. calke Seswavlis
sagania ama Tu im ideologiis farglebSi arsebuli simboloebisa da
adamianis piradi identobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi (Barnett, 1977:276).
kulturuli identoba, erTis mxriv ucvlel da mudmiv kategoriebs moicavs,
meores mxriv ki sakmaod gaxsnilia da cvlilebebsac eqvemdebareba,
gamomdinare iqidan, Tu romel kulturul sistemasTan gvaqvs xangrZlivi
urTierToba. winamdebare naSromis erT-erT umTavres amocanasac swored
imis Cveneba warmoadgens, Tu rogor da ra formiT aris qarTuli
mravalxmianoba, kerZod ki saeklesio mravalxmiani galoba, kulturuli
identobis mkafiod Camoyalibebuli da ucvleli kategoria. aRniSnuli
sakiTxi gansakuTrebul interess iZens imis fonze, rom Tavad qarTuli
kultura, mkafiod gamoxaturli TviTmyofadobis miuxedavad, Tavisi bunebiT
yovelTvis gaxsnili iyo ucxo kulturaTa mimarT da arasdros qonia
Caketili sazRvrebi, rasac garkveulwilad qveynis istoriuli bedic
ganapirobebda.
vexebi ra gansazRvrebebs „erovnuli identoba“ da „kulturuli
identoba“, mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom erovnuli kultura, romlis
wiaRSic Cven vibadebiT da xSir SemTxvevaSi vizrdebiT kidec, warmoadgens
im ZiriTad resurss, romliTac Cveni kulturuli identoba sazrdoobs.
kulturuli sistemis maxasiaTeblebi, romelTanac adreuli asakidanve Cven
yovelwuTieri Sexeba gvaqvs, CvenSi erTgvar arqetips ayalibeben, romlis
safuZvelzec mogvianebiT ukve Cven Tavad vzrdiT momaval Taobas.
specifiuri socialuri garemo, Cven mier gaTavisebuli wes-Cveulebebi,
gamocdileba, zepiri Tu werilobiTi wyaros saSualebiT miRebuli codna
qmnis im zogaderovnul cnobierebas, romelic erTi kulturis farglebSi
18
mcxovreb, mravali niSniT gansxvavebul or adamiansac ki erTmaneTTan
akavSirebs.
rogor urTierTqmedebaSia kulturuli identoba globalizaciis
procesTan. aq or mniSvnelovan aspeqts unda gaesvas xazi. erTi mxriv,
swored globalizaciisadmi bunebrivad gaCenilma winaaRmdegobrivma Zalam
ganapiroba is, rom sxvadasxva eris kulturulma identobam mZafrad iCina
Tavi da rogorc sakvlevma Tematikam wina planze wamoiwia; meore mxriv ki
globalizaciis fonze, rodesac samyaro TiTqos dapataravda, manZilebi
damoklda, informaciis myisieri gavrcelebis Sedegad, dedamiwis erT
wertilSi momxdari ambavi, sruliad sapirispiro mxares – Sors myof
adamianebze axdens gavlenas, kulturuli identoba erovnul CarCos gascda
da mravalkulturul garemoSi hibriduli forma SeiZina.
vidre uSualod musikaluri identobis sakiTxebs SevexebodeT, gvsurs
Zalian mokled ganvixiloT religiuri identobis Temac, vinaidan:
1. religiuri identoba – sakuTriv adamianis identobis gamovlenis
erT-erTi mkafio formaa;
2. religiuri identoba mWidro kavSirSia kulturul identobasTan da
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am ukanasknelis nawilsac Seadgens, imdenad,
ramdenadac religiuri wesCveulebebi adamianis kulturuli identobis
maxasiaTebelTa mniSvnelovan speqtrs ayalibebs;
3. Cveni kvlevis ZiriTadi sfero, swored religiur – sasuliero hangs
ukavSirdeba.
saqarTvelos erT-erTi regionis – aWaris magaliTze, romlis
gamahmadianeba am regionis geografiuli adgilmdebareobiT iyo
ganpirobebuli, qarTvelTa religiuri identobis Sesaxeb sagulisxmo
cnobebs gvawvdis anTropologi maTais pelkmansi. Tavis naSromSi Defending
The Border. Identity, Religion and Modernity in the Republic of Georgia (sazRvris dacva.
identoba, religia da Tanamedroveoba saqarTvelos respublikaSi), igi
aRwers im eqspedicias, romelic 2000 wels maRalmTian aWaraSi
ganaxorciela. es swored is periodia, rodesac saqarTvelo – qristeSobis
19
2000 da saxelmwifoebriobis 3000 wlis TariRs aRniSnavda. zemoT
CamoTvlil TariRebTan erTad, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia da
misi mrevli, saqarTveloSi andria pirvelwodebulisa da masTan erTad
qristianobis Semosvlis 2000 welsac zeimobda. aWaris regioni, sayovelTao
naTlisRebis saidumlos araerTi aRsrulebiT aris cnobili da wignis
meore nawilis bolos, me-6 paragrafSi – Ancestors and Enemies in Conversion to
Christianity (winaprebi da mtrebi qristianul sarwmunoebaze moqcevisas)
maTais pelkmansic swored aWaraSi, qristes sjulze moqcevis procesis
TvalsaCinoebisTvis, ramdenime ambavs mogviTxrobs. avtoris TqmiT, im
rTuli motivaciebis gageba, romelmac adamianebs gaqristianebisken ubiZga,
SesaZlebelia uSualod maTTan saubrebiT da imaze dakvirvebiT, Tu ras
yvebian axladgaqristianebulebi TavianTi naTlobis Sesaxeb (Pelkmans,
2006:144). wignSi sxvadasxva adamianTa narativia aRwerili. erT-erTi maTgani
1958 welsaa dabadebuli da Tavad aRniSnavs, rom „namdvil aTeistur
periodSi“ gaizarda. amis miuxedavad, misi mSoblebi islamis wes-Cveulebebis
aqtiuri mimdevrebi yofilan. Svils xumrobiT zogjer „patara warmarTsac“
ki uwodebdnen. skolis dasrulebis Semdeg, ambis mTavarma gmirma swavla
baTumis pedagogiur institutSi ganagrZo da rogorc Tavad ambobs, am
periods mis gaqristianebaze araviTari gavlena ar mouxdenia, radgan
institutSi, religiaze saubari mkacrad ikrZaleboda da am sakiTxisadmi
interesi Tavadac ar gaCenia. 4 wlis Semdeg igi xuloSi dabrunda da coli
SeirTo. „Cemi qorwilis (1982 w.) Semdeg, me da Cemi meuRle male Tbiliss
vestumreT. SemTxveviT mama-daviTis eklesiasTan aRmovCndiT; taZris kari
Ria iyo da saeklesio gundis xma ismoda. am hangis silamazem gamaogna da
meuRles vuTxari, rom taZarSi Sesvla msurda. me aRfrTovanebuli viyavi.
arc ki vicodi iq Sesuls ra wesebi unda damecva; iqaurma silamazem
sruliad gamitaca. TiTqosda vipovne simSvide, is rasac mTeli Cemi
cxovrebis manZilze veZiebdi, es iyo Cemi cxovrebis, Cemi kulturis nawili“
(Pelkmans, 2006:145). avtoris TqmiT, xuloSi dabrunebis Semdeg,
qristianobisadmi misi interesi minelda. 1991 wels, erT-erTi adgilobrivi
20
skola, wm. andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis sasuliero liceumad
gadakeTda, sadac igi rusuli enis pedagogad moewyo; „nel-nela me Cems Zvel
religias davubrundi; religias, romelsac Cemi winaprebi 2000 wlis winaT
misdevdnen. gaqristianeba, CemTvis ioli gadawyvetileba ar iyo. gavecani ra
garkveul wyaroebs, davrwmundi, rom Cemi winabrebi namdvilad qristianebi
yofilan. 1999 wels, mama iosebis daxmarebiT me barieri davamsxvrie. misive
daxmarebiT mahmadianur ritualebsa da wes-Cveulebebs Tavi davaRwie da Cems
mSobliur religias davubrundi. mamaCemi am ambavs yvelaze ukeT Sexvda,
gacilebiT ukeT vidre deda da meuRle. bunebrivia, maT winaaRmdegobis
gaweva scades, magram me avuxseni, rom es Cemi winaprebis religia iyo. mas
Semdeg, rac sasuliero liceumSi daviwye muSaoba, ojaxSi augadac
mixseniebdnen da ambobdnen, rom Zalian Sevicvale, magram me Cemi gzis
erTguli davrCi“ (Pelkmans, 2006:145).
momdevno ambis gmirisTvisac, umniSvnelovanes faqtorad gvevlineba
qristianoba – rogorc misi winaprebis religia. igi 1996 wels, xulos
axladgaxsnil taZarSi moinaTla.…„ufro adre, Cemi mezoblebis gamo ar
movinaTle. amgvari nabijis gadadgma, maTTvis warmoudgenelia... maTi
TvalTaxedviT, Cveni religia – islamia... gaqristianeba CemTvis ioli
gadasawyveti ar yofila. mezoblebma miTxres, rom didi Secdoma davuSvi, me
ki yovelTvis vpasuxobdi, rom swori gadawyvetileba miviRe da Cemi
winaprebis gzas davadeqi. qristianad monaTvlis gamo, mamaCemTan problema
ar Semqmnia. is dRemde namdvili komunistia da miuxedavad imisa, rom misi
mSoblebi muslimebi iyvnen, mama praqtikulad aTeistia“ (Pelkmans, 2006:146).
wignis avtori aRniSnavs, rom misi informanti xSirad wuxda imis gamo, Tu
rogor ucodinrobas amJRavebdnen misi mezoblebi, ugulvebelyofdnen ra
istoriul simarTles. „isini ver xedaven – islami aq aris mxolod imitom,
Turqebma mogvaxvies Tavs.“ m. pelkmansi dasZens, rom ambis gmirs, islamuri
warsulisgan Tavis daRweva surda da misi qristianad monaTvla,
SesaZlebelia davinaxoT, rogorc misTvis ucxo da aramSobliuri
sawyisisgan ganwmendis erTgvari rituali. misi am gadawyvetilebis gamo,
21
yvela moxaruli ar yofila, Tumca, amisTvis axladgaqristianebul kacs
didi yuradReba ar miuqcevia. „mas Semdeg, rac Cemma meuRlem gaigo, rom
Cveni qal-vaJi qristianebad movnaTle, igi atirda. mas eSinoda, rom Cveni
Svilebis SerTvas aRaravin moisurvebda. gegoneba me msurda muslimi siZe!
piriqiT, naTlobam yvelaferi gaamartiva; axla mxolod Sesaferisi
kandidatebi SeirTaven maT“ (Pelkmans, 2006:147).
zemoT monaTxrob ambebSi, wina planze wamoweulia, erTi mxriv
qristianobis, rogorc winaprebis religiis sawyisi, xolo meore mxriv ki
informantebis gaqristianebasTan dakavSirebuli socialuri foni da
ojaxis wevrebTan garTulebuli urTierTobebi. is, ramac m. pelkmansis
aRniSnul wignSi hpova asaxva, naTlad uCvenebs erT regionSi mcxovreb
adamianTa konkretuli jgufis damokidebulebas sakuTari religiuri
mikuTvnebulobis mimarT. maT saubarSi mkafiod ikveTeba kavSiri religiur
identobasa da tradiciul (winaprebis) kulturas Soris. m. pelkmansis mier
Cvenamde motanili ambebSi, TviTgamorkvevis procesSi, sasuliero musikis
rolic aris naCvenebi, ris gamoc informantebis istoriebi CemTvis kidev
ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens.
musika, rogorc istoriuli mexsierebis matarebeli dargi da
kacobriobis azrovnebisa Tu qmedebis erT-erTi originaluri formaa,
romelic sxvadasxva xalxis urTierTganmasxvavebel kategoriad gvevlineba
da socialur-kulturuli garemos ganuyofel atributs warmoadgens.
martin stouqsi, SesavalSi wignisa Ethnicity, Identity and Music (eTnikuroba,
identoba da musika), xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom eTnikurobis Teoriebma,
Cveni drois eTnomusikologiasa da musikologias mkafio kvali daamCnies.
avtoris TqmiT, anTropologTa mier musikiT dainteresebis potenciur
areals swored zemoaRniSnuli kavSiri warmoadgens (Stokes, 1994:vii). erTi
mxriv, eTnikuri sazRvrebis farglebSi, sxvadasxva xalxis kulturuli –
maT Soris musikaluri identobebis maxasiaTeblebi vlindeba, meore mxriv,
ki `musikaluri ena, rogorc eris sulieri kulturis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani mxare, eTnikuri Taviseburebis gamomxatvelia. xalxuri musika
22
Seicavs ara mxolod esTetikur, aramed eTnikur funqcias“ (maisuraZe,
2003:284). musikis, rogorc kulturaSi Semavali fenomenis Seswavlis
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, Cem mier SesavalSive aRiniSna. am kuTxiT Tu
vimsjelebT, tradiciuli musika, sazogadoebaSi hpovebs asaxvas da piriqiT
– entoni sigeris mosazrebasze dayrdnobiT, SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rom
musikaSi Tavad sazogadoeba aisaxeba, rac yofis socialuri organizebis
aspeqtebs ukavSirdeba. ikvlevs ra suias sazogadoebas, avtors miaCnia, rom
am sazogadoebis Seswavla swored maTi musikis meSveobiT aris
SesaZlebeli; entoni sigeris TqmiT `suias (braziliis mkvidri mosaxleoba,
e.d.) sazogadoeba iyo orkestri, maTi sofeli – sakoncerto darbazi, xolo
maTi yovelwliuri cxovreba – simRera“ (Seeger, 1987:140). martin stouqsis
TqmiT, e. sigeris Sroma fundamenturi argumentia, romelSic rig
sakiTxebTan erTad, avtorma is Teoriuli dayofa daZlia, rac musikis
Seswavlasa da sazogadoebis Seswavlas Soris arsebobs. am msjelobiT
msurs ganvamtkico Cemi mosazreba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom musikalur
strategiaSi, eris RirebulebaTa sistema vlindeba; tradiciuli musikis
safuZvelze, Cven vRebulobT informacias da codnas ama Tu im xalxis
Sesaxeb. zemoaRniSnul SromaSi, Sesavlis erT-erT paragrafSi –
hibriduloba da gansxvaveba (Hybridity and Difference) m. stouqsi aRniSnavs:
„cxadia, rom musika danaxulia rogorc simboluri aqtivobebis sfero,
romelsac nacionalur saxelmwifoebSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba“ (Stokes,
1994:15).2
Tomas turino, naSromSi `Music as Social Life” (musika, rogorc socialuri
cxovreba) musikas xelovnebis calkeul dargad ar ganixilavs; avtori
musikas ukavSirebs iseT aqtivobebs, romelic adamianad yofnis sxvadasxva
gzasa da saWiroebebs gulisxmobs. `ufro siRrmiseulad ki me vamtkiceb,
rom musikaluri Tanamonawileoba da gamocdileba Rirebulia piradi da
socialuri integraciis procesebisaTvis” (Turino, 2008:1). avtori aseve
2 m. stouqsis am gansazRvrebis paralelurad, sagulisxmoa, rom eTnomusikologiam, rogorc disciplinam, emigrantebiT dasaxlebul iseT saxelmwifoSi hpova ganviTareba, rogoric amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia.
23
saubrobs imaze, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs musikas (da cekvas)
adamianebis TviTgamorkvevisa da maTi identobis gansazRvraSi.
turino xazs usvams CemTvis metad sagulisxmo garemoebas da wers,
rom `dResdReobiT adamianebi sityva identobas ise gamoiyeneben, TiTqos es
sityva niSnavdes igives, rasac sityva sakuTari niSnavs, magram
mniSvnelovania konceptualurad ori sawyisi ganvasxvaoT, socialur
samyaroSi idnividualuri da koleqtiuri identobebis funqciebidan
gamomdinare. sakuTari – es aris kompoziti, romelic Cvevebis jamur
raodenobas moicavs da es Cvevebi gansazRvravs Cveni azrovnebis, grZnobis,
gamocdilebisa da qmedebis tendenciebs. zemoaRniSnulisgan gansxvavebiT,
identoba Cvevebis nawilobriv da cvalebad SerCevas gulisxmobs,
romlebsac Cven sakuTari Tavis warsadgenad viyenebT, rogorc Cvenive Tavis,
ise sxvebis winaSe...” (Turino, 2008:101-102).
naSromSi – Singing the Right Way: Orthodox Christians and Secular Enchantment in
Estonia (sworad mRera: marTlmadidebeli qristianebi da sekularuli
momxibvleloba), jefers engelhardti mkiTxvels saintereso eTnografias
acnobs da aRwers, Tu rogor ar iSureben estoneTSi mcxovrebi
marTlmadidebeli qristianebi (eTnikuri estonelebi, romlebmac me-19
saukuneSi marTlmadidebluri qristianoba miiRes) Zalisxmevas saimisod,
rom taZarSi sworad igalobon; maTTvis es cxovrebiseuli gzis sworad
warmarTvas niSnavs, rac RvTismsaxurebasa da liturgikul gamocdilebas
ukavSirdeba. rogorc avtori aRniSnavs, es aris ambavi imaze, Tu rogor
gaerTianda sworad mReris ideis qveS Semsruleblis xma, saSemsruleblo
manera, marTlmadidebloba da estoneloba. `es aris estoneTSi mcxovrebi
religiuri umciresobis rwmenisa da cxovrebis eTnografia da istoria...”
(Engelhardt, 2014:4).
musikaluri identobis ganxilvisas, erT-erTi mniSvnelovan aspeqts,
emigrantebis mier, mSobliuri tradiciuli musikis aRqma warmoadgens.
aRniSnuli sakiTxi, calke sakvalifikacio naSromis Temaa da es
mimarTuleba Cemi samomavlo kvlevis interess warmoadgens. merab
24
mamardaSvilis qvemoT moyvanili citata, yvelaze ufro mkafiod aRwers
imas, Tu ra gavlenas axdens qarTuli tradiciuli simRera qarTveli
adamianis cnobierebaze: `me qarTveli var, radgan rogorc sulierad, ise
moralurad, me qarTuli mravalxmiani struqturis produqti var...zogierTi
Cemi sulieri SesaZleblobis bedi qarTulma musikam gansazRvra... am musikam
me mSoba. me vgulisxmob Cemi pirovnulis im Semadgenels, rasac eTnikuri da
erovnuli qvia... amitomac, rodesac qarTveli mReris an usmens simReras,
masSi xelaxla ibadeba qarTveli...” (mamardaSvili, 2000:292-293). am sityvebiT,
avtorma Tavad sakiTxis aqtualobasac gausva xazi da rogorc izali
zemcovski aRniSnavs „am aRsarebiT merab mamardaSvili gvaZlevs Temas da
davalebas momavlisaTvis...“ (zemcovski, 2003:43).
aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT, sagulisxmo Sromas gvTavazobs
natalia zelenski, romlis statia (Discourses of Authenticity and Sacrality in
Competing Styles of Church Music in the Russian Orthodox Diaspora of New York) Sesulia
musikisa da msoflio qristianobis Tematikisadmi miZRvnil krebulSi The
Oxford Handbook of Music and World Christianities. zelenski ganixilavs im rTul
sazRvrebs, romelic niu-iorkis rusul diasporaSi, sworad galobis Zvel
da axal – warsul da Tanamedrove sawyisebs ukavSirdeba. avtori aRniSnavs,
rom moskovis skolis 3 mimdevarTa miswrafeba Zveli galobisaken,
garkveulwilad im Tanamedrove koncefciiT aris nakarnaxevi, romelic
arqauli Sreebisadmi interess gulisxmobs da romelic Tanamedrove
sakompozitoro esTetikaSi gamoixata. `inovaciuri stilis miuxedavad,
moskovis skolis kompozitorebma Tavis musikaSi itoriuli auTenturoba
daicves imdenad, ramdenadac maTive azriT, moskovis skolas mWidro
kavSirebi aqvs arqaul, pre-dasavlur ruseTTan, rac gamoxatulia maT mier
wminda kvintebis, dabali meSvide safexurisa da znamenuri galobis hangebis
gamoyenebaSi. meore mxriv, ROCOR-is (Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia,
3 moskovis skola, igive axali skola gvian 1800-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda; masSi Sediodnen iseTi kompozitorebi, rogorebic arian: aleqsandr kastalski, pavel Cesnokovi da sergei raxmaninovi. moskovis skolis umTavresi SemoqmedebiTi principi, Zvel rusul – znamenur galobasTan dabruneba iyo.
25
ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia ruseTis sazRvrebs gareT) repertuaris
didi nawili, me-19 saukunis rusul sasuliero musikas moicavs, romelic
gacilebiT adre Seiqmna, vidre moskovis skolis sagaloblebi da romelic,
tradiciuli rusuli galobis uzurpirebis mizeziT, mkacrad gaakritikes”
(Zelensky, 2016:361-383).
tradiciuli musikaluri masala da masTan dakavSirebuli identobis
sakiTxi, or ZiriTad dros – warsulsa da awmyos, da maT urTierTkavSirs
moiazrebs. warsuls, imdenad, ramdenadac tradiciuli musika koleqtiuri
da istoriuli mexsierebis gaziarebis Sedegad, Taobidan Taobaze gadadis
da am TaobaTa mier, ama Tu im repertuaris mravaljeradi gameorebis gziT,
Cvenamde aRwevs; xolo eTnomusikologTa da anTropologTa mier,
informantebis Tanamedrove yofaze dakvirveba da sxvadasxva musikaluri
kulturis Seswavla swored awmyo droSi mimdinareobs. SromaSi – The Past in
Music (warsuli musikaSi), qerolain biTeli, ser mortimer uileris sityvebs
iSveliebs: `arqeologiSi – Txra ara nivTebis, aramed adamianebis Seswavlas
emsaxureba”; k. biTelis TqmiT es azri, musikasTan mimarTebiT gansakuTrebiT
gamarTlebulia, radgan musikis amgvari Seswavla, adamianebis uSualo
arsebobaze da am arsebobis gamJRavnebazea damokidebuli. materialuri
memkvidreobiT miRebuli nivTebisgan gansxvavebiT, bgerebs verc muzeumSi
gamovfenT da verc xilul eqsponadad vaqcevT. Cven ver SevagrovebT
gayinul notebs, an damsxvreul Tanxmovanebebs da maT minis WurWelSi ver
movaTavsebT. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac esa Tu is musikaluri kultura
werilobiTi, an audioCanaweris saxiT Cvenamde ver aRwevs, aseT dros musika
`xiluli” mxolod uSualo Sesrulebisas xdeba (Bithell, 2006:3). qarTuli
saeklesio galoba, iseve rogorc qarTuli xalxuri simRera, Cvenamde
zepirma tradiciam moitana; zepiri tradicia ki im koleqtiuri mexsierebis,
repertuaris mravaljeradi urTierTgaziarebis Sedegia, razec zemoT
mogaxseneT. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi frangi anTropologis klod levi-
strosis mier mecnierebaSi kulturaTa ori, principulad gansxvavebuli
tipebis aRmniSvneli terminebi damkvidrda (Леви-Стросс, 2001). evropuli tipis
26
kultura, romelic axali drois epoqidan moyolebuli msoflios
civilizaciis ganviTarebis safuZvels warmoadgens, avtoris mier
aRniSnulia rogorc `cxeli” kulturis tipi. aseTi kultura, avtoris
TqmiT orientirebulia axali gamocdilebis gaTavisebaze, rac racionaluri
azrovnebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. `cxeli” kulturis cnobierebis
umTavres instruments – werilobiTi (alfavituri) ena warmoadgens, romlis
saSualebiT axali codna-gamocdileba fiqsirdeba istoriuli
dokumentaciis, mecnieruli Sromebis (traqtatebis) Tu sxva werilobiTi
Zeglebis saxiT. avtoris azriT, sxvadasxva erSi aseTi kulturis
Camoyalibeba, rogorc wesi droiT TanxvedraSia saxelmwifoebriobis
warmoqmnasaTan. `cxeli” kultura yovelTvis evoluciurobiT xasiaTdeba;
igi iyenebs yvela arsebul da novaciur saSualebas, raTa SeinarCunos
informaciis gadacemis uwyveti procesi. aRniSnul kulturaSi centraluri
adgili uWiravs avtoris, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi individualis cnebas.
klod levi-strosi aseve iZleva meore, gansxvavebuli tipis kulturis
gansazRvrebas, romelsac `civi” kulturis tips uwodebs. am ukanasknels
miekuTvnebian arqauli, an, rogorc miRebulia maTi gansazRvra –
tradiciuli kulturebi, romelTa formireba sxvadasxva xalxSi, maTi
Camoyalibebis adreul etapze moxda. aseTi tipis kulturaSi wina planzea
ukve miRebuli gamocdilebisa da codnis gaziarebis, Taobidan Taobebze
gadacemis procesi. `cxeli”, evoluciuri kulturisgan gansxvavebiT, `civi”
kultura orientirebulia arsebuli tradiciuli gamocdilebisa da
faseulobaTa sistemis usasrulo aRdgena-ganmeorebaze, rac aRniSnuli
procesis ciklurobas gansazRvravs. `civ” kulturaSi adamianis codna
samyaros mowyobaze gadaicema werilobiTi Zeglebis gareSe, zepirad;
Sesabamisad igi cocxlobs manam, sanam misi matareblebi arseboben. `cxeli”
kulturis farglebSi, mravalferovneba xelovnebaSi miRweulia axali
nawarmoebebis Seqmnis gziT. rac Seexeba `civ” kulturas, aq
mravalferovnebis SeqmnaSi udidesi roli variantulobas, varirebas
akisria; e. i. SemoqmedebiTi individualoba ara axali nawarmoebis SeqmnaSi,
aramed ukve arsebuli arqetipis, `axlebur” interpretaciaSi vlindeba.
27
marTlac, xalxuri momRerlis mier erTidaigive simReris Sesruleba
yovelTvis axal SemoqmedebiT aqts warmoadgens, rac tradiciuli musikis
mravalferovnebas da simdidres ganapirobebs. marTalia, qarTul saeklesio
galobas, Cven tradiciuli musikaluri azrovnebis konteqstSi ganvixilavT,
Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul sasuliero hangs, profesiul
musikas miakuTvneben da am TvalsazrisiT, zogjer mas qarTuli
tradiciuli musikisagan mijnaven. dasavleTevropis saeklesio hangebi,
qoralebi safuZvlad daedo profesiul musikas, romelic, erTis mxriv
anonimuri, xolo meores mxriv CvenTvis kargad cnobili kompozitorebis
Semoqmedebas ukavSirdeba. eWvs ar badebs, rom qarTuli galobis safuZvels,
rogorc hangis, ise Janris TvalsazrisiT swored Zveli profesiuli musika
warmoadgens; Tumca aq sagulisxmoa Semdegi garemoeba: qarTuli samxmiani
galoba qarTuli mravalxmiani musikaluri azrovnebis Sedegia. qarTvelma
mgalobelma swored zemoaRniSnul azrovnebas dauqvemdebara hangi,
romelic ukve samxmian sagalobelSi cantusfirmus-is (fiqsirebuli hangi)
msgavsad, kanonikuri xmis funqcias asrulebs. gamodis, rom qarTuli
saeklesio galoba Zvel, e.w. profesiul sasuliero musikalur Semoqmedebas
warmoadgens, romelic marTalia udidesi danakargebiT, magram werilobiTi
Zeglebis saxiT Cvenamde mainc movida. qarTuli galobis SenarCunebaSi didi
roli Seasrula zepirma tradiciam, romelmac XII-XVII saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi, werilobiTi Zeglebis uqonlobis 4 pirobebSi, faqtobrivad
gadamwyveti, sasicocxlo mniSvneloba SeiZina. Tu davubrundebiT levi-
strosis zemoTxsenebul `civi” da `cxeli” kulturis gansazRvrebas, Cven
davinaxavT, rom qarTuli galoba, rogorc sityvisa da hangis erTobliobis
Sedegad miRebuli mravaldoniani, rTuli Sinagani bunebis mqone mxatvruli
movlena orive – rogorc “cxeli”, ise “civi” kulturis tipis
niSanTvisebebs atarebs, radgan erTis mxriv arsebuli nevmuri notaciis
saxiT igi ara uwyveti, magram TavisTavad werilobiTi tradiciis mqonea,
4nevmirebuli xelnawerebis, aRniSnul periodSi arsebobis sakiTxi burusiT aris moculi; savaraudoa, rom dampyrobelTa mier, sagalobelTa nevmirebuli xelnawerebi, rogorc eris umdidresi memkvidreoba – ganadgurda da daikarga. mravalsaukunovani intervalis Semdeg pirveli nevmirebuli Zegli, romelmac Cvenamde moaRwia, XVIII saukuniT aris daTariRebuli.
28
xolo meores mxriv igi Taobidan Taobebs swored zepiri tradiciis
saSualebiT gadaecema. amrigad, profesiul musikalur sawyisze
aRmocenebuli qarTuli sagalobeli ara mxolod Zveli profesiuli
musikis, aramed qarTuli tradiciuli musikaluri memkvidreobis
ganuyofeli nawilicaa.
qarTvelTa yofaSi galobisa da simReris mWidro Tanaarsebobis
araerTi naTeli magaliTi gvaqvs; maT Sorisaa:
- salxino sagaloblis fenomeni (rodesac saeklesio hangze saero teqsti
imRereba);
- saqarTveloSi arsebobs cneba “momReral-mgalobeli”, rac Cemi azriT
qarTul tradiciul musikalur azrovnebasTan dakavSirebuli erT-erT
originaluri maxasiaTebelia;
- dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebul e.w. “trios” tradiciaSi aSkarad
SeiniSneba musikaluri enis da frazirebis siaxlove saklesio galobis
musikalur enasTan5;
- rogorc qarTuli saeklesio, ise saero mravalxmiani hangis imanentur
Tvisebas improviazacia warmoadgens, romlis Sedegad miRebuli cvlileba
konkretuli hangis axali, gansxvavebuli variantis warmoqmnas edeba
safuZvlad. zemoxsenebuli variantis warmoqmnis erT-erT saintereso
formas, erTi romelime tradiciuli hangis, naSromis SesavalSi naxsenebi
kulturuli auTsaideris mier Sesruleba warmoadgens. es sakiTxi
dRevandel dRes Zalzed aqtualuria, radgan arsebobs araerTi
Semsrulebeli Tu ansambli, romelic sxvadasxva eris musikalur kulturas
eziareba, rac ara mxolod smeniT STabeWdilebas, aramed sakuTar
sakoncerto repertuarSi, sxva xalxTa tradiciuli musikis damkvidrebas
gulisxmobs.Aaq dgeba rigi sakiTxebisa, romelic swored musikalur
identobas ukavSirdeba. kerZod:
- rogor aisaxeba, kulturuli auTsaideris mier sxva qveynis tradiciuli
musikis Sesruleba, musikisa da identobis urTierTqmedebaze;
5mosazreba gagviziara ioseb Jordaniam.
29
- masalis interpretirebis ra problemebs exmaureba, simRerisa Tu dakvris
Seswavla im stilSi, romelsac adreuli asakidan ar vicnobT;
- ra xarisxiT aris kulturulad ucxo stilis gaTaviseba SesaZlebeli –
siRrmiseulad Tu mxolod imitirebis doneze;
- rogor Rebuloben mSobliuri kulturis warmomadgenlebi, `ucxoTa” mier
Sesrulebul `sakuTar” hangebs;
- rogoria aseT dros insaidersa da auTsaiders Soris, gulwrfeli
urTierTobis damyarebis potenciali (Bithell, 2009:160).
vidre zemoT CamoTvlil sakiTxebs, qerolain biTelis eTnografiaze
dayrdnobiT, vrclad SevexebodeT, gvsurs igive problematika qarTuli
tradiciuli musikis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis magaliTze ganvixiloT.
ansambli `gorani” (avtsralia), trio `kavkasia” (aSS), ansambli `maspinZeli”
(didi britaneTi), ansambli `iamasirogumi” (iaponia), ansambli `darbazi”
(kanada), trio `zari” (kanada), ansambli `irinola” (safrangeTi), ansambli
`mze Sina” (safrangeTi), ansambli `marani” (safrangeTi) – es aris im
musikaluri koleqtivebis arasruli CamonaTvali, romelTa repertuari
qarTul tradiciul musikas moicavs. sxvadasxva dros, maTi mosmena
saqarTveloSi, tradiciuli mravalxmianobis saerTaSoriso simpoziumis
farglebSi gaxda SesaZlebeli. aRniSnuli simpoziumi 2002 wlidan
moyoloebuli yovel or weliwadSi erTxel imarTeba da misi istoria ukve
eqvs simpoziums iTvlis. sainteresoa uSualod qarTvel msmenelze
dakvirveba da im procesis danaxva, romelic ucxoel SemsrulebelTa mier,
qarTuli hangebis scenaze aJRerebas, xolo qarTveli msmenelis am
mdgomareobaze miCvevas ukavSirdeba. msgavsi performansis SemTxvevaSi,
qarTuli auditoriis absoluturi umravlesoba, dasafaseblad miiCnevs im
faqts, rom sxva – ucxo qveynis warmomadgenlebi, qarTul musikas swavloben
da asruleben, radgan Tavad es aqti aRiqmeba, rogorc qarTuli musikaluri
kulturis saerTaSoriso aRiareba. bunebrivia, qarTveli adamiani ver
darCeba gulgrili, rodesac mis win scenaze mdgari ucxoeli
Semsrulebeli, qarTul mravalxmian, an erTxmian hangebs, qarTul enaze
asrulebs, Tumca dResdReobiT, qarTuli tradiciuli musikis mravali
30
ucxouri ansamblis arsebobis pirobebSi, gazrdili jansaRi konkurenciisa
da im garemoebis fonze, rodesac qarTvelma msmenelma, qarTuli hangis
ucxoelTa mier interpretirebas yuri SeaCvia da Sesrulebis standartebma
maRla aiwia, ansamblebi kidev ufro metad arian musikis Sesrulebis
xarisxze orientirebulni. miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, vexebiT ra qarTul
aramaterialur kulturul memkvidreobas, qarTuli tradiciuli musikis
yoveli interpretaciis dros saWiroa sifrTxile, raTa masala,
originalTan rac SeiZleba miaxloebuli iyos da hangis gavrceleba,
SecdomiT ar moxdes. 6 aRniSnul sakiTxs statias uZRvnis qarTveli
eTnomusikologi, natalia zumbaZe. igi aqcents, ucxoeli Semsruleblebis
mier swored qarTuli mravalxmiani simRerebiT dainteresebaze akeTebs da
aRniSnavs, rom mravalxmianoba qarTuli simReriT ucxoelTa dainteresebis
mTavari mizezia (zumbaZe, 2003:541). avtori, qarTuli xalxuri simReris
Semsrulebel ucxoelTa ori tipis jgufs gamoyofs. esenia sxvadasxva
xalxis tradiciuli musikisa da sakuTriv qarTuli simReris
Semsruleblebi. n. zumbaZe, CvenTvis mniSvnelovan ramdenime sakiTxs exeba.
maT Soris imas, rom ucxoelTa mier Sesrulebul zogierT qarTul
simReras saWiro sakravi ar axlavs. misive azriT, es garemoeba sxvadasxva
kuTxis qarTuli musikaluri tradiciis darRvevaa. magaliTisaTvis avtors
moyavs franguli ansambli `mze Sina”, romelic svanuri simReris -
`laJRvaSis” TanxlebisTvis Congurs iyenebs; rogorc viciT svaneTSi
Conguri ar gvxvdeba, iq gavrcelebuli sakravebi Wuniri da Cangia. n. zumbaZe
yuardRebas amaxvilebs qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmiani mReris kanonebis
rRvevaze, rac xmaTa funqciebis aRrevis Sedegad miiReba.Aamis magaliTebia
simReris sxva xmiT dawyeba, xmebis araswori TanmimdevrobiT Sesvla da
banis oqtaviT dabla Sesruleba (zumbaZe, 2003:545). Tu rogor swavloben
ucxoelebi qarTul mravalxmian simReras – amasTan dakavSirebiT, n.
6am tipis TiTqmis yvela koncerti iwereba, iqneba es audio Tu video Canaweri da Semdeg
vrceldeba, rogorc wyaro, romelze dayrdnobiT sxva Semsruleblebma SesaZloa esa Tu is
simRera Seiswavlon.
31
zumbaZe Tavis statiaSi sam ZiriTad saSualebas gamoyofs. esenia: `1.
damoukideblad, gamocemuli qarTuli fonoCanawerebidan; 2. ucxoeTSi
miwveuli qarTveli lotbarebisgan; 3. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi,
uSualod xalxuri momRerlebisgan” (zumbaZe, 2003:541-542). avtori iqve
dasZens im naklovanebebis Sesaxeb, romelic ucxoelTa mier qarTuli
tradiciuli musikis Sesrulebas sdevs Tan (zumbaZe, 2003:542-545). maT Soris
gamovyofT CvenTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtors: rogorc cnobilia,
qarTuli tradiciuli musikis Sesrulebis erT-erTi umTavresi
maxasiaTebeli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom (samxmianobaSi) zeda or xmas ara
ramdenime, aramed TiTo-TiTo Semsrulebeli mReris. es aris is
SemoqmedebiTi principi, romelze dayrdnobiT, qarTuli tradiciuli
musikis zemoT xsenebuli imanenturi Tviseba – improvizaciuloba vlindeba,
xolo maSin, rodesac zeda xmebs ramdenime `solisti” erTdroulad
asrulebs, amiT qarTuli musikis bunebis ugulvebelyofa xdeba. vfiqrobT
aris sami ZiriTadi mizezi, Tu ratom mRerian zogierT ucxour ansamblSi
zeda xmebs amgvari gaormagebebiT: 1. ucxoeli Semsruleblebi SesaZloa ar
flobdnen sakmaris informacias qarTuli xalxuri simRerisa Tu
sagaloblis Sesrulebis wesze; 2. ramdenime adamianis erToblivi
SesrulebiT, isini ufro iolad umklavdebian im rTul amocanas, rasac
ucxo da originaluri musikaluri hangis Sesrulebas axlavs Tan; 3. Tavad
qarTul xalxur sasceno SemsruleblobaSi, didi gundebis arsebobis
pirobebSi, wlebis manZilze danergili iyo erTi xmis ramdenime momRerlis
mier Sesrulebis praqtika, maT Soris bavSvTa gundebSic, rasac dRevandel
dRes naklebad vxvdebiT, Tumca imdroindeli Canawerebi SesaZloa araerTi
ucxoelisTvis misabaZi gamxdariyo.
qarTuli simRerisa da sakravieri musikis tradiciuli maneriT
Sesrulebis pirobebSi, momReral-improvizatoris SemoqmedebiTi
TviTganxorcielebis Sedegad, ama Tu im hangis axali varianti ibadeba.
qarTul musikalur kulturaSi, erTi simReris mravali variantis arseboba,
qarTvel momReralTa improvizirebis maRal xarisxsa da TviTmyofadobaze
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miuTiTebs. improvizacia, rogorc emociis intuitiuri gamovlena7 , qarTuli
tradiciuli musikis SemsruleblobaSi swored erTi adamianis mier namRer
xmas gulisxmobs. eTnomusikolog ediSer garayaniZis TqmiT: `qarTuli
musikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovnebis mravalxmiani tipis pirobebSi
improvizacia iyo mTavari winapiroba xalxuri polifoniis Camoyalibebisa
da ganviTarebisaTvis” (garayaniZe, 1988:74).
aRniSnul sakiTxze msjelobas k. biTelis eTnografiis moSveliebiT
ganvagrZobT, romelic kulturuli auTsaideris mier sxvadasxva xalxis
tradiciuli musikis Sesrulebasa da identobis sakiTxebs exmianeba. avtori
Village Harmony-s 8 mier Catarebul im erT-erT sazafxulo banaks aRwers,
romelic korsikaSi 2004 wels gaimarTa. aRniSnuli banakis farglebSi, ocze
meti adamiani, korsikul, qarTul, samxreT afrikul da amerikuli e. w.
Shape-Note mravalxmian musikalur tradiciebs eufleboda. avtori aRniSnavs,
rom CamoTvlili musikaluri tradiciebidan, banakSi myofTaTvis korsikuli
mravalxmiani stili yvelaze naklebad iyo cnobili da Sesabamisad yvelaze
didi gamowvevac swored mis Sesrulebas ukavSirdeboda. kunZulze zepir
tradiciaSi Semonaxuli mravalxmiani simRerebis identoba, ara mxolod
bgeriTi kombinaciebis maxasiaTeblebs, aramed uSualod musikis formirebis
procesis socialur sawyisebTan urTierTqmedebas gulisxmobs. kulturuli
insaiderisaTvis, korsikuli tradiciuli – melizmaturi sarTavebiT
gajerebuli hangis Sesruleba, ara daswavlili masalis zust
gameorebasTan, aramed mis interpretirebasTan aris dakavSirebuli; hangis
yoveli Sesrulebac re-interpretirebaa, ris Sedegadac erTnairi
JReradobis miReba SeuZlebelia (Bithell, 2009:160); Sesabamisad, Village Harmony-s
Semsruleblebis winaSe dasaxul amocanaTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani
ara uSualod simRerebis Seswavla, aramed swored interpretirebis
xelovnebis dauflebaa, ornamentirebis da improvizirebis, aseve
mravalxmiani simReris Sesrulebisas koleqtivSi funqcionirebis
7ix. Рунин, Б., О Психологии Импровизаций. Психология Процессов Художественного Творчество, Л.1980 г.
8organizacia, romelic msoflio xalxTa musikis gacnobiT, prqatikuli SeswavliTa da SesrulebiT aris dakavebuli; ix. http://www.villageharmony.org
33
adgilobrivi midgomebis gaTvaliswinebiT. rogorc ansamblis erT-erTi
wevri ixsenebs, Tavad korsikelebi sakmaod aaRelva im faqtma, rom ucxo
qveynis warmomadgenlebma, korsikuli musika ase daafases da Seiyvares;
xolo Tavad korsikelma momRerlebma jer stumrebisTvis, Semdeg ki
stumrebTan erTad Seasrules ramdenime simRera, riTic ucxoelebisadmi
Tbili da dadebiTi damokidebuleba gamoxates (Bithell, 2009:163). rogor
aRiqves adgilobrivma korsikelebma Village Harmony-s Sesruleba? maTi
STabeWdileba amgvari iyo `swori gamoTqma da sxva yvelaferi – maT ukeT
Seasrules vidre amas zogierTi korsikeli SeZlebda”. msgavsi Sefasebis
mosmenisas, korsikelma musikosma, romelic msmenelTa Soris gaxldaT,
musikalur kompetenciasa da kulturul identobas Soris arsebuli
urTierTqmedebis sakiTxi wamoWra. misive azriT, is faqti, rom ucxoelebma,
sakmaod mokled droSi SeZles korsikuli hangebis swavla da msenelis
winaSe damajereblad gamotana, exmianeba sakiTxs, romelic Tavad
korsikelebis mier am sasimRero kulturis garkveulwilad dakargvas
ukavSirdeba (Bithell, 2009:164). statiis dasasruls avtori yuradRebas
amaxvilebs qarTuli da korsikuli simRerebis msgavsebaze da aseve xazs
usvams im garemoebas, rom qarTuli simRerebi araerTi ucxouri ansamblis,
maT Soris korsikuli ansamblebis repertuarSi damkvidrda; aRniSnuli
ansamblebi, qarTul musikas erTis mxriv korsikaSi, festivalebze Casuli
ucxouri koleqtivebisgan swavloben, meores mxriv ki Tavad stumroben
saqarTvelos da masalas adgilze iTviseben. amrigad, identobis ra
formasTan gvaqvs saqme, maSin rodesac kulturuli auTsaideri ucxo
qveynis tradiciul musikas eziareba; xdeba Tu ara es ucxo kultura misi
kulturuli identobis Semadgeneli nawili? aseT fenomens SegviZlia
SeZenili identoba vuwodoT, romlis pirobebSi ara mSobliur, aramed ucxo
kulturis konteqstSi Camoyalibebul kulturul/musikalur identobasTan
gvaqvs saqme. maSin, rodesac msaobrivi kulturis gavrcelebis areali
grandiozul masStabebs aRwevs, tradiciis matarebel adamianebTan erTad,
kulturuli auTsaiderebi im mcirericxovan jgufs ganekuTvnebian, romelic
34
tradiciul musikas dakargvisagan icavs da mis SenarCunebasa Tu
gavrcelebas uwyobs xels. da bolos, am Temis irgvliv arsebul sakiTxTa
Soris, aseve sagulisxmoa kulturuli auTsaideris mier, ucxo musikis
SesrulebasTan daavSirebuli emociuri mxare, rac mocemuli suraTis srul
konteqstSi danaxvis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs. qarTuli tradiciuli musikis
magaliTze Tu vimsjelebT, Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ucxoel
Semsruleblebs madlierebis gancda aerTianebT. am madlierebis safuZvels
warmoadges qarTul hangebze wvdoma, maTi Seswavlis SesaZlebloba da
musikis JReradobiT miRebuli is sruliad unikaluri veli da mdgomareoba,
romelzec araerTi maTgani amaxvilebs yuradRebas. Cven – qarTvel
momRerlebsa Tu mkvlevrebs didi dakvirveba gvmarTebs, rodesac: 1. ucxoel
Semsruleblebs vaswavliT, 2. rogorc eTnoforebi – ucxoeli mecnierisTvis
qarTul tradiciul musikas vasrulebT, raTa man Cven mier Sesrulebul
masalaze dayrdnobiT daskvnebi gamoitanos da qarTuli musikis Sesaxeb
samecniero Sroma Seqmnas, 3. ukve Sedegis saxiT – ucxoeli momRerlebis
mier Sesrulebul qarTul musikas vismenT, 4. ukve Sedegis saxiT – ucxoeli
mkvlevris mier qarTuli xalxuri musikisa Tu saeklesio galobis irgvliv
momzadebul moxsenebas vismenT. oTxive SemTxvevaSi, saerTaSoriso
masStabiT, masalis SecdomiT gavrcelebisa da gamoqveynebis albaToba
arsebobs, rac kulturuli insaiderebis mxridan yuradRebas saWiroebs. am
gziT Cven daxmarebas gavuwveT ara mxolod qarTuli tradiciuli musikis
Semsruleblobasa da eTnomusikologiis dargs, aramed uSualod im
adamianebs – Semsruleblebsa Tu mkvlevrebs, romlebic qarTuli musikiT
arian dainteresebulni da mis kanonzomierebebSi garkvevas cdiloben.
ra garemoebam SeiZleba gaaRvivos erTi konkretuli jgufis
kulturuli identobis gancda, identobis krizisi da gaaCinos imis
SegrZneba, rom am identobas safrTxe emuqreba? aseT garemoebad im tipis
winaaRmdegoba gvevlineba, romlis pirobebSi ama Tu im xalxis kulturuli
memkvidreobis tradiciuloba, auTenturoba, an siZvele kiTxvis niSnis qveS
dgeba. qarTul tradiciul galobasTan mimarTebiT, magaliTisaTvis
SevexebiT im dRemde aqtualur procesebs, romelic TbilisSi bizantiuri
35
galobis Semswavleli jgufis saqmianobas ukavSirdeba. imisaTvis, rom
TvalsaCino gaxdes Tu ras emsaxureba zemoaRniSnuli jgufi, moviyvanT
amonarids werilidan, romelic 2010 wlis miwuruls, Tbilisis v.
sarajiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo konservatoriis, saqarTvelos
musikaluri sazogadoebis, qarTuli xalxuri simReris saerTaSoriso
centris, konservatoriis tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kvlevis
saerTaSoriso centris, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos saeklesio galobis
centris wevrebisa da qarTvel musikosTa mier iqna Sedgenili da romlis
adresati saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis wminda
sinodi gaxlavT. mimarTvaSi vkiTxulobT:
`Tqveno uwmindesobav da unetaresobav, maRalyovladusamRvdeloesno
da yovladusamRvdeloesno meufeno... mogexsenebaT, rom msoflio
kulturul saganZurSi qarTveli eris mier Setanil umniSvnelovanes
memkvidreobas tradiciuli mravalxmianoba warmoadgens – uZvelesi xalxuri
musika da SuasaukuneTa saeklesio galoba. qarTuli tradiciuli musika
saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibda sulierebis, maRalzneobriobisa da
qarTvelTa TviTmyofadobis simbolod. mravali gansacdelis miuxedavad,
RvTis wyalobiT, Cvenamde movida aTasobiT nimuSi Zveli qarTuli
saeklesio musikisa. samwuxarod, saukuneTa siRrmidan Cvenamde
saswaulebrivad SemorCenil am saganZurs, ager ukve 10-15 welia rac axali
gansacdeli xvda wilad, rac ufro metad savalaloa – Tavad saqarTvelos
eklesiaSi, zogierTi mRvdelmsaxurisa da maTi mrevlis mxridan.
vgulisxmobT e.w. `bizantiuri galobis Semswavlel jgufsa” da
`marTlmadidebel mSobelTa kavSirs”, agreTve am dajgufebebTan
dakavSirebuli sasusliero Tu saero pirebis miuRebel saqmianobas.
rogorc cnobilia, am dajgufebis wevrebi 1996-97 wlebidan ebrZvian qarTul
galobas, acxadeben, rom is `arakanonikuria”, xolo erTaderTi `kanonikuri”
da saeklesio da amasTan `namdvili qarTuli galoba” ki mxolod
bizantiur-berZnuli galobaa.Aarasworad gadmocemul berZnul
sagaloblebze meqanikurad adeben qarTul teqstebs, am TviTneburi da
diletanturi eqsperimentis produqts galoben RvTismsaxurebaze...
36
gamoscemen da eleqtronuli mediiT avrceleben Cveni eklesiis liturgiaSi
akrZaluli am musikaluri eqsperimentis audio da video Canawerebs, aseve
qarTuli galobisadmi cilismwameblur da damamcirebel publikaciebs. Aam
xerxebiT dajgufebis liderebi cdiloben daamkvidron mcdari Tvalsazrisi
imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos qarTuli galoba aris mxolod `simRera”,
amsofliuri da ara saRvTismsaxuro musika – msoflio eklesiis wmida
gardamocemis nawili. qarTuli galobis asaRorZineblad, saqarTvelos
eklesiis wmida sinodis 2003 wlis 18 agvistos ruis-urbnisis krebaze, Tqven
mier miRebul iqna istoriuli gadawyvetileba. mogvyavs amonaridi
xsenebuli ganCinebidan: saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi kanonikuri
galoba iyo da aris mravalxmiani tradiciuli galoba. misi aRsruleba
savaldebuloa yovel qarTul taZarSi da yvelgan, qarTul enaze
aRvlenili RvTismsaxurebis dros. mgalobelTa gundebs eZlevaT locva-
kurTxeva, raTa e.w. rusuli, evropuli da bizantiuri galoba naxvari wlis
ganmavlobaSi Secvalon qarTuli kanonikuri mravalxmiani galobiT...Aamave
krebaze wmindanad Seiracxa eqvTime aRmsarebeli (kereseliZe) – qarTuli
samgaloblo memkvidreobis mniSvnelovani nawilis gadamrCeneli. miuxedavad
aRniSnuli ganCinebisa da piradad kaTolikos-patriarqis locva-kurTxevisa,
Segonebebisa da akrZalvebisa, xsenebuli jgufi jiutad agrZelebs
TviTnebobasa da Cveni tradiciuli galobisaTvis saziano qmedebas. CvenSi
udides gulistkivils iwvevs is faqti, rom wmida sinodisa da kaTolikos-
patriaqris ganCinebasa da locva-kurTxevebs aranairi Sedegi ar mohyva...Ees
adamianebi ki ukve 7 (!) welia ar asruleben wmida sinodis
gadawyvetilebas.Uufro metic – isini Secdomad acxadeben mas...”. mimarTvaSi
mocemulia im moqmedi taZrebis CamonaTvali, sadac berZnuli hangi
igalobeba. zemoaRniSnul werils, bizantiuri galobis Semswavleli
jgufis mxridan gamoxmaureba mohyva. maT Ria werili konservatoriis
reqtoris saxelze Seadgines, xolo werilis asli ki uwmindessa da
unetaress, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs ilia meores, aseve
sinodis wevrebsa da sapatriarqos galobis centrs gadaugzavnes. moviyvanT
werilis amonarids, romelSic vkiTxulobT: `wavikiTxeT Tqveni mimarTva
37
wminda sinodisadmi. werilSi Tqven werT, rom Cven vmtrobT qarTul
galobas, vdevniT da SeuracxvyofT mas. mogaxsenebT da vacxadebT, rom es
ase ar aris... Cven vambobT: samxmiani galoba aris Cveni eris tradicia,
xolo rva xmis melodiebi, romlebic sruldeba erT xmaSi, monofonurad,
aris marTlmadidebeli eklesiis erTiani kanoni. Cven werilobiT araerTxel
mivmarTeT sapatriaqros samgaloblo centrs TxovniT: `rogorc es yvela
adgilobriv eklesiaSi xdeba, aseve, saqarTvelos adgilobriv eklesiaSic
SevinarCunoT orive saxis galoba: samxmiani – erovnuli tradiciiT, da
erTxmiani – erToblivi rvaxmis kanonis mixedviT”. rvaxmis kanons uCvenebs
eklesiis RvTismsaxurebis wes-gangeba, anu tipikoni, am kanonzea gawyobili
yvela saRvTismsaxuro wigni. Aam kanons – rvaxmas – ewodeba bizantiuri
galoba. musikosebisTvis da xelovnebis muSakebisTvis ufro gasagebi rom
iyos, SeiZleba ase vTqvaT: rogorc arsebobs erovnuli musikaluri
folklori da arsebobs klasikuri musika, amis msgavsad, eklesiaSi
samxmiani galoba aris eris tradicia, bizantiuri galoba ki – eklesiis
klasikuri musika... rogorc klasikuri musika ar aris romelime erTi eris
kuTvnileba, aramed yvela erisa, aseve bizantiuri galoba yoveli
marTlmadidebeli eris kuTvnilebaa. rvaxmis melodiebs erT xmaSi galobs
yvela marTlmadidebeli – berZeni iqneba es, qarTveli, slavi, ingliseli
Tu arabi... Cven vmorCilebT wminda sinodis dadgenilebas da Cvens taZrebSi
vgalobT samxmian sagaloblebs.Mmagram sinodis dadgenilebaSi ar aris
erTxmianis akrZalva...”.
am werilebis gamoqveynebas win uZRvoda jer bizantiuri galobis
Semswavleli jgufis mier gamocemuli broSura saxelwodebiT ase
galobdnen Zvelad saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 2001 w.), da qarTuli saeklesio
galobis Tanamedrove problemebi. recenziebi da gamoxmaurebebi broSuraze
`ase galobdnen Zvelad saqarTveloSi” (andriaZe, 2002). am ukanasknelSi,
qarTveli mkvlevrebi yuradRebas amaxvileben bizantiuri galobis
Semswavleli jgufis mier msjelobisas gamovlenil xarvezebze. Cvenis mxriv
or sakiTxze SevCerdebiT. 1. rogorc werilSi vkiTxulobT, bizantiuri
galobis Semswavleli jgufis umTavres arguments oqtoixosis, anu rvaxmis
38
kanonikuroba warmoadgens, rac maTive xedviT mxolod monofonurad – erT
xmaSi sruldeba. mniSvnelovania vicodeT, rom sxvadasxva marTlmadideblur
tradiciaSi originaluri rvaxmis sistema arsebobs, rac swored ama Tu im
eris musikalur azrovnebas ukavSirdeba. maT Soris saqarTveloSic,
qarTuli samxmiani galoba qarTuli rvaxmis kalendaruli sistemis
mixedviT igalobeba. uZvelesi liturgikul-himnografiuli krebulis
ierusalimuri leqcionaris nusxebidan Semonaxul xelnawerSi
`ierusalimuri leqcionari VII saukunisa” miTiTebulia, Tu romel xmaze
igalobeba esa Tu is sagalobeli. magda suxiaSvilis TqmiT, `Cans, rom am
droisaTvis qarTvel himnografebs berZnuli saRvTismsaxuro praqtikidan
ukve SeTvisebuli hqondaT `Ãmeani galobis”, anu sagaloblebis rva xmaze
gawyobis wesi, romelic saTaves V-VI saukuneebidan iRebs” (suxiaSvili,
2002:5). marTalia, aRmosavleT qristianul samgaloblo tradiciebs Soris
mravalxmiani galobis uZvelesi formebi saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba, razec
mkvlevarTa azriT ioane petriwis sami xmis saxeldebac miuTiTebs. nino
fircxalavas statiaSi vkiTxulobT: `mefeTa cxovrebis arsen
iyalToeliseuli Targmanebis safuZvelze qarTul musikaSi Sebanebisa da
xmis Sewyobis praqtikis arseboba ukve XI saukuneSi savaraudeblad miiCnia
daskvnebis gamotanaSi uaRresad frTxilma – didma ivane javaxiSvilma.
ioane petriwis Txzuleba ganmartebani proklesaTÂs diadoxosisa da
platonurisa filosofiisaTÂs masSi daculi argumentebiT ueWvels xdis i.
javaxisSvilis Tvalsazriss – Tu ufro adre ara, XI mainc usaTuod, –
samxmianobis arsebobis faqts saqarTveloSi... Zalian Sors wagviyvanda im
qarTvel mecnierTa CamoTvla, vinc es Tvalsazrisi gaiziara (fircxalava,
2002:33-34); Tumca magaliTisaTvis gavixsenoT rusuli samgaloblo
tradicia, romelSic erTxmian znamenur galobasTan erTad, me-16 saukunis
miwuruls Camoyalibebuli mravalxmiani – putno-demestvuri galobac
sruldeba (diasamiZe, 2012:449). amrigad, iseT qveyanaSic ki, sadac
tradiciuli musikaluri azrovneba pirvel rigSi erTxmianobas gulisxmobs,
mravalxmiani saeklesio galoba arakanonikurad ar aris miCneuli, piriqiT,
igi ganixileba, rogorc mdidari samgaloblo tradiciis nimuSi, xolo misi
39
aRdgena da saeklesio samgaloblo repertuarSi dabruneba, saeklesio
kanonikis mcodne, uaRresad ganswavlul – galobis mecnier-praqtikosebis
saxels ukavSirdeba. 9 ufro metic, rusul medievistikaSi damkvidrebulia
azri imis Sesaxeb, rom `xalxur-sasimRero tradiciebisa da e. w. stroCnoe
(galobis mravalxmiani forma, e.d.) galobis stilistikis urTierTSedarebam,
maT Soris arsebuli mWidro kavSirebi gamoavlina. samxmianoba
(troestroCie) aRmosavleT qristianuli regionis xalxTa mier dagrovili,
mravalsaukunovani sagundo galobis umaRlesi ganzogadebaa” (Конотоп,
1996:62). bizantiuri galobis Semswavleli jgufi, uwodebs ra qarTul
samxmian galobas eris tradicias, xolo berZnul galobas –
marTlmadideblursa da kanonikurs, amiT igi ugulvebelyofs da uaryofs
qarTuli samxmiani galobis kanonikurobas da kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs
yvela im qarTveli saeklesio moRvawisa Tu galobis moamagis Rvawls,
romlebmac qarTuli galoba, urTules pirobebSi SeinarCunes da Cvenamde
moitanes. ganekuTvneba ki maT mier danergili berZnuli sagaloblebi im
Zvel bizantiur samgaloblo Sres, romelsac jgufi RvTismsaxurebisas
aRvlenil upirobo galobad miiCnevs?! rogorc cnobilia, maT mier
samgaloblo repertuarSi damkvidrebuli sagaloblebi XIX-XX saukuniT
TariRdeba da xSir SemTxvevaSi am sagalobelTa avtorebic ki cnobilia.
aseT viTarebaSi, ris safuZvelze SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom is, ris
damkvidrebasac bizantiuri galobis Semswavleli jgufi qarTul
eklesiebSi cdilobs, aris ufro Zveli, vidre qarTuli samxmiani galoba,
romelic mexeleTa mier, hangis teqstze gawyobis wesis dacviT aris
Seqmnili; maTi msjelobiT im azramde mivdivarT, rom erT xmaSi galoba
(miuxedavad imisa Tu rogor adevs hangi teqsts, ramdenad Zvelia is
melodiuri saqcevebi, romelsac mgaloblebi mimarTaven) avtomaturad
kanonikur galobas gulisxmobs. bunebrivia, es mcdari, yovelgvar
mecnierul dasabuTebas moklebuli Sexedulebaa. bizantiuri galobis
Semswavleli jgufis Ria werilSi aseve vkiTxulobT: `anda rogor
9magaliTisaTvis davasaxeleb mgalobelTa ansambls `Ключ разумения”, xelmZRvaneli – Nmusikologi, medievisti - natalia mosiagina.
40
akrZalavda sinodi erTxmian galobas, roca TviT ieso qristem,
mociqulebTan erTad, saidumlo serobaze – pirvel wirvaze – erT xmaSi
igaloba.” xolo mecnierebisaTvis ki ucnobia, Tu rogor JRerda mociqulTa
droindeli galoba. cnobilia, rom X-XI saukuniT daTariRebuli
paleobizantiuri xelnawerebi aqamde gauSifravia (doliZe, 2002:71).
qarTuli saeklesio mravalxmiani galobisa da qarTvelTa
kulturuli identobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxze ufro vrclad,
uSualod kvlevis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT sakvalifikacio naSromis daskvniT
nawilSi visaubrebT. tradiciuli saeklesio mravalxmianobis, rogorc
kulturuli identobis erT-erTi Semadgeneli parametris Sesaxeb msjeloba,
erTis mxriv qarTul kulturas msoflio tradiciuli musikisa da
qristianuli galobis konteqstSi moiazrebs, meores mxriv ki sakuTriv am
kulturis matareblebs aZlevs imis SesaZleblobas, rom ukeT gaizaron da
Seicnon sakuTari identoba kulturuli mravalferovnebis globalur
sivrceSi.
41
Tavi meore
musikis anTropologia da qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianoba (kvlevis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi)
anTropologia, rogorc holisturi dargi, erTi mxriv sakvlevi
obieqtis farTo rakursiT danaxvis SesaZleblobas iZleva, meore mxriv ki
anTropologiis calkeuli mimarTulebebis safuZvelze warmoebuli kvleva,
sxvadasxva Sinaarsis mqone movlenebze dakvirvebis ufro axlo rakurss
gulisxmobs. anTropologis ZiriTadi `samuSao saaTebi” moicavs:
interviuebs, dakvirvebas, Canawerebis gakeTebas da adgilobriv
macxovreblebTan erTad aqtivobebSi monawileobas (Wagner, 1977:494), riTac
is momijnave dargebTan (eTnologia, folkloristika, eTnomusikologia),
meTodologiis kuTxiT arsebiT msgavsebas amJRavnebs.
musika, rogorc kacobriobis kulturis arsebiTi elementi da rogorc
adamianis qceva, siRrmiseulad – mis yvela aspeqtSi unda Seiswavlebodes.
XX saukuneSi, istoriuli musikologiis, rogorc mowinave dargis
arsebobis pirobebSi, musikis Seswavlis axali gzebisa da perspeqtivebis
Ziebis saWiroeba TvalsaCino gaxada (Yosihiko, Osamu, 1986:v). amasTan,
sagulisxmoa isic, rom musikologiis dargSi, kulturis istoriam
mniSvnelovani adgili daikava (Fulcher, 2011:3). galobis specialistebis mier
eTnomusikologisaTan da anTropologiasTan siaxlove, SedarebiT axali,
magram dasavlur samecniero literaturaSi ukve damkvidrebuli praqtikaa
(Borders, 2011:17). Myovelive amis fonze calke ganxilvis sagnad iqca
musikologiisa da eTnomusikologiis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxic (Samson,
2008:24). problema amgvaradac ki daisva: musikologia eTnomusikologiis
ganStoebaa, Tu piriqiT? SemoTavazebis doneze, musikologiis magivrad,
rogorc dargis alternatiuli gansazRvreba musikis mecniereba dasaxelda
(Cook, 2008:66-67). erTgvari protestis gamoxatviT iwyeba miSel bigenos
statia saxelwodebiT Why I’m Not and Ethnomusicologist: A View from Anthropology
(ratom ar var eTnomusikologi: xedva anTropologiidan), sadac avtori
42
pirad gamocdilebas gviziarebs. misi TqmiT, yovel jerze, rodesac is
axsenebs, rom misi Seswavlis sagani musikis kuTxiT – boliviuri erovnuli
da eTnikuri identobiaa, mas maSinve `eTnomusikologis iarilys akereben”,
rasac is kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeba. `yvelaze martivi pasuxi imaze, Tu
ratom ar var eTnomusikologi, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom kvalifikaciiT me
anTropologi gaxlavarT”, Tumca sxvaoba gacilebiT Rrmaa, vidre sabuTSi
Cawerili specialoba, rac sxva parametrebTan erTad, am or mimarTulebaSi
musikis Sesaxeb arsebul ideologiaSi unda veZioT (Bigenho, 2008:28).
musikalur disciplinaTa kompentenciisa da saxelwodebebis garkvevis
sakiTxi imdenad aqtualur fazaSi Sevida, rom calke statia mieZRvna Temas
– saWiroa Tu ara TavsarTi `eTno...”, an bolosarTi “...ologia” (Nooshin,
2008:71). musikis dargisadmi interess, XXI saukunis – internetis epoqis
konteqstSi ganixilavs a. vudi da aRniSnavs, rom 2003 wlis ivnisSi,
rodesac man google-is saZiebo velSi sityva `musika” akrifa daaxloebiT
112,000,000 Sesatyvisi masala amovida, xolo 2005 wlis seqtembrisaTvis es
ricxvi 389,000,000-mde gaizarda, rac internetSi musikasTan dakavSirebuli
aqtivobebis mkveTr zrdaze miuTiTebs (Wood, 2008:170).
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, anTropologTa mier musikiT dainteresebis
erT-erTi mTavari areali eTnomusikologiasa da musikologiaze,
eTnikurobis Teoriebis gavlenasa da am ukanasknelis zemoaRniSnul
musikalur dargebTan arsebul kavSirSi mdgomareobs. Tumca,
anTropologebis mier musikisT dainteresebis upirates mizezad musikaluri
Semsruleblobis socialuri sawyisi migvaCnia, rasac alan lomaqsis qvemoT
moyvanili citatac exmaureba: `sasimRero stili, es aris adamianis mier
Seswavlili qmedebis erT-erTi modeli. mRera, komunikaciis gansakuTrebuli
aqtia, romlic metyvelebas waagavs, magram am ukanasknelze metad
organizebulia. rogorc maRali kategoria – mRera adamianTa jgufebs
izidavs; ukve primitiul sazogadoebaSi jgufuri qmedebis,
Tanamonawileobis survili arsebobs. simReris ZiriTadi funqcia –
gaziarebuli emociebisa da grZnobebis gamoxatva, swored erToblivi
43
aqtivobis Sedegad ganisazRvreba, imis miuxedavad iqneba es gunduri
Sesruleba Tu ara.“ (Lomax, 1976:3).
winamdebare TavSi aucilebel pirobad miviCnie im fundamenturi
eTnomusikologiuri da anTropologiuri Sromebis ganxilva, romlebic
swored musikis socialur mxares exeba. aRniSnuli Sromebis erToblivi
ganxilva, qarTul humanitarul da musikologiur mecnierebebSi pirvelad
xdeba, arada maTi mniSvneloba am dargSi ganuzomelia da rogorc
kulturuli anTropologiiT, ise eTnomusikologiiTa Tu musikologiiT
dainteresebul mkvlevarTaTvis udavo fundaments unda warmoadgendes.
ufro metic, sasurvelia es konkretuli Sromebi qarTulad iTargmnos da
gamoices, raTa maTSi aRbeWdili masala yvela qarTveli specialistisaTvis
Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi iyos.
Awignis – The Anthropology of Music (musikis anTropologia)
winasityvaobaSi, alan p. meriemi wers, rom winamdebare naSromi, kulturuli
anTropologiisa da eTnomusikologiis irgvliv arsebuli sakiTxebis
Sesaxeb, studentebTan da kolegebTan erTad 15 wliani fiqrisa da
msjelobis Sedegia. avtori aRniSnavs, rom am or disciplinas Soris
dadgenili sazRvrebi yovelTvis mkafio ar aris da albaT arc unda iyos.
misive TqmiT, eTnomusikologiuri kvlevisas, ZiriTadi aqcentebi musikis
JReradobasa da struqturaze keTdeba, rac am disciplinaSi musikologiis
komponents mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs. rac Seexeba eTnomusikologiis
anTropologiur aspeqts, igi nakleb ganviTarebuli da rac ufro
mniSvnelovania – nakleb gaazrebuli, vidre eTnomusikologiis
musikologiuri komponenti. a. meriemi yuradRebas amaxvilebs
eTnomusikologiaSi musikologiuri midgomebis didi masStabiT
gamoyenebaze, rac misi azriT mniSvnelovan Sedegs iZleva, Tumca es Sedegi
saboloo ar aris da dananebiT aRniSnavs, rom iSviaTad svamen iseT
SekiTxvebs, romelic musikas – adamianis qcevasTan da am ukanasknelis
aRqmis unarTan akavSirebs (Merriam, 1964:vii-viii). a. meriemis Cem mier
ganxiluli naSromis pirveli redaqcia 1964 wels gamoqveynda, avtoris mier
44
dasmuli sakiTxebi ki dRemde inarCunebs aqtualobas, radgan musikis
anTropologiis samecniero aparati saboloo saxiT jerac ar
Camoyalibebula, garkveul cvlilebebs igi mudmivad ganicdis, rac pirvel
rigSi, misi ama Tu im individualuri masalis kvlevis dargTan
SesabamisobaSi moyvanas ukavSirdeba. qarTul mecnierebaSi, musikisadmi
anTropologiuri midgoma, dasavlur mecnierebasTan SedarebiT ufro axali
movlenaa. Tumca qarTveli eTnomusikologebis mier musikologiisa da
eTnologiis mimarTulebaTa erToblivi gamoyenebis samecniero praqtika
didi xania arsebobs. rac Seexeba uSualod musikis anTropologias, am
TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos avstraliaSi moRvawe qarTveli
mkvlevris, ioseb Jordanias Sromebi, rasac qvemoT SevexebiT.
a. meriemi aRniSnavs, rom musikologs SesaZloa gacilebiT meti mizezi
qondes saimisod, rom kvlevis anTropologiur midgomebs mimarTos, vidre
mas warmoudgenia. meore mxriv, araeTnomusikolog anTropologs xSirad
acbunebs is didi proporcia musikis teqnikur mxaresTan dakavSirebuli
literaturisa, romelic anTropologis TvalTaxedvis miRmaa da amitom
xSirad miaCniaT, rom musikis teqnikur mxaresTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
misi interesebis sferos scildeba. musikis anTropologia, moicavs
mimarTulebebs, romelic xelewifeba rogorc musikologs, ise
anTropologs. musikis anTropologi SesaZloa swavlobdes, rogorc
uSualod musikalur produqts, ise am produqtTan dakavSirebul
socialur-yofiT procesebs da ganixilavdes musikas, rogorc adamianis
naswavl qmedebas. meriemis TqmiT, xalxis azrovnebis, qmedebisa da axlis
Seqmnis gareSe musika ver iarsebebs. Misi azriT, es wigni aris mcdeloba
imisa, rom eTnomusikologiaSi arsebuli naprali amoivsos da Camoyalibdes
musikis, rogorc adamianis qcevis Seswavlis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri
CarCo-modeli (Merriam, 1964:viii). avtori – musikoss, sxva yvela individis
msgavsad sazogadoebis wevrad ganixilavs da wers, rom saqmianobidan
gamomdinare SesaZloa musikosi missave sociumSi garkveuli statusiT
sargeblobdes. mas aseve SesaZleblad miaCnia, rom musikosebma
gansakuTrebuli klasis an kastis formireba SeZlon, ganurCevlad imisa,
45
arian Tu ara isini profesionali musikosebi, miaRwies Tu ara maT dasaxul
mizans, aqvT maRali Tu dabali statusi, rogorc musikosebs – maT
aerTianebs gansazRvruli socialuri qceva, aseve is molodini da
stereotipebi, romelic farTo sazogadoebaSi maTTan dakavSirebiT
damkvidrda (Merriam, 1964:123).
am sferoSi arsebuli fundamenturi Sromebis aRniSvnisas, gvrds ver
avuvliT iseT avtors, rogoricaa jon bleqingi. Tavis SromaSi How Musical is
Man? (ramdenad musikaluria adamiani?) j. bleqingi miznad isaxavs ara
imdenad kacobriobis musikalobis Seswavlas, ramdenadac sxvadasxva
kulturis wiaRSi musikis formirebis miseuli gamocdilebis gaziarebas.
wignSi avtori im Sedegebs warmoadgens, romelic afrikuli tradiciuli
musikis Seswavlisas miiRo. SesavalSi j. bleqingi aRwers im gzas,
romelmac igi musikis anTropologiamde miiyvana. avtori sainteresod
mogviTxrobs im damokidebulebis Sesaxeb, romelic evropul klasikur
musikaze aRzrdil adamians, sxva (tradiciuli) musikis mimarT aqvs. man
bgerisa da JReradobis organizebis erTian sistemaSi Sexeda musikas,
ganurCevlad misi warmoSobisa da daaskvna, rom misTvis araviTari
sasargeblo gansxvaveba folk da art musikis gansazRvrebebs Soris aRar
arsebobs da dasZens, rom am terminebiT musikis saxeldeba mxolod
komerciuli TvalsazrisiT Tu iqneboda gamosadegi; `vendas xalxTa
musikalur sistemaze dakvirvebam maswavla, rom yvela musika folk musikaa
imdenad, ramdenadac igi xalxis gareSe ar arsebobs da musikaluri
stilebisa da teqnikis zedapiruli gansazRvra arafers gveubneba musikis
gamomsaxvelobiT miznebsa Tu misi Zalis Sesaxeb, aseve ar gvexmareba im
inteleqtualuri organizebis procesis danaxvaSi, romelic musikis Seqmnas
axlavs Tan” (Blacking, 1973:vi). jon bleqingis wigni 4 Tavs moicavs da maTi
Tanmimdevroba sarkiseburi – inversiis principiTaa agebuli: 1. adamianurad
organizebuli bgera (Humanly Organized Sound), 2. musika sazogadoebasa da
kulturaSi (Music in Society and Culture), 3. kultura da sazogadoeba muskaSi
(Culture and Society in Music), 4. bgerebiT organizebuli kacobrioba (Soundly
46
Organized Humanity). naSromis meore TavSi – musika sazogadoebasa da
kulturaSi, avtori Semdeg mosazrebas ayalibebs: imisaTvis rom gavarkvioT
Tu ra aris musika da ramdenad musikaluria adamiani, amis Sesaxeb,
nebismieri sazogadoebis farglebSi, uSualod imaT unda vkiTxoT, vinc
usmens, ukravs da mReris, radgan Cven sociumSi musikis funqcia
gvainteresebs (Blacking, 1973:32). aRniSnul mosazreba, winamdebare
sakvalifikacio naSroms exmianeba da safuZvels umyarebs imdenad,
ramdenadac Cven gvainteresebs erTi konkretuli tipis musika, rogorc
sociumis kulturuli identobis funqciis matarebeli erT-erTi
mimarTuleba. kidev erT, CvenTvis sagulisxmo azrs ukve amave naSromis
momdevno TavSi vkiTxulobT: `musikas SeuZlia sociumis damokidebuleba da
kognituri procesebi gadmosces, magram es mxolod maSinaa gamosadegi,
rodesac am informacias im adamianTa momzadebuli yuris ismens da
Rebulobs, romelTac Semoqmedis kulturuli da individualuri
gamocdilebis gaziarebis unari aqvT (Blacking, 1973:54).
kidev erTi fundameturi naSromi, romelic musikis anTropologiiT
dainteresebul mkvlevrebs gamoadgebaT aris samecniero statiebis krebuli
saxelwodebiT – Ethnomusicology – History, Definitions, and Scope (eTnomusikologia
– istoria, definiciebi [gansazRvrebani] da Tvalsawieri), romelSic wamyvan
mecnierTa mosazrebebia akumulirebuli. statiebis es krebuli
garkveulwilad dargis istoriasac asaxavs, radgan krebulSi Tavmoyrili
Sromebis 1909-1983 wlebis periods moicavs. rogorc gamocemis redaqtori,
qei qaufman Semelei SesavalSi aRniSnavs, eTnmousikologebs, didi xania rac
sxva humanitarul da samecniero mimarTulebebTan urTierTobis sakiTxi
aRelvebT.
wignSi Tavmoyrili statiebidan mxolod ramdenimes gamovyofT. 1963
wels gamoqveynebul SromaSi saxelwodebiT Ethnomusicology, The Field And The
Society (eTnomusikologia, dargi da sazogadoeba) saintereso cnobas
gvawvdis devid p. makalesteri, romelic eTnomusikologiisa da
anTropologiis, rogorc dargebis im droindel mdgomareobas amgvarad
47
aRwers: `sainteresoa, rom Cveni aTwleulis sawyis etapze, anTropologiis
mimarTulebaze eTnomusikologTaTavis sul ramdenime vakanturi pozicia
moiZebneboda, axla ki am poziciebis ricxvi musikis mimarTulebaze
sagrZnoblad gaizarda. faqtia, rom universitetebSi musikis mimarTulebebma
gamoiRviZes da mixvdnen, rom namdvili musika, msoflio fenomenia. axla
amerikis universitetebSi gacilebiT meti da didia musikis, vidre
anTropologiisa da sociologiis mimarTulebebi... meore mxriv ki
gacilebiT meti dafinanseba aqvs im proeqtebs, romelTa farglebSi musikis
kvleva anTropologiasTan kavSirSi warimarTeba” (McAllester, 1992:99).
1974 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi Ethnomusicological Research And
Anthropology (eTnomusikologiuri kvleva da anTropologia) norma makleodi
aRniSnavs, rom musika, rogorc adamianis qcevis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba,
yvelaze ufro niuansirebuli da ganmeorebaze agebuli kulturuli
aqtivobaa (McLeod, 1992:147). amave avtoris TqmiT, 1882 wlamde aradasavluri
musika ZiriTadad mogzaurTa, mRvdelTa da misionerTa SromebSi
moixsenieboda. am mimarTulebiT pirveli praqtikuli savele-saqespedicio
samuSaoebis Catareba Teodore beikeris saxels ukavSirdeba. man
doqtorantura laifcigSi gaiara da daasrula sadisertacio naSromiT,
romelic amerikeli indielebis, kerZod ki senekas musikas – sakiTxis
Seswavlis istoriaSi pirvelad exeboda. AT. beikeris naSromi moicavda
informacias, rogorc uSualod musikis, ise misi kulturuli konteqstis
Sesaxeb; amasTan sagulisxmoa, rom masalis aRsawerad man dasavlur
musikaSi damkvidrebuli terminologia gamoiyena. n.Mmakleodi wers, rom 1954
wlidan mkvlevrebma, romlebic eTnomusikologiiT dainteresdnen,
TandaTanobiT gaiazres, rom maTi am mimarTulebiT kvleva udides amocanas
warmoadgenda. paragrafSi, romelSic avtori musikas mis kluturul
konteqstSi Seswavlas uZRvnis, sam ZiriTad principze amaxvilebs
yuradRebas: 1.Mmusikas – rac ar unda uwodos ama Tu im konkretulma
sazogadoebam, is Zalze Tanmimdevrulia; 2. sadac ar unda warmoCindes,
musika yovelTvis garkveul rituals ukavSirdeba; 3. musika konteqstis
48
mimarT yovelTvis mgrZnobiarea (McLeod, 1992:156). statiis dasaruls avtori
dasZens, rom musikis anTropologiuri kvlevis potenciali Zalian didia,
xolo im eTnomusikologebis raodenoba, romlebic anTropologiur
midgomebs floben, sakmaod SezRuduli.
amave krebulSi mocemulia 1958 wlis 29 da 30 dekembers, bostonsa da
kembrijSi gamarTuli diskusiis masalebi.PdiskusiaSi, (pirveli sxdoma
saxelwodebiT saiT midis eTnomusikologia, Whither Ethnomusicology, meore
sxdoma saxelwodebiT eTnomusikologiis TvalTaxedva da miznebi, The Scope
and Aims of Ethnomusicology) am sferos wamyvani specialistebi monawileobdnen;
vinaidan es masala sakmaod Rirebulia da gamomdinare iqidan, rom diskusia
dargis irgvliv arsebul problematikas da mis imdroindel mdgomareobas
exeba, sxdomaze gamoTqmul mosazrebaTa mcire nawils winamdebare
naSromSic moviyvan.
m. kolinskis azriT Tavad dargis saTauri problematuria, radgan is
ucxo kulturaTa musikis Seswavlas gulisxmobs; koreel students SeuZlia
mocartis musika Seiswavlos da amas eTnomusikologia daarqvas. m. kolinski
damswreT axsenebs alan meriemis sityvebs: `Cveni sfero interdisciplinuria
da igi humanitarul mecnierebebsa da socialur mecnierebebs Soris
imyofeba”... b. netli Tavis mxriv `musikalur areals” ganixilavs da
masalisa Tu mopovebuli informaciis organizebaze saubrobs. misi azriT,
am saqmeSi `kulturuli arealis” koncefciasTan erTad, romelic,
anTropologiaSi sakmaod gamosadegi aRmoCnda da eTnomusikologebic
miizida, geografiuli arealis gamoyenebac ar iqneboda urigo. C. sigeris
TqmiT eTnomusikologia `ucxo”-s konotaciis mqonea. mecnieri svams
SekiTxvas – gulisxmobs Tu ara dargi musikis mxolod mis kulturul
konteqstSi Seswavlas? Semdeg Tavadve dasZens – naTelia, rom unda
SeviswavloT rogorc musika, ise musika mis kulturul konteqstSi da amas
musikologia ewodeba. C. sigeri ganmartavs, rom yvela arsebuli musika
kulturis wiaRSi cocxlobs; maSin ratom viyenebT termin
`eTnomusikologias?”. avtoris azriT, amis mizezi is aris, rom musikis
49
istorikosebma es marTebuli termini `musikologia” miisakuTres,
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini msoflio musikis mxolod garkveul nawils da
isic sakmaod viwro kuTxiT swavloben, xolo pirvelad wyaros ki zurgi
Seaqcies.10
filip v. bolmani wers, rom msoflio xalxTa musika (World Music)
SeiZleba vuwodoT: folklorul musikas, art-musikas, an rogorc Cven mas
vuwodebT – seriozul musikas (igulisxmeba mxatvruli Sinaarsisa da
informaciis matarebeli musika) da aseve popularuli musika. msoflio
xalxTa musikasTan dakavSirebuli adamianebi SesaZloa iyvnen rogorc
profesionali, ise moyvaruli musikosebi. msoflio musikis konteqsti
SesaZloa iyos religiuri, sekularuli, an komerciuli. zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, msoflio musikis Semsruleblobis auTenturi sawyisebi
SesaZloa wina planze iyo wamoweuli. Zvelma gansazRvrebebma aqtualoba
dakarga da Sesabamisad msoflio musika SesaZloa iyos rogorc dasavluri
ise aradasavluri (musikismcodneobaSi damkvidrebuli terminia
`araevropuli musika”, e.d.); msoflio xalxTa musika SesaZloa iyos
akustikuri an eleqtronuli. msoflio musika mWidro kavSirSia,
gansasazRvrad aseve rTul fenomenTan, romelic Cveni drois maxasiaTebelia
da romelsac globalizacia qvia (Bohlman, 2002:i). f. bolmanis naSromi
erTgvar narativs warmoadgens. islamis magaliTze avtori musikis da
religiis kavSirs ganixilavs. bolmanis mier simRera aRwerilia, rogorc
xelovneba, romelic ama Tu im ers saerTaSoriso asparezze waradgens.
wigni araerT saintereso ambavs mogviTxrobs da sxva aqtualur sakiTxebTan
erTad, musikisa da diasporis urTierTkavSirsac exeba. avtori aRniSnavs,
rom musikis Zala adamianebSi erovnul TviTSegnebas aRvivebs. eris
TiToeuli moqalaqe siamovnebas Rebulobs im kulturuli memkvidreobiT,
romelTan urTierTobis saSualebasac mas simRera aZlevs. msoflios
10
diskusiis sruli versia ixileT: Anonymus, “Whither Ethnomusicology?” “The Scope and Aims of
Ethnomusicology” (Two panel discussions held in 1958); krebulSi: Ethnomusicology – History, Definition, And
Scope. A Core Collection of Scholarly Articles. Edited by Kay Kaufman Shelemey. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York
& London 1992. gv.gv 55-61.
50
sxvadasxva xalxi, erovnuli musikis saerTaSoriso scenaze gamotaniT,
musikis universalurobas zeimobs. gza individualuri musikaluri
identobebidan – msoflio musikamde, swored xalxze gadis; saqme gvaqvs
kulturul da istoriul gzajvaredinebTan, romelic adgilobrivi arealis
miRma, globalur sivrceSi arsebobs (Bohlman, 2002:92-93). da bolos,
imisaTvis, rom winamdebare SromaSi srulad da imavdroulad lakoniurad
Sevexo f. bolmanis – CemTvis am sagulisxmo naSromis yvela arsebiT mxares,
moviyvan sakiTxTa im nusxas, romelic misi wignis Sesaval nawilSia
mocemuli. esEsakiTxebia:
1. msoflio xalxTa musikis gacnoba
2. istoriuli da Teoriuli mimoxilva
3. musikosis profili
4. Sinaarsisa da identobis esTetikuri mxareebi
5. eTnomusikologis an msoflio musikis mklevarTa jgufis profili
6. eTnografiuli awmyo da popularuli musika (Bohlman, 2002:vii). f.
bolmani erT-erTi im avtorTagania, romelic musikis anTropologebs,
calke dargis specialistebad moixseniebs (Bohlman, 2009:12).
vinaidan Cemi kvlevis interess koleqtiuri musikaluri azrovnebis
Sedegad miRebuli vokaluri mravalxmianoba da misi erT-erTi
mimarTulebis, kerZod ki saeklesio galobis TvalsazrisiT arsebuli
mdgomareoba warmoadgens, erTi mxriv qarTul tradiciul mravalxmianobasa
da mis zogierT aspeqts, meore mxriv ki uSualod qarTuli saeklesio
galobis warmoSobis savarudo periodsa da zemoaRniSnul orive sakiTxTan
dakavSirebul ZiriTad samecniero literaturas mimovixilav. moviSvelieb
eTnomusikolog izali zemcovskis mosazrebas, rom: `mravalxmianobis
movlena pirovnebebis Tanaarsebobas gulisxmobs. am TvalsazrisiT,
polofinia SeiZleba miCneul iqnas adamianis cxovrebis idealur
gamoxatulebad... bunebrivia, Cven ar SegviZlia miviRoT es idea yoveldRiur
realobaSi, magram erTad mReris procesSi Cven gvaqvs saSualeba
ganvicadoT es srulyofileba da gavxdeT is, vinc varT (zemcovski, 2003:43).
51
gverds ver avuvli i. zemcovskis mier mecnierebaSi Semotanil iseT
gansazRvrebas rogoric aris `Homo polyphonicus“-i, anu adamianis
gansakuTrebuli saxeoba, romelsac ramdenime xmaze mReris unari aqvs. am
gansazRvrebis avtori – izali zemcovski aRniSnavs, rom `mravalxmianoba,
rogorc mentaluri da SemecnebiTi fenomeni, mxolod gunds an musikosebis
jgufs ar miekuTvneba. Tu mravalxmianoba, marTlac cnobilia am
tradiciasTan mimarTebiT da Seadgens mis sicocxlisunarian nawils, is
Cndeba, rogorc Tandayolili Tviseba da ganuyofel atributs warmoadgens
TiToeuli Homo polyphonicus-isa... aRmoCnda, rom WeSmariti vokaluri
polifonia gamoxatavs, musikis Seqmnis procesis yvela monawilis mentalur
polifonias, anu Homo polyphonicus-Ta mravalxmian erTxmianobas. es fenomeni
iseTive socialuria, rogorc musika (zemcovski, 2003:37). avtori iqve dasZens:
`darwmunebuli var, rom adamianebis es saxeoba dedamiwaze araTanabrad
gansaxlda...“ (zemcovski, 2003:35).
qarTvelTa mravalxmiani azrovneba, i. zemcovskis zemoxsenebuli
gansazRvrebis konteqsts, mkvlevris mier yvela parametris gaTvaliswinebiT
miesadageba, radgan misi saxiT msoflio xalxTa tradiciul musikas,
mravalxminobis TviTmyofadi da originaluri forma moepoveba. Tavad
zemcovskis TqmiT: `qarTuli mravalxmianoba, romelsac ver gavbede am
statiaSi Sevxebodi, SesaZloa saukeTeso modeli iyos aseTi mraval-
azrovnebis SeswavlisaTvis“ (zemcovski, 2003:43).
rogorc cnobilia, arsebobs socialuri da funqciuri mravalxmianobis
formebi. socialuri mravalxmianobis forma iseT Sesrulebas gulisxmobs,
romelSic ori, an orze meti adamiani monawileobs da isini erT xmaSi
mRerian. funqciuri mravalxmianobis dros ki funqciurad damoukidebeli
xmebis TanxmovanebasTan gvaqvs saqme, maSasadame am formaSic araerTi
adamiani Rebulobs monawileobas. qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis
arsisa da warmomavlobis ganxilvisas vfiqrobT metad sagulisxmoa Semdegi:
qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianoba warmoadgens socialur-funqciuri
mravalxmianobis iseT formas, romelic ramdenime Semsruleblis mier
52
SemoqmedebiTi individualobis urTierTgaziarebis Sedegia. am procesSi
adamianTa Soris siaxlovis, urTierTdamokidebulebis garkveuli xasiaTi
da principi – gansxvavebulobiT miRweuli erTianoba vlindeba.
qarTuli tradiciuli musikis mkvlevari da praqtikosi malxaz
erqvaniZe wers, rom `qarTvel ers erovnul Tvisebad siwrfele, guliTadoba
da siyvaruli jer kidev warmarTobidan gaaCnda. es Tvisebebia swored
qarTuli mravalxmiani musikis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zalac da
saidumloc“ (erqvaniZe, 2002:91).
qarTuli mravalxmiani hangis warmoSobis sakiTxs eZRvneba mzia
iaSvilis naSromi – `qarTuli mravalxmianobis sakiTxisaTvis”, sadac
gaSuqebulia mravalxmianobis, rogorc qarTuli musikis dasabamieri
Tvisebis problema. avtori bgeraT rigis konkretul safexurebze da
akordul vertikalze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, raTa gansazRvros
mravalxmianobis Casaxvisa da misi formebis evoluciis procesis
mamoZravebeli faqtorebi (iaSvili, 1975).
wignSi `meoce saukunis qarTuli musika – TviTmyofadoba da
RirebulebiTi orientaciebi” rusudan wurwumia mravalxmianobas qarTuli
tradiciuli musikaluri azrovnebis ZiriTad kategoriad
ganixilavs.Aavtori mkiTxvels im mosazrebebs acnobs, romlebic aRniSnuli
azrovnebis adreul etapebs Seexeba: `...sainteresoa samxmianobis warmoSobis
Sesaxeb arsebuli wyaroebi, Tumca aq Tvalsazrisebi arsebiTad erTmaneTs
emTxveva. jer kidev arayiSvilma SeniSna, rom zogierT samxmian simReraSi
zeda xma qvedas oqtavur-kvintur gaormagebas warmoadgens, oRond, rogorc
aslaniSvili wers, aqedan daskvna mxolod iv. javaxiSvilma gaakeTa sami
aTeuli wlis Semdeg da samxmianobis es forma – maRali bani,
orxmianobidan samxmianobaSi gardamaval safexurad miiCnia. 11 amasve
adasturebs mzia iaSvilic Tavis gamokvlevaSi da Sesabamisi magaliTebic
11
avtori imowmebs: aslaniSvili, S., qarTuli xalxuri simReris narkvevebi, wigni I. Tbilisi: xelovneba 1954, gv. 9.
53
mohyavs. 12 samxmianobis xanierebaze, cxadia, zust miniSnebas veravin akeTebs,
Tumca, Cemi azriT, SesaZlebelia qarTuli mravalxmianobis Camoyalibebis
sazRvrad Cvens welTaRricxvamde VI-IV saukuneebi miviCnioT, roca
varaudoben, rom ukve gamoikveTa qarTuli musikaluri sistemis ormagi –
kvarta-kvinturi orientacia, 13 romelmac gansazRvra misi kilo-harmoniuli
Taviseburebebi da ganapiroba am sistemis originaluri, sxva sistemebisgan
sruliad gansxvavebuli saxe, Cvens dromde rom SeinarCuna” (wurwumia,
2005:54-55).
sainteresoa, rom rogorc aRmosavleT qristianuli, ise dasavleT
qristianuli tradiciis monodiuri galobisagan gansxvavebiT qarTulma
saeklesio galobam, samxmianobis originaluri forma SeimuSava. erTi mxriv,
warmarTuli, xolo meores mxriv ki qristianuli kulturis
kanonzomierebaTa urTierTqmedebis gziT, qarTul sagalobelSi – qarTuli
tradiciuli musikaluri azrovnebis umTavresi maxasiaTebeli –
mravalxmianoba gansxeulda. qarTuli xalxuri musikis mkvlevari,
eTnomusikologi evsevi WoxoneliZe aRniSnavs: `marTalia, qristianobam ver
SeZlo yovelive warmarTulis srulad aRmofxvra, rasac qarTvel is-
torikosTa, eTnografTa, folkloristTa araerTi safuZvliani gamokvleva
adasturebs, magram, rogorc udavod progresulma movlenam da saxelmwifos
mfarvelobaSi myofma religiam, niadagi gamoacala warmarTuli kultebisa
da dogmebad qceuli wesebis tradiciul monopolias... rogorc cnobilia,
qristianobasTan erTad saqarTveloSi saeklesio musikac Semovida, romelic
`ebrauli fsalmodiebis msgavsi berZnuli galobiT iyo warmodgenili”
(WoxoneliZe, 2003:101-102).
am TvalsazrisiT, metad sagulisxmo cnobas gvawvdis daviT maCabeli,
razec ivane javaxiSvili qarTul musikaTmcodneobaSi arsebul pirvel
fundamentur SromaSi qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
saubrobs: `daviT maCablis azriT, qarTvelebi `pirvelsave qristianobaSi”
12
avtori imowmebs: iaSvili, m., qarTuli mravalxmianobis sakiTxisaTvis, Tbilisi: ganaTleba 1975, gv.gv. 84-86. 13
avtori imowmebs: mamisaSvili, n., qarTuli musikaluri azrovnebis saTaveebTan. JurnalSi: literatura da xelovneba, 1992, gv.gv. 188-189.
54
rom konstantinepoliTgan sarwmunoeba miiRes, iqiTganve `galobisaca”
SemomRebi iyvnen, magram SemdegSi `ganuviTarebiaT igi Tavis sakuTars
gemozed”. monastrebSi aTasobiT Tavmoyrilni mamanic ecdebodnen amisTvis.
TviT `wmidaTa cametTa mamaTagan, asureTiT mosulTa, romelTac didis
RuawliT uRuawniaT saqarTvelos keTilad mdgomareoba”, safiqrebelia, rom
`ar dautevebdnen galobasaca, ar moeyuanaT didsa sisruleSi”-o. mravlad
moRvawe gulmodgine muSaobis wyalobiT, `SeiZleba vsTquaTca, rom kidevac
aris sakuTari qarTuli galoba moyuanili didsa sisruleSi”-o... d.
maCabeli fiqrobda, rom saberZneTiTgan SeTvisebuli berZnuli Zveli
saeklesio galoba TavianT `sakuTars gemozed” qarTuli saero simRerebis
zegavleniT SeucvliaT...“ (javaxiSvili, 1990:8-9).
rusudan wurwumias TqmiT: „is, rasac dRes Cven Zvel qarTul profesiul
musikas vuwodebT, warmoadgens vokalur polifonias, romelic arsebiTad
qarTuli warmarTuli mravalxmiani sasimRero kulturis mier bizantiuri
qristianuli monodiuri himnebis aRqmis Sedegad miviReT. saqarTveloSi
qristianobis gavrcelebisTanave RvTismsaxurebis wesTan erTad Semosuli
bizantiuri erTxmiani galoba, romelTa saTaveebi, rogorc cnobilia,
Zvelebraul himnebSi Zevs, TandaTan iRebs qarTuli musikaluri
azrovnebisTvis Cveul mravalxmian formebs. mecnierebs miaCniaT, rom Zveli
profesiuli vokaluri polifoniis klasikuri samxmianoba ukve X-XI
saukuneebisaTvis Camoyalibda. am mosazrebis damamtkicebel sabuTad, ioane
petriwis mier “xmaTa Seyovlebis“ samxmiani tradiciisa da xmebis
originaluri qarTuli saxelebi (mzaxri, Jiri da bami) moaqvT“ (wurwumia,
2005:71-72). avtori varauds gamoTqvams, rom „saqarTveloSi berZnul
kanonikur hangebTan erTad farTod iyo gavrcelebuli qarTuli eklesiis
mier kanonikurad Seracxuli originaluri hangebic da grigol xanZTelis,
ioane minCxis, ioane mtbevaris, ioane zosimes, miqail modrekilisa da sxva
qarTvel himnografTaA originaluri poeturi qmnilebebi aseve avtoriseul
originalur hangebze iyo gawyobili. am periodSi, roca literaturuli
Zeglebi erovnuli suliskveTebiT ganimsWvaleba, musikalur ZeglebSi es
suliskveTeba polifoniur wyobaSi gamoixateba“ (wurwumia, 2005:72-73).
55
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, qarTuli mravalxmiani musikaluri azrovnebis
SeswavlaSi gadamwyveti roli aqvs me-11 saukuneSi moRvawe qarTveli
filosofosis ioane petriwis mosazrebas xmaTa saxelwodebebis `mzaxri,
Jiri, bami”-s Sesaxeb. misi Txzulebis – `ganmartebai proklesaTuis
diadoxosisa da platonurisa filosofiisaTuis” mravalwliani kvlevis
Sedegad nino fircxalava askvnis: `petriwma erovnuli musikaluri
cnobierebis dialeqtikas naTeli mohfina da mravalxmiani simReris xiblis
saidumlos Caswvda.Ees saidumlo – mravalxmad azrovnebaSi danaxuli man
qristianuli samebis anareklad gamoacxada da qristianul liturgikaSi sam
xmaze galobis kanonikuroba daadastura. ioane petriwma Tavisi Txzuleba
aTi saukunis win Seqmna. `ganmartebanis”, rogorc argumentis Rirebuleba –
qarTuli mravalxmianobis TavisTavadobisa da xnierebis kvlevis saqmeSi,
Tavad sakvlevi obieqtis – qarTuli mravalxmianobis maRalmxatvruli
Rirebulebis Sesabamisi da tolfasia” (fircxalava, 2003:116-117).
statiaSi – hipoTezebi qarTuli mravalxmianobis Camoyalibebis
procesis Sesaxeb, eTnomusikologi Tamaz gabisonia aRniSnavs, rom
mkvlevarTagan am problemisadmi gansakuTrebuli interesi g. CxikvaZis, S.
aslaniSvilis da i. Jordanias naSromebs ukavSirdeba, da rom yuradrebis
centrSi eqceoda rogorc sazogadod mravalxmianobis – orxmianobis
warmoSobis sakiTxi, aseve – orxmianobidan samxmian struqturaze
gadanacvlebis meqanizmi. avtori dasZens, rom `am ukanasknels SedarebiT
mkafiod gamokveTili hipoteza mieZRvna. qarTvel mkvlevarTa namuSevrebis
mixedviT ikveTeba qarTuli mravalxmianobis, kerZod – orxmianobisa da
samxmianobis – Camoyalibebis sami savaraudo mimarTuleba:
a) arsebuli xmis TanamJReri axali, sxva xmis gamoCena;
b) gansxvavebuli funqciisa da poziciis ukve arsebul urTierTmonacvle
xmaTa vertikalSi Serwyma;
g) xmis Semateba sxvadasxva xerxebiT Tanadroulad;
gansakuTrebiT aqtualurad miviCnevT mesame mimarTulebas: marTlac, ratom
ar unda davuSvaT erTdroulad ramdenime gza mravalxmianobis saxeobaTa
Camoyalibebisa?“ (gabisonia, 2005:68).
56
amave avtoris gansazRvrebiT: `qarTuli xalxuri tradiciis
magaliTze dayrdnobiT, mravalxmianobis faqtis ZiriTadi pirobebi Semdegia:
1. SemsrulebelTa Tanamuzicirebis mizanimarTuli iniciativa;
2. funqcionalurad damoukidebeli minimum ori xmis faqti;
3. dasrulebuli musikaluri azris mqone frazis farglebi;
4. mxolod vokaluri an sakravieri Sesruleba...
am pirobaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, vecdebiT CamovayaliboT tradiciuli
mravalxmianobis gansazRvris Cveneuli versia: mravalxmianoba aris
ganzraxuli vokaluri an sakravieri Tanamuzicirebis saxeoba, romelSic
minimum ori funqcionalurad damoukidebeli xma dasrulebuli musikaluri
azris mqone struqturas SeimuSavebs“ (gabisonia, 2008:74).
samecniero publikaciaSi – zogi ram qarTuli tradiciuli
mravalxmianobis Sesaxeb, eTnologi da eTnomusikologi nino maisuraZe
CvenTvis sagulisxmo mosazrebas gamoTqvams imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
`musikaluri monacemebiT kavkasiis teritoriaze odesRac mosaxle
monaTesave tomebs emTxveva zogadad, qarTveluris saxelwodebiT xsenebuli
tomebi, romelTa gavrcelebis areali, rogorc Cans, TandaTan izRudeboda.
niSandoblivia, rom am monaTesave tomTa musikaluri azrovnebis
mravalxmianobis formebis ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrul, uwyvet suraTs
mxolod qarTuli masala iZleva, romelTanac mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
Crdilokavkasiuri musikaluri enebi rogorc genetikurad, ise kluturul-
istoriuli kavSirebiT” (maisuraZe, 2003:287). 1953 wliT daTariRebul
narkvevSi dimitri arayiSvilis cxovreba da samecniero moRvaweoba,
eTnografi giorgi Citaia aRwers: `Tavis erT-erT ukanasknel naSroms d.
arayiSvili imiT iwyebs, rom ocdaaTi wlis winaT man iwinaswarmetyvela,
rom qarTuli musikiT dainteresda ruseTisa da evropis samecniero-
musikaluri sazogadoeba. amJamad am wreebSi aRiareben, rom qarTuli
musikaluri kulturis problemebs uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs
evropisa da wina aziis kulturuli moZraobis asaxsnelad. axal SromebSi
avtori Tavis ZiriTad debulebas mravalgzis ubrundeba da axali
sabuTianobiT cdilobs is daamtkicos” (Citaia, 2001:28). amrigad, saqarTvelo,
57
erTi mxriv kavkasiis regionis, xolo meore mxriv ki msoflio musikis
konteqstSi `Homo polyphonicus“-is erT-erTi samSoblod gvevlineba da
vfiqrobT mniSvnelovania gamoiyos Semdegi:
1. eTnosmena – romelic tradiciuli musikaluri azrovnebis mniSvnelovan
elements Seadgens. amis erT-erTi magaliTia samSoblos sazRvrebs miRma
myofi adamiani, romelsac mSobliuri tradiciuli hangis smenisas,
samSoblosadmi ltolva da nostalgia umZafrdeba. Sesabamisad,
eTnosmenis meSveobiT, is sakuTari Tavis erovnul da kulturul
identifikacias axdens.
2. mravalxmianobis, rogorc komunikaciis originaluri forma, romelic
dakavSirebulia adamianTa Soris urTierTsiaxlovesTan,
urTierTgaziarebasTan, solidarobis SegrZnebasTan da erTobasTan;
tradiciuli hangi warmogvidgeba, rogorc erisaTvis saziaro
substancia, ganurCevlad imisa, aqvs Tu ara ama Tu im adamians
musikaluri niWi da ganaTleba. yovelive zemoT aRwerili jgufur
unisonur SesrulebaSic arsebobs, magram funqciur mravalxmianobaSi,
saqme gvaqvs funqciurad damoukidebeli xmebis Sedegad warmoqmnil
erTianobasTan, rodesac TiToeuli Semsruleblis roli, gansakuTrebiT
mTqmelisa da moZaxilis (solistebis), unisonur SesrulebasTan
SedarebiT met datvirTvasa da esTetikur mravalferovnebas iZens.
3. mravalazrovneba – `Homo polyphonicus“-is Tvisebaa. amgvari azrovnebis
erT-erT magaliTs warmoadgenen qarTveli momReral-mgaloblebi, sruli
mgaloblebi. TvalsaCinoebisTvis sakmarisia artem erqomaiSvilis figura
movigonoT, romelmac gardacvalebamde erTi wliT adre, 1966 wels (79
wlis asakSi), folklorist kaxi rosebaSvilis miwveviT, or
magnitofonze, asze meti sagalobeli Cawera (SuRliaSvili, 2002:III).
artem erqomaiSvili – jer Tqmas, Semdeg moZaxils da bolos bans
ambobda; Cven gvaqvs araerTi mizezi vivaraudodT, rom im momentSi,
rodesac is erT xmas asrulebda, danarCeni xmebi mis gonebaSi JRerda.
58
eTnologi da eTnomusikologi manana SilakaZe qarTuli mravalxmianobis
erT umniSvnelovanes aspeqtze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, rac vfiqrob,
qarTuli tradiciuli musikis esoden mdidari intonaciuri fondis erT-
erTi mTavari ganmapirobebelia; m. SilakaZe aRniSnavs, rom `qarTuli
musikaluri folkloris arsebiT Taviseburebas mravalxmianobasTan erTad
mravaldialeqtianobac warmoadgens. saqarTvelos yoveli regionis
(istoriuli administraciuli-teritoriuli erTeulis), yoveli
eTnografiuli jgufis (erTi eTnosis Semadgeneli nawilis) musikaluri
Semoqmedeba warmoadgens garkveul musikalur-dialeqtologiur erTeuls,
sadac gamokveTilia mocemuli geografiuli arealis regionuli
musikaluri stili” (SilakaZe, 2003:389). statiaSi polifonia, rogorc
qarTuli tradiciuli musikaluri azrovnebis ZiriTadi kategoria –
rusudan wurwumia aRniSnavs: `qarTuli mravalxmianobis xanierebaze zusti
miTiTeba, cxadia, SeuZlebelia, magram is ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi
qarTuli musikaluri kulturis ganviTarebis erT-erT uadres etapze –
warmarTul epoqaSi Camoyalibda, manam, sanam saqarTveloSi qristianoba
gamocxaddeboda saxelmwifo religiad (C.w. IV s.). ra gvaZlevs aseTi
mtkicebis uflebas? msjelobis logika aseTia: eTnosis erad Camoyalibebis
winapiroba erTian erovnul cnobierebaze damyarebuli kultruruli
erTianobaa. aseTi erTianoba, rogorc ideologiuri mrwamsi, ara mxolod
(da ara imdenad) Teoriulad gacnobierebuli, aramed praqtikuli
moRvaweobis impulsi, safuZvlad daedo qarTvelTa winaprebis swrafvas
erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifosken Zv. w. III saukuneSi. farnavazis qarTuli
saxelmwifo Seiqmna odesRac erTiani eTnikuri jgufis sxvadasxva eTnikur
jgufebad daqsaqsul qarTvelTa nebayoflobiT gaerTianebis Sedegad 14 rac
maT maRal erovnul-kulturul TviTSegnebaze metyvelebs. cnobiereba
mTliani movlenaa da amitom am droisaTvis erovnuli mxatvruli
cnobierebis Camoyalibebac unda vivaraudodT. am droisaTvis qarTuli
musikaluri azrovnebac unda yofiliyo Camoyalibebuli, rogorc garkveuli
14
avtori imowmebs: mroveli, l., cxovreba mefeTa, wignSi: qarTuli mwerloba. t.1. Tbilisi: nakaduli 1987.
59
musikalur-poeturi semantikis mqone sistema, romelsac originaluri
musikalur-gamomsaxvelobiTi struqtura, musikaluri masalis organizaciis
sakuTari principebi gaaCnda. am principebSi iyo realizebuli erovnuli
mxatvrul-esTetikuri azrovneba, romlis musikaluri maxasiaTeblebis –
intonaciis, ritmis, kilo-harmoniis specifikuroba akumulirebuli iyo
mravalxmian wyobaSi. TiTqos dRes Znelia vilaparakoT im uZvelesi
simRerebis TviTmyofadobaze, qarTvelTa winaprebi rom mRerodnen, magram
uZveles wyaroebSi (qsenofonte, Zv. w. V saukune) xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli maTi
simRerebisa da cekvebis `raRac gansakuTrebuli yaidis” Sesaxeb. zogierTi
qarTveli mecnieri qsenofontes am cnobas warmarTuli qarTuli simRerebis
mravalxmianobis sabuTad miiCnevs, zogierTi – ara. marTlac, SeuZlebelia
imis mtkiceba, rom `gansakuTrebulobaSi” berZeni istorikosi
mravalxmianobas gulismxobda, magram is kia savaraudo, rom ukve im
droisaTvis qarTuli simRera mravalxmiani iyo, radgan am
`gansakuTrebulma” sasimRero kulturam ramdenime saukunis Semdeg mTels
monodiur qristianul samyaroSi gamorCeuli qarTuli mravalxmiani
galobis TviTmyofadi saxe ganapiroba. amrigad, Suasaukuneebis qristianul
musikalur kulturaSi qarTuli galobis unikalobas misi mravalxmiani
wyoba ganapirobebs” (wurwumia, 2003:91-92).
vexebiT ra mravalxmianobas musikis anTropologiis konteqstSi,
aucilebelia SevexoT eTnomusikolog ioseb Jordanias Sromebs, romlebic
am mimarTulebiT ara mxolod qarTuli, aramed msoflio mecnierebis
monapovaria. avtori ara mxolod qarTul, aramed msoflio xalxTa
mravalxmianobas Seiswavlis. i. Jordanias kvlevebis saerTaSoriso
mniSvnelobis erT-erTi dasturia fumio koicumis saxelobis prizi,
romliTac Jordania 2009 wels tokioSi dajildovda. aRsaniSnavia, rom
eTnomusikologiis dargSi, fumio koicumis saxelobis jildo yvelaze
maRalia, xolo qarTvelma mecnierma igi swored tradiciuli
mravalxmianobis kvlevis saqmeSi gaweuli RvawlisaTvis miiRo. Cem mier am
mkvlevris gamorCevis mTavari mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom i. Jordania
iyo pirveli im qarTvel musikologTa Soris, romelmac profesiuli
60
musikaluri ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, anTropologiis Seswavlas mihyo
xeli.
vidre ioseb Jordanias monografiebs Sevexebode, moviyvan citatas i.
Jordanias erT-erTi statiidan, romelic winamdebare naSromis farglebSi
sagulisxmoa imdenad, ramdenadac is mravalxmianobisa da misi kvlevis
sakiTxs exeba; amasTan, statiaSi avtori sakiTxis kvlevis istoriasac
mimoixilavs: `bolo oriode wlis ganmavlobaSi dasavlur
eTnomusikologiaSi igrZnoba interesis gaRviZeba iseT zogad-Teoriuli
sakiTxebis mimarT, rogoricaa musikis warmoSoba, an eTnomusikologiur
kvlevaSi SedarebiTi meTodebis gamoyeneba. Tanamedrove msoflio
mecnierebis erT-erTi flagmanis, masaCusetsis teqnologiis institutis mier
2000 wels gamocemuli didtaniani tomi `musikis warmoSoba”, romlisTvisac
statiebi daweres sxvadasxva dargis mowinave mecnierebma, am mxriv axal
saintereso horizontebs saxavs musikologiaSi (ix. Wallin at all., 2000)…
SedarebiTi kvlevis meTodebis aRdgenis cda aSkara iyo 2001 wels rio de
JaneiroSi tradiciuli musikis saerTaSoriso sabWos mier Catarebul 36-e
msoflio konferenciaze. marTalia, rogorc es iqna aRniSnuli SedarebiTi
kvlevisadmi miZRvnil araoficialur Sexvedraze, SedarebiTi kvleva
moridebulad iyo warmodgenili konferenciaze, aRniSnuli Tematikis
gamoCena eTnomusikologTa yvelaze avtoritetul samecniero Tavyrilobaze
udidesi mniSvnelobis movlenad unda CaiTvalos. dRes, 21-e saukunis pirvel
wlebSi, Cven gacilebiT meti viciT msoflios tradiciuli mravalxmianobis
kerebis Sesaxeb, vidre es Cvenma kolegebma icodnen erTi an Tundac naxevari
saukunis win. marius Snaiderisa da mis TanamedroveTaTvis mravalxmianoba
warmoadgenda erTxmianobis ganviTarebis bunebriv Sedegs da
mravalxmianobis warmoSobis problema daiyvaneboda sakiTxebamde Tu sad,
rodis da ra gzebiT Caisaxa pirvelad es movlena, ris merec igi gavrcelda
msoflios mTel rig qveynebSi. sainteresoa, rom mravalxmianobis
erTxmianobidan warmoSobis idea arasdros yofila Camoyalibebuli
Teoriis an Tundac hipotezis saxiT. es iyo musikologebis saerTo rwmena,
romelsac araviTari dasabuTeba ar sWirdeboda – evoluciuri kibe erTi
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SexedviT ufro martivi movlenidan (erTxmianoba) ufro rTuli
movlenisaken (mravalxmianoba). mravalxmianobis warmoSobis Tanamedrove
midgoma unda ganixilavdes mravalxmianobas, upirveles yovlisa, rogorc
socialur movlenas, romelic uSualodaa dakavSirebuli adamianuri
sazogadoebisa da enis evoluciasTan. mravaldargobrivi midgoma
mravalxmianobis warmoSobis problemisadmi sasicocxlo mniSvnelobas
iZens. mTel rig dargebSi monacemTa dagroveba gvaZlevs saSualebas, rom
vokaluri mravalxmianobis sawyisebs axleburi TvaliT SevxedoT (Jordania,
2003:79).
amrigad, ioseb Jordania, am dargis dasavleli mecnierebis
kvaldakval mravalxmianobas ganixilavs, upirveles yovlisa, rogorc
socialur movlenas. mravalxmianobis warmoSobas igi SekiTxvis intonacias,
SekiTxvis fenomenis gaCenas ukavSirebs da miaCnia, rom adamianis
evoluciaSi es iyo gonebrivi da enobrivi revoluciis momenti.Ggarda
mravalxmianobis warmoSobisa, Jordania vokaluri mravalxmianobis kerebis
araTanabari gavrcelebis sakiTxs Seiswavlis. mokled mimovixilavT
avtoris sxvadasxva periodis Sromebs, raTa misi kvleviTi interesebis
areali da masStabi TvalsaCino gaxdes.
ioseb Jordanias pirveli monografiuli naSromia qarTuli
tradiciuli mravalxmianoba, mravalxmian kulturaTa saerTaSoriso
konteqstSi (mravalxmianobis genezisis sakiTxisaTvis) – Грузинское
традиционное многоголосие в международном контексте многоголосных культур (к вопросу
генезиса многоголосия), romelic 1989 wels rusul enaze gamoica. wignSi avtori
aRniSnavs, rom zepiri tradiciis mqone mravalxmianobis Seswavla
msoflioSi erT-erTi aqtualuri sakiTxia da is WeSmaritad globalur
samecniero amocanas warmoadgens. naSromSi ori ZiriTadi nawilisagan
Sedgeba. esenia: 1. qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmiani musikis Teoriis
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, romelic Tavis mxriv or Tavs – struqurul
kanonzomierebs da formaqmnadobis kanonzomierebs moicavs; 2. xalxur
mravalxmian kulturaTa SedarebiTi Seswavlis gamocdileba (qarTuli
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mravalxmianobis fenomeni mis saerTaSoriso konteqstSi), romelic aseve
ori Tavisagan Sedgeba – tradiciuli mravalxmianobis regionuli stilebi
da mravalxmianobis SedarebiTi Seswavlis istoriuli aspeqti.
2006 wels avtorma kidev erTi monografiuli naSromi inglisur enaze
gamoaqveyna – saxelwodebiT Who Asked The First Question: The Origins of Human Choral
Singing, Intelligence, Language and Speech (vin dasva pirveli SekiTxva: adamianTa
sagundo mReris, gonebis, enisa da metyvelebis warmoSoba). es wigni avtorma
valeri aleqseevisa da malxaz abduSeliSvilis xsovnas miuZRvna. naSromis
yvela Tavis aRwera Zalian Sors wagviyvanda, radgan masSi mTeli msoflios
masStabiT arsebuli mravalxmiani musikaluri tradiciebia aRwerili. wigni
sam ZiriTad nawils moicavs: 1. tradiciuli mravalxmianobis msoflio
stilebi (World Styles of Traditional Polyphony), 2. SedarebiTi perspeqtivebi
(Comparative Perspectives), 3. mRera, SekiTxvis dasma, azrovneba, saubari, enis
borZikiT saubari (Singing, Questioning, Thinking, Talking, Stuttering). avtoris TqmiT:
`ramdenadac sazogadoeba dRiTi dRe ufro metad politizirebuli xdeba,
moraluri da religiuri normebi, musikalur cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan
rols asruleben. politikosebi TavianTi moqalaqeebis musikalur
gemovnebas akontroleben (magaliTad platoni antikur saberZneTSi, an
komunistebis ideologia sabWoTa kavSirSi); garkveuli tipis musikis
akrZalviT isini cdiloben saxalxo musikis Zireul transformirebas
(rogorc ssrk-Si); religiebis umetesoba musikalur aqtivobebs
akontrolebs da krZalavs musikis Zvel `barbarosul“ formebs (rogorc
qristianobis adreul etapze), da zogierTi religia musikas, rogorc
codvas TiTqmis mTlianad krZalavs (magaliTad islami). meores mxriv,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi mravalxmiani simRera SesaZloa erovnuli identobis
simbolod iqces da politikuri Tu socialuri mxardaWera moipovos
(magaliTad: korsika, bulgareTi, litva, saqarTvelo)... sagundo
mravalxmianobis problema mxolod musikologiuri problema ar aris.
sagundo mravalxmianoba adamianis enis, gonebisa da artikulirebuli
metyvelebis evoluciuri istoriis, ganuyofeli nawilia...” (Jordania, 2006:378).
63
ioseb Jordanias mier inglisur enaze gamocemuli momdevno naSromia
ratom mRerian adamianebi? musika kacobriobis evoliuciaSi (Why Do People
Sing? Music in Human Evolution), romelic 2011 gamoica da romelic mindia
Jordaniasa da izali zemcovskis mieZRvna. wignSi ganxiluli sakiTxebia: 1.
mRera marto da mRera erTad: erTxmianoba da mravalxmianoba (Tavi
pirveli), 2. mRera kacobriobis kulturis istoriaSi (Tavi meore), 3. mRera
da omi (Tavi mesame), 4. mRera da azrovneba (Tavi meoTxe). avtori miuTiTebs,
rom kacobriobis kultrura simReris gareSe ar arsebobs da ganmartavs,
rom rodesac adamianebi sakuTar tradiciul kulturasTan kavSirs nel-
nela kargaven, simReris rolic xalxSi mniSvnelovnad klebulobs. swored
amitom, araerT dasavlur sazogadoebaSi adamianebi ufro naklebad mRerian,
vidre tradiciul sazogadoebebSi (Jordania, 2011:13). i. Jordania aRniSnavs,
rom adamianebs mReris ori – fundameturad gansxvavebuli gza aqvT: imReron
marto, an imReron sxvebTan erTad. terminTa aRrevis Tavidan asacileblad,
avtori Semdeg saxeldebebsac gvTavazobs: rodesac erTi adamiani melodias
asrulebs, es unda ganisazRvros rogorc socialuri erTxmianoba, xolo
rodesac ori an meti adamiani erT xmaSi mReris, upriania termini
socialuri mravalxmianoba gamoviyenoT. (Jordania, 2011:13-14).
2013 wels i. Jordaniam daasrula wigni saxelwodebiT Tigers, Lions and
Humans: History of Rivalry, Conflict, Reverence and Love (vefxvebi, lomebi da
adamianebi: metoqeobis, konfliqtis, mowiwebisa da siyvarulis istoria).
aRniSnuli Sroma adamianebisa da katisebrTa qveojaxis – didi katebis
evoluciur urTierTobas exeba da wina ori wignis erTgvar gagrZelebasac
warmoadgens. naSromi 2014 wels gamoqveynda.
aseve aRsaniSnavia 2003-2012 wlebSi, tradiciuli mravalxmianobis
saerTaSoriso simpoziumis farglebSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi:
`mravaldargobrivi midgoma mravalxmianobis warmoSobis problemis
kvlevaSi“, `Interrogo Ergo Cogito“ - „viZlevi SekiTxvebs, maSasadame varsebob“:
responsoruli simRera da adamianuri azrovnebis sawyisebi“, „ritmis
warmoSoba da Tavdacvis strategia adamianis evoluciaSi“, `musika da
64
emocia: RiRini adamianuri istoriis saTaveebSi“, `tradiciuli
mravalxmianoba aziaSi: problemebi da perspeqtivebi“.
qarTuli mravalxmiani galobis ganxilvisas, aucilebelia vicodeT im
samecniero azris Sesaxeb, romelic mravalxmianobisa da religiis
urTierTmimarTebas ukavSirdeba. aRniSnul sakiTxs garkveuli adgili i.
Jordanias SromaSi eTmoba, sadac avtori rogorc mravalxmianobasTan, ise
erTxmianobasTan mimarTebiT qristianul da muslimur kulturaTa
orientacias gansazRvravs. avtoris dakvirvebiT evropul `mravalxmian”
xalxTa umravlesoba qristianebi, xolo islamis mimdevrebi ki erTxmiani
musikaluri tradiciis mqoneni arian, Tumca igi iqve miuTiTebs, rom
Tavdapirvelad qristianoba monodiur sawyisebs emyareboda. am mxriv
saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens monofiziti-grigorianeli somexi xalxis
samgaloblo tradicia, romelic mkafiod Camoyalibebuli monodiuri
formis mqonea. i. Jordania yuradRebas amaxvilebs imazec, rom balyarebi da
yaraCaelebi yurans mravalxmianobaSi kiTxuloben. garkveuli msjelobis
Semdeg avtori midis im daskvnamde, rom religiuri faqtori
mravalxmianobis gavrcelebis areals ar gansazRvravs (Jordania, 1989:242-
243). msoflio religiebidan, sami – islami, iudaizmi da budizmi – umetesad
monodiuri musikis mqonea, Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, gvxvdeba
„gamravalxmianebuli“ islamic, romlis ganxilvisas sagulisxmoa isic, rom
islami, kavkasiis regionTan mWidro aris dakavSirebuli. rac Seexeba
qristianobas, aRsaniSnavia, rom kaTolikuri, aseve protestantuli da
anglikanuri samgaloblo tradiciebi, monodiuri sistemis safuZvelze
aRmocendnen da rogorc cnobilia mogvianebiT gamravalxmiandnen. igive
SeiZleba iTqvas aRmosavleT qristianuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis
samgaloblo skolebze, kerZod ki bizantiur, ukrainul, rusul, serbul da
ruminul galobaze, romelTa tradiciuloba da siZvele monodiur sawyisebs
ukavSirdeba; Tumca maTi mogvianebiTi gamravalxmianeba, erTis mxriv
musikaluri azrovnebis ganviTarebis, xolo meores mxriv xalxuri sagundo
polifoniisa da samgaloblo tradiciebis urTierTSerwymis kanonzomieri
procesis nawils warmoadgens. saqarTvelos geografiul_konfesiuri
65
ganlagebis suraTSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi: qveynis aRmosavleT da
dasavleT mxareebs esazRvreba muslimuri, monodiuri musikaluri
tradiciis mqone qveynebi – TurqeTi da azerbaijani. saqarTvelos samxreTiT
mdebareobs Cveni welTaRricxviT I saukuneSi gaqristianebuli, monodiuri
samgaloblo tradiciis mqone somxeTi, xolo CrdiloeTiT, saqarTvelosTan
saerTo konfesiis mqone erTaderTi mosazRvre qveyana – ruseTi, romelmac
saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT qristianoba eqvsi saukuniT gvian, X saukunis
bolo aTwleulSi miiRo, aseve monodiuri samgaloblo tradiciis
matarebelia; xolo xelnawerebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba iTqvas,
romMmravalxmiani galobis damkvidreba ruseTSi me-16 saukunis bolodan
daiwyo.
qarTuli xalxuri vokaluri polifoniisa da saeklesio galobis
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi calke kvlevis sagania.Aam TvalsazrisiT
mniSvnelovania marika ositaSvilis Sromebi; erT-erT maTganSi vkiTxulobT:
`mravalsaukunovani Tanaarsebobis manZilze sagalobeli da xalxuri
simRera zegavlenas axdendnen erTmaneTze, avsebdnen, amdidrebdnen...
cnobili mgaloblebi imavdroulad xalxuri simRerebis ubadlo
Semsruleblebic iyvnen. erTi mxriv, `mefidan dawyobili ukanasknel
glexkacamde yoveli galobda eklesiaSi”, meore mxriv ki, `yovel mejliszed
Tu dids ojaxebSi, jer unda saeklesio galobiT damtkbariyvnen, mere saero
simReriT”.15 saqarTveloSi eklesiis gareT, ojaxSi sagaloblis Sesrulebis
tradicia XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSic aris dafiqsirebuli16... qristianulma
galobam organulad SeiTvisa jer kidev warmarTobidan momdinare sakulto-
saritualo sagalobelTa mravalxmianoba (ositaSvili, 2005:430-431). unda
iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi, ojaxSi sagaloblis Sesrulebis tradiciam
qarTuli saeklesio galoba urTules periodSi gadaarCina da zepiri
tradiciis saxiT Cvenamde moitana. maSin, rodesac saeklesio galoba
15 avtori imowmebs: karbelaSvili, p., qarTuli saero da sasuliero kiloebi. istoriuli mimoxilva. tfilisi: stamba eq. iv. xelaZisa, 1898 w. 16
avtori imowmebs: SilakaZe, m., qristianuli musikaluri kultura da qarTuli sagaloblebis Sesrulebis xalxuri tradicia. krebulSi: qarTuli saeklesio galoba. eri da tradicia. samecniero konferenciis moxsenebebi. Tbilisi: mematiane 2001, gv. 164.
66
ikrZaleboda da idevneboda, qarTul ojaxebSi galobdnen da am gziT
galobas momaval Taobas gadascemdnen. zogjer galobas sasuliero
folkloris saxelwodebiTac ixseniebdnen, rac aTeisturi reJimisaTvis
naklebad gamaRizianebeli iyo.
erTxmiani da mravalxmiani galoba urTierTgansxvavebuli esTetikuri
Sinaarsis matarebelia da Sesabamisad maTi JReradoba gansxvavebul smeniT-
esTetikur STabeWdilebebs warmoSobs. sagaloblis meSveobiT gadmocemul
`Sinaarsze“ msmenelis emociuri reaqcia, gardneris TqmiT or arsebiT
faqtorzea damokidebuli: pirveli _ es aris religiuroba da meore _ eris
musikaloba (Гарднер, 1998:66). saeklesio galobaSi am ori kategoriis sinTezi
_ erTi mxriv saRvTismetyvelo azrovnebis gamovlenas, xolo meore mxriv ki
mxatvrul-esTetikur sawyisebs ukavSirdeba.
qarTuli galobis Camoyalibebis savaraudo istoriuli drois Sesaxeb,
hipoTezis saxiT mravali azri gamoTqmula. am mxriv CvenTvis metad
sagulisxmoa Semdegi dokumenti: `rogorc cnobilia, aRmosavleT
qristianuli RvTismsaxurebis istoriaSi ukve VI saukuneSi gamoikveTa ori
centri, romelmac gansazRvra mTeli marTlmadidebluri samyaros
liturgikuli cxovrebis wesi – ierusalimi da konstantinopoli... maT
Soris mudam iyo liturgikuli tradiciebis gacvla-gamocvla. swored aq
Camoyalibda sayovelTao samrevlo da samonastro tipikonebi, romlebic
warmarTaven RvTismsaxurebas marTlmadideblur eklesia-monastrebSi”
(doliZe, 1990:217). amis paralelurad `wmida saba ganwmendilis († 532)
anderZis Tanaxmad qarTvelebi VI saukunis dasawyisSi wirva-locvas (cxadia,
galobiTurT) mSobliur enaze asrulebdnen. am periodidan moyolebuli,
qarTuli eklesiis wiaRSi winaparTa sulieri kulturis mravalricxovani
monapovari iqna daunjebuli. amas mowmobs Cvenamde moRweuli Zveli
liturgikul-himnografiuli krebulebi, romlebic miekuTvneba
adrebizantiuri periodis (VI-VII s.s.), sabawmiduri (VIII-IX s.s.), tao-
klarjeTis (IX-X s.s.), aTonis mTis (XI s.-dan) da a. S. qarTuli samonastro
skolebis moRvaweobis xanas” (suxiaSvili, 2002:3).
67
winamdebare TavSi, mimovixilav ra qarTuli tradiciuli vokaluri
mravalxmianobis irgvliv arsebul – CemTvis sagulisxmo mosazrebebs,
ramdenime, wminda Teoriul – maT Soris kilo-intonaciisa da
bgeraTsimaRlebrivi kavSirebis sakiTxebsac mokled Sevexebi. Cem mier
qvemoT ganxiluli problematika, sakiTxis Cemeul xedvasTan erTad
samecniero aparatis im mniSvnelovan nawils moicavs, romlis gareSec
nebismieri musikaluri da miTumetes tradiciuli musikaluri masalis
analizi warmoudgeneli iqneboda.
termin kilos etimologia da misi dasavleTSi gavrcelebuli
saxeldeba Mode, momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan Modus, rac sazoms,
standarts, normas, gamosaxulebas, gzas niSnavs. kilos slavuri
saxelwodeba Лад dakavSirebulia sityvasTan ладить da niSnavs Tanxmobas,
wesrigs, SeTanxmebas. termin kilos qarTuli ganmarteba mocemulia sulxan-
saba orbelianis qarTul leqsikonSi (It.) – `kilod iTqmis galobaTa da
xmoanebaTa mimoqcevaTa muxli" (s.-s. orbeliani, 1991:373). am ganmartebaSi
avtori ganixilavs kilos, rogorc konkretulad xmieri musikis (galoba),
aseve zogadad musikis (xmovaneba), mimoqcevas. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTul
musikaSi termin kilos araerTi mniSvneloba aqvs. maT Soris ZiriTadi
mniSvnelobebia:
1. kilo – rogorc garkveul intonaciur saqcevTa erTianoba;
2. kilo – rogorc struqturuli erTeuli, muxli;
3. kilo – rogorc samgaloblo skolis sinonimi;
4. kilo – rogorc kanonikuri hangi.
kilos cnebis musikalur da poetur paralelebSi akademikosi iv.
javaxiSvili cdilobda daedgina kilos musikaluri sazrisi. zemoT
xsenebul monigrafiaSi avtori aRniSnavs, rom kilos realuri mniSvneloba
literaturuli wyaroebis, saxeldobr _ xalxuri poeziis mixedviTac Zneli
gasarkvevia: Tumca ZiriTadi arsi, rogorc wesi simRerasTan aris
dakavSirebuli (javaxiSvili, 1990:229).
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qarTul tradiciul musikasTan mimarTebiT, sazRvargareTul
samusikismcodneo literaturaSi damkvidrebuli terminologiisa da
kiloTa saxeldebis gamoyenebis xangrZlivi tradicia arsebobs. am mxriv
sainteresoa dimitri arayiSvilis musikaluri analizi, sadac is ucxo
saxeldebis pirdapir gamoyenebas garkveulwilad Tavs aridebs: `pirveli
simRera _ saTamaSo (sacekvao) iwyeba kiloTi, romelic Seesabameba
miqsolidiur kilos...” (arayiSvili, 1954:3).
Teoriul musikismcodneobaSi kilos ganmarteba rigi debulebebis
vrcel speqtrs iZleva, romlebic araerTi Teoretikosis mier aris
damuSavebuli. musikis Teoriis rusul saxelmZRvaneloebSi kilo
warmoCenilia, rogorc farTo gagebis mqone termini, romelic sxvadasxva,
Tumca msgavsi mniSvnelobebiT gamoiyeneba. rusi Teoretikosebi kilos
esTetikur gagebas yurisTvis sasiamovnos ukavSireben, rac maTsave azriT
bgeraTsimaRlebriv tonebs Soris urTierTTanxmobiT miiRweva. isini
musikalur-esTetikur aspeqtSi kilos da harmoniis cnebebis msgavsebazec
miuTiTeben.
mravalxmianobis pirobebSi, ramdenime xmis TanaJReradobis safuZvelze
warmoqmnili kilo – rogorc drosa da sivrceSi moqmedi
bgeraTsimaRlebrivi nakadi, gulisxmobs bgerebis urTierTobas, rogorc
horizontalSi, ise vertikalSi; Sesabamisad, kilo – hangSi mocemul yvela
bgeraTsimaRlebriv urTierTobas moicavs da rogorc analitikuri
kategoria igi mTliani hangis maxasiaTeblebis ganzogadebas, mis erTgvar
reliefs warmoadgens. aqve davZen im zRvaris Sesaxeb, romelic kilosa da
melodias Soris arsebobs, miTumetes, rom mravalxmianobis kvlevis
pirobebSi zemoxsenebuli zRvari metad TvalnaTelia: melodia erTxmian
musikalur qargas warmoadgens; kilo arsebobs, rogorc horizontalSi, ise
vertikalSi.
cnobilia, rom mxatvruli musikaluri nawarmoebis tonebis logikuri
diferencireba cnobierebaSi bunebrivad warmoiqmneba, rac fsiqologiuri da
fiziologiuri kanonebiT aris damtkicebuli. dadgenilia, rom adamianis
cnobierebas gaaCnia aprioruli maxasiaTebeli, romelic gansxavebul
69
movlenaTa sistemur urTierTobaSi aRqmas gulisxmobs. kilos
problemisadmi miZRvnil erT-erT samecniero SromaSi, e. WoxoneliZe
yuradRebas amaxvilebs `intonirebis procesualur meqanizmebsa da aRqmis
fsiqo-fiziologiur Taviseburebebze” (WoxoneliZe, 1998/99:1). sulxan-saba
orbelianiseul ganmartebisa da b. asafievis Teoriis kvaldakval, e.
WoxoneliZisaTvis kilos kvlevis amosaval wertilad misi intonaciuri
sfero warmoadgens. avtoris TqmiT `kilos tradiciuli qarTuli gageba,
upirveles yovlisa, intonaciasa da intonirebad bunebas ukavSirdeba
(WoxoneliZe, 1998/99:14). aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom e. WoxoneliZe erT-
erTi pirvelTagania vinc qarTul musikismcodneobasa da
eTnomusikologiaSi kilos sakiTxi mwvave ganxilvis sagnad aqcia.
kilos upirveles maxasiaTeblad funqciur urTierTobaTa forma da
funqciuri aqtivoba gvevlineba. 17 aseve mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom kilo,
rogorc sistema Cvens cnobierebaSi konkretuli bgeriTi masalis gaSlisa
da ganviTarebis safuZvelze yalibdeba. amdenad, kilos maxasiaTeblebis
aRniSvnisas gasaTvaliswinebelia bgeriTi masalis specifika. musikis rusi
Teoretikosis, tatiana berSadskaias gansazRvrebiT, bgeriTi masala,
rogorc kilouri funqciis gamomsaxveli sfero _ or doneze vlindeba: 1.
mocemul intonaciur qsovilSi monawile tonebis Semadgenloba; 2.
struqturuli formebi (dakavSirebuli musikaluri masalis wyobasTan).
amasTan avtori kilos ordonian maxasiaTebels asaxelebs: 1. bgeraTrigi, 2.
funqciuri erTeuli (Бершадская, 1997:61). es ukanaskneli warmoadgens formas,
romelsac kilos bgeraTrigis tonebi an bgeriTi kompleqsebi gamoxataven;
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am formaSi aRniSnuli komponentebi moZraobis
mimarTulebas gansazRvraven. Tavad kilour funqciaSi ki bunebrivia misi
roli, maxasiaTebeli da qmedebis xasiaTi igulisxmeba.
kilos gansazRvrebis CvenTvis yvelaze misaReb variants t.
berSadskaia gvTavazobs: `kilo _ garkveuli rigis bgeriTi elementebis
(tonebis, akordebis, sonoblokebis) urTierTobis bgeraTsimaRlebrivi
17
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ixileT _ berSadskaia, t. Гармония как элемент
музыкальной системы, СПБ 1997, gv. 38.
70
sistemaa, romelSic aRniSnuli bgeriTi elementebi logikurad aris
diferencirebuli, maTi Semayovnebeli da mamoZravebeli rolis xarisxisa
da formis mixedviT” (Бершадская, 1997:37).
rogor urTierTmimarTebaSia kilo bgeraTrigTan. kilo farTo gagebis
cnebaa da rogorc struqtura igi bgeraTrigsac moicavs. Sesabamisad
kilosa da bgeraTrigis, rogorc erT doneze mdgomi kategoriebis ganxilva
da garkveulwilad maTi gaigiveba _ mcdaria. bgeraTrigi, rogorc tonebis
Semadgenlobis sistema kilos erT-erT dones gansazRvravs da ierarqiulad
igi kilos qveda safexurze mdgomi movlenaa. jer kidev boris asafievi
saubrobs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom bgeraTrigi tonebis grafikuli
gamosaxulebaa (Асафьев, 1971:282).
zemoT aRniSnuli mosazreba odnavac ar akninebs bgeraTrigis
mniSvnelobas da mis saWiroebas analizis procesSi, radgan bgeraTrigi
musikaluri teqstis erT-erT ZiriTad saSen masalad gvevlineba da
imavdroulad mocemul hangSi Semavali bgerebis grafikuli gamosaxulebis,
an sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT _ ambitusis maCvenebelia.
nebismieri musikaluri struqturis analizisas sagulisxmoa e. w.
binaruli opoziciebi, romlebic bgeraTsimaRlebrivi elementebis
urTierTqmedebas ganapirobeben. aseT opoziciebad gvevlinebian: simSvide –
mRelvareba, Seyovneba – moZraoba, dinamika – statika. aRniSnul opoziciebs
kilouri funqciis or, yvelaze mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebelTan – simyaresa
da simeryevesTan, sayrdenTan da arasayrdenTan mivyavarT. ganvamrtav, rom
myari bgera an TanaJReradoba warmoadgens iseT funqcias, romelsac
mimarTuleba ar aqvs; igi statikuria da moZraobis gagrZelebis survilsa
da aucileblobas ar iwvevs. myari toni Seyovnebas, SeCerebas da simSvides
gulisxmobs.
myaris sapirispiro mocemulobaa meryevi, romelic moZraobasTan da
ganviTarebis molodinis efeqtTan aris dakavSirebuli. erTi musikaluri
nawarmoebis farglebSi sayrdeni SeiZleba Seicvalos da Sesabamisad
sayrdenad sxva toni mogvevlinos; sayrdeni isev iarsebebs, oRond ZiriTadi
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kilos ara myar, aramed meryev sferoSi. kilour sistemas ramdenime
gansxvavebuli da sxvadasxvagvarad ganTavsebuli sayrdeni SeiZleba qondes.
amdenad simyare SeiZleba sayrdenis gamovlenad miviCinioT, magram ara
piriqiT. Sesabamisad myarisa da sayrdenis gaigiveba ara aris marTebuli.
sayrdenis funqcia SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc lokaluri simyare;
sxagvarad – Cven xSirad termin gabatonebulsac viyenebT. rac Seexeba
arasayrdens, Tavisi funqciiT igi meryevTan TiTqmis srul TanxvedraSia.
musikaluri masalis garkveuli mimarTulebiT moZraobisa da kilos
elementebis, rogorc centrTan, ise sxva elementebTan urTierTobis
Sedegad warmoiqmneba kilos cvalebadi funqciebi. aseT dros xSirad
droebiTi centri ibadeba, rac vfiqrob musikaluri masalis yalibze
dakvirvebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia. analizis procesSi erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes faqtorad swored myarisa da meryevis
urTierTdamokidebuleba gvevlineba.
qarTuli kilouri sistema im Tvisebebis matarebelia, romelTa
mixedviTac mas SeiZleba stabiluri ewodos. Aam mxriv didi samuSao gaswies
malxaz erqvaniZem, zaal wereTelma da levan veSapiZem, romlebmac qarTuli
bgeraTrigis maxasiaTeblebi gamoavlines. maT mier sakiTxis Seswavlas win
uZRvoda k. rosebaSvilis kvleva, romelmac am mimarTulebiT samuSaoebis
CatarebisaTvis niadagi moamzada. stabilur kilour sistemebs musikis
istoria icnobs: berZnuli tetraqordebis, Suasaukuneebis heqsaqordebis,
anda klasikuri maJor-minoris saxiT. rogorc nebismieri tipis musikaSi, ise
qarTul mravalxmian musikalur qsovilSi kilos gansazRvris maCveneblebad
gvevlinebian mTavari – ganmsazRvreli da specifikuri mocemulobebi.
intonaciis Sesaxeb msjelobisas metad saintereso da TvalnaTel
analogs iSveliebs e. aleqseevi. misi TqmiT `SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom kinos
semiotikisa da esTetikis Sesaxeb arsebul erT-erT SromaSi, romlis
avtori lotmani gaxlavT, kadris gansxvavebul ganmartebaTa Soris
(montaJis minimaluri erTeuli, Sidakadruli elementebis erTianoba da a. S.)
avtori gamoyofs kadrs, rogorc kinomniSvnelobis erTeuls... da
gansazRvravs, rom kadris umTavresi funqcia, mis arssa da mniSvnelobaSi
72
mdgomareobs” (Алексеев, 1986:34). amrigad `kadris, rogorc kinoenis umTavresi
mniSvnelobis matarebelis” identuria _ intonacia, romelic musikis
Sinaarsobriv erTeuls warmoadgens. Tavad e. aleqseevi intonaciaze
msjelobas misi formulirebiT asrulebs: `intonacia aris is, rac
realurad melodikis or umTavres ganzomilebas – simaRles da dros
aerTianebs” (Алексеев, 1986:35).
qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmiani musikis (xalxuri simReris,
sakravieri musikisa da saeklesio galobis) kilo-intonaciur mxareze
dakvirvebisas bunebrivad ibadeba wamyvani bgerebis gansazRvris
aucilebloba, rogorc horizontalSi, ise vertikalSi. Cveni smena garkveul
melodias, xolo Cveni cnobiereba – kilos saxiT – am melodiaSi
gamJRavnebuli tonebis urTierTobas aRiqvams.
kiloTa klasifikacia sakmaod rTuli amocanaa. klasifikaciis
procesSi ZiriTad ganmsazRvrel faqtorebad gvevlineba: struqturis
intervaluri wyoba, eTnikuri, istoriuli, kulturuli da stiluri
Taviseburebebi. aqve mokled Sevexebi Tanamedrove samusikismcodneo
literaturaSi arsebul mravalxmianobis klasifikaciasac. musikis TeoriaSi
damkvidrebuli gansazRvrebis mixedviT, polifoniuri mravalxmianoba
ramdenime erTdroulad JReradi melodiuri xazis koordinirebis Sedegia.
amrigad polifoniur mravalxmianobaSi ori tipis kavSiri monawileobs: 1 -
melodiuri, 2 - harmoniuli, Tumca ganmsazRvrel faqtorad horizontali
gvevlineba, radgan ramden xmasac ar unda moicavdes polifoniuri qsovili,
`polifoniad” igi rCeba manam, sanam misi JReradobis aRqma linearulad
ganviTarebul xmaTa diferencirebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, rac msmenels
TiToeuli xmaze dakvirvebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs.
termini - `polifonia” garkveulwilad enaTesaveba termins -
`polimonodia”; Tumca am ukanasknelis qarTul tradiciul
mravalxmianobasTan mimarTebiT gamoyeneba marTebulad ar mimaCnia, radgan
umetes SemTxvevaSi, xmaTa linearuli ganviTarebis paralelurad,
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struqturulad gamoxatul da mkafiod Camoyalibebul intervalur
(vertikalur) koordinaciasTan gvaqvs saqme.
t. berSadskaia, xmebis urTierTfunqcionalobis mixedviT ori tipis
polifonias gamoyofs:
1 – Tanasworfunqciuri polifonia, sadac xmebi Tansaworuflebianni arian,
sadac ar arsebobs mTavari da daqvemdebarebuli –
a) – erTTemiani xmebi, romlebic sawyisi droiT gansxvavdebian (imitaciuri
polifonia);
b) – xmebi ganirCevian intonaciuri Sinaarsis mixedviT (kontrastuli an
gansxvavebulTemiani polifonia). sxavadsxva xmebSi kadansebi SeiZleba ar
emTxveodnen, vidre formis didi nawilis dasasrulamde.
2 _ gansxvavebulfunqciuri polifonia (homofonia), sadac erTi asrulebs
wamyvani xmis, xolo sxvebi – daqvemdebarebuli Tanmxlebi xmis funqcias.
kadansebi sxvadasxva xmebSi emTxvevian.
cnobilia, rom musikismcodneobaSi arsebuli terminologiis
ganaxlebis problema, tradiciul musikalur memkvidreobebTan mimarTebiT
aqtualuria, radgan sasurvelia, rom erTis mxriv `kvleviTi terminologia”
(Бражников, 2002:197) daixvewos da ufro metad Camoyalibebuli forma miiRos,
meores mxriv ki, im terminologias, romelsac klasikur musikis analizisas
viyenebT, gamouCndes alternativa, romelic tradiciul musikas ukeT
miesadageba. erT-erT problematur terminad, sayovelTaod damkvidrebuli
`akordi” mimaCnia. termin `akordis” qarTul mravalxmian vertikalTan
mimarTebiT gamoyeneba, vfqirob, ar aris marTebuli, radgan rogorc
istoriul, ise Teoriul WrilSi, qarTuli mravalxmianobis saxiT saqme
gvaqvs linearul musikalur azrovnebasTan; samxmianobaSi – sam melodiur
struqturasTan, romelTa urTierTdamokidebuleba da urTierTkoordinacia
qmnis mTels. `akordis” qarTul mravalxmianobaSi gamoyenebis sakiTxi,
vfiqrob gansakuTrebiT mwvavdeba, rodesac saubaria e. w. `arasrul
akordebze”, anda am `akordebis Sebrunebaze”. amgvari gansazRvrebebi srul
winaaRmdegobaSia srul winaaRmdegobaSia qarTul tradiciul mravalxmian
azrovnebasTan, mis monotonikalur (monocentrul) bunebasTan da es
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winaaRmdegoba, pirvel rigSi, misi TviTmyofadobisken aris mimarTuli.
udavoa, rom hangis qsovilSi masalis akinZva xdeba rogorc horizontalSi,
ise vertikalSi, Tumca, sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom qarTuli tradiciuli
mravalxmianobis vertikalSi arsebuli Tanxmovanebis termin `akordiT”
aRniSvna dakavSirebulia am TanaJReradobis mkafiod gamoxatul fomasTan,
misi rogorc damoukidebeli struqturuli erTeulis aRqmasTan,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac kompleqsur mravalxmianobas ganvixilavT. 18
hangis vertikalSi saqme gvaqvs horizontalSi xmaTa urTierTSeTanxmebisa
da koordinaciis Sedegad Camoyalibebul stabilur TanxmovanebebTan; Tumca
kidev erTxel xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom es Tanxmovanebebi xmaTa
linearuli ganviTarebis Sedegia, gansxvavebiT klasikuri harmoniis,
tonaluri musikisagan, sadac akordis, rogorc aseTis damoukidebeli
funqciuri mniSvneloba mis bunebriv konteqsts gansazRvravs. alternatiul
gzad migvaCnia Semdegi: termin `akordis” magivrad, „TanxmovanebasTan”
erTad, SesaZloa gamoviyenoT termini `konkordi”, romelic tradiciul
linearul mravalxmian azrovnebasTan, vfiqrob, met siaxloves amJRavnebs,
rac jer kidev iuri xolopovma SeniSna (Холопов, 1987:516). am terminis
damkvidreba Teoriul musikismcodneobaSi swored mis saxels ukavSirdeba.
termin `konkordis” mniSvneloba gulisxmobs: Tanxmobas, mSvidobas,
harmonias, riTac igi enaTesaveba termin `akords~, Tumca am ukanasknelis,
rogorc aprobirebuli terminis swored klasikur harmoniaSi damkvidrebas
mivyavarT azramde, rom tradiciul musikasaTan mimarTebiT alternatiuli
terminis gamoyenebaa saWiro, terminisa, romelic sakvlevi masalis
saerTaSoriso asparezze ukeT gatanis saSualebas mogvcemda.
qarTuli mravalxmiani qsovilis bgeraTrigSi safexurebriv
aRniSvnasac, SesaZloa aseve alternativa movuZebnoT. safexurebrivi
aRniSvnis konteqsti, upiratesad, tonaluri musikaa da garkveulwilad
kilo-hangis temperirebuli musikis CarCoSi moqcevas gulisxmobs. amgvari
aRniSvnisas bgeraTrigSi oqtavuri meqanizmi moqmedebs da, Sesabamisad,
18
kompleqsuri mravalxmianobis TvalsaCino nimuSad, qarTul tradiciul musikaSi svanuri folklori miiCneva, romelic metad koordinirebuli vertikaliT gamoirCeva.
75
sxvadasxva registrSi bgerebis safexurebrivi `gatolebaa” SesaZlebeli,
rac qarTul mravalxmiani simRera-galobis bunebas ewinaaRmdegeba. 1985
wels gamoqveynebul SromaSi vladimer gogotiSvili yuradRebas amaxvilebs
qarTuli mravalxmiani hangis kvarta-kvinturi diatonikis Sesaxeb da
xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom am struqturaSi Semavali bgeraTrigebi
araoqtavuria (gogotiSvili, 1985:47).
im SemTxvevaSi Tu hangis kilouri sayrdeni mkafiodaa gamoxatuli,
safexurebrivi aRniSvna SeiZleba Seicvalos intervaluri aRniSvniT,
romelic, marTalia, temperaciis CarCoebisgan Tavisufali ar aris, magram,
samagierod, intonirebis procesis met Tavisuflebas da fiqsaciis nakleb
sizustes gulisxmobs, riTac ufro axlos dgas tradiciul musikalur
azrovnebasTan. SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT Semdegi aRniSvnebi,
magaliTisaTvis: qveda terciuli – VI safexuris nacvlad, zeda sekunduri –
meore safexuris nacvlad, rac, Tavis mxriv, sayrdeni tonis funqcias met
simkveTres matebs da, amavdroulad, misi, rogorc ZiriTadi sayrdeni
tonidan mocemul mimarTulebasac uCvenebs (aRmasvla an daRmasvla). am
TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania ioseb Jordanias mosazreba, romelic swored
sayrdeni centris irgvliv arsebul bgeraTsimaRlebriv kavSirebs
(Taviseburebas) exeba.Aavtori aRniSnavs, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
sufrul simRerebSi centraluri tonis zeviT kvartuli diatonikis kiloTa
kanonebi, xolo qveviT ki kvinturi diatonikis kiloTa kanonebi moqmedeben
(Jordania, 1989:37).
zemoaRniSnuli termin `akordisa~ da bgerebis safexurebrivi aRniS-
vnis problematika sakmaod aqtualurad mimaCnia, radgan masze msjeloba
swored im samecniero-Teoriuli aparatis mowesrigebaSi dagvexmareba,
romelic qarTul tradiciul mravalxmian musikasTan mimarTebiT
gamoyenebas saWiroebs (diasamiZe, 2010:463-465). aTwleulebis manZilze
damkvidrebuli, samecniero apartTan dakavSirebuli im stereotipebis
Secvla, romelic sferos winsvlasa da ganviTarebas aferxebs, sakmaod
rTuli amocanaa da mecnierebis didi Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, Tumca mimaCnia,
rom qarTul musikalur mecnierebaSi arsebobs sakmarisi resursi saimisod,
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rom qarTuli musikaluri kulturisaTvis ara mxolod zogadi da
universaluri terminologiis gamoyenebiT SemovifargloT, aramed qarTul
tradiciul simRera-galobasTan ukeT misadagebuli saxeldebebi moviZioT
da SevimuSaoT (diasamiZe, 2003:45).
musikis Teoriis (kilo, harmonia, wyoba) da saSemsruleblo esTetikis
(bgeris artikulacia, stili, manera) TvalsazrisiT, specialisetbis mier
qarTuli xalxuri simRerisa da galobis Sesrulebis sakiTxi davis sagania.
zogisTvis erTaderTi marTebuli gza, winaprebze mimsgavsebul SesrulebaSi
mdgomareobs, zogi ki sakiTxs ufro meti SemoqmedebiTi TavisuflebiT
udgeba. erTisTvis srulyofili hangis gamoxatuleba, SesaZloa meores
sruliad sapirispiro grZnobas gvrides. konsonansuri TanaJReradobis
gageba sakmaod individualuri da araerTmniSvnelovania, ara mxolod
sxvadasxva epoqaSi, aramed erTi epoqis farglebsa da Tanamedrove yofaSi.
„yurisTvis uCveulo... disonansebi, romlebic simSvides arRveven da
gandevnian... sagalobels kilo, adamians ki suliereba tovebs... aseTivea
Tqveni, dasavleT saqarTvelos sagaloblebi – paraleluri da kvintebisa
da nonebis mosmena gamaRizianebelia“ (amonaridi interviudan, Diasamidze,
2013:181). sityva `galobis“ sulxan-sabaseuli ganmarteba, romelic amgvarad
JRers – `galoba ars Tvisisaebr ukve sityvisa xmai raime, tkbilad Tqmuli
madlobai; galoba ars RmrTis metyvelebisa maRlisa xedvisa mqonebel iyos;
galoba ars xma-avajiani, SewyobiT aRtevebuli Tvinier orRanosa, gina
orRanoTa da mwyobriTa.Ggaloba ars marTlmadideblobiTa mier RmrTis
metyveleba, romeli TaviT TvisiT iwvarTidis Sewirvasa RmrTisasa sulisa
srulisa visime” (s.-s. orbeliani, 1991:131) – dRes ukve garkveul
interpretirebas ganicdis, radgan `tkbilad Tqmul galobaze”
Camoyalibebuli erTiani xedva ar arsebobs. ioane batoniSvilis
`xumarswavlis” II tomis erT-erTi epizodSi, vkiTxulobT: `galobai ars xmai
angelosTadmi Semhsgavsebuli, romelnica winaSe saydarTa RvTaebisaTa
galoben: `wmindao, wmindao, wmindao ufalo sabaoT”; da amisTvis galoba Tu
ara saRmrToTa zeda, sxveb ara moiRebis” (batoniSvili, 1991:519). `netarma
avgustinem axali galoba WeSmaritebas, sibrZnes da silamazes daukavSira,
77
raTa samyaroSi codviTdacemis Sedegad darRveuli harmonia aRdges...
axalma galobam adamianis mTeli cxovreba – droebiTi da maradiuli,
Semoqmedis qebad unda aqcios; mas sagalobeli miaCnia xelovnebis saxeobaTa
Soris idealad, vinaidan igi aerTianebs sityvas, melodias, azrs, romliTac
adamianis Sinagani, sulieri samyaro gamoixateba” (sulava, 2006:5). i.
xolopovis TqmiT, sagaloblis forma iseTive lamazia, rogorc Tavad
saeklesio ferwera da arqiteqtura (Холопов, 1993:51).
aRniSnuli sakiTxi, musikaluri gemovnebis garda, iseT aqtualur
cnebebs exmianeba, rogoric aris „kanonika“ da „tradicia“, radgan erTia,
mSvenieris kategoriisadmi individualuri midgoma, meore ki saeklesio
wesisa da kanonis gaTvaliswineba. imisaTvis, rom `kanonikisa“ da
`tradiciis“ cnebaTa aRreva Tavidan aviciloT, saWiroa – zemoaRniSnuli
wesi da kanoni zedmiwevniT gawerili da yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi iyos,
raTa darRvevebis SemTxvevaSi gaurkvevlobis braleuloba gamoiricxos.
qarTul saeklesio galobasTan mimarTebiT esTetkuri normebis dadgena
gadaudeblad mimaCnia, radgan sxvagvarad, droTa ganmavlobaSi SesaZloa is
pirvelwyaros kidev ufro metad dacildes. aRniSnul sakiTxs, naSromis
daskvniT nawilSi ufro vrclad ganvixilav.
qarTuli mravalxmiani simRera-galobis sferos kvleva
dausruleblad SeiZleba da droTa ganmavlobaSi, sakiTxTa aqtualobidan
gamomdinare mis irgvliv kidev mravali problemis ganxilvis saWiroeba
dadgeba, sxvadasxva mimarTulebis, kerZod ki istoriuli, lingvisturi,
eTnografiuli, Teologiuri, musikologiuri, eTnomusikologiuri,
anTropologiuri, kulturologiuri da sociologiuri midgomebis
gamoyenebiT. m. erqvaniZis azriT, `dRes, Cveni fiqriT, qarTuli
mravalxmianobis raobis gansazRvra, es igive mravalxmianobis aRdgenaa,
romelic amJamad saqarTveloSi umZimes dReebs ganicdis. am
mravalxmianobaSi moazrovne da misiT mcxovrebi xalxi sul ufro cota
rCeba. aT-TxuTmet weliwadSi, SesaZloa, saqme gamousworebelic aRmoCndes.
mravalxmianobis aRdgena oden musikis sferos bevrad scildeba. unda
moxdes mravalxmianobaSi azrovnebis reanimacia” (erqvaniZe, 2001:86). statiis
78
dasasruls avtori aRniSnavs, rom `...qarTuli mravalxmianobis SenarCuneba
qarTvelisaTvis valdebulebaa, radgan uimisod igi srulyofilebas didad
ganeSoreba” (erqvaniZe, 2001:94). ediSer garayaniZe, eTnomusikologi,
romelmac 1980 wels ansambl `mTiebis” SeqmniT xalxuri musikis auTenturi
Semsruleblobis aRorZinebas daudo saTave, miiCnevs, rom `...auTenturi
folklori CvenSi suls Rafavs. sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, qarTul
soflur yofaSi momxdarma Zireulma cvlilebebma Tavisi Rrma kvali
daaCnia xalxuri Semoqmedebis funqcionirebas, daikarga da daviwyebas mieca
ama Tu im simRerasTan, simReraTa jgufTan TanaSezrdili mravali rituali
Tu tradicia; mecnierul-teqnikurma progresma Sromis procesSi, Sromis
saxeobebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi gamoiwvia; nawilobriv gadasxvaferda
adamianTa fsiqologia; ara marto konkretulma simRerebma, aramed mTelma
rigma sasimRero Janrebma dakarga cxovrebiseuli daniSnuleba, anu
socialuri funqcia; musikaluri folkloris mravali nimuSi dRes CvenTvis
samudamod dakargulia, xolo didi nawili imisa, rac kidev cocxalia,
arsebobs aranormalur garemoSi, anu ara Sesrulebis procesSi, aramed –
calkeuli Zveli momRerlebis cnobierebaSi” (garayaniZe, 2007:18). am
TvalsazrisiT qarTuli tradiciuli musikaluri memkvidreoba msoflioSi
gamonakliss ar warmoadgens, radgan araerTma tradiciulma kulturam
procesebi, romelic `miviwyebas” ukavSirdeba, an ukve ganvlo, an axla gadis
mas. saintereso isaa, Tu rogoria ama Tu im eris damokidebuleba aRniSnuli
sakiTxisadmi; ra niSniT SegviZlia am problemis qarTul konteqstSi
ganxilva. am sakiTxis qarTuli xedva, tradiciuli musikis, rogorc
kulturuli identobis fundamenturi nawilis mZafr gancdasTan da misi
dakargviT gamowveul SiSTan aris dakavSirebuli. vfiqrob, zemoT moyvanili
citatebi, am sakiTxTan Tanamedrove qarTvelebis – sazogadoebis, rogorc
religiuri, ise sekularuli nawilis xedvas mniSvnelovanwilad asaxavs.
kulturis es nawili, dasakargad Znelad emetebaT, maSin roca Tanamedrove
yofis pirobebSi, isini mzad arian uari Tqvan araerT tradiciaze, romelic
xSirad maT mier, qveynis demokratiuli ganviTarebisa da evrointegraciis
procesSi erTgvar damabrkolebel garemoebad aris miCneuli.
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qarTlis gaqristianebas, qarTvelologi konstantine lerneri
ganixilavs rogorc politikuri mdgomareobiT ganpirobebul diplomatiuri
xasiaTis aqts, rodesac iranisa da bizantiis brZolam amierkavkasiaSi
politikuri batonobis gasaZliereblad, IV saukunis dasawyisSi
gansakuTrebiT intensiuri xasiaTi SeiZina (Лернер, 2008:115). garda
politikur-diplomatiuri mizezebisa, qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad
gamocxadebis mizezs, araerTi mecnieris kvaldakval, sazogadoebis mxridan
sulieri da kulturuli ganviTarebis axal etapze gadasvlis mzaobaSi
vxedav, rac teritoriisTvis, sadac qristianuli qadageba, qristes
mociqulTa misioneruli mogzaurobebisas, pirvelive saukuneSi JRerda,
srulebiT kanonzomier movlenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
qristianobis miReba, tradiciul kulturaze arsebiT zegavlenas
axdens; Tavad qristianuli msoflmxedveloba ki urTierTdapirispirebul
moralur-esTetikur kategoriebs – sikeTesa da borotebas efuZneba.
xalxuri Semoqmedeba miTologiur cnobierebas ukavSirdeba da drois
aRqmis TvalsazrisiT or gansxvavebul sawyisTan avlens kavSirs: 1. dro,
rogorc bunebis cikluroba (weliwadis oTxi dro, mTvaris fazebi, dRe da
Rame); 2. sworxazovani gangrZobiTi dro, romelic adamianis cxovrebis
erTian gzasa da mimarTulebas gulisxmobs, Tavisi dasawyisiTa da
dasasruliT (Пашина, 2005:29). qristianobis miRebasTan erTad, drois Sesaxeb
miTologiuri warmodgenebi gadaxedvas daeqvemdebara, radgan erTi mxriv
gaCnda saeklesio kalendari, meore mxriv ki drois axali wertilidan
aTvla daiwyo; winareqristianuli da qristianuli kulturis garkevuli
sinTezis Sedegad, RvTaebriv panTeonTan dakavSirebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi,
qristianuli wmindanebisadmi arsebul rwmenas Seerwya da dRevandelobamde
aseTi saxiT SemorCa (Пашина, 2005:37). qarTuli tradiciuli kultura da
sakuTriv musika amgvari sinTezis erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia. es
ukanaskneli qarTveli adamianis yofierebis ganuyofel nawilad iqca,
`xalxuri simRera sofluri yofis ganuyreli Tanamgzavria; qarTveli kacis
cxovrebis mTeli gza – am cxovrebis sakvanZo momentebica da
80
yoveldRiurobac – mudam simReriT iyo xlebuli” (e. garayaniZe, 2007-138), da
Sesabamisad am mimarTulebiT Catarebuli kvlevebi, momijnave dargebs
mniSvnelovan samsaxurs uwevs.
zemoaRniSnul sakiTxze, gigi (giorgi) garayaniZis mosazrebiT `erTis
mxriv, qarTuli kulturis TviTmyofadoba, xolo, meores mxriv, ukve
gadaSenebul xalxebSi mocemuli kulturis siZvele mecnierebis am etapze
arTulebs civilizaciaTa Sexvedrebis xasiaTis dadgenas, saxeldobr, imis
garkvevas, Tu Tavdapirvelad sad Caisaxa an saidan sad moxda naSromSi
ganxiluli miToreligiuri codnisa da ritualebis eqsporti. an warimarTa
Tu ara es procesi ormxriv. magram dReisaTvis erTi danamdvilebiT
SeiZleba iTqvas: aRniSnuli Zveli xalxebica da Zveli saqarTveloc
erTiani kulturuli arealis nawilia. amasTan, dRevandeli saqarTvelo am
uZvelesi kulturis cocxal memkvidres warmoadgens, romlis xalxur
yofaSi gadmonaSTebis saxiT dResac cocxlobs arqauli epoqis qmnilebebi”
(garayaniZe, 2008:221).
winamdebare sakvalifikacio naSromis meore Tavs, qvemoT moyvanili
citatiT davasruleb, romelic mkiTxvelisaTvis naSromis mesame Tavze
gadasvlis process, vfiqrob logikurad amzadebs – `Tu didi xnis manZilze
erTi gansazRvruli kulturis wiaRSi cxovrob, mravalgzis cdilob
gamoikvlio, is, Tu rogori iyo misi sawyisebi da ganviTarebis gza, adre Tu
gvian igrZnob cdunebas, raTa mzera sxva mimarTulebiT miapyro da dasva
SekiTxva, ra bedi elis am kulturas da rogori iqneba cvlilebebi,
romelsac is momavalSi ganicdis.” (Фрейд, 1990:94).
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Tavi mesame
qarTuli saeklesio galobisa da qarTvelTa kulturuli
identobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi
qarTuli mravalxmiani galoba marTlmadidebluri kulturis
saganZuria da qristianuli samyaros monapovarTa Soris erT-erTi
gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs. Cvenamde moRweuli werilobiTi wyaroebiT
Tu vimsjelebT, Zveli qarTuli profesiuli musikis SedarebiT sistemuri
Seswavla XIX saukunis bolos daiwyo. cxadia, ar SeiZleba ar
gaviTvaliswinoT wina saukuneebis moRvaweTa samecniero azris maRali done.
sxvanaiarad, SeuZlebeli iqneboda saeklesio musikis imgvari ganviTareba,
rac Sua saukuneebis himnografiul ZeglebSi dasturdeba. tao-klarjeTi,
gelaTi, SiomRvime, daviT gareji, sveticxoveli, Semoqmedi, sinas mTa,
aTonis mTa, sabawmidis monasteri – es aris arasruli CamonaTvali
saqarTveloSi da mis farglebs gareT arsebuli im sasuliero-
saganmanaTleblo kerebisa, romlebSic qarTuli himnografia da saeklesio
galoba sxvadasxva dros viTardeboda. mniSvnelovania vicodeT qarTuli
himnografiis rolis Sesaxeb, `ara mxolod originaluri, aramed naTargmni
Zeglebis gamoc. bolo dros aRiniSneba bizantinologebis sagrZnobi
interesi qarTuli liturgikuli Zeglebisisadmi. es gasagebicaa – qarTuli
xelnawerebi Seicaven adrebizantiuri RvTismsaxurebis amsaxvel iSviaT
masalas, berZnulidan naTargmni sagaloblebis udides raodenobas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom berZnuli dednebis uqonlobis gamo qarTuli xelnawerebi
pirvelwyaros aRdgenis erTaderTi saSualebaa” (andriaZe, 1991:81).
Targmanebis arsebobis mizezs aRwers korneli kekeliZe –B`rogorc
cnobilia, qristianoba saerTaSoriso religiaa, Tavdapirvelad berZnul-
romaul samyaroSi aRmocenebuli da gavrcelebuli, amitom misi
literatura, romelic Tavidanve berZnul enaze Seiqmna da romelSiac
aRbeWdilia misi dogmebi, misi filosofia, morali, iuridiuli normebi,
82
liturgikul-saRvTismsaxuro wesebi, samoZRvro traqtatebi da
agiografiuli moTxrobani, yvela saqristiano qveynisTvis, savaldebulod
iyo miCneuli. aqedan daibada saWiroeba da aucilebloba misi
gadmoTargmnisa TiToeuli qristianis enaze (Tu mas amis SesaZlebloba
hqonda), kerZod ki qarTulzedac” (kekeliZe, 1980:7). bizantiuri sasuliero
poeziisa da musikis SeswavlaSi, swored qarTuli liturgikuli da
himnografiuli literaturis Targmanebis mniSvnelobaze amaxvilebs
yuradRebas elene metreveli (metreveli, 1980:922).
qarTuli galobis mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze, maSin,
rodesac qarTuli erovnuli faseulobebi saSiSroebis winaSe dgeboda,
erovnuli resursis konsolidaciis Sedegad, didi yuradReba im
materialuri da aramaterialuri kulturis SenarCunebas xmardeboda,
romelic qveynis erovnul saganZurs warmoadgenda. maT Soris iyo qarTuli
saeklesio galoba.
`cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
avtokefaliis dakargvasTan erTad, qarTul galobas safrTxe daemuqra,
radgan rus egzarqosTa umravlesobis mier, qarTul enaze RvTismsaxureba
ikrZaleboda da qarTuli galobac eklesiidan idevneboda. qarTul
galobas isini xan Txis kikinsa da xanac ZaRlis yefas adarebdnen”
(TavberiZe, 2005:12).
saqarTvelos erT-erTi bolo egzarqosi, ruseTis sinodis
oberprokuroris TanaSemwes Tavad n. Jevaxovs werda: `Cems SegnebaSi ver
eteva moTxovnileba sinodisa, rom vaiZulo xalxs ilocos gaugebar enaze.
Udides nawils Cemi samrevlosi Zlivs esmis rusuli ena! miTumetes, rogor
unda gaigos eklesiuri slavuri ena!” (TavberiZe, 2005:11). iyvnen iseTi
egzarqosebic, romelTa saxeli qarTuli eklesiis istorias dadebiT
konteqstSi SemorCa; magaliTad, cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos egzarqosad
1877 wels movlinebulma ioanikem (rudnevi) 1878 wlis ianvarSi mxari
dauWira wmida mRvdelmTavar aleqsandres (oqropiriZe) iniciativas `Zveli
qarTuli eklesiebri galobis aRmdgeneli komitetis Seqmnis Sesaxeb”.
(TavberiZe, 2005:23). Tergdaleulebs, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
83
liderebsa Tu calkeul sazogado moRvaweebs, qarTuli saeklesio galobis
SenarCunebis saqmeSi didi wvlili SehqondaT, rac ara mxolod
ideologiur, aramed praqtikul mxaresac gulisxmobda. e. kereseliZis
SromaSi istoria qarTul saeklesio galobis notebze gadaRebisa araerTi
sayuradRebo cnoba moipoveba. maT Soris erT-erTi, saqarTveloSi pirveli
sanoto stambis gaCenas ukavSirdeba. `1891 wels, vkiTxeT filimons: Tu sadme
aris ruseTis qalaqebSi notebis Srifti (asoebi), Cven gvinda gamoviweroT
da SeviZinoT meTqi. gviTxra: moskovSi unda iyoso, imitom vici rom, me
Sevxvedrivar iqaur stambaSi notebiT dabeWdili simRera galobis
wignebsao. iq mokiTxva da gamoZebna undao. Amis Sesaxeb ifiqra maqsime
SaraZem da mivida ilia WavWavaZesTan sakiTxavad da uTxra: gvsurs notebis
asoebi SeviZinoT, aq TbilisSi ar aris misi Srifti, gviTxres moskovSi
ariso, xom aravin gyavs iq nacnobTagani kaci rom mivsweroT da gviSovnos
notebis Srifti. man uTxra: rogor ara myavs iq kargi megobari qarTveli
kaci, profesori al. xaxanaSvili. is mogixerxebs mag saqmeso. TviTonac
werili miswera da maqsimesac misamarTi gadasca... Cvenc ase mivwereT... erTi
Tvis Semdeg notebis asoebi miviReT, sami aTas maneTad Rirebuli; Cven
Zalian gagvexara notis asoebis miReba 1891 wels 10 dekembers. es iyo mTel
saqarTveloSi pirveli SemoReba notebis asoebisa.” (TavberiZe, 2005:141).
kidev erTi epizodi, romelic qarTuli saeklesio galobis saqmes
exeba mogviTxrobs: `1884 wels, arqimandritebis – grigol dadianisa da
makari mataTaSvilis winadadebiT saegzarqososTan Seiqmna specialuri
komisia, romelsac unda ezruna sagaloblebis notebze gadasaRebad da
dasabeWdaT. komisiis sxdomas qarTuli sazogadoebis TvalsaCino
warmomadgenlebi, akaki, aleqsandre yazbegi, giorgi wereTeli da sxvebi
daeswrnen. sxdomaze sakiTxis winaaRmdeg gamovida sasuliero seminariis
reqtori Cudecki... gamosvlisas Cudeckim aRniSna, rom am `keTilganzraxul
da RvTisgan kurTxeul saqmes didi dabrkoleba aqvs. mcodne pirebisagan
vici, rom qarTuli galoba imdenad Taviseburia, sxva xalxis galobisagan
imdenad gansxvavdebam rom misi Cawera arsebuli rusuli notebiT
SeuZlebelia, mogvixdeba qarTuli galobis Sesaferi samusiko niSnebi
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gamovigonoT. am saqmes didi Sroma, didi dro da didi xarjic dasWirdeba;
samwuxarod, qarTul Rarib eklesias aseTi xarji ar SeuZlia gaiRos.”
mRvdelma auSevma Cudeckis mourideblad miaxala, rom es azri mcdari iyo.
Cudeckim cotaTi kilo Secvala, magram mainc imave azris dasabuTebas
Seudga: `SeiTviseT keTilxmovani, RvTisagan nakurTxi da dalocvili
slavuri galoba”. aman damswreTa didi aRelveba gamoiwvia. `akaki wamoxta,
Cudeckis sityva Seawyvetina da ganacxada: - Tqven SegiZliaT Cvens
ganzraxvaze pirdapir uari TqvaT, es Tqveni uflebaa. magram Tqven Cvens
wmidaTa wmidas tlanqad SeexeT; Tqven fiqrobT, rom Cven qarTvelebi
ramdenime xnis Semdeg, Tqveni locva-kurTxeviT, slavebad gadaviqceviT. es
didi Secdomaa! saqarTvelos didi istoria, mdidari uZvelesi kultura da
Cveni sakuTari winsvlisaTvis gawalduli gza aqvs. uxeS Zalas am gzis
Secvla araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeuZlia. asi wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTvel
ers Tavisi saxe ar Seucvlia da Seucvlelad SeunarCunia. SemdegSiac
SeirCens. qarTveli eri Tavis Seudarebel musikas, romelSiac Tavisi
ukvdavi suli aqvs Caqsovil-Caqarguli, uTqvenodac mouvlis da
ganaviTarebs, Tqveni daxmareba ar sWirdeba!” akakis Semdeg giorgi wereTeli
gamovida. aleqsande yazbegma gamoacxada, rom komisiaze Tqmuli detalurad
gamoqveyndeba gazeTebSio. Cudeckim isRa moaxerxa, rom komisiis sxdoma
daxura” (TavberiZe, 2005:35-36).
zemoT moyvanili epizodi mkafiod aRwers im damokidebulebas,
romelsac sazogado moRvaweebi qarTuli musikis, kerZod ki galobis mimarT
gamoxataven da naTlad aCvenebs Tu ra mniSvneloba qonda qarTul galobas
erovnuli da kulturuli identobis konteqstSi.
saintereso cnobas gvawvdis qarTuli galobis moamage polievqtos
karbelaSvili; igi galobis saqmeSi arsebuli winsvlis dasturad dimitri
yifianis werils iSveliebs, romelic am ukanasknelma 1863 wlis 4 maiss,
bodbis wminda ninos monastreSi yofnis Semdeg dawera: `yovlad Rirso
mamao arqimandrito makarios! wmida nina qarTvelT ganmanaTlebelis
saflavis Tayvaniscema am TxuTmets saukuneSi marad sanatrel aris yovlis
qarTvelisaTvis. Tormetis wlis wineT, pirvelad rom veRirse muxlis
85
modrekasa sanatrelis saflavis winaSe, gulica Cemi modrekil-iqmna
mwuxarebisgan, rom siZvele metad etyobodaT taZarsaca da sxva SenobaTaca.
am maisis dros meored Semxvda mun yofna da guli Cemi dastkba, ra vixile
ganaxleba yovlisa Zvirad dasafasebeliTa RvawliTa TqveniTa; suli Cemi
dastkba, ra vismine galoba Cveni Zveleburi, Tqvenis zrunviTa da
mecadineobiT ganaxlebuli da saamod SeTanxmebuli. msurs sityvierad Tu
nivTierad gamoTqma guliTadis madlobisa Cemisa Tqven winaSe; magram
madloba qveynieri ra saWiroa TqvenTvis. sulgrZelebiT miiReT, mamao
eklesiisaTvis mciredi ese Sesawevari da amasTanave morTmeuli xuTi Tumani
moaxmareT marTl-madidebelTaTvis dasamadlebelTa saqmeTa TqvenTa.
momindvia Tavi Cemi wmida locva-kurTxevisa TqvenisaTvis da vhgie Tqveni
maRalRirsebis umorCilesi mosamsaxure dimitri yifiani. 23 maisi, 1863 w.
tfilisi” (karbelaSvili, 1898:89-90).
Tergdaleulebisa da maTi Tanamedroveebis msgavsad, qarTuli
tradiciuli simRerisa da galobis udides rolze saubrobdnen
saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis liderebi.
magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT amonarids merab kostavas broSuridan
sayovelTao swavlebisaTvis: `mSvenieria Cveni xalxuri simRerebi da
sagaloblebi, is uzarmazari masala, mecxramete saukunidan moyolebuli
didi rudunebiT rom Sekribes da notebze gadaiRes qarTuli musikis
mesveurebma. magram, samwuxarod, Cvens konservatoriasa da musikalur
saswavleblebsa da skolebSi jerac ar aris SemoRebuli qarTuli
simRerebisa da sagaloblebis savaldebulo sayovelTao praqtikuli
swavleba... ase rom amJamad qarTuli simRerebisa da sagaloblebis
praqtikuli Seswavla TiTqmis martooden saxelwmifo da TviTmoqmed
ansamblebSi xdeba, xolo specsaswavleblebSi Teoriuli gamokvlevebis
sagans warmoadgens... monodiuri musikis garemocvaSi aRmocenebuli misi
(qarTuli tradiciuli musikis – e. d.) sagundo mravalxmianoba lokalur
warmoSobasa da mimdebare qveynebis zegavlenisgan xelSeuxeblobaze
migvaniSnebs. marTlac, erTxmiani iyo ara marto muslimani mezoblebis,
aramed TviT qristianuli palestinisa, siriisa da bizantiis sagaloblebi
86
da simRerebi” (kostava, gv.gv.1-2, gamocemis TariRi miTiTebuli ar aris).
rogorc amonarididan Cans, avtori, erTi mxriv gulistkivils gamoxatavs
imis gamo, rom qarTuli tradiciuli simRera-galoba sayovelTao swavlebis
sagani ar aris, meore mxriv ki xazs usvams mravalxmianobas, rogorc
qarTuli musikis gansakuTrebul da TviTmyofad komponents.
rodesac vsaubrobT imaze, Tu ra roli ekisra qarTul saeklesio
galobas, qarTvelTa kulturuli identobis konteqstSi, aucilebelia
gaviTvaliswinoT is informacia, romelic Tavmoyrilia 2015 wels
gamocemul naSromSi qarTuli galobis qronika 1861-1921 wlebis periodika.
daviT SuRliaSvilis mier Sedgenil am wignSi TvlnaTliv aisaxeba qarTuli
tradiciuli galobisadmi is interesi, romelic imdroindel sazogadoebaSi
arsebobda. saeklesio galobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, araerTi
gamoqveynebuli werilis mTavari Tema gamxdara. mkiTxvelis yuradRebas
ramdenime amonaridze mivapyrob.
- `qarTuls galobazed” - iveria, 1878, 4 maisi, N17, gv.5-7
`am mokle xanSi Zalian gaxSirda laparaki galobazed da imis notebzed
gadaRebazed. yvelam amoiRo xma, yvelani cdiloben, rom Tu nivTieraT ara,
sityvieraT mainc TanagrZnoba ganacxadon am sasargeblo qarTuli galobis
aRdgenazed. marTlac sasiamovnoa im saqmezed erTxmoba da sazogado
TanagrZnoba, radganac es saqme marto erTs ar ekuTvnis, aramed mTels
sazogadoebas. am laparaks uTuod kai Sedegic eqmneba. magram es ki ar
meWaSnikeba, rom im erTi andazisa ar iyves: `jer Rvino ar iyo da eSmakebi
tikebs albobdneno”. jer qarTulis galobis notebi TvaliT aravis unaxavs
(is notebi ar gaxlavsT, romelsac exla eZaxian) da mTeli qveyana SeZres:
`qarTvelebma notebzed gadavawyveT galobao”... “qarTvelsac” Seutyvia
galobis notebzed dawera, guli Sestkivnia da ixveweba: qarTuli galoba
ar gaafuWoTo (`iveria” N8) es ki ufro marTals laparakobs, magram
saqarTveloSi TxuTmeti mgalobeli ki tyuilia, vinc wirvis galoba icis,
imas ver davarqmevT mgalobels. Cven marto erTi gvyavs namdvili
mgalobeli, mRvdeli grigol karbelovi (karbelaSvili – e.d.), romelsac
87
mtkiced axsovs galobis kiloebi. esec Cvenda saubedurod moxucebulia...
amdens `notis” ZaxilSi da siarulSi, is kaci, romlis TavSiac damarxulia
namdvili mama-papuri kilo galobisa, gamogvecleba xelidam, rogorc
moxucebuli da waiRebs isev imasTan, visganac miuRia. maSin visac rogora
surs iseTi kiloebi Seadginos. aRarc aravin damwunebeli iqneba da arc
momwonebeli... am xanebSi Tu SebrZanebulxarT, mkiTxvelo, anCisxatis
soborSi, genaxebaT mSvenieri guguni, iq erTis dasis magier orive iyo
xolme. marjvenaca da marcxenaca da lamazaT gamoismoda xuTi-eqvsi xma,
magram Cvenda saubeduroT esec ar SegvrCa: seminariaSi... aRkrZales galoba...
amgvarad isev Cqara miefara es mama-papuri eklesiis samkauli da exla ese
sawewaT gagvixda saqme”.
aragveli [daviT kezeli]
(SuRliaSvili, 2015:56-58).
- `Cveni saeklesio galoba” - iveria, 1894 w. 16 ivnisi, N126, gv.2-3
`warmoidgineT, kaci ixrCobodes da ixvewebodes, miSveleT, vin xarT
qristianio, xom saSineli da Tavszardamcemi suraTia... magram es kidev
mkrTali Sedarebaa imasTan, razedac unda gelaparakoT. mkrTalia imitom,
rom kacis sikvdils SeCveulni varT... xolo sikvdili da dakargva imisa,
rac mxolod erTaderTia, ai, e saris namdvili samwuxaro, gulsaklavi da
samudamo saglovi. es erTi iyo Cveni saeklesio galoba. galoba ikargeboda,
visac misi Zala da mniSvneloba esmoda, guli stkioda da sCioda, magram am
tkivilsa da Civils, uRonobisa gamo, gulSive iklavda”.
galobis erTi moyvarulTagani
(SuRliaSvili, 2015:244).
- `mogoneba (fexTa bana)” – kvali, 1894 w. 3 ivlisi, N28, gv.4-5
`...mas aqeT bevri ram minaxavs. bevri xmatkbili da xmaSewyobili ram
gamigonia, magram rac maSin vigrZeni, misi msgavsi ara minaxavs ra. didi
xania ar aris, rac erTxel kidev daveswari fexTa banas, magram yoliferi
88
mesxvafera. galoba meucxova: yurs esmoda, magram gulamdi ki ver xvdeboda.
sxarebis mkiTxveli ucxogvarad bobRinobda da kiloc sxvagvari hqonda.
mimovixede da ra SevniSne? xalxi, TiTqos iZulebuli grZnobiT iyo
gatacebuli da ara sasoebiT gamsWvaluli. momagonda is Zveli, siymawvilis
ambavi da cremlebi gadmomcvivda!..
nuTu sakuTrad Cemi bralia, rom grZnoba damClungebia da guli veRar
netarobs? vekiTxebodi Tavs da pasuxs aravin maZlevda. mxolod, am mokle
xanSi, SemTxveviT gavigone kargareTelis saxarebis kiTxva da uneburad
SevkrTi, guli amiTamaSda!.. misma kilom momagona janeliZis kilo, Tumca
ase rogorc aCrdilma namdvili momagona... imis mxolod grZnoba SeiZleba
da vai im xalxs, romelsac is grZnobis saunje, is kilo daekargeba!..
akaki
(SuRliaSvili, 2015:246-247).
- `tfilisi, 18 noemberi” – iveria, 1886, 19 noemberi, N251, gv. 1-2
`rom qarTuli simRera da galoba evropiuls ara hgavs, eg aSkaraa da amas
araviTari damtkiceba ara sWiria, rogorc gvarwmuneben mcodne kacebi. Cven
musikisa, rogorc winadac mogaxseneT, sul ara gvesmis ra da mis gamo
vSiSobT da siTamamed migrZvnia warmovsTqvaT azri, romelic didi xania
mosvenebas ar gvaZlevs da romelzec pasuxi CvenTvis aravis moucia, Tumca
bevrjer da bevrgan Camogvigdia amazed laparaki musikis mcodne kacTa
Soris. qarTuli simRera xom evropuls srulebiT ara hgavs, hgavs ki
aziursa?... ar viciT Teoria amazed ras ityvis, xolo ramodenadac es
sxvadasxva gasarCevia yurisTvis, imodenad marTali viqnebiT vsTqvaT, rom
aziis ara romelisame eris simReras ara hgavs aqauri baniT saTqmeli
simRera. aq sakuTari, TviTnaCeni, TviT myofi simRera aqvs da am mxriT
musikis mcodne kacTa TvalSi qarTuli simRerebi sruls axals ambavs unda
warmoadgendes musikis istoriisa da TeoriisaTvis. Arian CvenSi musikis
mcodne ucxo qveynis oriode kacni, romelnic am mxriT dahkvirvebian Cvens
simRerebs, hcdilan misi viTareba, Tviseba, xasiaTi zedmiwevniT Rrmad
89
emcnoT da imaTac fiqrad mosdiT igive, raca Cvena vsTqviT qarTulis
simRerebis TviTnaCenobasa da TviTmyofadobazed”.
WavWavaZe ilia
(SuRliaSvili, 2015:158-159)
- `xelovneba religiaSi”, Teatri da cxovreba, 1918, 28 ivlisi, N11, gv.12-
13
`saqarTvelos eklesiasTan ufro dakavSirebulia ori dargis xelovnebisa:
musika da xuroTmoZRvreba. saWiroa amisaTvis Tu gvinda eklesia
eklesiobdes da, akakis ar iyos, zarebi uxmobdes ers: `modiT modioTo da
ara wadiT”, rogorc aqamdin iyo, saklesio kultis gamSveneba, saklesio
galobis ganviTareba da Zveli taZrebis aRdgena-ganaxleba”.
k. grZeli [kote anTaZe]
(SuRliaSvili, 2015:589-590).
zemoT moyvanili amonaridebi cxadyofs, rom qarTuli saeklesio
galobis sakiTxebi, sazogadoebis mxridan sayovelTao ganxilvis sagani iyo
da masTan dakavSirebiT araerTi werili qveyndeboda. aseve TvalnaTliv
Cans, rom galobisadmi arsebobda, rogorc racionaluri, ise emociuri
damokidebuleba; xazs usvamdnen mis udides mniSvnelobas saqarTvelos
kulturul da religiur cxovrebaSi da aseve saubrobdnen mis
TviTmyofadobaze.
cnobilia, rom 2001 wlis 18 maiss, qarTuli mravalxmianoba, iuneskos
(UNESCO) mier gamocxadda rogorc kacobriobis zepirsityvierebis
xelTuqmneli memkvidreobis Sedevri, (msoflios sxva 18 kulturul
monapovarTan erTad), ramac qarTuli mravalxmianobis, rogorc msoflio
kulturis erT-erTi gamorCeuli nawilis kidev ufro TvalsaCinod
warmoCenasa da damkvidrebas Seuwyo xeli. rusudan wurwumia aRniSnavs, rom
qarTuli mravalxmianoba kvlav ori mimarTulebiT – soflidan qalaqSi da
qalaqidan sofelSi moZraobs, rac folklorisa da folklorizmis
Tanaarsebobsas gulisxmobs (wurwumia, 2010:267). dRevandel dRes qarTuli
90
tradiciuli hangis, kerZod ki samxmiani galobis mdgomareobisa da mis
mimarT arsebuli damokidebulebis gamovlenas emsaxureba Cven mier
winamdebare TavSi mocemuli aRweriloba. am tipis kvleva, rogorc
anTropologiur, ise samusikismcodneo dargSi tardeba pirvelad. ra
Seicvala dRes? ratom aris mniSvnelovani imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad
SeinarCuna qarTvelma xalxma sakuTar tradiciul musikasTan siaxlove?
imisaTvis, rom am kiTxvas srulad gaeces pasuxi, araerT
urTierTgansxvavebul fokus-jgufTan muSaobaa saWiro. iseT fonze,
rodesac Cveni smeniTi STabeWdileba mraval gansxvavebul bgerasa Tu
TanaJReradobas moicavs, rodesac sxvadasxva tradiciuli Tu klasikuri
musikis sistemebis Sesaxeb gaxda cnobili, interess iwvevs is, Tu ra roli
aqvs erovnul hangs da rogoria masTan dakavSirebuli praqtika. rogorc
zemoT aRiniSna, sakiTxis ufro farTo kuTxiT gansaxilvelad saWiroa
gamoikiTxos yvela segmenti, romelic moicavs: musikalur, aramusikalur,
marTlmadidebel, sekularul da sxva niSanTvisebebis mixedviT SerCeul
jgufebs. vinaidan Cemi sakvlevi Tema qarTuli tradiciuli musikis erT
konkretul sferos – saeklesio galobas exeba, iseTi fokus-jgufi SevarCie,
romelic vfiqrob yvelaze ukeT asaxavs am mimarTulebiT arsebul
mdgomareobas, radgan masSi Sedian rogorc musikaluri ganaTlebis mqone,
ise misi armqone pirebi; swored am TvalsazrisiT aris CemTvis saintereso,
Tu ra niSnis qveS gaerTiandnen es adamianebi, ra rols asrulebs am
gaerTianebaSi tradiciuli simRera-galoba, mravalxmiani musikaluri
azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT ramdenad axlos dgas dRevandeli qarTveli mis
winaparTan; kvleva, romelsac Cemi sakvalifikacio naSromis farglebSi
vawarmoeb, qarTuli galobis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis erTgvar anareklad
SeiZleba miviCnioT. zemoaRniSnul fokus-jgufTan muSaoba 2012 wlis
dasasruls daviwyeT da im droisaTvis, roca naSromis ZiriTadi nawili
dasasruls uaxlovdeboda (2014 weli), fokus-jgufma 200-mde informanti
moicva. kvlevis raodenobriv nawilSi mxolod im adamianebis gamokiTxva
aisaxa, romelTac arcerTi sakiTxi ar datoves upasuxod, kvlevis
Tvisobriv nawilSi ki gamokiTxulTa mier mowodebuli informaciis
91
srulad asaxva moxda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom galobis mecnierul da
praqtikul sferoSi momuSave adamianTa ricxvi, sxva dargebTan SedarebiT,
arc Tu ise didia, kvlevaSi warmodgenili Sedegebi, ganxiluli sakiTxebis
sakmaod srulyofil asaxvad SegviZlia miviCnioT. aseve mniSvnelovania
vicodeT, rom informantebi sxvadasxva mgalobelTa gundebs warmoadgenen,
rac kvlevaSi monawile gundebis raodenobis zrdas emsaxureba. vidre
uSualod kvleviT nawilze gadaval, unda aRiniSnos, rom taZarSi
mgaloblad muSaobis mravalgvar mizezTa Soris finansuri daintereseba ar
figurirebs, radgan mgalobelTa umravlesobis xelfasi 2-idan 5 laramde
meryeobs, rac jamSi TveSi daaxloebiT 40-50 lars Seadgens (ukidures
SemTxvevaSi 23-30 lars); aRniSnuli problema saxelmwifos mxridan udavod
did yuradRebas saWiroebs, radgan garda imisa, rom uSualod konkretul
mgaloblebs mZime finansuri mdgomareoba aqvT, amgvari damokidebuleba
apriori azianebs mgaloblis profesias, rogorc aseTs. ratom da rogor
mividnen sxvadasxva asakis, specialobis, socialuri statusis mqone –
Tbilissa Tu mis farglebs gareT, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi
dabadebuli adamianebi taZarSi mgaloblebad da ra gvaZalevs imis
ganmartebis safuZvels, Tu rogor aisaxeba qarTuli saeklesio galoba
Cveni Tanamedrove yofis kulturuli identobis konteqstSi.
Tavdapirvelad davinteresdiT Tu ra xania, rac informantebma
galobas mihyves xeli, raTa erTi mxriv gamomerkvia im gamocdilebis
Sesaxeb, romelic maT aqvT, xolo meore mxriv ki Semedarebina sxvadasxva
xangrZlivobis gamocdilebis mqone mgalobelTa mosazrebebi. Sedegi ixileT
pirvel magaliTSi:
92
rogorc magaliTidan irkveva, informantebis gamocdilebis yvelaze didi
raodenoba 10-20 welze modis. amis Semdeg gavarkvie Tu ra asakSi daiwyes
maT galoba da aRmoCnda, rom 6 wlidan moyolebuli 40 wlis asakis
CaTvliT da 6-idan 40-mde arsebuli TiTqmis yvela ricxvis miTiTebiT,
informantebma galobas mihyves xeli, rac galobis dawyebis sakmaod farTo
asakobriv speqtrs iZleva.
momdevno magaliTi (N2) pasuxobs kiTxvas, Tu ram ganapiroba ama Tu im
informantis mier galobiT daintereseba:
1 წელი
9%
1-3 წელი
16%
3-5 წელი
18%
5-10 წელი
17%
10-20 წელი
34%
20-30 წელი
6%
მაგალითი N1
93
rogorc vxedavT, yvelaze maRali procentuli maCvenebeli, galobas,
rogorc saeklesio RvTismsaxurebis organul nawils ukavSirdeba; mocemul
SedegSi aseve naTlad aisaxeba, galobis, rogorc tradiciuli musikis
Semadgeneli nawilis mniSvnelobac, radgan 24% swored qarTulma xalxurma
simReram miiyvana galobamde. da bolos, SedarebiT mcire, magram mainc
sagulisxmo procentuli maCvenebeli aqvs Cem mier am magaliTSi aRniSnuli
pirveli (55%-iani) Sedegis sapirispiro garemoebas, rodesac galobis gamo
adamianebi taZarSi msaxurad mividnen.
momdevno SekiTxva - `gyavdaT Tu ara galobis pedagogi” CemTvis
saintereso iyo imdenad, ramdenadac msurda gamomerkvia, Tu ramdenad
sicocxlisunariania samgaloblo skola dRes, rogorc dedaqalaqSi, ise
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi da aRmoCnda rom umravlesoba galobis
xelovnebas pedagogTan eufleboda, rac erTi mxriv sakuTriv swavlebis,
meore mxriv ki saqarTveloSi galobis zepirad gadacemis tradiciis
arsebobaze miuTiTebs, radgan informantTa garkveul nawils musikaluri
ganaTleba ar aqvs da Sesabamisad verc notebs kiTxulobs. (ixileT
magaliTi N3).
ეკლესიურმა
ცხოვრებამ
55% ტაძარში
სიარული მას
შემდეგ დავიწყე,
რაც მგალობელი
გავხდი
12%
ქართული
ხალხური
მუსიკის
შესრულებამ
გალობასთან
ბუნებრივად
დამაკავშირა
24%
სხვა
9%
მაგალითი N2
94
momdevno sakiTxi, galobis sawyis etapze informantis
adgilmdebareobas ukavSirdeba. CvenTvis saintereso iyo, Tu ramdenad
centralizebulia am TvalsazrisiT dedaqalaqi da ramdenad figurirebs
galobis Seswavlis sawyis procesSi regioni, romelmac Tavis droze
gaamdidra qarTuli saeklesio galoba sxvadasxva samgaloblo stiliTa da
skoliT. me-4 magaliTis SekiTxva ase JRerda: `sad daiwyeT galoba?”.
rogorc mosalondeli iyo, dedaqalaqma xmebis yvelaze meti raodenoba
daagrova; mas mosdevs qalaqi, Semdeg sofeli da bolos Zalian mcire
maCvenebliT – sazRvargareTi (ixileT magaliTi N4). regionebSi, galobis
sferoSi arsebul problemebs qvemoT – kvlevis Tvisebriv nawilSi
ganvixilav, Tumca aqve minda davZino, rom me-4 magaliTSi moceuli dabli
procentuli maCvenebeli, regionebSi galobis savalalo mdgomareobaze
calsaxad miuTiTebs, radgan sofeli kargavs samgaloblo tradiciis
matareblis im istoriul da mkafiod gamoxatul funqcias, romelic mas
Tundac me-19 saukuneSi qonda.
კი
76%
არა
24%
0%
0%
მაგალითი N3
95
kvlevis farglebSi, Sevecade, rom informantebi yofiliyvnen ara
mxolod Tbilisis mkvidrni, aramed saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis
warmomadgenlebi, radgan mxolod ase Tu Camoyalibdeba galobis
mdgomareobis met-naklebad srulyofili suraTi. momdevno SekiTxva,
informantebis dabadebis adgilis dasaxelebas exeboda. SedegebSi aisaxa:
Tbilisi, borjomi, rusTavi, soxumi, baTumi, guria, gori, samtredia, yazbegi,
yvareli, gurjaani, saCxere, foTi, kaspi, kulaSi, dedofliswyaro, Telavi,
xobi, sairxe, TeTriwyaro, daba TianeTi, bolnisi, quTaisi, zugdidi,
moskovi, riTic Cveni molodini gamarTlda da kvlevis – gegmis farglebSi
warmarTvis SesaZlebloba mogveca.
kvlevis Semdgom etapze msurda gamego, yavT Tu ara informantebs
gamorCeuli figura, iqneba es mgalobeli Tu sruli mgalobeli,
Tanamedrove periodis, Tu me-19 saukunis saeklesio da saero moRvaweTa
Soris erT-erTi. aRmoCnda, rom gamokiTxulTa umravlesobas hyavs am
sferoSi, sxvadasxva dros moRvawe figura, romelic erTgvar misabaZ
magaliTs warmoadgens dRes taZarSi mdgom mgalobelTaTvis; aRniSnuli
garemoeba, galobis, rogorc tradiciuli kulturis mimarTulebis erT-erT
Taviseburebad gvevlineba. (aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli Sedegebi, is
დედაქალაქში
64%
ქალაქში
20%
სოფელში
14%
საზღვარგარეთ
2% მაგალითი N4
96
Tu vin da ra raodenobiT dasaxeldnen galobis sferos aseT mniSvnelovan
figurebad, vrclad, naSromis danarTSi ixileT).
bunebrivia, imiTac davinteresdi, Tu ras usmenen informantebi yvelaze
xSirad – aris es ufro im tipis, an masTan Janrulad miaxloebuli hangi,
romelsac Tavad asruleben, Tu maT musikis sxva Janrebic itacebT. am
SekiTxvaze, erTdroulad ramdenime pasuxis gacema iyo SesaZlebeli
(ixileT magaliTi N5).
rogorc vxedavT, yvelaze meti procenti swored qarTulma
tradiciulma musikam miiRo, Tumca sagulisxmoa isic, rom informantebs
Soris TiTqmis yvela ZiriTadi musikaluri mimarTulebis msmeneli
gamoikveTa, rac maTi mxridan sxvadasxva musikisadmi gaxsnilobaze
miuTiTebs.
momdevno sakiTxebi, winamdebare sakvalifikacio naSromis farglebSi
ramdenime – yvelaze mniSvnelovan problemas exeba. Sevecade gamomerkvia Tu
ramdenad mniSvnelovania taZarSi mgaloblad misuli adamianisaTvis
qarTuli galobis mravalxmiani buneba (ixileT magaliTi N6).
aRmoCnda, rom gamokiTxulTa absoluturi umravlesoba, qarTuli
sagaloblebis mravalxmianobas did mniSvnelobas aniWebs. qarTuli
ქართული
ტრადიციული
მუსიკა
32%
კლასიკური
მუსიკა
20%
ჯაზი
15%
მსოფლიო
ხალხთა ეთნო
მუსიკა
5%
ქალაქური
მუსიკა
8%
როკი
4%
პოპულარული
მუსიკა
8%
რეპი
1%
სხვა
7%
მაგალითი N5
97
saeklesio galobis samxmianoba maTTvis dakavSirebulia erTi mxriv
saeklesio kanonikasTan, meore mxriv ki samgaloblo tradiciasTan.
informatTa Soris ar aRmoCnda aravin, vinc am sakiTxisadmi gulgrilad
iqneboda ganwyobili.
ufro konkretulad, mravalxmianobaSi miSvnelovnad miiCnies: (ixileT
magaliTi N7).
არ არის
მნიშვნელოვანი
0% მნიშვნელოვანია
22%
უმნიშვნელოვანე
სია
74%
სხვა
4%
მაგალითი N6
რამდენიმე ხმის
ერთდროული
ჟღერადობით
მიღებული
ჰარმონია
(მუსიკალური
ასპექტი)
32%
რამდენიმე
ადამიანის
ერთობლივი
გალობა
(სოციალური
ასპექტი)
8%
არცერთი
0%
ორივე
56%
სხვა
4% მაგალითი N7
98
dRevandel dRes Zalze mwvaved dgas ucxo hangis qarTul teqstze
gawyobisa da piriqiT – qarTuli hangis ucxo enaze misadagebis problema.
saqme imaSia, rom informaciis myisier gavrcelebasTan erTad, sxvadasxva
kulturac ufro metad xelmisawvdomi gaxda, sxvadasxva momReral-
mgalobelTa koleqtivis ucxo qveynebSi gamarTulma koncertebma, qarTuli
tradiciuli simRera-galobis auditoria gaafarTova; sakuTriv
saqarTveloSi, sxvadasxva qveynis tradiciuli musikis Semsruleblebi
stumrobis Sedegad SesaZlebeli gaxda, rom qarTveli msmeneli sxvadasxva
eTnomusikas ziareboda. cocxali sakoncerto Sesrulebis garda kidev
ufro win wavida kompaqtur diskze aRbeWdili sakoncerto Tu studiuri
Canawerebis gamocemisa da gavrcelebis saqmec; amasTan qarTuli
tradiciuli musika ukve xelmisawvdomia internetSi (amazon, iTune, liturgica da
sxva internet-gverdebze). yovelive zemoaRniSnulma xeli Seuwyo
musikaluri tradiciebis urTierTgacvlis process da sxvadasxva
musikaluri kulturisadmi interesi gazarda.
uSualod qarTul saeklesio galobasTan mimarTebiT ori sakiTxi
unda gamoiyos:
ucxoelTa mier qarTuli tradiciuli musikis sakoncerto repertuarSi
damkvidreba, repertuaris farglebSi ki qarTuli sagaloblebis arseboba
da maTi iseTi Sesruleba, rodesac Semsrulebeli ar aris
marTlmadidebluri konfesiis mqone da saeklesio galobas warmoadgens,
rogorc qarTuli tradiciuli musikis erT-erT nawils. aseT pirobebSi
mniSvnelovania xazi gaesvas im garemoebas, rom ucxoeli Semsrulebeli
qarTul sagalobels yovelTvis qarTul enaze asrulebs.
saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT arsebulAaraqarTulUmarTlmadideblur
taZrebSi, qarTuli saeklesio galobiT daintereseba mniSvnelovanwilad
gaizarda. iqneba es taZris winamZRvrisa Tu uSualod mgalobelTa gundis
survili, sxvadasxva tradiciis sagaloblebis samgaloblo repertuarSi
Setana ukve Cveul movlenad iqca. aRniSnuli praqtika gansakuTrebiT did
religiur dResaswaulebze iCens Tavs. am SemTxvevaSi qarTuli galobisadmi
99
midgoma gansxvavebulia, radgan pirvel rigSi igi aRiqmeba, rogorc
eklesiis kanoniT ganpirobebuli profesiuli musika, romelic
zogadqristianul da zogadmarTlmadideblur konteqstSi igalobeba.
imisaTvis, rom taZarSi myofma mrevlma ucxo hangi ufro ukeT gaigos da
gaiTavisos, saWiroa sagalobeli maTTvis gasageb enaze Sesruldes. erTi
SexedviT am saqmes is garemoeba aiolebs, rom sagalobelTa teqstebis
umetesoba Targmans ar saWiroebs, radgan saqme marTlmadideblur kanonikur
teqsts exeba, romelic yvela marTlmadideblur tradiciaSi Targmnili da
damkvidrebulia. aq sakiTxi amgvarad dgas: misaRebia Tu ara qarTuli
saeklesio hangis – berZnul, slavur, inglisur da sxva enaze mosaubre
marTlmadidebeli mrevlisaTvis, mgalobelTa mier maT mSobliur enaze
galoba; anda piriqiT – araqarTuli marTlmadidebluri hangis qarTul
enaze galoba. vfiqrobT aRniSnuli sakiTxi wmida sinodisa da galobis
specialistTa jgufis ganxilvis sagnad SeiZleba iqces, Tumca manamde,
winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi informatTa damokidebulebis gamorkvevas
SevecadeT (ixileT magaliTi N8).
rogorc gamokiTxvam aCvena, informantTa 67% miiCnevs, rom saeklesio hangi
mSobliur enaze unda igalobebodes. gamokiTxulTa 17% qarTuli hangis
მართლმადიდებ
ლური
ტრადიციის
ფარგლებში,
ქართული
საეკლესიო
ჰანგის სხვა
ენაზე გალობა
17%
არაქართული
მართლმადიდებ
ლური ჰანგის
ქართულ ენაზე
გალობა
4%
არცერთი
67%
ორივე
12%
მაგალითი N8
100
sazRvrebs gareT ucxo enaze galobas misaRebad miiCnevs, xolo gacilebiT
mcire 4% Sexvda ucxo hangis qarTulad galobis momxreebs, rac vfiqrobT
garkveulwilad saqarTveloSi bizantiuri galobis Semswavleli jgufis
aqtivobasac ukavSirdeba. gamokiTxulTa 12% miiCnevs, rom orive varianti
misaRebia. Cveni azriT, qarTuli saeklesio galobis saqarTvelos sazRvrebs
gareT gasvla gardauvali da Seuqcevadi procesia. aq yovelgvar akrZalvaze
saubari zedmetia; gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ki hangis teqstze gawyoba
saWiroebs, raSic qarTuli galobis specialistebma unda miiRon
monawileoba. vfiqrobT aucilebelia SemuSavdes qarTuli hangis ucxo
kanonikur teqstze gawyobis ZiriTadi principebi, raTa saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi ucxoelma regentebma sowred am principis mixedviT
ixelmZRvanelon. aRniSnuli principebis CamoyalibebaSi gaTvaliswinebul
unda iqnas sakuTriv qarTuli himnografiuli teqstebis maxasiaTeblebi da
aseve im enis Taviseburebebi, romelzec hangi unda igalobon.
bunebrivia, kvlevisas gverds ver avuvlidi qarTuli saeklesio
galobis kanonikurobis sakiTxs da am mimarTulebis pirveli SekiTxvac
martivad davsviT: migaCniaT Tu ara is, rasac Tqven galobT – kanonikur
galobad (ixileT magaliTi 9). aRniSnul SekiTxvas kanonzomierad mohyva
uSualod galobis kanonikurobis arsis ganxilva. informantTa nawilma es
rTul SekiTxvad miiCnia, zogs mokle pasuxis gacema gauWirda, nawilis
azriT galobis kanonika `hangze teqstis swor ganawilebaSi, bgeris sworad
aRebaSi, Sesrulebis manerasa da mravalxmianobaSi” mdgomareobs, aseve
`imaSi, rom sagaloblebi Semonaxulia Cveni winaprebis mier, uZvelesia da
ar hgavs sxva arcerT hangs”;აnawilisTvis kanonikuroba galobis
`Sesrulebis wesSi, sagaloblis teqstisa da hangis sombolur
gamoxatulebaSi, sagalobelTa sxvadasxva JanrSi rvaxmis sistemis
muSaobaSi” gamoixateba, zogierTi informantis azriT kanonikuri galoba
locvisTvis unda ganawyobdes. pasuxebSi araerTxel aRiniSna, rom
kanonikuri galoba Taobidan Taobaze gadacemul tradicias ukavSirdeba da
rom sagalobelTa kanonikuri `saSemsruleblo stiliT da teqnikiT
101
Sesruleba” Cvenamde moRweul “unikalur CanawerebSi kargad aris
gadmocemuli”.
qarTuli saeklesio galobis kanonikisadmi informatTa xedvisa da
damokidebulebis ukeT warmosaCenad, SedarebiT vrceli pasuxebidan
ramdenime amonarids moviyvanT.
`RvTismsaxurebis praqtikaSi arsebuli sagaloblebis umravlesoba
aris naTargmni himnebi, romelTa teqstis TargmnasTan erTad hangze
gawyobac garkveuli wesebisa da manamde arsebuli qarTuli tradiciis
mixedviT xdeboda mexeleebis mier. Cven SegviZlia miqael modrekilidan
dawyebuli igive wm.Ggiorgi mTawmidelis anderZebSi am Temaze iribi da
pirdapiri miniSnebebi vnaxoT, aseve anton meoris mier damuSavebul
liturgikul krebulebSi, sadac man qarTuli wignebi slavuri krebulebis
mixedviT daaredaqtira, hangze miniSneba masac aqvs umetesoba
sagaloblebze, rac gvaZlevs imis fiqris safuZvels, rom teqtsTan
paralelurad hangis zedmiwevniT miTiTeba imitom xdeboda, rom es iyo da
aris misi kanoni, anu wesi Tu romeli sagalobeli romeli xmis an
Zlispiris konkretul hangze unda sruldebodes, da aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom
დიახ
91%
არა
3%
სხვა
6%
მაგალითი N9
102
rvaxmaTa sistemis TiToeul xmas Tormetze meti hangi aqvs, magaliTad
SegviZlia moviyvanoT xmasTan erTad miTiTeba pirveli xmis erT-erT
sagalobelze raJams iordanes”, rac migvaniSnebs imaze Tu am xmis romel
hangze sruldeba es sagalobeli. aseTi miniSnebebi mravlad gvxvdeba yvela
saeklesio krebulSi.”
`vinaidan ar vicnob marTlmadidebluri galobis Seqmnis dawvrilebiT
musikalur kanonebs, da isic ar vici zustad, aseTi ram arsebobs Tu ara,
sagaloblebis kanonikurobis gansasazRvrad CemTvis mniSvnelovania am
saqmis specialistebis da eklesiis azri, Tumca Cemi piradi SexedulebiT,
kanonikuria galoba, romelic adamians locvisaTvis ganawyobs, da romelic
aucileblad jdeba im ieris musikalur harmoniaSi da enaSi, romelsac
ekuTvnis.”
`kanonikuria is, rac adgilobrivma eklesiam Tavisi tradiciebidan
gamomdinare Tavis iurisdiqciaSi daakanona; saeklesio galobis wesebi, rac
dadgenilia saukuneebis manZilze kompetenturi adamianebis mier...”
`kanonikuria sagalobeli, romelic 2003 wels, wminda sinodis
ganCinebiT iqna nebadarTuli, anu qarTuli samxmovani sagalobeli. galobis
kanonika mdgomareobs qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmiani sagaloblebis,
sami ZiriTadi samgaloblo skolis – gelaTis, Semoqmedisa da iyalTos
nimuSebis SesrulebaSi, Sesabamisi qarTuli maneriTa da metyvelebiT.”
`cnobilia, rom marTlmadideblur saeklesio sagaloblebs safuZvlad
daedo wminda mamaTa mier TvTivCagonebiT da gamocxadebiT Seqmnili
gansazRvruli raodenobis melodiuri arqetipebi (melodiuri formulebi),
e. w. modusebi, romlebic rva jgufadaa dayofili da rvaxmis sistemas qmnis.
maTi darRveva eklesiisTvis miuRebeli iyo, xolo axali hangis damkvidreba
ukavSirdeboda eklesiis mier misi kanonizaciis rTul process. zogierTi
mkvlevrisaTvis es aris Teoria, romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo
103
realobasTan, magram sxvadasxva epoqis himnografTa gamonaTqvamebi da
saeklesio sagalobelTa musikalur kanonzomierebaTa ganxilva am
debulebis marTebulebaSi eWvs ar iwvevs... galobis kanonika mdgomareobs
tipikonisa da Zveli (nevmirebuli) galobis SeTanawyobaSi, gansazrRvruli
musikaluri enis TaviseburebebSi da mis Sesabamis saSemsruleblo maneraSi,
romelic trdadiciiTaa gamyarebuli.”
`pirvel rigSi unda iyos samxmiani da eqceodes im CarCoebSi, rac
damaxasiaTebelia umetesad qarTuli galobisaTvis, aseve unda iTqvas, rom
galobis dros umniSvnelovanesia teqsti, romelic ar unda
ewinaaRmdegebodes marTlmadideblur kanonikas. kanonikuria tipikonis
mixedviT nagalobebi tradiciuli da mravalxmiani sagaloblebi.”
`kanonikuroba vlindeba sagaloblis kilos ucvlelobisa da wmindad
dacvaSi... samxmianobaSi, siZveleSi, tradiciaSi, sworad SesrulebaSi. unda
vigaloboT Zveli tradiciuli da ara martivi sagaloblebi.”
`kanonikuria galoba, romelic eyrdnoba sagaloblisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel musikalur sistemas, gamoyenebulia kanonikuri teqtsebi
RmrTismsaxurebidan da daculia 3 xmis arseboba – samebis simboluri
gansaxierebiT.”
`kanonikuroba Cans rvaxmis sistemaSi; qarTuli samxmiani galobis
winaprebisgan gadmocemul tradiciaSi da wmindanebis mier aRdgenil da
gawyobil xmebSi.”
rogorc vxedavT informantebis garkveul nawils Camoyalibebuli
warmodgena aqvs imaze, Tu raSi da rogor vlindeba saeklesio galobis
kanonika. xSirad vxvdebiT `tradiciisa” da `kanonikis” cnebaTa aRrevas,
Tumca aseve gvaqvs pasuxi, romelSic Cans, rom mgalobeli xedavs maT Soris
arsebul sxvaobas da tradicias aRwers, rogorc kanonikis gamamyarebels.
104
pasuxebis absoluturi umravlesoba `samxmianobasa” Tu `mravalxmianobas”
galobaSi kanonikis dacvis erT-erT umTavres pirobad miiCnevs. kanonikis
aRwerisas mgaloblebi aseve xSirad axseneben rvaxmis sistemas. vrceli
pasuxebis umetesobaSi miRebuli Sedegebi savsebiT Seesabameba
gamokiTxulTa 91% procentis dadebiT pasuxs kiTxvaze `migaCniaT Tu ara
is, rasac galobT kanonikur galobad”, radgan TiToeulma maTganma SeZlo,
rom galobis kanonikaze miseuli xedva gaeziarebina. amasTan, me-9 magaliTSi
mocemuli 6%, romelmac Seavso grafa sxva, repertuaris xarvezebze
miTiTebis miuxedavad aRniSna, rom maTi galoba ZiriTadad kanonikuria.
rogoria damokidebuleba qarTuli saeklesio galobis kanonikis
uaxles istoriisa da misi semantikis Sesaxeb? `qarTuli kanonikuri
galobis aRdgenis saqmeSi dResdReobiT mokrZalebuli nabijebia
gadadgmuli. misi ganaxleba pirvelad anCisxatis sakaTedro taZarSi daiwyo.
anCisxatis uZvelesi taZari yovelTvis ganTqmuli iyo saganmanaTleblo da
samgaloblo tradiciebiT. XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze aq moRvaweobdnen
qarTuli galobis aRmosavluri skolis erT-erTi Stos – e. w. karbelaanT
kilos mgaloblebi – Zmebi (mRvdlebi) karbelaSvilebi... qarTuli galoba
SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc qarTveli kacis Semoqmedebis, misi
sulieri mdgomareobis gamovlineba. amis Tqmis uflebas gvaZlevs misi ori
ZiriTadi Semadgeneli: 1. sityva qarTuli, kanonikuri teqsti, galobis
mamoZravebeli Zala, romelic warmodgenilia RvTisa da uflis
wmindanebisadmi sadidebel-savedrebeli locvis saxiT. sagalobelSi
warmodgenili sityva zedmiwevniT daxvewili saxisaa. sityviT Seqmna RmerTma
yoveli xiluli da uxilavi, xolo kacisaTvis sityvis umTavresi
daniSnuleba da mizani RvTis dideba da locva-vedrebaa; 2. xma – kanonikuri
hangi, sityvidan gamomdinare, romelic sakuTriv qarTuli movlenaa”
(erqvaniZe, 2001:VII).
kvlevis interesebidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovnad miviCnie
repertuaris sakiTxs Sevxebodi da gamerkvia Tu romel sagaloblebs
galoben mgalobelTa gundebi dRvandel dRes saqarTvelos taZrebSi.
105
erTdroulad ramdenime pasuxis arCevis SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
Sedegebi ase gadanawilda: (ixileT magaliTi N10).
miRebuli Sedegi CemTvis mosalodneli iyo, rasac araerTi mizezi
ganapirobebs, kerZod – is, rom samgaloblo gundebisaTvis, sagalobelTa
gamoucemeli Tu gamocemuli xelmisawvdomi krebulebis (mwuxri, ciskari,
wirva) raodenobis TvalsazrisiT, karbelaSvilebis kilosa da gelaTis
skolis sagaloblebi Warbobs; aseve sagulisxmoa saSemsruleblo
sirTuleebisa da zogierT SemTxvevaSi mgalobelTa gundSi im arasakmarisi
resursis gaTvaliswineba, rac karbelaSvilebis kilos sagaloblebis
Sesrulebas axlavs Tan; amasTan am ukanaskneli stilis galoba droSic
ufro ganvrcobilia, rac RvTismsaxurebis gaxangrZlivebas uwyobs xels,
ris gamoc (drois mogebis mizniT) calkeul SemTxvevebSi maT ufro mokle
da sada kilos sagaloblebiT anacvleben. grafaSi sxva ganTavsebuli 10%
samgaloblo repertuaris dakonkretebas moicavs, sadac yvelaze xSiri
kombinaciebia: 1. karbelaSvilebis kilosa da gelaTis samonastro skolis
sagaloblebi; 2. karbelaSvilebis kilos, gelaTisa da Semoqmedis
samonastro skolebis sagaloblebi. gamovlinda araerTi samgaloblo
gundi, romlis repertuari mxolod gelaTis samonastro skolis
კარბელაშვილები
ს კილოს
საგალობლებს
25%
გელათის
სამონასტრო
სკლოსი
საგალობლებს
51%
შემოქმედის
სამონასტრო
სკოლის
საგალობლებს
12%
ე. წ. „სიონურ"
საგალობლებს"
2% სხვა
10%
მაგალითი N10
106
sagaloblebisagan Sedgeba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi zemoTCamoTvlil
kombinaciebs, uwmindesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-
patriarqis ilia meoris sagaloblebi emateba. 2%-iani maCveneblis garda,
iSviaTad, magram mainc gamoikveTa repertuarSi sionuri sagaloblebis
arseboba, rac aseve grafaSi sxva karbelaSvilebis kilosa da gelaTis
skolis sagaloblebTan erTad kombinaciebSi gvxvdeba.
repertuarTan dakavSirebuli momdevno SekiTxva uSualod uwmindesisa
da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris
mier Seqmnil sagaloblebs ukavSirdeba, romelTa repertuarSi arsebobis
Sesaxeb dadebiTi da uaryofiTi pasuxebis Sedegebi ixileT magaliTSi N11.
zemoaRniSnuli pasuxebis garda gamokiTxulTa 16%-ma Seavso grafa sxva,
sadac pasuxebs Soris mxolod im ramdenime saxasiaTo maTgans gamovyof,
romelTa nawilSi repertuaris farglebSi konkretuli sagaloblebis
arsebobis tendenciac ikveTeba.
`viciT, magram iSviaTad vgalobT”, `ZiriTadad es ori: mamao Cveno da
wmindao RmerTo”, `mamao gvTxovs - mamao Cvenos”, `mciredad – Rirs arisi”,
`wmindao RmerTo da micvalebulTa kvereqsi”, `adre vgalobdiT, magram axla
aRar”, `repertuarSi gvaqvs, magram ara taZarSi wirva-locvaze saTqmelad”,
დიახ, გვაქვს
31%
არა, არ გვაქვს
53%
სხვა
16%
მაგალითი N11
107
`adre SeiZleboda gvegaloba wmindao RmerTo an mamao Cveno, radgan xalxs
uyvars es sagaloblebi da Cvenc TiTqos patriarqis pativiscemis gamo uars
ar vambobdiT maT Sesrulebaze, Tumca es sakiTxi TviTon patriarqma
gadaWraL roca gavige misi kurTxevis Sesaxeb, rom es sagaloblebi mxolod
misma gundma unda Seasrulos amoviReT repertuaridan (patriarqi marTla
araCveulebrivi adamiania)”, `sionuri gamoricxulia – kategoriulad
vewinaaRmdegebiT; patriarqis – rogorc nawarmoebs vusmen da pativs vcem,
magram is rom taZarSi igalobebodes, ar mimaCnia marTebulad.”
pasuxebSi gamoikveTa sakiTxisadmi jansaRi damokidebuleba,
informantebma sruliad gulaxdilad gamiziares sakuTari xedva, ramac
kvlevis obieqturoba kidev ufro ganamtkica.
momdevno SekiTxvis mizani iyo gamerkvia, Tu
- ramden mgalobels SeeZlo notebis kiTxva da am gziT sagaloblebis
Seswavla,
- notebis kiTxva SeeZlo, Tumca sagaloblebis smeniT swavla erCia,
- sagaloblebs mxolod smeniT swavlobda, radgan notebis kiTxva ar
SeeZlo (ixileT magaliTi N12).
ნოტებს
ვკითხულობ და
ამიტომ გალობას
სანოტო
კრებულებიდან
ვსწავლობ
55%
ნოტებს
ვკითხულობ,
თუმცა სმენით
სწავლა
მირჩევნია
22%
ნოტებს ვერ
ვკითხულობ და
გალობას სმენით
ვსწავლობ
7%
სხვა
16%
მაგალითი N12
108
grafaSi sxva, informantTa absoluturi umravlesoba yuradRebas
sagaloblebis fonoCanawerebze amaxvilebs, rac galobis smeniT Seswavlis
Sesaxeb dasmul SekiTxvaSi moiazreboda, Tumca meti sicxadis Setanis
mizniT gamokiTxulTa 16%-ma sakiTxis dakonkreteba amjobina: `vusmen
galobas, ra Tqma unda notebis gamoyenebiT”, `vswavlob notebiT da
paralelurad audiomasalis TanxlebiT”, `rTul kilos vusmenT da notebiT
vswavlobT”; amave grafaSi naxsenebi iqna qarTuli samusiko niSnebis
daxmarebiT galobis Seswavlis Sesaxebac - `...aseve Zveli nevmebis
meSveobiT.”
Kkvlevis Semdgom etapze qarTuli saeklesio galobisa da
kulturuli identobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs Sevexe; msurda gamego
Tu ra mizezis safuZvelze daakavSirebdnen informantebi galobas
kulturul identobasTan, an saerTod daakavSirebdnen Tu ara. SekiTxva ase
JRerda: `qarTuli galoba, Tqveni kulturuli identobis nawilad migaCniaT,
imdenad, ramdenadac: (ixileT magaliTi N13).
yvelaze maRali procentuli maCvenebeli wilad xvda kulturul identobas,
romelic galobis religiur aspeqtsa da musikalur tradicias
erTobliobaSi moiazrebs. swored tradiciis, rogorc aseTis gagrZelebis
ქართული
გალობა
თაობებზე
გადაცემული
სასიმღერო
ტრადიციაა
5% ქართული
გალობა
ღვთისმსახურები
ს განუყოფელი
ნაწილია
(რელიგიური
ასპექტი)
34%
ზემოაღნიშნულ
ორივე პასუხს
ჩემთვის თანაბრი
მნიშვნელობა
აქვს
60%
ჩემი
კულტურული
იდენტობის
ნაწილად არ
მიმაჩნია
1%
მაგალითი N13
109
perqspeqtivis gamosarkvevad davsviT momdevno SekiTxva `Svilebs Tu
aswavliT/aswavlidiT galobas?” (ixileT magaliTi N14).
am mosalodneli Sedegis gamorkvevis mTavari mizani iyo, mgalobelTa
nawilisaTvis im miswrafebis gamovlenis SesaZlebloba migveca, romelic
maT, rogorc erovnuli musikaluri tradiciis gamgrZeleblebsa da
gadamcemebs ukavSirdeba. grafaSi sxva – mocemuli iyo 4 ZiriTadi
mimarTuleba: 1. aucileblad vaswavli; 2. Tu Sesabamisi monacemebi eqneba,
vaswavli, 3. Svilebi ar myavs, magram ojaxis danarCen wevrebs ukve vaswavle
(dedmamiSvilebi, disSvilebi, ZmisSvilebi), 4. ar vici, Svilebi ar myavs.
Semdegi sakiTxi dakavSirebulia saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi,
mxolod am ukanasknelisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, an nebismieri sxva skolis
sagaloblebis SesrulebasTan. SekiTxva davsviT amgvarad: `migaCniaT Tu ara,
rom saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi, mgaloblebma maTi kuTxisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli sagaloblebi unda igalobon” (ixileT magaliTi N15).
კი
83%
არა
3% სხვა
14%
მაგალითი N14
110
am konkretul da vfiqrob Zalze mniSvnelovan sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,
SedegebTan dakavSirebiT winaswari molodini ar mqonia, ufro metic –
sakmaod saintereso da saxaisTo aRmoCnda is, rom gamokiTxul mgalobelTa
umravlesoba sakiTxs `aratradiciulad” miudga, rac Cveni azriT galobis
arsebuli mdgomarebiT aris ganpirobebuli; kerZod ki imiT, rom:
- dRes saqarTveloSi galobis mcodne adamianTa ricxvi arc ise didia,
- galobis mxriv yvelaze savalalo mdgomareoba swored regionebSia,
- farTo sazogadoebis mxirdan galobis sferosadmi interesi
minimalur zRvarzea.
aseTi fonis gaTvaliswinebiT, garkveulwilad fufunebac ki iqneboda
imis survili, rom yvela regionSi, mxolod am kuTxisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli samgaloblo skolis sagaloblebi egalobaT. rac ufro
meti iqneba raodenoba imgvari mgaloblebisa, romelTac sxvadasxva
stilis sagaloblebis Sesruleba xelewifebaT, miT ufro gaizrdeba
qarTuli galobis gavrcelebis areali, miTumetes, rom saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva kuTxis sagaloblebi erTi Ziridan modian. msjelobas
qarTuli tradiciuli musikis mkvlevrisa da praqtikosis – daviT
SuRliaSvilis Sromis moSveliebiT ganvagrZob, romelic qarTuli
კი, სასურველია
თუ მაგალითად
კახეთში
მხოლოდ
„კარბელაანთ
კილო"-ზე
იგალობებენ
19%
არა, აჯობებს თუ
საქართველოს
ნებისმიერ
კუთხეში,
მგალობელთა
რეპერტუარი
ყველა სკოლას
მოიცავს
76%
სხვა
5%
0%
მაგალითი N15
111
galobis StoTa erTianobas eZRvneba. igi gamoyofs yvelasaTvis cnobil
or ZiriTad Stos: dasavlur imerul-gurlsa da aRmosavlur qarTl-
kaxurs da qarTuli galobis Cvenamde moRweuli ZiriTadi wyaroebis
mixedviT, kiloebis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze, pirveli xmis – anu
mTqmelis melodiuri RerZis msgavsebasa da erTianobas avlens
(SuRliaSvili, 1991:122-171). avtori aseve iSveliebs cnobas, romelSic
publicisti, qarTuli zepirsityvierebisa da xalxuri simRerebis
Semgrovebeli – petre umikaSvili sionis sakaTedro taZarSi mowveuli
ori gundis nagalobevis safuZvelze, qarTl-kaxur da imerul-gurul
kiloTa gansxvavebaze wers. aRniSnul cnobas, Cven ufro vrceli
amonaridis saxiT moviyvanT, rac movlenis ufro TvalnaTel aRweras
emsaxureba: `galoba sionSi oris dasis iyo: marcxniv (CrdiloeTiT)
sadac mudam mgaloblebi dganan, maRlob taxtze idga erTi gundi
qarTl-kaxeTis kiloTi mgaloblebisa, marjvniv, (samxreTiT) idga dabla
meore gundi gurulebisa, romelic imereT-guriis kiloTi galobda.
qarTl-kaxeTis dasSi xuTi Tu eqvsi kaci iyo da imereTis dasSi sami Tu
oTxi; samwirveloSi galobis dros am meore dasidan unda gasuliyvnen.
am garemoebis mizeziT Zneli Sesadarebeli iyo am orTa dasis galoba,
mizezi, rogorca vTqviT, iqo met-nakleboba erTi da maRla da dabla
dogma meore, kidev iyo mesameca, isa rom qarTl-kaxeTis mgaloblebi sul
ymawvili kacebi iyvnen (imaTSi orni karbelaSvilni) da gurulebSi ufro
xnianni da erTi moxucebuli mRvdeli... pirveli xma (daZaxili) ufro
maRali iyo meores gundisaze, meore xma (moZaxili) agreTve maRali da
boxi, vidre meore gundisa da bani pirvels gunds ufro meti hqonda.
meore gundSi bani Zlivs ismoda xmis sisustisa da mgaloblebis
naklebobisa gamo... orsave dass etyoboda, cdilobdnen, rom galoba
karga SeewyyobiT gamosuliyo, magram sCanda, rom winaT momzadeba,
repeticiebi ara hqondaT. darwmunebuli varT, rom winaT gamarTuli
oTxiode repeticia maTs galobas erTi oraT mSvenivrad gamoiyvanda...
orsave (qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereT-guriis) galobis ZiriTadi xmebi
(motivebi) erTi da igivea. magram xmis amaRleba da dadableba, daklakvna
112
da gadasvla orsav galobas SesamCnevad erTmaneTisagan hyofs da
erTmaneTSi asxvaferebs. qarTl-kaxeTis galoba srulis gaRebulis piriT
igalobeba; imereT-guruli ki RiRiniT, guguniT cota cxvirSi, da
amasTanave xmis rekiT, TiTqos did-paraskevis zarebi rekdeso. xmis
SewyobiTa da harmoniiT gansxvaveba cxadia. qarTl-kaxeTis galoba
warmoadgens aRmtacs, amaRlebuls, sasixarulos da sadResaswaulo
RaRadebas; imereT-guruli galoba ki Rrmas, usamzRvros, saidumlos,
Soreuls, damdablebuls, mowiwebyls grZnobas. imereT_guruls
galobaze amboben `iaia” Zalian bevriao. imas ki yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen,
ra xmebi aris am `iaias” galobaSi: es mTeli zRva xmebisa, romelSiac,
rogorc zvirTi Zlieri ibadeba da bolos inTkmis Tval-gauwvdenels
zRvaSia, ise grZnobis zvirTebi erTmaneTsa sdeven, midian da miaqvT kacis
goneba sadRaca samzRvro saidumloebaSi. Tavdeba am dasis xmebi da
moismis qarTl-kaxeTis dasis galoba. wina xmebiT saRmTo siRrmeSi
CanTqmuli kacis ocneba gamohyavs samxiarulo, sadResaswaulo da
gamarjvebuls RaRadebas...” 19 rogorc d. SuRliaSvili aRniSnavs,
yuradRebas iqcevs fraza `xmis SewyobiTa da harmoniiT ganxvaveba
cxadia”, da dasZens, rom moZaxili (meore xma) da bani TqmasTan (pirveli
xma) SedarebiT Tavisufalia `kanonikuri CarCoebisgan”, Tumca wyaroTa
Sedarebis safuZvelze, saerTo – RerZuli bgerebis arseboba am xmebSic
aSkarad SeiniSneba, rac aseve maTi warmoSobis saerTo Zirze miuTiTebs
(SuRliaSvili, 1991:160). viziareb d. SuRliaSvilis mosazrebas imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom marTlac, zemoaRniSnul citataSi, ori ZiriTadi Stos
galobis ganmasxvavebel kriteriumebad, p. umikaSvili mxolod
Sesrulebis xasiaTsa da urTierTgansxvavebul ganwyobas asaxelebs, rac
sayovelTaod cnobilia da araerTxel gamxdara mkvlevarTa aRweris
sagani. swored pirveli – kanonikuri xmis msgavseba aris sxvadasxva
kuTxis samgaloblo skolebis saerTo warmomavlobis is utyuari sabuTi,
romelis safuZvelzec dRes, samusiko mecnierebisaTvis am sakiTxTan
19
ixileT: umikaSvili, petre – qarTuli saeklesio galoba, `iveria” 1878 weli, N39, gv.5-7.
113
mimarTebiT yvela kiTxvas pasuxi sabolood gaeca. me-15 magaliTSi
mocemul grafaSi sxva, informantebi saubroben imaze, rom
profesionalma mgalobelma yvela samgaloblo skolis sagalobeli unda
icodes da Seswevdes unari, rom saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi
aRniSnuli sagaloblebi mrevlamde miitanos; Tumca iqve dasZenen –
uSualod taZarSi sasurvelia, rom upiratesoba `kuTxur” galobas
mieniWos.
kvlevis farglebSi aseve gvsurda gamogverkvia, Tu ra mdgomareobaSia
samgaloblo tradiciebis Tbilisidan sofelSi dabrunebis procesi da
ikveTeba Tu ara am mxriv raime saxis tendencia. dasmuli SekiTxva aseTi
iyo: `Tqven Tavad Tu galobT/aswavliT galobas Tbilisis gareT
qalaqebSi, soflebSi, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva monasterSi (dadebiTi
pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, grafaSi sxva gTxovT miuTiToT sad da ra
sixSiriT”. gairkva, rom gamokiTxulTa 21% TqmiT, isini msgavs praqtikas
ar ewevian; 39% ki piriqiT – am saqmianobiTaa dakavebuli, xolo 40%-ma
pasuxi Cawera grafaSi sxva, sadac ufro konkretulad miuTiTa, rom
rogorc galobis pedagogi, periodulad Cadis saqarTvelos ama Tu im
regionSi, kerZod: `sam kviraSi erTxel vikribebiT manglisSi... davdivar
monasterSi da rogorc SemiZlia vexmarebi bers”, `zemo maCxaanSi
davdivar”, `sapatriarqos axalgzardul centrSi vaswavli galobas
rogorc biWebs, ise gogonebs” (2015-2016 saswavlo wlidan, giorgi
mTawmindelis saxelobis saeklesio galobis umaRles saswavlebelSi,
gogonaTa miReba daiwyes – e.d.),, `davdivar alaverdSi, martvilSi,
TianeTSi, dedofliswyaroSi da sxva regionebSi, met-naklebi sixSiriT –
zogjer yovelkvireulad, zogjer TveSi an orTveSi erTxel”, `ZiriTadad
vamecadineb megobrebs da axloblebs, visac bunebrivi monacemebi aqvs”,
`fitareTSi wirvaze migalobia”, `baTumSi davdivar”, `TveSi erTxel
Cavdivar iq, sadac qarTuli saeklesio galobis Sesrulebis mxriv
deficitia”, `vaswavli qalaq gorSi”, `vaswavli borjomSi – 40
sebastieli mowamis monasterSi”, `vaswavli ojaxSi meuRlesa da
Svilebs”, `vaswavli samgaloblo studiaSi”, `davdivar TeTriwyarosa da
114
sofel iragaSi”, `davdivar zugdid-caiSis eparqiaSi”, `manglisis sionis
taZarSi ardadegebze sul davdivar da zogjer swavlis periodSic –
SabaT-kviras”, `TeleTSi vgalob da vcdilob kviraSi ori saaTi, Cemi
codnis sxvebisTvis gaziarebis process davuTmo”, `zogjer TelavSi
Cavdivar”, `dResaswaulebze sxvadasxva kuTxeSi davdivar”, `orxevis
wminda ninos taZarSi, TiTqmis yovel kviras mivdivar”, `var goris
sakaTedro taZris mgalobeli da galobas xaSuris wm. dimitri yifianis
saxelobis skola-pansionSi vaswavli; sxvadasxva dros vaswavlidi
urbnisi, atenis, xaSuris wm. marines dedaTa monastrebSi”, `bolnisSi
vaswavli”, arasistematurad miwevs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva eparqiaSi
Casvla da galoba, weliwadSi 6-7-jer”, `SabaT-kviras vgalob moskovis
wminda giorgis eklesiaSi”. Citatebis es arasruli CamonaTvali imaze
miuTiTebs, rom am mimarTulebiT garkveuli moZraoba arsebobs, Tumca
mas arasistemuri xasiaTi aqvs, umetes SemTxvevaSi Tavad mgalobelTa
keTil nebazea damokidebuli da Sesabamisad regionebSi galobis
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaze mcired asaxvas hpovebs.
erT-erTi yvelaze ufro bunebrivi sakiTxi, romlis ganxilvasac
informantebTan erTad SevecadeT, msoflio globalizaciis process da
qarTul galobaze mis gavlenas ukavSirdeba, rac mcire erebSi
sxvadasxva tradiciul kulturaTa miviwyebis zogad tendencias
exmaureba. Sedegebis mixedviT: (ixileT magaliTi N16)
115
qvemoT moyvanilia is ZiriTadi mosazrebani, romelic mgaloblebma
miuTiTes grafaSi sxva:
`iyo periodi, rodesac qarTuli galoba marTlac idga saSiSroebis winaSe,
magram dRes am mxriv didi nabijebia gadadgmuli da winsvla igrZnoba”;
`es imazea damokidebuli Tu ramdenad gavrceldeba saqarTveloSi galobis
mimarT interesi da ra tempiT Catardeba am mxriv muSaoba”;
`vfiqrob globalizacias galobaze gavlena ar aqvs, piriqiT, qarTuli
galobis aRmavloba axla iwyeba. arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis miuxedavad
fexs ikidebs da kvlav mkvidrdeba taZrebSi samxmiani kanonikuri galoba”;
`qarTuli galoba aRdgenis procesSia da vimedovneb srulad aRdgeba,
Tumca safrTxe arsebobs”;
`gavlena SeiZleba qondes, oRond ara miviwyebis kuTxiT”.
kiTxvaris daskvniTi nawili qarTul saeklesio galobasTan
mimarTebiT gatarebul kulturul politikas exeba. pirveli kiTxva aseTia:
ქართული
გალობა
საშიშროების
წინაშეა, თუმცა
მივიწყებას არ
მიეცემა
33%
ქართული
გალობა
საშიშროების
წინაშეა და
შესაძლოა
მივიწყებას
მიეცეს
7%
გლობალიზაციას
ქართულ
გალობაზე
გავლენა არ აქვს
48%
სხვა
12%
მაგალითი N16
116
`Tqveni azriT, saqarTveloSi saeklesio galobas saTanado yuradReba
eTmoba?” (ixileT magaliTi N17)
aqve moviyvanT ramdenime sagulisxmo amonarids gamokiTxul mgalobelTa im
8%-idan, romelmac airCia grafa sxva, maT Soris problematuri regionis
konkretuli miTiTebacaa:
`yuradReba eTmoba, magram metia saWiro, yvarelSi saTanado yuradReba ar
eTmoba, nekresis eparqiaSi isev Zveli sionuri galobaa, samwuxarod”;
`yuradReba mxolod konkretul wreSi eTmoba, im adamianebs Soris, vinc
dainteresebulia, rom locvaze galoba Sesruldes da konkretulad
maTTvis, vinc galobs/visac galobisTvis saWiro ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli.
sazogadoebis mxridan daintereseba naklebia”;
`eklesiis mxridan metad mcired da arasakmarisad eTmoba yuradReba. Misi
Seswavla, kvleva da ganviTareba ufro kerZo iniciativazea damokidebuli”;
`samwuxarod mxolod Tbilisis regionSi eqceva yuradReba, vidre
saqarTvelos sxva raionebSi”.
დიახ
8%
ყურადღება
ეთმობა, მაგრამ
მეტია საჭირო
73%
ყურადღება
საერთოდ არ
ეთმობა
11% სხვა
8%
მაგალითი N17
117
rogorc informantebis pasuxebidan davinaxeT, yvelaze mTavar
problemad, saeklesio galobis mxirv saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi
arsebuli mdgomareoba saxeldeba. aseve mniSvnelovania im komentarebis
gaTvaliswinebac, romlebic eklesiisa da sazogadoebis mxirdan, qarTuli
saeklesio galobis mimarT meti yuradRebis saWiroebas exeba.
mgaloblebis mier Sesavsebad davtoveT carieli grafa SekiTxvis
gaswvriv `qveyanaSi kulturis politikis gatareba rom SegeZloT, qarTuli
galobis mimarTulebiT ra nabijs gadadgamdiT, ras danergavdiT – an ras
aRmofxvridiT?”. gamokiTxulTa mosazrebebis mniSvnelovan nawils qvemoT
moviyvan da imeds vitoveb, rom es masala, rogorc am sferos mdgomareobis
amsaxveli eTnografia, sagulisxmo da yuradsaRebi iqneba imaTTvis, visac am
mxriv mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba xelewifeba.
`davnergavdi mxolod qarTuli sagaloblebis qarTulad galobas –
sityvebiTac da hangiTac; qarTuli teqstze bizantiuri galobis dadebas
aRmovfxvridi. Yvela eparqiaSi mxolod kanonikur galobas davnergavdi”;
`gavxsnidi galobis ufaso skolebs, sadac momavali mgaloblebi
safuZvlianad Seiswavlidnen galobas da masTan dakavSirebul yvela wess”;
`me rac SemiZlia vakeTeb, magram meti minda viswavlo. danarCenze laparaki
Cvengan ar aris saWiro. TviTon samRvdeloeba unda mixvdes rogori
yuradReba unda mieqces mgaloblebs’;
`pirvel rigSi davafinansebdi mgalobelTa gundebs, aseve galobis centrs,
rom yvela kuTxeSi da taZarSi mividnen galobis centris warmomadgenlebi,
iqauri mdgomareoba Seamowmon da adgilobriv gundebs rCeva miscen”;
`masiurad Sevqmnidi gundebs, an arsebul gundebs maqsimalurad yvela
saWiro sagalobels Sevaswavlidi. swavlebis sistemas gavxdidi metad
moqnils. absoluturad yvelas mivcemdi galobis Seswavlis saSualebas da
mecadineobis dones avamaRlebdi”;
118
`vizrunebdi, rom Tundac galobis umaRlesi skolis kursdamTavrebulebs
sxvadasxva restoranSi ar uwevdeT simRera da sakuTari momavlis
uzrunvelyofa (elementarul doneze mainc) maTi uSualo profesiiT,
galobiT SeeZloT”;
`unda arsebobdes ufro meti samrevlo skolebi. aseve aucilebelia
mgaloblebis anazRaurebis sakiTxi met-naklebad mogvardes”;
`davaarsebdi samgaloblo skolebs da galobas patara asakidanve
Sevaswavlidi”;
`yvela taZarSi mgalobeli valdebuli iqneboda notebis codnisa da
romelime samgaloblo skolis mTlianad codnisa da daxvewili
Sesrulebisa. Periodulad gavmarTavdi mgalobelTa Sexvedrebs, sadac
erTmaneTs moismendnen, SeniSvnebs da Sefasebebs miscemdnen”;
`aucileblad davnergavdi galobaSi sasuliero pirebis ganaTlebas, radgan
maTi am sakiTxSi gaurkvevloba, aferxebs galobis zogierT sakiTxsa da
mgalobelTa profesiul ganviTarebas. aRvmovfxvridi usmeno mgaloblebs
da xels Sevuwyobdi niWieri adamianebis galobiT dasaqmebas”;
`avaSenebdiT did monasters, sadac berebis saZmo Seikribeboda (ra Tqma
unda smeniani) da iq daiwyebda galoba aRzevebas, rogorc adre gelaTis
monasterSi, radgan Cemi azriT kargad galobisaTvis saWiroa suliereba da
profesionalizmi’;
`Sevqmnidi komisias, anda es funqcia daekisreboda galobis centrs,
romelic uzrunvelyofda imas, rom samagaliTo gundebsa Tu mgaloblebs
eqnebodaT Sesabamisi anazRaureba, ra Tqma unda ar vgulisxmob 3-4 lars.
xolo sxva danarCen gundebs, magaliTad imaT, romlebic araerTgzis
119
gafrTxilebis miuxedavad ar iSlis da repertuarSi aqvs arakanonikuri
sagaloblebi, ganayenebda es organizacia”;
`nebismieri disciplinis profesiad dafaseba mis SromiT anazRaurebas
iTvaliswinebs. mgaloblebisTvis davniSnavdi saSualo samsaxurebriv
xelfass da Sesabamisad moviTxovdi maT profesiul momzadebas, rac
mxolod RvTismsaxurebis dReebSi mgaloblebis dakavebiT ar iqneboda
SemosazRvruli”;
`pirvel rigSi samrevlo skolebs davnergavdi, sadac kvalificiuri
pedagogebi dasaqmdebodnen”;
`Camovayalibebdi standartebs, davaarsebdi saswavleblebs da SemoviRebdi
sruli mgaloblis instituts. gamovZebnidi saxsrebs mgaloblebis
sakadrisad dasafinanseblad. kargi iqneboda Tu saqarTvelos musikalur
skolebSi erT-erT aucilebel sagnad iqneba qarTuli galoba. TbilisSi,
regionebidan Camosul galobis swavlis msurvel studentebs unda SeeqmnaT
pirobebi, rom swavlis dasrulebis Semdeg galoba TavianT regionSi
aswavlon. meti popularizacia gaewios galobas televiziiT, radioTi (ar
vgulisxmob sapatriarqtos televiziasa da radios)”;
`davafinansebdi mgaloblebs da vizrunebdi rom wirva-locvaze erTi stili
araekleqtikuri galoba Sesruldes”;
`davnergavdi mxolod tradiciul galobas da profesionali
mgaloblebisTvis maRal anazRaurebas davawesebdi”;
`pirvel rigSi Camovayalibebdi komitets, romelic folkloris centris
paralelurad imuSavebda dakarguli sagaloblebis aRdgenasa da cnobilis
– popularizaciis ganxriT. vecdebodi rom galoba aramarto praqtikuli
yofiliyo, aramed sazogadoebisTvis ufro masiurad cnobili gamxdariyo
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qarTuli galobis istoria, warmoSoba, fesvebi, ganviTareba, aseve qarTuli
sagaloblebis paralelurad, yuradRebas davuTmobdi araqarTuli
sagaloblebis ganxilvasac”;
`kargi iqneba Tu yvela taZarSi, damwyebi bavSvebisTvis/mozardebisTvis
dainiSneba galobis swavlis dReebi; skolaSi Semovitandi galobis
gakveTilebs an galobis wres”;
`1.sinodis gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba (galobasTan mimarTebiT), 2. qarTuli
profesiuli musikis kvlevis centris daarseba, 3. gamorCeul mgalobelTa
gundebis finansuri waxaliseba” (dResdReobiT es misia itvirTa fondma
`qarTuli galoba” – e. d.);
`Cemi eparqiis magaliTze SemiZlia vilaparako, rom namdvilad TiTqos
galobis gareSe msaxureba ar aRevlineba, xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi eparqiaSi
6-7 gundi Camoyalibda, magram vSiSob imis magivrad rom win wavideT, ukan
mivdivarT. Rodesac galoba daviwyeT, ra Tqma unda mondomeba didi iyo,
erTgvar siaxlesTan gvqonda saqme, magram TandaTan interesi ikargeba.
vcdilob problemas mivagno. samwuxarod sasuliero pirebsac ar aqvT
saTanado ganaTleba rom swori SeniSvnebi mogvcen. wina TveSi davgegmeT
RonisZieba `gavicnoT qarTuli galoba ukeT”. mxolod stimulze da
qvecnobierze varT damyarebulni, codniTi safuZveli ar gvaqvs, amitomac
CvenTvis rTuli xdeba gaviazroT ris gadarCenaSi viRebT monawileobas.
axali sagaloblis Sesrulebas rom axldes prezentaciis saxiT
informaciis wardgena, rogorc msmenelisaTvis, ise mgalobelTaTvis...”;
`pirvel rigSi am saqmes materialurad davudgebodi mxarSi da aRdgenaSi
davexmarebodi”;
`swored rom kulturul galobaze gavakeTebdi aqcents, ufro sworad –
bgeraze. Savaldebulos gavxdidi sasuliero akademiasa da gimnaziebSi
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iswavlebodes da prioritetad iTvlebodes es sagani. Sevqmnidi jgufebs da
raionebSi maswavleblebs mivavlendi”;
`yvela kilos aRvadgendi”;
`Sevqmnidi galobis skolas, sadac zustad, xarisxianad da namdvil qarTul
galobas Seaswavlidnen xalxs, radgan galobis swavlis done Zalian
dabalia. yovel eklesiaSi gundebi gaivlidnen gamocdas, radgan galobis
SecdomiT an uxarisxod galoba didi danaSaulia uflis da saerTod
xalxis winaSe”;
`saeklesio galobis kanonikasTan dakavSirebiT, garkveul savaldebulo
wess SevimuSavebdi”;
`yvela regionSi davnergavdi samgaloblo skolebs, sadac sxvadasxva
asakobriv jgufebSi Sesabamis praqtikul Tu Teoriul codnas miiRebdnen
(notebis wera-kiTxva, galobisa da xalxuri simReris istoriis da
Sesrulebis Taviseburebebi)”;
`aRmovfxvridi arakanonikur sagaloblebis eklesiaSi Sesrulebis
tradicias (e.w. sionur sagaloblebs da xalxur motivebze Seqmnil
sagaloblebs). Davnergavdi erTdRian festivals, sadac sxvadasxva gundebi
sagaloblebs Seasrulebdnen”;
`pirvel rigSi gavxsnidi samecniero-praqtikul centrs, gamovcemdi
saxelmZRvaneloebs da qarTul galobas saswavlo procesSi davnergavdi.
vibrZolebdi gverdiTi movlenebis aRmofxvrisaTvis, rogoricaa samebis
taZris gadapranWuli e. w. galoba, rasac saxarebis sulTan araferi aqvs
saerTo. Sevaviwrovebdi bizantiuri galobis eqsperiments”;
122
`Sevqmnidi galobis Semswavlel skolebs (regionebSic!). mgaloblebs
davuniSnavdi xelfass (ara 5 lars!), rac stimuli iqneba imisTvis, rom ukeT
daeuflon galobas”;
`aRmovfxvridi arakanonikur sagaloblebs, gavxsnidi saswavleblebs,
romelSic galobis swavla nebismieri adamianisaTvis xelmisawvdomi
iqneboda. Galobis ukeT popularizaciisaTvis samauwyeblo arxebze
Sevqmnidi iseT gadacemebs, romelTa mizani qarTuli galobis gacnoba da
Seswavla iqneboda”;
`repertuaris SedgenaSi regentebs srul Tavisuflebas mivaniWebdi, samusiko
saswavleblebSi arCeviT sagnad galobas Sevitandi”;
`yvela skolaSi galobis gakveTils davnergavdi”; `regionebs met
yuradRebas mivaqcevdi”;
`galobas met popularizacias gavuwevdi da yvela taZars meti simkacriT
Sevamowmebdi (Tu ra igalobeba). kargia rom mosmenebi tardeba, Tumca amas
ufro sistematuri da organizebuli saxe unda mieces”;
`galobis Semswavlel musikalur saswavlebels ufro masStaburs gavxdidi.
vizrunebdi aRzrdili mgaloblebis sxvadasxva taZarSi ganawilebaze,
radgan mgaloblebis problema bevr taZarSia”;
`avkraZalavdi sionur da patriarqis sagaloblebis eklesiaSi
RvTismsaxurebaze Sesrulebas. Davakanonebdi yvela qarTul
marTlmadideblur taZarSi qarTuli tradiciuli kanonikuri sagaloblebis
Sesrulebas. Gamovyofdi sakmaod did biujets da weliwadSi ramdenjerme
Cavatarebdi kargad organizebul da kargad dagegmil RonisZiebebs
qarTveli mgaloblebis wasaxaliseblad da gasamxneveblad. gavaZlierebdi
da finansurad gavmarTavdi galobis skolebs yvela eparqiaSi!!!”;
123
`skolebs davaarsebdi da finansebs mivcemdi mgaloblebs, rom maT
adamianur pirobebSi am saqmis profesiul doneze xelis mokideba SeZlon”;
`anCisxatelebi da malxazi (erqvaniZe) rasac metyoda, imas”; `skolebSi
sagnad Sevitandi galobas”;
`aucilebelia Seiqmndas mgalobelTa gaerTianeba, oRond formalurad ara,
rogorc es ramdenjerme moxda. Galobis centri sapatriarqodan unda
gadaixvewos kerZo SenobaSi (minimum 100kv/m). unda moxdes teqnologiuri
aRWurva (romeli saukunea!). dafinanseba – weliwadSi 1 milioni lari. yvela
eparqiaSi saWiroa galobis centris warmomadgeneli iyos mimagrebuli.
TiToeuli eparqiis galobis centris arseboba ki ararealurad mimaCnia”;
`aRmovfxvridi arakanonikur sagaloblebs”; `unda daarsdes galobis
skolebi regionebSi, did qalaqebSi raTa moxdes adgilobrivi
axalgazrdebis gaTvicnobiereba da Seswavla im kiloebis, rac maTi
kuTxeebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo… magaliTad ozurgeTSi Semoqmedis kilo
da a. S. unda moxdes xelSewyoba da finansuri uzrunvelyofa im adamianebis
vinc galobas swavlobs da Seaswavlis, raTa maT sxva samsaxurze ar
ifiqron... aseve saWiroa internet-maswavlebeli, internet-gakveTilebi da
sxva uamravi idea arsebobs”;
`mTeli saqarTvelos farglebSi regentebis gadamzadebis programas
avamoqmedebdi, yvelas mivawvdidi wirva-locvis audio versias, movamaragebdi
taZrebs (mgalobelTa gundebs) saWiro sanoto masaliT, yvela moqmed
taZarSi moRvawe sasuliero pirebs davurigebdi bukletebs, sadac qarTuli
galobis sitoriis Zireuli sakiTxebi iqneboda ganxiluli”;
`saeklesio galobisaRorZinebis saqmeSi saxelmwifos, kerZod kulturis
saministros mier statusis miniWebaze vimuSavebdi. garkveuli kriteriumebis
124
dakmayofilebis safuZvelze profesiuli gundebis Camoyalibebas Sevuwyobdi
xels”;
`skolebSi galobis gakveTilebs davnergavdi”; `qarTuli galoba didi
kulturaa da is unda iswavlebodes, ara mxolod imisTvis rom taZarSi
igalobebodes”;
`vecdebodi iseT taZrebSi, sadac mgaloblebi ar yavT mezrunda am
problemis mogvarebaze da avkrZalavdi bizantiur sagaloblebs. sasurvelia
da aucilebeli kanonikuri sagaloblebi igalobebodes”;
`yvela raionSi Camovayalibebdi samrevlo skolebs, sadac safuZvlianad
Seiswavleboda Tavisi galobis istoriiT qarTuli kanonikuri galoba, raTa
galobis swori Seswavla moxdes”;
`pirvel rigSi vimedovnebdi, rom arsebuli galobis centri yofiliyos
metad orientirebuli da metad xelSewyobili struqtura sapatriarqos
mxridan, sadac mxolod Sesamowmebeli turebi ar Catardeba da Sedegze
iqneba orientirebuli, sruliad saqarTvelos masStabisT”;
`musikalur skolebSi davuSvebdi galobis galobis gakveTilebs yvela
klaselebisaTvis, mTeli 7 wlis ganmavlobaSi”;
`yvela asocirebul mgalobels yovelTviur xelfass davuniSnavdi da yvela
eparqiaSi gavgzavnidi lotbarebs “;
`Sevqmnidi galobis centrTan arsebul ufro mkacr makontrolebel
komitets, romliTac saqarTvelos masStabiT yvela im taZars
gavakontrolebdi, sadac galobis kanonika irRveva. Gamovyofi biujets,
riTac davexmarebodi yvela mgalobels, fiqsirebuli xelfasiT. Aseve
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gavgzavnidi lotbarebs saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi qarTuli kanonikuri
galobis aRsadgenad”;
`yvela skolaSi davnergavdi galobis wres, gavauqmebdi e. w. `berZnul”
galobas”;
`saeklesio tipis reklamebidan amoviRebdi fonad dadebul patriarqisa da
gaurkvevli warmoSobis sagaloblebs. unda moxdes mgalobelTa da
mRvdelTmsaxurTa gadamzadeba galobis kuTxiT. mrCeba STabeWdileba, rom
bolomde ar gvaqvs gaazrebuli Tu ra saunjea qarTuli galoba da ra
adgili unda eWiros mas saqarTvelos eklesiaSi”;
`aRmovfxvridi e. w. `sionur galobas”. monastrebSi unda dabrundes
galoba”;
`kvlevebis dafinanseba, eparqiebSi centris mier masterklasebis mowyoba,
mgalobelTaTavis anazRaurebis dadgena”;
`mgalobeli adamiani unda iyos saTanadod dafasebuli, rom mgalobloba
iyos profesia saTanado anazRaurebiT”; `yvela skolaSi da baRSic unda
iswavlebodes galoba”;
`galobas, am saqmis mcodne metad kompetentur da erovnul xalxs
Cavabarebdi”;
`arakanonikur sagaloblebsa da patriarqis sagaloblebs avkrZalavdi
msaxurebis msvlelobisas, yvela taZarSi mgaloblis kuTxisaTvis
gansakuTrebul da gancalkevebul adgils davamkvidrebdi, amasTanave
mgaloblis xelfass gavzrdidi ise, rom mgalobels ojaxis rCena SeeZlos
da ufro meti pasuxismgeblobiT moekideboda yvela mgalobeli am saqmes,
simSvide daisadgurebda da amqveyniuri safiqrali bevrad Semcirdeboda!”;
126
`movamzadebdi kvalificiur kadrebs, mivavlendi maT regionebSi da
eklesia-monastrebSi. Cavatarebdi bevr saRamosa da konferencias. Gamovcemdi
Teoriul saxelmZRvanelosac galobis istoriis Sesaxeb, romelsac
mgaloblebSi davarigebdi. aseve gavxsnidi saregento kursebsac, vinaidan
dRes mgalobelTa didi nawili mandilosania, maTTvis ki galobis umaRlesi
saswavleblis kari daxurulia” (2015-2016 saswavlo wlidan, giorgi
mTawmindelis saxelobis saeklesio galobis umaRles saswavlebelSi,
gogonaTa miReba daiwyes – e.d.);
`srulyofil skolas Sevqmnidi. davnergavdi Camoyalibebul midgomas
mgaloblebisadmi moZRvris/eklesiis mxridan. davniSnavdi Sesabamis xelfass.
mgaloblebs taZarSi gamoyofil adgils mivuCendi, rom gundi mrevlis
jajgurissgan daculi yofiliyo, rac didi problemaa”;
`ukve arsebul galobis centrs davxvewdi, romelmac unda gaakontrolos
galobis mdgomareoba, ara marto TbilisSi, aramed raionebSic, sadac ufro
uaresi mdgomareobaa galobis centrma unda miawodos xalxs informacia
qarTuli galobis da misi Sesrulebis wesis Sesaxeb, aqtiurad Seaswavlos
maT galoba da daexmaros kiloebis aTvisebaSi, Tumca es yvelaferi unda
gakeTdes siyvaruliTa da TavazianobiT. ar unda iyos galobis centri
iseTi pretenziuli da momTxovni, rogoric axla, rac mgaloblebSi
agresias iwvevs. jansaRi gziT unda miewodos mmgalobels es yvelaferi da
aseve xalxsac”;
`davnergavdi, rom skolebSi musikis gakveTilis nacvlad Catardes galobis,
qarTuli folkloris saswavlo gakveTilebi”;
`tradiciuli sagaloblebis garda unda aikrZalos yvela galoba da
mkacrad gakontroldes”; `im soflebSi, sadac ar aqvT galobis swavlis
saSualeba, ar yavT regent, moxaliseebs gavgzavnidi. vizrunebdi
sagaloblebis kanonikis dacvaze, yvela taZarSi”;
127
`pirvel rigSi imaze vizrunebdi, rom galoba xSirad RvTismsaxurebis
musikalur gaformebad miaCniaT (da Sesabamisad mgalobelic
akompaniatorad), ver xvdebian, rom galoba igive locvaa, mgalobeli ki
Tanamsaxuri – ai amis gaazrebaze vizrunebdi”;
`upirveles yovlisa, umaRlesi sasuliero piridan dawyebuli, yvela
RvTismsaxurisa da cxadia, mrevlisTvis, Sevecdebodi qarTuli saganZuris –
tradiciuli mravalxmiani galobis mniSvnelobis axsnas (yvelasaTvis
misawvdomi literaturiT). Aucileblad mivaniWebdi srul mgaloblobas
profesiis statuss, Sesabamisad, materialuri anazRaureba am sferoSi
Rirseuli iqneboda. yvela kuTxeSi aRmovfxvridi berZnul hangebsa da
sxvadasxva pirTa SeTxzul melodiebze gawyobil `sagaloblebs”. amgvari
midgomiT, ganmtkicdeboda srul mgalobelTa kontigenti, Sesabamisad,
momaval TaobaTa aRzrdac saTanadod moxdeboda”.
zemoT moyvanili citatebis nakrebi warmoadgens pasuxebis iseT kategorias,
romelSic kiTxvaze savaraudo pasuxebi mocemuli ar iyo da romlis
farglebSic, informantebma, mxolod sakuTari mosazrebis safuZvelze
gamces pasuxi. gamoikveTa rigi ZiriTadi da xSirad urTierTdakavSierbuli
problemebisa, romelic udavod calke aRniSvnis Rirsia da romelTa
gadaWrac qarTuli saeklesio galobis sferos mniSvnelovanwilad
ganaviTarebda.
informatTa mier mwvaved daisva ganaTlebis sakiTxi, rac Cemi azriT
sam ZiriTad kategoriad SeiZleba daiyos: 1. uSualod mgalobelTa
profesiuli ganaTleba, rac galobis xarisxs aamaRlebda, 2. galobis
mimarTulebiT sasuliero pirebis ukeT ganaTleba, rac mgaloblebisTvis
saWiro platformas Seqmnida, 3. saqarTvelos saSualo saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebsa da musikalur skolebSi galobis gakveTilebis SemoReba,
rac erTi mxriv am sferos mcodneTa ricxvs gazrdida, meore mxriv ki
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galobis mimarT sazogadoebis mxridan dainteresebasa da damokidebulebas
axal – ufro maRal safexurze aiyvanda.
galobis saqmis materialuri uzrunvelyofa, Tavis mxriv ganaTlebis
sakiTxTan aris dakavSirebuli. am sferos meti finansuri mxardaWera
esaWiroeba, radgan dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi Znelad Tu moiZebneba
profesia, romlis mqone adamianebs mgaloblebis msgavsi mcire anazRaureba
hqondes.20
galobis Sesrulebis xarisxisa da mgalobelTa gundebis raodenobis
TvalsazrisiT regionebSi arsebul arc Tu ise saxarbielo mdgomareobas
TiTqmis yvela informanti Seexo. aRniSnuli sakiTxi pirdapir kavSirSia
garkevul finansur mxardaWerasTan da regionebSi kvalificiuri kadrebis
mivlenis sistematurobasTan. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos,
rom 2015 wels saqarTvelos folkloris saxelmwifo centris iniciativiTa
da saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministros mxardaWeriT
dafuZnda folkloris centris regionuli warmomadgenlobebi – salotbaro
skolebi (2017 wlisaTvis 17 salotbaro skola), romelTa mizania bavSvebs
qarTuli simRera-galoba, cekva da tradiciuli xelovnebis sxva dargebi
Seaswavlon. is, Tu ramdenad Sedegiani aRmoCndeba am mimarTulebiT
Catarebuli samuSaoebi da gaumjobesdeba Tu ara regionebSi arsebuli
mdgomareoba, amas dro da Sesabamisi kvleva gviCvenebs. aseve mniSvnelovania
aRiniSnos saqvelmoqmedo fondis – `qarTuli galobis” mier gaweuli
samuSaoebi; fondi 2012 wels Camoyalibda da ukanasknel wlebSi, sakmaod
didi wvlili Seitana qarTuli tradiciuli musikis dargSi momuSave
adamianebis waxalisebaSi. aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom rogorc folkloris
saxelmwifo centri, ise fondi `qarTuli galoba” gamomcemlobiT
saqmianobas eweva, rac qarTuli xalxuri simRerisa da saeklesio galobis
sferos ganviTarebas emsaxureba.
rogorc winamdebare naSromis pirvel TavSi aRiniSna, samgaloblo
stili da manera, sxvadasxva marTlmadideblur TemSi (iqneba es religiuri
20
ar igulisxmeba is didi taZrebi, sadac mgalobelTa anazRaureba saSualoze odnav maRalia, radgan es gamonaklisi SemTxvevebia.
129
umciresoba qveynis SigniT, Tu diaspora qveynis gareT), aqtualuri sakiTxia
(ix. winamdebare naSromis gv.gv.23-25). Cem mier gamokiTxul informantTa
absoluturi umravlesoba erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemad, zogierT
taZarSi arakanonikuri galobis Sesarulebas da kanonikur galobas,
rogorc qarTul eklesia-monastrebSi RvTismsaxurebis aucilebel
komponents asaxelebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom arakanonikuri sagaloblebis
Sesruleba an arSesruleba, konkretul taZarSi momsaxure adamianebis
keTil nebazea damokidebuli, radgan wmida sinodis (2003 wlis) ganCinebis
Tanaxmad, taZrebSi qarTuli tradiciuli samxmiani sagaloblebis
Sesruleba dakanonda, Tumca amis miuxedavad, am mimarTulebiT xarvezebi
mainc arsebobs, razec gamokiTxulTa mosazrebebic metyvelebs. zemoT
CamoTvlili problemebidan zogierTi maTganis mogvareba mxolod
finansebiT aris SesaZlebeli, zogi problemis mogvarebisaTvis keTili
nebac sakmarisia (magaliTad, mgalobelTaTvis taZarSi calke adgilis
gamoyofa, raTa maT galobis procesSi xeli ar SeeSaloT da
RvTismsaxurebaze maqsimaluri koncentracia SeZlon), umetesobas orive –
rogorc finansuri mxardaWera, ise pasuxismgebel pirTa mxridan keTili
neba esaWiroeba; Tumca kulturis marTebuli da gaazrebuli politika aris
is umTavresi winapiroba, romlis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia finansebis
mozidvac da keTili nebis gaCenac.
calkeuli SemTxvevebSi informantebi Seexnen iseT sakiTxebs,
rogoricaa qarTuli saeklesio galobis baRis asakidan Seswavla da
galobis umaRles skolaSi gogonebis miReba.
kvlevis Sedegebs ufro farTod naSromis daskvniT nawilSi
ganvixilavT.
kiTxvaze `Tqveni azriT, vin unda wyvetdes mgalobelTa repertuarisa
da stilis sakiTxs?”, ramdenime pasuxis erTdroulad arCevis
SesaZleblobis pirobebSi informantebma ase upasuxes: (ixileT magaliTi
N18)
130
garda me-18 magaliTSi moyvanili Sedegebisa, davZen, rom
gamokiTxulTa mxridan, kombinaciebis (ramdenime variantis erTdroulad
arCevis) SemTxvevaSi yvelaze xSiri arCevani iyo: `wmida sinodi,
sapatriarqos saeklesio galobis centri, galobis mcodne kvalificiur
mecnier-mkvlevarTa damoukidebeli jgufi”; `wmida sinodi, sapatriarqos
saeklesio galobis centri, galobis mcodne kvalificiur mecnier-
mkvlevarTa damoukidebeli jgufi, mgalobelTa gundis regenti”;
`sapatriarqos saeklesio galobis centri, mgalobelTa gundis regenti,
galobis mcodne kvalificiur mecnier-mkvlevarTa damoukidebeli jgufi”;
`eparqiis winamZRvari, mgalobelTa gundis regenti, galobis mcodne
kvalificiur mecnier-mkvlevarTa damoukidebeli jgufi”; `wmida sinodi,
galobis mcodne kvalificiur mecnier-mkvlevarTa damoukidebeli jgufi”;
`wmida sinodi, eparqiis winamRZvari, taZris winamZRvari, mgalobelTa gundis
regenti” da savaraudo pasuxebSi mocemuli CamonaTvalidan – yvela erTad.
rogorc vxedavT, erTi mxriv, kombinirebul pasuxebSi wmida sinodi
liderobs, meores mxriv ki grafaSi sxva, saubaria imaze, rom wmida sinodis
gadawyvetilebas formaluri saxe aqvs, radgan mis mier miRebuli
dadgenileba mudmivad irRveva, maT Soris Tavad maRali ierarqiisa da sxva
წმიდა სინოდი
20%
საპატრიარქოს
საეკლესიო
გალობის ცენტრი
29%
ეპარქიის
წინამძღვარი
6%
ტაძრის
წიმანმძღვარი
9%
მგალობელთა
გუნდის რეგენტი
18%
გალობის მცოდნე
კვალიფიციურ
მეცნიერ-
მკვლევართა
დამოუკიდებელ
ი ჯგუფი
16%
სხვა
2% მაგალითი N18
131
sasuliero pirTa mier. Sesabamisad, mgaloblebs miaCniaT, rom wmida sinodi,
wesis Tanaxmad galobis irgvliv arsebuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi
aucileblad unda monawileobdes, Tumca gamokiTxulTa didi nawili
isurvebda, rom am gadawyvetilebis Sedegebi mgalobelTa praqtikaSi ukeT
yofiliyo asaxuli.
Cven aseve gvainteresebda, Cveni informantebis xedva imasTan
dakavSirebiT, Tu ra kategoriis adamianebisTvisaa qarTuli saeklesio
galoba erovnuli Rirebuleba (ixileT magaliTi N19), da Tu romel
asakobriv jgufs SeiZleba, rom adamianebis es kategoria miekuTvnebodes
(ixileT magaliTi N20). rogorc vxedavT, informantebis umravlesobas
ganaTleba miaCniaT im umTavres pirobad, romelic iseT adamiansac ki,
romelic arc RvTismsaxurebas eswreba, arc qarTuli musikaluri da
zogadad qarTuli trdadiciebis mimdevaria, qarTul saeklesio galobas
kulturis Sesabamis konteqstSi daanaxebs.
grafaSi sxva, sami ZiriTadi aspeqti gamoiyo: 1. `nebismieri qarTvelisTvis”
(ganaTlebis miTiTebis gareSe), 2. `qarTuli galoba saTanadod dafasebuli
ar aris ara mxolod eris, aramed eklesiis mier”, 3. `imisaTvis, rom metma
ვინც ეკლესიურ
ცხოვრებას
ეწევა/უყვარს
ქართული
ხალხური მუსიკა
და ქართული
ტრადიციები
15%
ნებისმიერი
განათლებული
ქართველისთვის
47%
ქართველთა
მნიშვნელოვანი
ნაწილისთვის
13%
ქართველთა
უმეტესი
ნაწილისთვის
10%
5-იდან 4
ქართველისთვის
1% სხვა
14%
მაგალითი N19
132
adamianma gaigos qarTuli galobis arsis Sesaxeb, informaciis miwodebaa da
am adamianebis gaTvicnobierebaa saWiro”.
kiTxvaze – `qarTul galobas saTanadod afaseben adamianebi, romelTa
asakia:” Semdegi pasuxebi miviReT (mag. N20). grafaSi sxva, informantebis
mcire nawilma miuTiTa `nebismieri asakis adamiani”, nawilma 16-35 da 16-60
asakobrivi jgufi gaaerTiana; calkeul SemTxvevaSi 15 wlis informanti
werda, rom misTvis am sferos didi mniSvneloba aqvs, Tumca misi
TanatolebisTvis – ara, amitom man miuTiTa asaki 16 wlidan zemoT. aseve
calkeul SemTxvevaSi iyo pasuxi, rom `rom asakis mixedviT faseulobebi ar
yalibdeba”, Tumca mizani, Tu ratom davsviT es SekiTxva mdgomareobda
SemdegSi: Cven gvainteresebda gamokiTxvaSi aisaxeboda Tu ara is
mdgomareoba, rac wina Taobebis eklesiuri cxovrebis TvalsazrisiT
arsebobda, rodesac ikrZaleboda eklesiaSi siaruli, pirjvris gadawera,
galoba (Tu mas saeklesio konteqsti qonda; xolo Tu is ganixileboda,
rogor sasuliero folklori an qorali, maSin SesaZloa nebadarTuli
yofiliyo) da marTlac, yvelaze did asakobriv kategorias arc Tu ise
bevri – 7% ergo, rac Cveni azriT swored zemoT aRniSnuli mizeziT unda
iyos ganpirobebuli.
133
gamokiTxulTa umravlesobam 83%-ma, gamokiTxvis avtorTan – anu
CemTan vinaoba gaamxila da amaTgan 62%-ma avtors miando kvlevaSi misi
vinaobis gamoqveynebis sakiTxi, 21%-ma ki isurva, rom misi vinaoba mxolod
avtors scodnoda.
gamokiTxvis dasasruls mgaloblebs maTTvis sasurveli komentaris
datovebis saSualeba miveciT principiT Ad libitum (laT.: Tqveni
survilisamebr). gamoikveTa erTi konkretuli damokidebuleba, romelmac
aCvena, Tu raoden didi iyo am gamokiTxviT maTi daintereseba, TiTqos didi
xnis dagrovili Temebis erTbaSad ganxilvis SesaZlebloba miecaT da
swored aman ganapiroba is maRali da myisieri aqtivoba, romelic kiTxvaris
gamoqveynebisTanave gamovlinda. informantebma aRniSnes, rom maTi azriT
kiTxvarSi sakiTxisadmi midgoma amomwuravia; maTi umravlesoba imeds
gamoTqvams, rom es kvleva daexmareba rogorc mkvlevarTa jgufs, galobis
popularizaciisa da am sferoSi arsebuli sakiTxebis ukeT ganxilvaSi, ise
zogadad galobis saqmes da uSualod mgaloblebis mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebas gauwevs samsaxurs.
16-25 წელი
7%
25-35 წელი
35%
35-45 წელი
20%
60-80 წელი
7%
სხვა
31%
მაგალითი N20
134
daskvna
kulturuli normebi da Rirebulebebi mudmiv cvlilebebs ganicdis,
ris gamoc kulturis dinamikis farglebSi – stabiluri elementebis
gamovlenis mcdeloba mecnierTaTvis saintereso da mimzidveli saqmianobaa.
musikismcodne givi orjonikiZe, romelic qarTul musikas da misi
ganviTarebis gzebs, musikismcodneobis miRma arsebuli samecniero
midgomebis safuZvelze siRrmiseulad aanalizebda, wers: `ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva etapze erovnuli musikis winaSe sxvadasxva amocana dgeba. is,
rac aqtualuri iyo guSin, dReisaTvis SesaZlebelia gadaiWras da Tavisi
simwvave dakargos. Sexeduleba, guSin rom Ziebebs warmarTavda,
Tanamedroveobam SeiZleba uaryos anda, piriqiT, SesaZloa is, rac
umniSvnelosa da mcdaris STabeWdilebas tovebda, dRes aucileblad
gaiziaros... z. faliaSvilis epoqaSi SemoqmedebiT amocanebs Soris
umniSvnelovanesi erovnuli tradiciebis Rrma Semecneba iyo. imis
fasdaudebeli esTetikuri mniSvneloba unda gaxsniliyo, rac glexur
folklors Semoenaxa. ufro metic, erT-erTi mTavari amocana iyo im
sayrdenis gamonaxva, romelzedac Tanamedrove musikaluri kultura unda
aSenebuliyo. amitomac, yvelaferTan erTad, udidesi mniSvneloba qarTuli
xalxuri musikis nimuSebis gamomzeurebas eniWeboda. xalxur musikas axali
socialur-fsiqologiuri motivebis mxatvruli ganzogadebis unari unda
gamoemJRavnebina” (orjonikiZe, 1978:55-56).
dRes, qarTuli kultura, rogorc socialuri cxovrebis forma,
sxvadasxva mxatvruli Sinaarsis matarebelia. yuradRebas am formis
musikalur mxareze gavamaxvileb. unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos sakoncerto
darbazebs, e.w. seriozuli musikis msmenelis arsebobis xangrZlivi
tradicia aqvs. dRevandeli mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, klasikuri
musikis koncertebs viwro sazogadoeba eswreba, maSin roca klasikuri
musika, dasavlur qveynebSi (aseve aradasavluri qveynebis garkveul nawilSi)
erT-erT prioritetul mimarTulebad aris aRiarebuli da saxelmwifos
135
mxridan mas saTanado mxardaWera aqvs. zemoT aRniSnuli sazogadoebis
viwro wres, Seswevs imis unari, rom ukanaskneli xarjic ki gaiRos, raTa
seriozul musikas mousminos da sakuTar cnobierebaSi esTetikur-
inteleqtualuri sawyisi gaaaqtiuros. misTvis am aqtis perioduli
ganxorcieleba, socialuri cxovrebis mniSvnelovani nawili da misi,
rogorc individis kulturis Semadgeneli komponentia.
msgavsi tipis sakoncerto RonisZiebebs SesaZloa aseve eswrebodnen
adamianTa im jgufis warmomadgenlebi, romlebsac klasikur musikasa da
konkretul RonisZiebasTan am ukanasknelis sponsoroba, anda sareklamo
saqmianoba akavSirebT. klasikuri musikis koncertebze arc Tu ise iSviaTad
naxavT maRali socialuri klasis warmomadgenlebsa da politikur
asparezze myof adamianebsac, romelTa mxridan seriozuli musikis
koncertze gamoCena karg tonad iTvleba. bunebrivia, es ar uaryofs ama Tu
im politikosisa Tu biznesmenis karg musikalur gemovnebas, rac SesaZloa
maTi mxridan koncertze daswrebis mizezs ganapirobebdes; saubaria mxolod
im tendenciebze, rac dRes qarTul sakoncerto darbazebSi SeiniSneba da
romlis mixedviTac musikaluri xelovnebisadmi farTo sazogadoebis
interesi, mocemul momentSi sakmaod dabal niSnulzea.
gacilebiT naklebia interesi maSin, rodesac saqme qarTul xalxur
musikalur Semoqmedebas – da miTumetes saeklesio galobas exeba. am
mimarTulebis koncertebs ZiriTadad sferos specialistebi, sasuliero
pirebi da koncertSi monawile koleqtivebis axloblebi eswrebian.
YaRniSnulma mocemulobam, Cemi kvleviTi interesebi ganapiroba; xolo
informantebis mxridan myisierma gamoxmaurebam, maTma dainteresebam da
CarTulobam, ganxilul sakiTxTa aqtualobasa da Seswavlis
aucileblobaSi kidev erTxel damawrmuna. Cem mier ganxixlul iqna yvela is
ZiriTadi Tema, romelic galobis saqmesa da mis Tanamedrove mdgomareobas
exeba – mgalobelTa piradi gamocdilebidan dawyebuli, maTi repertuariT,
saSemsruleblo stiliT, taZrebSi arsebuli mdgomareobiTa da qveynis
kulturuli politikiT damTavrebuli. Cem mier gamokiTxuli mgaloblebi
saero cxovrebas ewevian da Cemi mizanic is iyo, rom am etapze Semeswavla
136
galobis saqmiT dainteresebuli saero sazogadoeba, romlis wevrebi
mgaloblobamde sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo mividnen. garda fokus-jgufisa,
mqonda individualuri Sexvedrebi dedaTa da mamaTa monastrebSi momsaxure
adamianebTan, rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, ramac
kvlevis Tvisobriv nawils mniSvnelovani masala Semata. rogorc fokus-
jgufTan, ise individualur informantebTan, galobis musikaluri,
religiuri da socialuri aspeqtebi ganvixileT. mniSvnelovania vicodeT,
rom mocemul momentSi, galobis saqmiT dakavebuli adamianebis
umravlesobis mier, gasul saukuneebSi qarTuli saeklesio galobis
moamageTa Rvawli sruliad gaazrebuli da aRiarebulia. rac erTis mxriv
maT kanonizaciaSi, meores mxriv ki maT mier Semonaxuli masalis
(sagalobelTa Canawerebis) Seswavla-redaqtirebasa da gamocemaSi
mdgomareobs. am faqts marTlac didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan aqamde
mosasvlelad qveyanam garkveuli gza ganvlo da swored Cvens droSi moxda
im adamianebis dafaseba, vinc galobis SenarCunebis saqmeSi gadamwyveti
roli Seasrula. aRniSnul saqmeSi monawile centraluri figurebi,
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mier wmindanebad Seiracxnen (e.
kereseliZe, Zmebi karbelaSvilebi, f. qoriZe), rac am procesebSi qarTuli
eklesiis dadebiT rolze miuTiTebs.
sainteresoa, rom dRevandeli dRis monacemebiT, araerTi
folkloruli ansambli Tu mgalobelTa gundi Camoyalibda, romelic
aqtiur sakoncerto moRvaweobas eweva, rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise mis
farglebs gareT. qarTuli tradiciuli hangis Semsrulebel momReral-
mgalobelTa ricxvma sagrZnoblad imata, Tumca am kulturis
momxmarebelTa ricxvma mniSvnelovnad iklo da zemoaRniSnul koncertebs
ZiriTadad sazogadoebis erTi da igive nawili eswreba.
radgan termini `momxmarebeli” gamoviyene, am TvalsazrisiT upriania
im klasifikaciis moSvelieba, romelic eTnomusikologiaSi, musikis
anTropologiasa da sociologiaSi gamoiyeneba da romelsac r. wurwumia
Tavis erT-erT publikaciaSi exeba (wurwumia, 2010). am klasifikaciis
mixedviT sami ZiriTadi jgufi gamoiyofa. esenia:
137
1. mravalxmianobis matareblebi
2. mravalxmianobis momxmareblebi
3. mravalxmianobisadmi neitraluri/gulgrili adamianebi (wurwumia,
2010:623).
avtori zemoT moyvanili klasifikaciis amgvar ganmartebas iZleva.
mravalxmianobis matareblebi - `saqarTvelo im mcirericxovan qveyanaTa
ricxvs ganekuTcneba, sadac soflad dRemdea SemorCenili mravalxmianobis
tradiciis matareblebi... mravalxmianobis aseTi matareblebisTvis
mravalxmianoba warmoadgens erTi mxriv, improvizebuli koleqtiuri
muzicirebis SesaZleblobasm meore mxriv ki – gacnobierebul musikalur
struqturas anu Tavisebur polifoniur `partituras”, romelic
virtualurad arsebobs homo-polifonikusis (termin homo-polifonikusTan
dakavSirebiT ix. winamdebare naSromi, Tavi pirveli, gv. 46) warmosaxvaSi. mas
esmis TiToeuli xma da polifoniuri azrovnebis wyalobiT ZaluZs
Sinaganad warmoidginos maTi erTdrouli JReradoba... folkloruli aqti
mravalxmian folklorul cnobierebas ar usaxavs miznad individualuri
mxatvruli nebis ganxorcielebas, igi Tanamonawilea socialur-
komunikaciuri aqtisa, dakavSirebulia mis sxva monawileebTan ara marto
fizikurad, aramed ideologiuradac, rac gansazRvravs maTi semnatikuri
moTxovnilebebis erTianobasac. am jgufis Sinagani solidaroba mxatvrul-
emociurad mTliani musikaluri struqturis dabadebis aucilebeli pirobaa.
erTad muzicirebisas musikaluri azrovneba intensiurad muSaobs, rom
mravalxmianobis ideis warmoCenisas ar dairRves saukuneebiT SemuSavebuli
ZiriTadi musikaluri modelebi, romlebic maT exmareba SeigrZnos
musikaluri nivTierebis ara mxolod struqturuli, aramed esTetikuri
srulyofilebac. aseTi subieqtisaTvis tradiciuli mravalxmianoba
gansazRvravs ara mxolod mis pirovnul Taviseburebebs, aramed misi
cxovrebis normasa da azrovnebis wess, adamianisa da samyaros dialogis
formas. Ufro zustad, qarTuli (iseve, rogorc sxva nebismieri)
homopolifonikusi, ubralod, mravalxmianobaSi myofobs” (wurwumia, 2010:624).
statiis avtori, mravalxmiani tradiciis matarebel magaliTad anzor
138
erqomaiSvils asaxelebs. marTlac, anzor erqomaiSvili tradiciis
matarebelia, yvela im kriteriumis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac zemoT xsenebuli
klasifikaciis pirvel jgufs Seadgens. mas qarTuli tradiciuli simRera-
galoba, ojaxuri sasimRero tradiciidan gamomdinare adreuli asakidanve
esmoda; misi babua – artem erqomaiSvili ukanaskneli sruli mgalobeli
gaxldaT da Tavad anzor erqomaiSvilma mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
qarTuli tradiciuli simRera-galobis TvalsazrisiT udidesi gamocdileba
daagrova. igi ramdenime iseTi simReris avtoricaa, romelTa saxeli,
yvelasTvis – am saqmis specialistebis garda, xalxur (arasaavtoro)
simRerebTan asocirdeba. aseve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom a. erqomaiSvili erTi
simReris sxvadasxva variantis mcodnea, rac tradiciis matareblis erT-
erTi ganmsazRvreli niSania imdenad, ramdenadac es codna da unari – erTi
simReris mravalnairad Sesrulebisa, iseve rogorc sagaloblis
gamSvenebisa, qarTuli tradiciuli musikis umTavres maxasiaTeblebTan –
improvizaciulobasa da variantulobasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
momxmareblebi – mravalxmianobis momxmarebelTa Soris, r. wurwrumia
or tips: aqtiur da pasiur momxmareblebs gamoyofs.
aqtiuri momxmareblebi, avtoris TqmiT ramdenime jgufad iyofian.
a) qalaquri folkansamblis momRerlebi, romlebic folklors mza
saxiT iReben, rac misdami samomxmareblo damokidebulebis
damkvidrebas moaswavebs.
b) Tanamedrove qarTveli eTnomusikosebi.
pasiuri momxmareblebi – r. wurwumia pasiur momxmareblebs uwodebs im
adamianebs, romlebic folkloruli musikis koncetrtebs mudmivad
eswrebian da `RirebulebaTa sakuTari sistemis Sesatyvisad ukveTavs kidec
Sesabamis produqcias. Sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenisagan Sedgenili es
jgufi warmoadgens damkveTs, romlis moTxovnasac asruleben aqtiuri
momxmareblebi” (wurwumia, 2010:627).
T. adornos mier SemoTavazebuli sqemis kvaldakval, romelic
folkloriT dainteresebul sazogadoebas yofs folkloris eqspertebad,
139
karg, ganaTlebul da emociur msmenelebad, r. wurwumia aRniSnavs:
`eqspertad, adornos msgavsad, miviCnev imaT, vinc qarTul mravalxmianobas
ismens adekvaturad, anu ise, rom acnobierebs mReris procesis yovel
konkretul moments. Masve uaxlovdeba kargi msmenelic, romelic eqspertis
msgavsad, mxolod gemovnebisa Tu prestiJis kategoriebiT ar msjelobs
mravalxmianobaze, Tumca bolomde ar acnobierebs mTelis logikur
kavSirebs (xalxuri momRerlebi da profesionalebi). Arsebobs ganaTlebuli
msenelic, romelmac bevri ram icis mravalxmianobaze, afasebs mas, rogorc
kulturul monapovars da SeuZlia masze imsjelos, Tumca kritikis gareSe.
rac Seexeba emociur msmenels, maTi ricxvi CvenSi sakmaod didia. e. w.
pasiur momxmarebelTa RirebulebaTa sistemaSic qarTul mravalxmianobas
gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs, igi maTTvisac polifunqciuri movlenaa
da umTavresi kvlav erovnuli identifikaciis funqciaa” (wurwumia, 2010:627-
628).
da bolos – neitraluri jgufi, romelSic r, wurwumias TqmiT Sedian
isini, vinc mizezTa gamo qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobisadmi
gulgrilia da vinc mravalxmianobis pasiur momxmarebelsac ki ar
warmoadgens. am adamianebis erovnul-kulturul identobaSi qarTuli
mravalxmianoba ar monawileobs. avtori aqac or qvejgufs gamoyofs: 1. vinc
aRiarebs, rom mravalxmianoba qarTuli kulturis TviTmyofadobis simbolo
da erovnuli Rirebulebaa, Tumca sakuTari erovnul-kulturuli identobis
nawilad ar miiCnevs; 2. vinc sxva kulturul Rirebulebebze aris
orientirebuli. statiis daskvniT nawilSi igi aRniSnavs, rom
`mravalxmianobisadmi damokidebulebis niSniT qarTuli sazogadoebis
gansxvavebul socialur jgufebad aq warmodgenil dayofas safuZvlad
Semfasebluri kriteriumi udevs. Adamianis erovnul-kulturuli
identifikaciis findamenturi sakiTxis ganxilvisas, Cemi azriT, gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba movlenis, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, mravalxmianobis RirebulebiT
sazriss eniWeba (wurwumia, 2010:628).
sagulisxmoa, rom zemoaRniSnuli klasifikaciis farglebSi,
saintereso iqneboda imis gamorkvevac, Tu ramdenad religiurni arian ama
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Tu im jgufSi Semavali adamianebi, rac Tavis mxriv imis gansazRvraSi
dagvexmareboda, Tu rogor urTierTkavSirSia adamianTa religiuri
identoba, qrTul mravalxmian hangTan, rogorc erovnul-kulturuli
identobis maCvenebelTan. Cem mier gamokiTxuli informantebis didma
nawilma aRniSna, rom galobiT daintereseba swored eklesiaSi wirva-
locvaze daswrebam ganapiroba, Tumca es sakiTxis erTi mxarea, radgan
galoba uSualod eklesiaSi ganxorcielebuli aqtia; sakiTxis meore mxares
ki dgas is, Tu ramdenad TanxvedraSia religiuroba, tradiciuli
musikaluri kuturisadmi iseT damokidebulebasTan, rodesac es ukanaskneli
adamianis kulturuli identobis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens. kvlevam
SesaZloa sapirispiroc daadasturos da aRmoCndes, rom religiur
identobasTan, tradiciuli mravalxmianobisadmi damokidebulebas araviTari
kavSiri ar gaaCnia.
daskvnis saxiT ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRes, saqarTveloSi arsebul
mravalkulturul garemoSi, sadac qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobisa
da zogadad tradiciuli simRera-galobisadmi neitralur
damokidebulebaSi myofi adamianebis sakmaod didi ricxvis miuxedavad,
arsebobs myari Sre – jgufi adamianebisa, romelTaTvisac qarTuli
mravalxmiani sagalobeli, kulturuli identobis upirobo nawilia.
rogorc Cemi kvlevidan Cans, am adamianebis nawilma, galobas religiurobis
gamo mihyo xeli, nawilisTvis ki qarTul tradiciul saero musikasTan
siaxlove iqca amis mizezad, magram faqtia, rom am adamianebis erTi nawili
qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis aqtiuri momxmarebelia, xolo
garkveulma nawilma ki pasiuri momxmareblobidan aqtiur momxmareblobaSi
gadainacvla.
rogorc aRmoCnda, informantTa samgaloblo gamocdileba saSualod
1-idan 30 wlamde meryeobs. zogierTma maTganma galobas sakmaod adreul (6-
idan 10 wlamde) asakSi mihyo xeli; yvelaze xSiria galobis 20 da 30 wlamde
dawyebis SemTxvevebi, SedarebiT naklebi maCvenebeli aqvs 40 wlamde da
zemoT asakobriv kategorias. Rogorc zemoT aRvniSne galobiT
daineteresebis ori ZiriTadi mizezidan, erTi eklesiur cxovrebas, meore ki
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qarTuli musikalurTan siaxloves ukavSirdeba, Tumca gamokiTxulTa 14%-ma
Tqva, rom taZaraSi siaruli mas Semdeg daiwyo, rac mgalobeli gaxda,
Sesabamisad erT SemTxvevaSi religiis xazia wamyvani, meoreSi ki
tradiciuli saero an sasuliero musikis, romelic sabolood
RirebulebaTa erT sistemaSi moiazreba. gamokiTxulTa 76%-ma galoba
(sanoto, an fonoCanawerebTan erTad – Tu maT gareSe) galobis pedagogisgan
iswavla, rac zepiri tradiciis arsebobas adasturebs.
kvlevam aCvena, rom Tbilisi, galobis saqmeSi mowinave adgils ikavebs,
rac kidev erTxel migvaniSnebs imis aucileblobaze, rom tradiciuli
simRera-galoba, sakuTar keras dacilebulia da imisaTvis, rom igi
dabrundes iq, saidanac iRebs saTaves, saWiroa Sesabamisi kulturuli
politikis gatareba, razec qvemoT vimsjeleb. meores mxriv, kvlevaSi
galobis mdgomareobis met-naklebi sisruliT danaxvis SesaZleblobas
gvaZlevs is, rom informantebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan, maT Soris
dedaqalaqidanac arian.
gamokiTxulTa umravlesobas, yavs gamorCeuli mgalobeli an galobis
moamage da maT Soris yvelaze xSirad dasaxeldnen: a. erqomaiSvili, m.
nakaSiZe, a. dumbaZe, Zmebi karbelaSvilebi, e. kereseliZe, r. xundaZe, f.
qoriZe, m. erqvaniZe, l. salayaia, v. cecxlaZe; yvelaze meti xma anCisxatis
mgalobelTa gundma miiRo, rac vfiqrob qarTuli saeklesio galobis
istoriaSi, am gundis udidesi mniSvnelobis adeqvaturi gamoZaxilia, radgan
XX saukuneSi qarTuli samgaloblo tradiciebis aRdgena da praqtikaSi
dabruneba swored anCisxatis taZris mgalobelTa gundis saxels
ukavSirdeba.
Cem mier gamokiTxulTa 74%-isaTvis, qarTuli saeklesio galobis
mravalxmianoba, umniSvnelovanes faqtoradaa aRqmuli. mravalxmianobis
farglebSi mesame adgili socialurma aspeqtma daikava (ramdenime adamianis
erToblivi galoba), meore – musikalurma (ramdenime xmis erTdrouli
JReradobiT miRebuli harmonia), xolo xmebis umravlesoba zemoaRniSnuli
ori parametris erTobliobas xvda wilad. informantebis pasuxebma cxadyo,
rom qarTuli mravalxmiani musikaluri azrovnebisadmi interesi ar
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neldeba. qarTuli mravalxmianoba aRiqmeba, rogorc unikaluri musikaluri
azrovnebis Sedegi, azrovnebisa, romlis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
regionis warmomadgenlebsac ki SeswevdaT imis unari, rom erTmaneTisTvis
xmebi SeewyoT da erTad emReraT. amis saukeTeso magaliTi, germaniaSi, 1916-
1918 wlebSi, cvilis lilvakebze Cawerili qarTvel tyveTa simRerebia.21
kvlav mwvaved dgas ucxo hangis qarTul teqstze gawyobisa da piriqiT
– qarTuli hangis ucxo enaze misadagebis sakiTxi. rogorc naSromis mesame
TavSi aRvniSne, informaciis myisier gavrcelebasTan erTad, sxvadasxva
kulturac ufro metad gaixsna da xelmisawvdomi gaxda, rasac Tavis mxriv,
rogorc kulturuli, ise fizikuri sazRvrebis gaxsnamac Seuwyo xeli,
radgan swored sxvadasxva momReral-mgalobelTa koleqtivis ucxo
qveynebSi Semdgarma gastrolebma qarTuli tradiciuli simRera-galobis
auditoria gaafarTova. sakoncerto Sesrulebis garda, kompaqtur diskze
aRbeWdili sakoncerto Tu studiuri Canawerebis gamocemisa da gavrcelebis
saqmemac win waiwia; qarTuli tradiciuli musika ukve internetSic
xelmisawvdomia. yovelive zemoaRniSnulma xeli Seuwyo musikaluri
tradiciebis urTierTgacvlis process da sxvadasxva musikaluri
kulturisadmi interesi gazarda.
mniSvnelovania ganvasxvaoT:
ucxoelTa mier qarTuli tradiciuli musikis sakoncerto repertuarSi
damkvidreba, repertuaris farglebSi ki qarTuli sagaloblebis arseboba
da maTi iseTi Sesruleba, rodesac Semsrulebeli ar aris
marTlmadidebluri konfesiis mqone da saeklesio galobas warmoadgens,
21
2015 wels, Tbilisis saxelwmifo konservatoriis tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kvlevis saerTaSoriso centrma, berlinis fonogramarqivTan erTad ganaxorciela proeqti, romlis farglebSi gamoica krebuli eqo warsulidan: qarTvel tyveTa simRerebi Cawerili cvilis lilvakebze germaniaSi 1916-1918 wlebSi, rodesac germaniis tyveTa banakebSi, prusiis fonografiulma komisiam Caiwera zepiri metyvelebisa da xalxuri simRerebis nimuSebi. Caiweres sxvadasxva erovnebis, maT Soris, tyved Cavardnili qarTveli jariskacebi. wigni garkveul informacias gvawvdis qarTvel momRerlebze, uSualod simRerebsa da maTi teqstis Sinaarsze. krebuls Tan axlavs ori kompaqt-diski, romelSic Sesulia berlinis fonogramarqivSi daculi qarTveli tyveebis 90 simReridan 65 audionimuSi da werilobiTi dokumentebi. proeqti ganxorcielda saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministrosa da berlinis fonogramarqivis finansuri mxardaWeriT.
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rogorc qarTuli tradiciuli musikis erT-erT nawils. aseT pirobebSi
mniSvnelovania xazi gaesvas im garemoebas, rom ucxoeli Semsrulebeli
qarTul sagalobels yovelTvis qarTul enaze asrulebs.
saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT arsebul araqarTul marTlmadideblur
taZrebSi, qarTuli saeklesio galobiT daintereseba mniSvnelovanwilad
gaizarda. iqneba es taZris winamZRvrisa Tu uSualod mgalobelTa gundis
survili, sxvadasxva tradiciis sagaloblebis samgaloblo repertuarSi
Setana ukve Cveul movlenad iqca. aRniSnuli praqtika gansakuTrebiT did
religiur dResaswaulebze iCens Tavs. am SemTxvevaSi qarTuli galobisadmi
midgoma gansxvavebulia, radgan pirvel rigSi igi aRiqmeba, rogorc
eklesiis kanoniT ganpirobebuli profesiuli musika, romelic
zogadqristianul da zogadmarTlmadideblur konteqstSi igalobeba.
imisaTvis, rom taZarSi myofma mrevlma ucxo hangi ufro ukeT gaigos da
gaiTavisos, saWiroa sagalobeli maTTvis gasageb enaze Sesruldes. erTi
SexedviT am saqmes is garemoeba aiolebs, rom sagalobelTa teqstebis
umetesoba Targmans ar saWiroebs, radgan saqme marTlmadideblur kanonikur
teqsts exeba, romelic yvela marTlmadideblur tradiciaSi Targmnili da
damkvidrebulia. aq sakiTxi amgvarad dgas: misaRebia Tu ara qarTuli
saeklesio hangis – berZnul, slavur, inglisur da sxva enaze mosaubre
marTlmadidebeli mrevlisaTvis, mgalobelTa mier maT mSobliur enaze
galoba; anda piriqiT – araqarTuli marTlmadidebluri hangis qarTul
enaze galoba. vfiqrobT aRniSnuli sakiTxi wmida sinodisa da galobis
specialistTa jgufis ganxilvis sagnad SeiZleba iqces, Tumca manamde,
winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi informatTa pasuxebidan gairkva, rom
umravlesobis azriT (67%) miuRebelia, rogorc qarTuli saeklesio hangis –
berZnul, slavur, inglisur da sxva enaze mosaubre marTlmadidebeli
mrevlisaTvis, mgalobelTa mier maT mSobliur enaze galoba, ise piriqiT –
araqarTuli marTlmadidebluri hangis qarTul enaze galoba.
gamokiTxulTa 12%-ma aRniSna, rom maTTvis orive varianti misaRebia. 17%
fiqrobs, rom qarTuli saeklesio hangis sxva enaze galoba misaRebia, xolo
yvelaze naklebi 5%-is azriT, araqarTuli hangis qarTul enaze galoba
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dasaSvebia. Cemi azriT, imdenad, ramdenadac qarTuli saeklesio galobis
saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT gasvla gardauvali da Seuqcevadi procesia,
xolo gansakuTrebul yuradRebas hangis teqstze gawyoba saWiroebs,
ajobebs, Tu am procesSi qarTuli galobis specialistebi miiReben
monawileobas, rac qarTul hangs darRvevebisgan daicavda. aucilebelia
SemuSavdes qarTuli hangis ucxo kanonikur teqstze gawyobis ZiriTadi
principebi, raTa saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ucxoelma regentebma sowred am
principis mixedviT ixelmZRvanelon. aRniSnuli principebis CamoyalibebaSi
gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas sakuTriv qarTuli himnografiuli teqstebis
maxasiaTeblebi da aseve im enis Taviseburebebi, romelzec hangi unda
igalobon. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom Suasaukuneebis qarTul himnografiaSi
`dasdeblis mecniereba” arsebobda, rac sagaloblis teqstze hangis
gawyobis xelovnebis flobas gulisxmobs (suxiaSvili, 2005:415).
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, statiaSi saeklesio musika
marTlmadidebel diasporaSi: qarTul sagalobelTa inglisurad
Sesrulebis sakiTxi, amerikeli eTnomusikologi loren ninoSvili sakiTxis
dasmis mTavar mizezebze saubrobs da aRniSnavs, rom `qalaq niu-iorkis
RvTismSoblis safarvelis saxelobis taZarSi mrevlis 33 procents
qarTveli emigrantebi Seadgenen. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg CrdiloeT
amerikis marTlmadidebluri eklesiebi aTasobiT qarTveli emigrantis
TavSeyris adgilad da maTi kulturuli TviTmyofadobis navsayudelad
iqca. maSin, roca qarTveli emigrantebi TavSesafars pouloben eklesiaSi da
Tavs misi cxovrebis nawilad grZnoben, marTlmadideblur-qristianuli
diaspora mdidrdeba da gansakuTrebul mravalferovnebas iZens qarTvelebis
sulieri da kulturuli tradiciebiT. mraval ZvelisZvel qristianul
kulturasTan Tanaziaroba diasporuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis erT-
erTi yvelaze didi SenaZenia. im liturgikul tradiciaTa Soris, romelic
yovel emigrirebul jgufs Caaqvs Tan, sagaloblebi yovelTvis yvelaze met
interess iwvevs eklesiis mrevlSi. warmodgenil SromaSi minda davayeno
sakiTxi qarTuli polifoniuri sagaloblebis inglisur enaze sistematuri
adaptaciis Sesaxeb, raTa SemdgomSi maTi gamoyeneba moxdes amerikisa Tu
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sxva inglisurenovani qveynebis marTlmadideblur eklesiebSi. TemaSi
ganxiluli iqneba am umniSvnelovanesi sulieri da SemoqmedebiTi wamowyebis
istoriuli precedentebi da Teologiuri axsna-ganmartebebi, amasTanve, is
teqnikuri da sulieri sirTuleebi, rac am procesTan iqneba
dakavSirebuli... marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi RvTismsaxurebis aRsavlenad
adgilobrivi enis gamoyenebis mravali mniSvnelovani istoriuli faqti
arsebobs, rasac safuZveli Caeyara jer kidev mociqulTa droidan, roca
isini qristianobas uqadagebdnen berZnebsa da sxva araebrael erebs...”
(ninoSvili, 2008:517). avtori dasZens, rom 2004 wlis zafxulSi man am
sakiTxis arsi saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs, ilia meores gaacno da
misgan am proeqtis (qarTuli galobis inglisur enaze sistematuri
adaptireba) ganxorcielebaze kurTxevac miiRo, Tumca rogorc statiidan
Cans, Tavad l. ninoSvils srulebiT gacnobierebuli aqvs is sirTuleebi,
rac am proeqtis sisruleSi moyvanas ukavSirdeba. `mraval mcodne
pirovnebas gamouxatavs Tavisi SeniSvna, rom qarTuli galobis inglisur
enaze adaptaciisas arsebobs raRac bunebrivi dabrkoleba. aseve arsebobs
SeniSvna, rom uZvelesi liturgikuli msaxurebis Tanamedrove enaze
Catareba aris raRac `arawminda”. es SesaZlebelia marTalic iyos wminda
gagebiT. me ukve aRvniSne, Tu rogor ganicades istoriuli cvlilebebi
marTlmadideblurma tradiciebma. swored eklesiis mTlianobis
gasaZliereblad cvlilebebisa da adaptaciis es survili aris TviTon saxe
marTlmadideblur-qristianuli tradiciebis `siwmindisa”. aseve, saWiroa,
winaswar vifiqroT qarTuli diasporis pirveli Taobis sulieri cxovrebis
axlo momavalzec. maTgan gansxvavebiT, axali Taoba ufro met yuradRebas
aqcevs kulturuli tradiciebis siwmindes. Aam amerikelma qarTvelebma Tavi
SeiZleba ucxod igrZnon eklesiaSi, sadac msaxureba mxolod im enaze
tardeba, romelzec mxolod maT ojaxebSi saubroben da sxvagan arsad
(ninoSvili, 2008:520-521). vfiqrob, mSobliur enaze aRvlenili RvTismsaxureba
ara Tu gaucxoebas, aramed piriqiT – mosmenili wirva-locvis ukeT da
ufro intimurad aRqmas Seuwyobs xels. rac Seexeba dasmul ZiriTad
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sakiTxs, kidev erTxel aRvniSnav, rom am saqmeSi qarTveli specialistebis
CarTva aucilebelia.
rogorc naSromis daskvniT nawilSi aRiniSna, qarTuli mravalxmiani
saeklesio hangi, sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo, gamokiTxulTa absolutur
umravlesobas kulturuli identobis nawilad miaCnia. sapirispiro pasuxma
gamokiTxulTa mxolod 1% Seadgina da rogorc neitralur jgufSi
Semavali calkeuli SemTxveva, Sesabamis Seswavlas saWiroebs. rac Seexeba
umravlesobas, romelmac Cemi kvlevis mTavar TemasTan dakavSirebuli
mosazreba damidastura, mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom fokus-jgufSi
Semavali adamianebis nawils profesiuli musikaluri ganaTleba ar miuRia;
es adamianebi sxvadasxva sferoSi muSaoben, xolo is motivi, ramac isini
erTi saqmiT – qarTuli saeklesio galobiT daakava, am ukanasknelis
kulturuli identobis konteqstSi arsebobas ukavSirdeba. aqve davZen
imasac, rom TiToeuli maTgani mravalxmiani samgaloblo tradiciis
potenciuri gamgrZeleblia.
kvlevis farglebSi erT-erT prioritetul sakiTxad samgaloblo
repertuarTan dakavSirebuli problematika iyo gamotanili. maT Soris iyo
SekiTxva, romelic samgaloblo skolis regionul maxasiaTebels
ukavSirdeboda. gamokiTxulTa 76%-is azriT umjobesi iqneba, Tu
saqarTvelos nebismier kuTxeSi, mgalobelTa repertuarSi yvela skolis
sagalobeli iqneba. danarCenebma ki ufro marTebulad miiCnies, sxvadasxva
samgaloblo skolis sagalobelTa repertuarSi damkvidreba, swored
regionuli maxasiaTeblis mixedviT moxdes (magaliTad, kaxeTSi mxolod
`karbelaanT kilo”-ze galoba). mTavar argumentad gvevlineba Semdegi:
profesionalma mgalobelma yvela samgaloblo skolis sagalobeli unda
icodes da Seswevdes unari, rom saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi
aRniSnuli sagaloblebi mrevlamde miitanos; Tumca informantebis nawili
survils gamoTqvams imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom uSualod taZarSi
sasurvelia Tu upiratesoba `kuTxur” galobas mieniWeba.
erTia is, Tu ra damokidebuleba aqvT sakiTxis mimarT praqtikos
mgaloblebs, meore ki is realoba, rasac dRes saqarTveloSi aqvs adgili.
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kaxeTis erT-erT monasterSi, piradi saubrisas gairkva, rom umetesad
gelaTis skolis sagaloblebs amboben, amis mizezad ki mgalobelTa
arasakmarisi raodenoba da resursi dasaxelda, rac erTis mxriv
karbelaSvilebis kilos sagaloblebis Sesrulebis sirTulesa da
Taviseburebas, meores mxriv ki monasterSi momsaxureTa im sxva aucilebel
saqmianobas ukavSireba, rac maTi yoveldRiurobis nawils Seadgens da
sagalobelTa sarepeticiod dros ar tovebs. gundis regentma sakiTxis
irgvliv saTanado codna da sakiTxisadmi marTebuli damokidebuleba
gamoavlina; sakuTari gamocdilebisa da im smeniTi STabeWdilebis
safuZvelze, rac man sruliad sxva kuTxis taZris mgaloblebis mosmenis
Sedegad miiRo, gulwrfeli wuxili gamoTqva im mdgomareobis gamo, rac
galobis kuTxiT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi arsebobs. uSualod
informatebTan ganvixileT regionebSi maTi perioduli mivlinebisa da
adgilobrivTaTvis galobis swavlebis sakiTxi. rogorc gairkva, am
saqmianobiT araerTi mgalobelia dakavebuli, Tumca problema saTanado
sistemis ararsebobaSi mdgomareobs, sistemisa, romlis farglebSi
Tbilisidan galobis mcodneTa regionebSi mivlineba winaswar dagegmili,
gawerili da intensiuri xasiaTis iqneboda.
samgaloblo repertuaris ganxilvisas, gamovlidna, rom yvelaze
xSirad mgaloblebi gelaTis skolis sagaloblebs asruleben; momdevno –
yvelaze xSirad Sesrulebuli sagaloblebi karbelaSvilebis kiloa, xolo
SeadrebiT naklebi procentuli maCvenebli, Semoqmedis skolis
sagaloblebs ergoT, rasac Tavisi obieqturi mizezebi aqvs (ix. naSromis
mesame Tavi). repertuaris dakonkretebisas, yvelaze yvelaze xSiri
kombinaciebis saxiT gamovlinda: 1. karbelaSvilebis kilosa da gelaTis
samonastro skolis sagaloblebi; 2. karbelaSvilebis kilos, gelaTisa da
Semoqmedis samonastro skolebis sagaloblebi. gairkva, rom araerTi
samgaloblo gundis repertuars, mxolod gelaTis samonastro skolis
sagaloblebi Seadgens. zogierT SemTxvevaSi zemoTCamoTvlil kombinaciebs,
uwmindesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis
ilia meoris sagaloblebi emateba. sionuri sagaloblebis repertuarSi
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arsebobam 2% Seadgina da am stilis galobis mimarT, gamokiTxulTa
mxridan araerTi mosazreba gamoiTqva; umeteswilad gamoCnda misdami,
rogorc tradiciuli galobis sawinaaRmdego – arasasurveli samgaloblo
repertuarisadmi calsaxa damokidebuleba. 2%-iani maCveneblis garda,
iSviaTad, magram mainc gamoikveTa repertuarSi sionuri sagaloblebis
arseboba, rac grafaSi sxva karbelaSvilebis kilosa da gelaTis skolis
sagaloblebTan erTad kombinaciebSi gvxvdeba.
uwmindesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-
patriarqis ilia meoris mier Seqmnil sagaloblebTan dakavSirebiT,
sagulisxmoa is, rom samgaloblo repertuaris farglebSi konkretuli
sagaloblebis arsebobis tendencia gamoikveTa (ixileT naSromis mesame Tavi
gv.gv. 94-95). pasuxebSi sakiTxisadmi jansaRi damokidebuleba gamovlinda;
kidev erTxel aRvniSnav, rom informantebma sruliad gulaxdilad
gamiziares Tavisi xedva, ramac kvlevis obieqturobis xarisxi kidev ufro
ganamtkica. uwmindesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-
patriarqis ilia meorisadmi pativiscemas yoveli gamokiTxuli adasturebda
da iqve sakuTar mosazrebas aRniSnavda, rom es galoba taZarSi
Sesasrulebel hangad ar miaCnia, da rom nacvlad eklesiisa, mas ufro
sakoncerto darbazSi moismenda. Tavad informantebma aRniSnes imis Sesaxeb,
rom saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis mier Seqmnili sagaloblebi
savaldebulod aravis dauwesebia.
gamokiTxulTa 48% procenti miiCnevs, rom globalizacias qarTul
saeklesio galobaze gavlena ar aqvs. meore, SedarebiT mcire nawils
miaCnia, rom marTalia qarTuli galoba garkveuli saSiSroebis winaSea,
magram miviwyebas ar miecema. Aim adamianebis procentuli maCvenebeli, visac
miaCnia, rom Tanamedrove epoqaSi qarTuli galoba SesaZloa miviwyebas
mieces, sakmaod mcirea. mgaloblebis umetesoba, qarTul galobas aRiqvams,
rogorc maradiul saeklesio xelovnebas, romelzec garemos mniSvnelovani
zegavlenis moxdena ar SeuZlia. miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveulwilad es
xedva romantizmis niSnebs atarebs, safuZvels moklebuli ar aris imdenad,
ramdenadac maT mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba, istoriul gamocdilebasac
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efuZneba. faqtia, rom qarTulma kulturam mravali sirTule gadalaxa da
dRevandelobamde mainc TviTmyofadi formiTa da SinaarsiT movida.
aseve umravlesoba gamokiTxuli adamianebisa miiCnevs, rom qarTuli
saeklesio galoba, nebismieri ganaTlebuli qarTvelisaTvis udidesi
erovnuli Rirebulebaa.
rogorc mgalobelTa jgufTan, ise individualuri Sexvedrebisas
ganxilul sakiTxTa Soris, galobis kanonika erT-erTi umTavresi problema
iyo. informantTa absoluturma umravlesobam erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
problemad, zogierT taZarSi arakanonikuri galobis praqtika daasaxela,
maSin rodesac maTi azriT, kanonikuri galoba, qarTul eklesia-monastrebSi
RvTismsaxurebis upirobo komponentia. samwuxarod, arakanonikuri
sagaloblebis Sesruleba an arSesruleba, konkretul taZarSi momsaxure
adamianebis keTil nebazea damokidebuli, radgan wmida sinodis (2003 wlis)
ganCinebis Tanaxmad, taZrebSi qarTuli tradiciuli samxmiani sagaloblebis
Sesruleba dakanonda, Tumca, rogorc Cans es sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda da amis
miuxedavad, am mimarTulebiT xarvezebi mainc arsebobs, razec mgaloblebma
Riad isaubres.
gamokiTxulTa absoluturi umravlesoba kanonikurad miiCnevs imas,
rasac taZarSi galobs da isurvebs, rom qveyanaSi am TvalsazrisiT meti
sakontrolo meqanizmebi amuSavdes. umetesobam, kanonikis raobis Sesaxeb
sakuTari xedva gamiziara, ramac mesame TavSi – mcire amonaridebis saxiT
hpova asaxva.
aRniSnuli sakiTxis ganxilvis Sedegad, naSromis daskvniT nawilSi im
principebis gansazRvras Sevecdebi, romelTa gareSe galobis kanonika
darRveulia.
d. SuRliaSvilis TqmiT `saeklesio qristianuli xelovnebis yovel
sferoSi arsebobs gansazRvruli kanoni, wesebisa da normebis garkveuli
sistema, rac ganapirobebs qmnilebisa Tu nawarmoebis saeklesio
kanonikasTan Sesabamisobas. Semoqmedebis mxatvrul-esTetikuri
Tavisuflebis pirobebSi, swored es sistema warmoadgens qristianuli
xelovnebis sekularizaciisgan damcav meqanizms. Amgvari sistema qarTul
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himnografiaSic, saeklesio galobaSic dasturdeba” (SuRliaSvili, 2009:1).
mgalobelTa gundis regenti anatoli grindenko statias aseTi
sityvebiT iwyebs: `minda sakiTxi amgvarad davsva: Rirs ki Zveleburi
galobis aRdgena? axla xom XXI saukunea – progresi, cxovrebiseuli
cvlilebebi – xom ar gvegaloba is, rac Cven Tavad Segvefereba? Aaxla es
asec aris: Cven vgalobT imas, rac gvsurs da rac gviyvars... sakiTxic amiT
daixureboda rom ara erTi mniSvnelovani garemoeba – Cven taZarSi
vgalobT. amitom, modiT gavixsenoT Tu ra aris taZari. taZari – es uflisa
da suli wmidis saxlia da ara ubralo sacxovrebeli, romelSic adamianebi
binadroben... taZarSi yvelaferi sxvanairi unda iyos... rodesac sakoncerto
darbazSi musikis mosasmenad mivdivarT, Cveni nebaa, movismenT Tu ara,
magram taZarSi adamiani midis gaxsnili suliT, romelSic rac
RvTismsaxurebisas CaiRvreba, isve darCeba da am sulsac swored is
miwodebuli da CaRvrili aRzrdis. amitom, Cemi azriT Zalian
mniSvnelovania da albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovanic, Tu rogoria is galoba,
romelic taZarSi ismis... galoba, aris is, risi saSualebiTac Cveni suli
uxilav sulier samyaros unda Seexos” (Гринденко, 2014:1). avtori galobas
xats adarebs da aRniSnavs, rom rogorc xatebs ar vcvliT kankelSi, ise
unda iyos galobac, romelic Tavis droze erTxel ukve ganisazRra da
Camoyalibda. aravin fiqrobs da ambobs: `es xatebi Tvals mobezrda, modiT,
mamao sxva xatebi davabrZanoT” – zustad asevea sagalobelic! xolo
kanonikuri galoba locvad maSin gardaiqmneba, rodesac ukve aRar
vfiqrobT – sworad aviReT Tu ara notebi, bgera dabali mogvivida Tu
maRali... (Гринденко, 2014:2).
Tu gvsurs, rom galobis kanonika ar dairRves, rogorc mgalobelTa
gundis regentebma, ise Tavad mgaloblebma unda gaiTvaliswinon Semdegi:
1. intonaciur siTamames sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT;
2. galobisas moveridoT musikaluri gamomsaxvelobis iseT xerxebs,
romlebic sxva musikaluri JanrebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli;
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3. galobas ar unda etyobodes romelime epoqis musikaluri mimdinareobis
gavlena. magaliTisaTvis romantizmi SemiZlia moviyvano, radgan rogorc
saqarTveloSi, ise mis farglebs gareT, sagaloblis saSemsruleblo
maneraze swored am musikaluri mimdinareobis gavlenis tendencia
arsebobs, rac ZiriTadad bgeris artikulirebaSi gamoixateba;
4. mgalobelTa gundisa da misi regentis mier sagaloblebisadmi
damokidebulebaSi unda Candes, rom saeklesio galoba vokaluri
sagundo musikisagan gansxvavdeba – saeklesio galobaSi mTavaria ara
uSualod musika, aramed am musikis RvTismsaxurebisadmi mikuTvnebuloba;
5. saeklesio galobis solo-Semsruleblobas Tavi unda avaridoT.
saeklesio musikosis xedva, samgaloblo tradiciis zedmiwevniT kargad
codnas unda efuZnebodes, xolo codnis safuZveli ki misi liturgikuli
praqtikidan unda momdinareobdes. Tu aseTi gamocdili regenti/mgalobeli
ver aRwevs im gansxvavebas, rac taZris kedlebsa da mis miRma Sesrulebul
hangebs Soris unda arsebobdes, maSin zemoT aRniSnuli praqtika
gadasaxedia.
rogorc naSromis mesame TavSi aRbeWdili amonaridebidan Cans,
gamovlinda rigi problemebisa, romelTa gadaWrac qarTuli saeklesio
galobis sferos did samsaxurs gauwevda. dro mxolod galobis sferoSi
arsebuli mdgomareobis sawinaaRmdegod muSaobs da Sesabamisad, qvemoT
ganxiluli problemebis gadaWra gadaudebel saqmed mimaCnia.
mgaloblebma yvelaze didi dro ganaTlebis sakiTxze saubars
dauTmes; es gansakuTrebulad mwvave sakiTxi sam ZiriTad kategoriad
davyavi:
1. uSualod mgalobelTa profesiuli ganaTleba, rac galobis xarisxsze
dadebiT asaxvas hpovebda,
2. galobis mimarTulebiT sasuliero pirebis ukeT ganaTleba, rac taZarSi
mgaloblebisTvis ufro xelSemwyob garemos Seqmnida,
3. saqarTvelos saSualo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebsa da musikalur
skolebSi galobis gakveTilebis SemoReba, rac erTis mxriv am sferos
152
mcodneTa ricxvs gazrdida, meores mxriv ki galobis mimarT sazogadoebis
mxridan dainteresebasa da damokidebulebas axal – ufro maRal safexurze
aiyvanda.
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi galobis saqmis materialuri
uzrunvelyofaa, rac Tavis mxriv ganaTlebis sakiTxTan aris dakavSirebuli.
mesame TavSi amis Sesaxeb aRiniSna, Tumca naSromis daskvniT nawilSic
aucileblad unda iTqvas, rom am sferos meti finansuri mxardaWera
esaWiroeba, radgan dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi Znelad Tu moiZebneba
profesia, romlis mqone adamianebs mgaloblebis msgavsi mciredi
anazRaureba hqondes. imisaTvis, rom mgalobloba, rogorc profesia
saTanadod dafasdes, metad srulyofili xasiaTi SeiZinos da miaxloebiT
mainc daubrundes is statusi, romelic mas gasul saukuneebSi hqonda,
saWiroa, rom saxelmwifom kulturis politikis xaziT aucilebeli
nabijebi gadadgas; aseve saWiroa Camoyalobdes gamarTuli sistema,
romelic galobis saqmis sworad warmarTvas Seuwyobs xels. saeklesio
galoba, rogorc `maCvenebeli imisa, rani viyaviT, rani varT da rogori
gvinda viyoT momavalSi” (kezevaZe, mamukelaSvili, 2006:5) swored awmyosa da
momavlis konteqstSi unda aRviqvaT, raTa gakeTdes is, rac dRevandel dRes
xelgvewifeba da rac am mimarTulebis ukeTes momavals gansazRvravs.
qarTulma galobam gamoiara XX saukunis pirveli naxevari – periodi,
rodesac `aikrZala sagaloblebi da saerTod yvela simRera, romlebSic
RmerTi iyo naxsenebi” (erqomaiSvili, 2006:5), da dRes, rodesac galoba aRar
idevneba, xolo misi saqme ki mTlianad Cvenzea mondobili, valdebulni
varT, rom qarTul saeklesio galobas arsebobis ukeTesi pirobebi
SevuqmnaT. qarTuli kulturis marTebuli da gaazrebuli politika aris is
umTavresi winapiroba, romelic qarTul saeklesio galobasa da galobiT
dainteresebul mecnierebsa Tu praqtikosebs, ganviTarebis saSualebas
miscemda.
rac Seexeba uSualod qarTuli saeklesio samgaloblo repertuaris,
galobis stilisa da maneris sakiTxebs, maT gadawyvetaSi araerTi mxare
Rebulobs monawileobas:
153
- wmida sinodi
- sapatriarqos saeklesio galobis centri
- eparqiis winamZRvari
- taZris winamZRvari
- mgalobelTa gundis regenti
- galobis mcodne kvalificiur mecnier-mkvlevarTa jgufi
- mgaloblebi
da sasurveli iqneboda galobasTan dakavSirebuli problematuri
sakiTxebis maT mier erToblivi ganxilva, maTi meti koordinacia, radgan
rodesac saxelwmifos mxridan ganxorcielebul kulturul politikaze
vsaubrobT, isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom saxelmwifobde sakiTxebis
saWiro konteqstSi mitana da Sesabamisi mxardaWeris moTxovna, swored
imaTi prerogativaa, vinc galobis saqme icis da visTvisac qarTuli
saeklesio galoba samecniero Tu saeklesio cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawilia.
marTalia, qarTuli samusiko niSnebi Cveni kvlevis interess ar
warmoadgens da Sesabamisad arc mis vrcel ganxilvas ar SevudgebiT, magram
vsaubrobT ra qarTuli galobis Tanamedrove mdgomareobaze, aucilebelia
vaxsenoT isic, rom bolo periodSi, ara notebiT, aramed nevmebiT
aRbeWdili sagaloblebis Sesrulebis tradiciis aRdgenis mcdeloba da am
mimarTulebiT intensiuri muSaobis tendencia SeiniSneba.
2005 wels, anCisxatis gundis mgalobelma zaal wereTelma,
saerTaSoriso samecniero sazogadoebis winaSe, uZvelesi qarTuli
samgaloblo niSnebis interpretaciis SesaZleblobis sakiTxi gamoitana. `X
saukunis qarTuli samgaloblo niSnebis (nevmebis) gaSifrva jerjerobiT
amouxsnel problemaTa rigs ganekuTvneba. winamdebare naSromi swored am
sakiTxs eZRvneba. X s. or ZeglSi, miqael modrekilis `iadgarSi” da
`Zlispirni da RvTismSoblisani”-Si arsebuli saerTo sagaloblebis
erTmaneTTan Sedarebam da maTi XIX saukunis sanoto xelnawerebSi
dafiqsirebul analogebTan SeTavsebis mcdelobam saSualeba mogvca
gagvekeTebina zogierTi daskvna, romelic, vfiqrobT, saintereso iqneba am
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sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli specialistebisaTvis” (wereTeli, 2005:367).
mogvianebiT, z. wereTelma kidev erTi Sroma sajaro ganxilvaze kidev
gamoitana, romelic wina SromasTan SedarebiT ufro masStabur xasiaTs
atarebda. misi TqmiT, monacemTa bazaSi ukve Tavmoyrilia 70-ze meti
Zlispiri, romelTagan TiToeulisTvis mas moepoveba nevmirebuli teqstic
da misi sanoto Sesatyvisic (XIX saukunis xelnawerebidan). avtori askvnis:
`X saukunis nevmirebuli teqstebi asaxulia XIX saukunis sanoto
xelnawerebSi. amis dasturia mravali SemTxveva, roca erTnairad
nevmirebul monakveTebs erTnairi melodiebi Seesabameba. amgvarad, Zvelma
samgaloblo hangebma Cvenamde moaRwia, Tumca isini amJamad erTgvarad
saxecvlilia... Zlispirebis galobiT Tqmis tradiciis aRsadgenad saWiroa
moxdes Zlispiris hangis nevmirebul teqstTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana misi
gasadavebis gziT. am mimarTulebiT gadadgmulma praqtikulma nabijebma
dagvarwmuna, rom am amocanis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia” (wereTeli,
2010:520).
am TvalsazrisiT aseve sagulisxmoa z. wereTlis krebuli, romelic
2013 wels gamoica. naSromis winasityvaobaSi vkiTxulobT: `zaal wereTlis
krebuli sami nevmirebuli kanoni qarTuli nevmebis Seswavlis sferoSi
etapobrivi mniSvnelobis gamocemad migvaCnia. misi upirvelesi daniSnuleba,
erTis mxriv, qarTuli nevmirebis tradiciis samgaloblo praqtikaSi
gacocxleba da RvTismsaxurebaSi dabrunebaa, amave dros, am sagnis kvleva-
Seswavlis kidev ufro gaaqtiurebas emsaxureba...” (wereTeli, 2013:VII,
winasityvaoba d. SuRliaSvilis).
2014 wels mgalobelTa da momReralTa specialur jgufebSi
(socialur qselSi) gavrcelda gancxadeba, romelic am mimarTulebiT
praqtikul samuSaoebs iTvaliswinebs da romelSic ramdenime iseTi sakiTxia
naxsenebi, romelic qarTuli saeklesio galobis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis
erTgvar anarekls warmoadgens. amonaridis saxiT gancxadebis im nawils
moviyvan, romelic, rogorc nevmebis Seswavlis, ise galobis statusis
sakiTxs exeba:
155
`2014 wlis aprilidan, sapatriarqos galobis centris proeqtis
farglebSi, daiwyeba treningebi mgalobelTa gundebisaTvis nevmebiT
galobaSi. mogexsenebaT, rom dResdReobiT, kanonebis SemadgenlobaSi
Semavali himnografiuli teqstebi, nacvlad galobisa, waikiTxeba
medaviTneebis mier. jer erTi, rom amgvari viTareba TavisTavad
arasaxarbieloa: eklesia iTxovs galobas, Cven ki am moTxovnas ver
vasrulebT. meorec, swraf-swrafad CakiTxuli teqstebi ise ikargeba
sivrceSi, rom saerTod ver aRwevs mlocvelebis gulebamde, RvTismsaxureba
ki kargavs im elfers, romelic mas odesRac qonda (anu maSin, roca
yvelaferi igalobeboda) saqarTveloSi. proeqtis mizania qarTuli
RvTismsaxurebis am xarvezis gamosworeba da nevmebiT galobis tradiciis
kvlav eklesiis wiaRSi dabruneba. Treningebs Caatarebs anCisxatis gundis
regenti zaal wereTeli.” garda nevmebiT galobis aRdgenis tradiciisa, es
gancxadeba imiTac aris mniSvnelovani, rom masSi galobisadmi
damokidebuleba da is mTavari koncefcia Cans, rac galobis
RvTismsaxurebis konteqstSi ganxilvasa da mis funqcias ukavSirdeba.
sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTvelos msgavsad, notebis nacvlad – nevmebiT
galobis aRdgenisken swrafva, ruseTis samgaloblo wreebSic aqtualuri
Temaa. rusul samusikismcodneo medievistikaSi, nevmirebuli xelnawerebis
gaSifrvis gacilebiT xangrZlivi tradicia arsebobs da am TvalsazrisiT
maTi samecniero Tu praqtikuli gamocdileba, Cvensas mniSvnelovanwilad
aRemateba, rasac qvemoT Sevexebi.AaRmosavleT qristianuli eklesiis am ori
arsebiTad gansxvavebuli tradiciis SedarebiTi Seswavlisas mniSvnelovania
gvaxsovdes, rom rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise ruseTSi, aTeisturma sabWoTa
ideologiam, bunebrivia qristianul galobas didi ziani miayena. Tumca
miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTs, saqarTvelosgan gansxvavebiT arc
avtokefalia daukargavs da arc sxva qveynis eqspansia ganucdia, aq uZvelesi
rusuli samgaloblo tradiciebi TandaTan daviwyebas mieca da maTi adgili
sasuliero koncertma daimkvidra. dResdReobiT, ruseTSi tradiciuli
saeklesio galobis aRdgenisken swrafvis intensiuri procesi mimdinareobs,
romelSic umetesad mkvlevarTa, regentTa da mgalobelTa Zalze viwro wre
156
monawileobs. SeiniSneba, erTis mxriv, Suasaukuneebis liturgikul-
samgaloblo kulturis aRorZinebis, xolo meores mxriv ki, saeklesio
galobis erovnuli identifikaciis tendencia (diasamiZe, 2012:447).
rogorc cnobilia, rusuli musikaluri medievistika xelnawerTa
siuxviT gamoirCeva. Cvenamde moRweul, rogorc monodiur, ise mravalxmian
sagalobelTa xelnawerebSi rusuli musikaluri damwrlobis – samgaloblo
niSnebis (nevmebis, rusulad – kriukebis) mdidari tradicia fiqsirdeba;
garda xelnawerebis saxiT sagalobelTa kargad Semonaxuli korpusisa,
aseve xeluxleblad Semoinaxes iseTi traqtatebi, romlebSic samgaloblo
niSnebis esTetikuri mxare da sagaloblis Sesrulebisas – ama Tu im
samusiko niSanTan dakavSirebuli ganwyobaa aRwerili, rac mgaloblebsa da
am sferoSi momuSave specialistebs udavod did daxmarebas uwevs. msgavsi
tipis traqtats, SesaZloa saqarTveloSic earseba, Tumca gamomdinare
iqidan, rom saukuneebis manZilze, qarTuli nevmirebuli xelnawerebi,
savaraudod Semosevebis dros nadgurdeboda, rasac qarTuli nevmirebuli
damwerlobis – garkveul etapze Sewyvetili da Semdgom gagrZelebuli
tradicia gvafiqrebinebs, gasakviri ar aris, rom traqtatma, Tu aseTi
arsebobda – Cvenamde ver moaRwia. kidev erTi xelmosaWidi, rac rusulma
musikalurma Teoriam Semoinaxa, es originaluri samgaloblo bgeraTrigia,
romelic Cvenamde `lestvica”-s saxiTa da saxelwodebiT movida. Sesabamisad,
ruseTSi saeklesio musikaluri mexsierebis aRdgenas, pirvel rigSi,
nevmirebul xelnawerebze dayrdnobiT cdiloben, maSin roca saqarTveloSi,
galobis Cvenamde mosvlis mTavari mizezi, hangis uwyveti gadacema, mZlavri
zepiri tradiciaa. rus musikolog-medievistebTan saubrisas, maT araerTxel
aRuniSnavT, rom qarTuli samgaloblo tradiciis erT-erTi xibli, swored
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi sicocxlisunarianobiT gamorCeva da xalxis
musikaluri mexsierebis wyalobiT Taobidan Taobas gadaecema.
ilia ambobs – `Cvena vsTqviT, rom simRera gulisTqmaa. rogorc calke
kacis guli, ise guli erisa bevrSi sxva calke eris guls ar hgavs... amis
gamo gulisTqmac, gulis gamometyvelebac sul sxva aris xolme da yovels
ers Tavisi kilo, Tavisi hangi aqvs am sxvadasxvaobisaTvis” (WavWavaZe,
157
1991:276-277). am TvalsazrisiT, musika sakmaod rTuli Sinagani bunebis mqone
mxatvrul-esTetikuri fenomenia, romelic, erTi mxriv, tradiciuli
kulturis ganuyofeli nawils warmoadgens, meore mxriv, ki igi is
`universaluri enaa, romelic yvelgan esmiT. am enaze yvela qveyanasa da
yvela saukuneSi saubroben” (Шопенгауэр, 1919:33).
Cem mier sadisertacio naSromSi ganxilul sakiTxTa Soris, erT-erT
mniSvnelovan problemad mimaCnia is, Tu kulturuli identobis ra
formasTan gvaqvs saqme, maSin rodesac kulturuli auTsaideri ucxo
qveynis tradiciul musikas eziareba; xdeba Tu ara es ucxo kultura misi
kulturuli identobis Semadgeneli nawili? Cemi azriT aseT fenomens
SegviZlia SeZenili identoba vuwodoT, romlis pirobebSi ara genetikur,
aramed ucxo kulturis konteqstSi Camoyalibebul kulturul/musikalur
identobasTan gvaqvs saqme.
dRemde, sxvadasxva sivrceSi, globalizaciis avkargianobaze cxared
kamaToben. „kargia” Tu „cudi” globalizacia (Steger, 2003:XII), romlis erT-
erTi mZlavri gamovlineba, swored kulturuli globalizaciaa. manfred b.
stigeri wers, rom globalizaciaze saubari, misi kulturuli ganzomilebis
gareSe, warmoudgeneli iqneboda (Steger, 2003:69). rogorc SesavalSive
aRvniSne, Tanamedrove globalizaciam mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba
kulturuli mravalferovnebisa da misi Seswavlis wina planze wamoweva; ama
Tu im kulturulma movlenam, ara mxolod adgilobrivi, aramed ucxoeli
mecnierebis yuradReba ufro meti sixSiriT miipyro da igi saerTaSoriso
kvlevis sagnad iqca. amave avtoris mier dasmul SekiTxvas –
`globalizaciis Sedegad, adamianebi ufro emsgavsebian erTmaneTs, Tu ufro
gansxvavebulebi xdebian?” (Steger, 2003:70), winamdebare kvlevis Sedegebidan
gamomdinare, ori pasuxi aqvs: msgavseba SesaZloa erTi da imave
kulturisadmi interessa da am kulturis Seswavlis TanaziarobaSi
gamoixatebodes. Tu iaponeli da amerikeli momRerali qarTul mravalxmian
hangs erTad asrulebs, maT Soris arsebuli mravali gansxvavebis fonze, es
maTi socialuri daaxloebis erTgvar aqts warmoadgens, romlis drosac,
158
asruleben ra erTi xalxis tradiciul musikas, isini urTierTmsgavsebas
avlenen. imavdroulad, globalizaciis fonze, tradiciul kulturaTa
TviTmyofadobam mkafiod iCina Tavi da ganisazRvra ra TiToeuli maTganis
unikaloba, Sesabamisma organizaciebma, maT Seswavlas didi yuradReba
dauTmes.
unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom maSin, rodesac msaobrivi kulturis
gavrcelebis areali grandiozul masStabebs aRwevs, tradiciis matarebel
adamianebTan erTad, kulturuli auTsaiderebi im mcirericxovan jgufs
ganekuTvnebian, romelic tradiciul musikas dakargvisagan icavs da mis
SenarCunebasa Tu gavrcelebas uwyobs xels. aseve sagulisxmoa kulturuli
auTsaideris mier, ucxo musikis SesrulebasTan daavSirebuli emociuri
mxarec, rac, rogorc naSromis pirvel TavSi aRiniSna, mocemuli suraTis
srul konteqstSi danaxvis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs. qarTuli tradiciuli
musikis magaliTze Tu vimsjelebT, Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ucxoel
Semsruleblebs madlierebis gancda aerTianebT. am madlierebis safuZvels
warmoadges qarTul hangebze wvdoma, maTi Seswavlis SesaZlebloba da
musikis JReradobiT miRebuli is sruliad unikaluri veli da mdgomareoba,
romelzec araerTi maTgani amaxvilebs yuradRebas. Cven – qarTvel
momRerlebsa Tu mkvlevrebs didi yuradReba gvmarTebs, maSin, rodesac: 1.
ucxoel Semsruleblebs vaswavliT, 2. rogorc eTnoforebi – ucxoeli
mecnierisTvis qarTul tradiciul musikas vasrulebT, raTa man Cven mier
Sesrulebul masalaze dayrdnobiT, qarTuli musikis Sesaxeb samecniero
Sroma Seqmnas, 3. ukve Sedegis saxiT – ucxoeli momRerlebis mier
Sesrulebul qarTul musikas vismenT, 4. ukve Sedegis saxiT – ucxoeli
mkvlevris mier qarTuli xalxuri musikisa Tu saeklesio galobis irgvliv
momzadebul moxsenebas vismenT. oTxive SemTxvevaSi, saerTaSoriso
masStabiT, masalis SecdomiT gavrcelebisa da gamoqveynebis albaToba
arsebobs, rac pirvel rigSi kulturuli insaiderebis mxridan yuradRebas
saWiroebs. am gziT Cven daxmarebas gavuwveT ara mxolod qarTuli
tradiciuli musikis Semsruleblobasa da eTnomusikologiis dargs, aramed
uSualod im adamianebs – Semsruleblebsa Tu mkvlevrebs, romlebic
159
qarTuli musikiT arian dainteresebulni da mis kanonzomierebebSi garkvevas
cdiloben.
pirvel TavSi mocemuliGgansazRvrebidan gamomdinare – kulturuli
identoba vlindeba, rogorc koleqtiur, ise individualur doneze. igi
warmoadgens: istoriaze, genetikur kavSirze, erovnebaze, sacxovrebel
adgilze, sametyvelo enaze, saerTo Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli
parametrebis nakrebs, romelTanac individi sakuTari Tavis kulturul
identifikacias axdens. kulturuli identoba erTis mxriv sakuTari Tavis
Secnobas, xolo meores mxriv ki sakuTari Tavis sxvebTan kavSirSi Secnobas
gulisxmobs, SeZenili identoba – individualur doneze gamovlenili
identobis formaa, romlis TvalsaCino magaliTs boloTqmis daskvniT
nawilSi warmogidgenT.
sasuliero piri, romelmac garkveuli droiT saqarTveloSi
daimkvidra bina, qarTveli ar gaxlavT. igi saqarTvelos ukrainidan ewvia.
mama sergei (logvinenko) Zalian axalgazrda Camovida saqarTveloSi. aq
miRebuliMmisi pirveli STabeWdileba gergetis wminda samebis taZars
ukavSirdeba. msaxurobda salxinos monasterSi. amJamad kvlav Wyondidis
eparqiaSi – kerZod baldas mamaTa monasterSi msaxurobs. mama sergei
qarTuli galobis didi qomagia. is mudmivad ecnoba rogorc xelnawerebs,
ise audio Canawerebs da Tavad flobs, rogorc qarTul enas, ise qarTuli
galobis xelovnebas.
qarTuli saeklesio galoba man pirvelad maSin moismina, rodesac
ukrainaSi morCilad msaxurobda. miaCnia, rom gaumarTla, radgan 2004 wels
kiev-peCeris lavras anCisxatis mgalobelTa gundi ewvia da erToblivi
msaxurebisas, qarTuli galobac pirvelad swored maTgan moismina.
gansakuTrebiT eqvTime kereseliZis xelnawerebSi daculi `wmindao RmerTo”
daamaxsovrda da rogorc miTxra, galobiT miRebuli STabeWdileba imdenad
didi iyo, rom mas Semdeg – qaTuli sagaloblebis Seswavla ocnebad
gadaeqca. ukve mogvianebiT, yazbegSi yofnisas, rodesac lia salayaias
mgalobel gogonaTa gundis SesrulebiT gelaTis skolis sagaloblebi
moismina; maT RamisTevis locva Caatares da mama sergeimac `Rirs arsis”
160
raJden xundaZiseuli varianti zepirad iswavla da TavisTvis notebzec
Cawera. amis Semdeg man TbilisSi erT-erTi mgalobeli gaicno da misi
galobis praqtikac ufro intensiuri gaxda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu marto yofna
uwevda, `cal-cal xmaze” galobda. `Tu orni iyvnen, or xmaSi gamobdnen”;
mama sergeis TqmiT, mrevlSi kargi monacemebis mqone adamianebi monasterSi
darCnen da axla isini erTad galoben. Tavdapirvelad, mama sergei bans
ambobda, axla ki ZiriTadad meore xmas galobs.
yvelaze saintereso, qarTuli galobis mimarT misi damokidebulebaa.
miaCnia, rom erTxmiani da mravalxmiani galoba `Tanabari araa”.
magaliTisaTvis – Semoqmedis samonastro skolis arseboba, aRdgena da
SenarCuneba, misi azriT `saswaulis tolfasia, romlis miReba da Senaxva
dRes aucilebelia”.
mama sergeisTan yvela im sakiTxze visaubre, rac Cem mier
mgalobelTaTvis Sedgenil kiTxvarSia mocemuli. maTgan mxolod
ramdenimeze gavamaxvileb yuradRebas.
misi azriT galoba ara statikuri movlena, aramed dinamikuri
procesis Semadgeneli nawilia. mama sergeim, rogorc qarTuli tradiciuli
galobis mimdevarma, uwmindesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris sagaloblebTan dakavSirebiT, galobis
mdgomareobis Tanamedrove konteqstSi Semdegi mosazreba gagviziara:
`rogorc mrevlisTvis ufro misaRebi, es galoba erT-erTi safexuria,
romelsac ufro maRal safexurze ayavxar... sjobs raRaciT daviwyoT, Tumca
amaze ar unda davrCeT. raRac SeiZleba ar mogvwondes, magram es RvTisagan
daSvebulia da misi sruli uaryofa gadametebul radikalizmad mimaCnia. is,
rom patriarqis sagaloblebs amdeni msmeneli yavs, bevrs niSnavs, radgan es
eklesiaSi galobis smenis kulturasac ayalibebs da am mxriv
wingadadgmuli nabijia. filimon qoriZis is sagaloblebi, rac Cven gvxvda
wilad, qarTuli galobis imwamieri foto-portretia; es ar niSnavs, rom
sul ase iyo... Tu yvela kargad viswavliT sada kilos da vigalobebT, es
kargi dasawyisi iqneba. is, rac raJden xundaZem gaakeTa, aqtualuria. rac
gvaqvs masala, imis gamartiveba unda moxdes da skolebSi dainergis. bavSvi
161
unda izrdebodes qarTul sivrcesa da musikaSi, da ara imaSi, raSic axla
izrdeba, rom sakuTari musika ufro misaRebi gaxdes da galoba kilos
CarCoebSi iyos. sakuTar magaliTze getyviT, rom Cemi azriT, musikaluri
grZnoba izrdeba; raRaciT unda daiwyo da mere ufro rTulze gadaxvide.
Tavidan Semoqmedis skolis sagaloblebis mosmena miWirda, axla ki Zalian
miyvars.”
qarTuli saeklesio galobis ucxo enaze Sesrulebisa da piriqiT –
ucxouri tradiciis marTlmadidebluri hangis qarTul enaze
SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT, mama sergeis pozicia aseTia: `me es praqtikaSi
gaviare, roca `Sen xar venaxis” hangze, rusulad `romelni qerubimTas”
teqsts vgalobdiT. 22 me vfiqrob qarTuli galobis sxva enaze Sesruleba
ufro misaRebia, vidre piriqiT; rusuli galoba qarTul enaze ar momwons.
radgan qarTuli galoba ufro ganviTarebulia, misi Sesruleba
RvTismsaxurebas amdidrebs, aseTi gamdidreba ki Cvens mizans unda
warmoadgendes. piriqiT mocemuli varianti, RvTismsaxurebas aRaribebs”.
galobis kanonikis Sesaxeb, mama sergeis mosazreb imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom marTalia, kanonikuri, an wminda galoba – swor, marTal galobas
gulisxmobs da Sesabamisad es termini sworia, magram unda CamovyalibdeT
imaze, Tu ras vgulisxmobT kanonikur galobaSi.
samgaloblo repertuaris regionuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT
SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT, mama sergeis TqmiT, imaSi cudi araferia, Tu
sxvadasxva skolis sagaloblebi saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi ecodinebaT,
Tumca, misi azriT, upiratesoba swored regionisTvis damaxasiaTebel
samgaloblo skolas unda mieniWos. iqve daamata, rom religiuris
upiratesobiT, religiur da musikalur sawyisebs galobaSi TiTqmis
Tanabari mniSvneloba aqvs.
mama sergeisTan CemTvis erT metad mniSvnelovan sakiTxsac Sevexe, rac
galobis esTetikur mxares, emociis gamovlenasa da sitkoebis gancdas
22
am formiT galoba (`Sen xar venaxi”-s qarTul hangze `Иже Херувимы”-is teqstis dadeba) sakmaod gavrcelebuli praqtikaa, rogorc ruseTsa da ukrainaSi, ise sazRvargareTis sxva qveynebis marTlmadideblur taZrebSi.
162
ukvaSirdeba. `saqme imaSia, rom Cven jer ver varCevT ra aris sitkbo da ra
aris suli wmidis sitkbo; sityvieri, gonebrivi da gulismieri locva. asevea
galobaSic, magram Cven jer notebis kiTxvas vswavlobT da meore etapzec ki
gadavediT, magram saqarTveloSi rom iyvnen sruli mgaloblebi – es
niSnavda imas, rom Tan loculobdnen da Tan galobdnen; melodia da tempi
xels ar uSlidaT, rom guliT elocaT, e. i. musika locvas ar uSlida da
es galobis sul sxva donea. Cven jer sxva etapze varT – sagaloblebis
sworad Sesrulebas vswavlobT”.
garda imisa, rom sakiTxis Seswavlis Tvisobriv mxares, mama sergeim
mniSvnelovani masala Semata, Tavad warmoCinda, rogorc SeZenili
kulturuli da musikaluri identobis TvalnaTeli magaliTi, romelmac
qarTuli saeklesio galoba siRrmiseulad gaiTavisa da RvTismsaxurebis
sakuTar praqtikaSi daamkvidra. rogorc man aRniSna, am mimarTulebiT bevri
samuSaoa Casatarebeli da aucilebelia im teqnikuri SesaZleblobebis
gamoyeneba, romelic dRevandel dRes mogvepoveba, radgan XIX saukuneSi,
qarTuli galoba gadaarCines da SeinarCunes ise, rom msgavsi teqnikuri
SesaZleblobebi ar qoniaT.
rCeba STabeWdileba, rom zemoxsenebul (XIX) saukuneSi, sazogado
moRvaweebis TanadgomiT, ramdenime maRali ierarqiis mqone sasuliero piris
Zalisxmevam marTlac udidesi Sedegi gamoiRo. TiTqos maSin, sasuliero da
saero pirTa meti konsolidacia da mzaoba arsebobda; isini yovelgvar
resurss iyenebdnen saimisod, rom qarTuli saeklesio galoba momdevno
Taobebs gadascemoda.
dRes, rodesac erTi mxriv finansuri, meore mxriv ki teqnikuri
SesaZleblobebis TvalsazrisiT gacilebiT win waviwieT, calkeuli
mecenatis, fondisa Tu sferos Sesabamisi institutebis didi mxardaWeris
miuxedavad, galobis saqmeSi myof adamianebs ukmarisobis gancda aqvT, rac
safuZvels moklebuli ar aris. aseve didia im mcire raodenobis sasuliero
pirTa Zalisxmeva, romelTac qarTuli tradiciuli hangis raobasa da mis
mniSvnelobaze, sakmaod srulyofili warmodgena aqvT, rac saeklesio
gundebisadmi maT mxardaWeras ganapirobebs, Tumca sakmarisi arc es aris,
163
radgan gundebisadmi damokidebuleba, sasuliero piris pirad codnasa da
Sexedulebebze ufroa damokidebuli, vidre wesze, romelsac yvela taZarSi
unda misdevdnen.
rogorc ukve aRvniSne, winamdebare Sroma, am sakiTxis kvlevis erT
aspeqts moicavs. Cem mier naSromis Sesavlis dasasruls aRiniSna im
samomavlo kvlevebis Sesaxeb, romlebic am mimarTulebiT perspeqtivaSi
mesaxeba. kvlevis am etapze, CemTvis mniSvnelovani iyo, rom qarTuli
saeklesio galobis dRevandeli mdgomareobiT arsebuli monacemebi
momegrovebina, gameanalizebina da aRmebeWda. vfiqrob, am masalis
dafiqsireba, galobis sferoSi arsebuli ZiriTadi problemebis
gamosavlenad wingadadgmuli nabijia. aseve mniSvnelovnad mimaCnia, qarTuli
saeklesio galobis, qarTvelTa kulturuli identobis kuTxiT ganxilva,
rac imedi maqvs – rogorc uSualod kulturuli da musikaluri identobis
sakiTxebiT dainteresebulT, ise musikis anTropologiis mimarTulebiT
Casatarebel samomavlo samuSaoebs garkveul samsaxurs gauwevs.
Cemi mizani iyo Semeqmna iseTi naSromi, romelic mimarTuli iqneboda,
rogorc sferos SigniT, ise mis gareT myofi mkiTxvelisaken, rac
anTropologiis mimarTulebis erT-erT princips warmoadgens (Lambek, 2008:1).
am principiT xelmZRvanelobis saWiroebas, Temis aqtualoba da masalis
sicocxlisunarianobac ganapirobebs. qarTuli tradiciuli saeklesio hangi,
Taroze Semodebuli, mxolod xelnawerebSi SemorCenili galoba rom
yofiliyo, misi kulturuli konteqstis ganxilva, medievistTa viwro wres
savaraudod verc gascdeboda, magram aq saubaria galobaze, romelsac
politikuri reJimi krZalavda da romelic uamravi winaaRmdegobis
miuxedavad ara Tu gadarCa, aramed qveynis kulturul cxovrebaSi dResac
Tavis adgils ikavebs.
xangrZlivi istoriuli periodis Semdeg, koleqtiuri aRqma garkveul
cvlilebebs ganicdis (Benjamin, 2008:23). is, rac wina saukuneebSi sayovelTao
aRiarebis sagani iyo, TanamedroveobaSi, specialur Seswavlas saWiroebs,
raTa dadgindes, Tu vin rogor aRiqvams erT dros `sayovelTaod
164
aRiarebuls” dRes, rac ama Tu im sagnis perspeqtivaSi danaxvis
SesaZleblobasac gvaZlevs. mniSvnelovania davfiqrdeT imaze, Tu ra
komponentebs moicavs Cveni tradiciuli qmedeba dRes, ra SevinarCuneT –
wminda, an saxecvlili formiT da Segnebulad Tu qvecnobierad – raze
vTqviT uari. kulturuli warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis konteqstSi
sakuTari Tavis aRqma, kulturul identobaSi garkvevis sawindaria.
165
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