EMA5001
Physical Properties of Materials
Lecture 0 Introduction
Prof. Zhe Cheng
Mechanical & Materials Engineering
Florida International University
EMA 5001 Physical Properties of Materials Zhe Cheng (2016) 0 Course Information
Course Information & Policy
Zhe Cheng
305-348-1973; [email protected]; Office: EC3441
Textbook & Other Course Materials
Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, D A Porter, K E Easterling, and M Y
Sherif, 3rd edition, CRC Press, (2008). ISBN 978-1-4200-6210-6 (0)
Policy
Attendance required; Turn off cell phone/pagers during class
Students can discuss homework problems, but must independently finish it
Grade discrepancies – resolve in the same day
Homework will NOT be collected or graded; solution will be provided
Accommodate “make-up” quiz, tests, or delayed term paper if proven medical
necessity
Accommodate disability (http://drc.fiu.edu/) and religious holidays
NO cheating or plagiarizing in ANY form (Check with me if questions)
− No excuses will be accepted
− Will be reported and handled according to FIU policy
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EMA 5001 Physical Properties of Materials Zhe Cheng (2016) 0 Course Information
More about Dr. Zhe Cheng
Education & Experiences:
PhD in Materials Science & Engineering, Georgia Tech, 2008
Research scientist, DuPont, Wilmington DE, 2008-2013
Research group website https://ac.fiu.edu
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EMA 5001 Physical Properties of Materials Zhe Cheng (2016) 0 Course Information
Exams & Grading
Homework (10%)
Term Paper (30%)
Mid-term Exam (30%)
Final Exam (30%)
Grading Scale
A: >=90; A-: 87-89.9;
B+: 84-86.9; B: 80-73.9; B-: 77-79.9;
C+: 74-76.9; C: 67-73.9;
D: 60-66.9.
F: <60
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EMA 5001 Physical Properties of Materials Zhe Cheng (2016) 0 Course Information
Term Paper Guidelines
Deadlines & Submission (Email submission only)
Early March: 1st draft
Early April: 2nd draft
Late April: Final submission
− Term paper plus major references
− A separate document answering the reviewers’ question/comments (for 2nd draft and final
version)
Format of Main Document
Times New Roman, 12 point (Figures/table may use smaller font), single space,
1 inch margin on all sides, print double-sided
4 pages maximum excluding references
Grading
Missing deadline: zero
4 points for 1st draft; 4 points for 2nd draft; 12 points for final term paper
5 points for quality of “review” provided to other students’ paper (2 reviews)
5 points for answering/rebutting “peer review” questions/comments
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EMA 5001 Physical Properties of Materials Zhe Cheng (2016) 0 Course Information
Term Paper Content
Guidelines on Term Paper Content
A detailed critique of at least two or more research papers (must be by different
research groups) on a single problem/topic involving kinetics and/or phase
transformation in materials in a specific area of interest to you
It should have most of the following (but NOT necessary all)
− Introduction
− Background
− Analysis/critiques on
• Significance and why you are interested
• Assumptions/Methodology/Mathematical derivation/Argument/Logic
• Experimental design, data collection and analysis
• Consistency and/or contradictions between different studies
• Unanswered questions
• Your own analysis/proposed research method or data analysis
− Recommendations for future work
− Conclusions
− References
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EMA 5001 Physical Properties of Materials Zhe Cheng (2016) 0 Course Information
Course Objective & Outcome
Objectives
Introduce graduate-level principles about kinetics and phase transformation of
engineering materials involving phenomena including diffusion, movement of
interfaces, solidification, nucleation and growth, phase transformation and kinetics
Provide graduate-level training in critical thinking, mathematical analysis, and
written communication skills focusing on problems of interests involving kinetics
and phase transformation of engineering materials
Related MME Program Outcomes
a) Ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering
e) Ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems
g) Ability to communicate effectively
i) Recognition of the need for, and a ability to engage in life-long learning
k) Ability to use the techniques, skills and modern engineering science necessary
for engineering
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EMA 5001 Physical Properties of Materials Zhe Cheng (2016) 0 Course Information
Thermodynamics
(Write down concepts remembered, 3 min)
Basic Concepts from past
…
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EMA 5001 Physical Properties of Materials Zhe Cheng (2016) 0 Course Information
Thermodynamics
Basic Concepts from past
1st law & 2nd law
Enthalpy, Entropy, Free energy, Basic relationships of thermodynamic functions
Temperature & pressure effects
Equilibrium
Defects in solids
Solutions
− Partial molar quantities
− Chemical potential
− Activity and activity coefficient
− Mixing, Ideal solution & Regular solution
Phase diagrams and phase rule
Gas solid reactions & Ellingham diagrams
Surface & interfaces
Electrochemistry
…
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EMA 5001 Physical Properties of Materials Zhe Cheng (2016) 0 Course Information
Kinetics & Phase Transformation
Thermodynamics
Equilibrium states
Possibility & the direction of
transformation between states
Questions:
− Do things ALWAYS reach thermodynamically most favorable states? (2 min)
Kinetics & Phase Transformation
Rate and dependence of rate on different factors
− Condition (temp, time, atmosphere, etc.)
− Composition
− …
How - changes in
− Composition
− Crystal structure
− Morphology/microstructure
− …
Depend highly on specific systems – Be careful with any generalization
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Initial state
Final state
G
G = G’ - G0
G0
G’
Final state
G
G = G’ - G0
G’ = G’’ - G0
G0
G’
Metastable state G’’
EMA 5001 Physical Properties of Materials Zhe Cheng (2016) 0 Course Information
Example/Practical Problem for Kinetics (1)
Steel containing 0.4 wt.% of C
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Modified from slide for Materials Science & Engineering: An Introduction by McCalister 8ed published by Wiley
EMA 5001 Physical Properties of Materials Zhe Cheng (2016) 0 Course Information
Example/Practical Problem for Kinetics (1)
Steel containing 0.4 wt.% of C
Processing controls microstructure which determines hardness to a large extent
Kinetics and phase transformation in processing influence microstructure and
resulting materials properties
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Data obtained from Figs. 10.30(a)
and 10.32 with 4 wt% C composition,
and from Fig. 11.14 and associated
discussion, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.19; (b) Fig. 9.30;(c) Fig. 10.33;
and (d) Fig. 10.21, Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
Hard
ness (
BH
N)
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
100
2 00
3 00
4 00
5 00
6 00
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
(d)
30 mm (c)
4 mm
(b)
30 mm
(a)
30 mm
Modified from slide for Materials Science & Engineering: An Introduction by McCalister 8ed published by Wiley
Spheroidite
Martensite
Pearlite
Tempered Martensite
EMA 5001 Physical Properties of Materials Zhe Cheng (2016) 0 Course Information
Example/Practical Problem for Kinetics (2)
B4C synthesis
Underlying reaction 2B2O3 + 7C = B4C + 6CO
How to best control microstructure/micromophology for the reaction/phase
transformation process?
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1450 oC/3 hour, normal tube furnace Pure B4C with structural non-uniformity
P. Foroughi & Z. Cheng, Advances in Ceramic Armor, 2015, p. 51-62
1750 oC/3 min, microtube reactor Pure B4C, with narrow size distribution
P. Foroughi & Z. Cheng, unpublished results
EMA 5001 Physical Properties of Materials Zhe Cheng (2016) 0 Course Information
Example/Practical Problem for Kinetics (2)
B4C synthesis, continued
Questions:
When will reaction not proceed?
Reaction temperature goes higher,
what happens?
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1900°C/1 sec, graphite tube furnace Pure B4C with uniform nano-size powder
Weimer J Am Ceram Soc, 1992,
1150°C/24 hour, normal tube furnace Trace B4C with mostly unreacted materials
P. Foroughi & Z. Cheng, Advances in Ceramic Armor, 2015, p. 51-62
Calculated standard free energy change for 2B2O3 + 7C = B4C + 6CO
EMA 5001 Physical Properties of Materials Zhe Cheng (2016) 0 Course Information
Topics & Planned Schedule
Introduction (week 1)
Diffusion phenomena and theory (week ~2-5)
Interfacial phenomena (week ~6-8)
Solidification and nucleation (week ~9, 11)
Phase transformation (week ~12-14)
Kinetic models in phase transformation (week ~16)
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EMA 5001 Physical Properties of Materials Zhe Cheng (2016) 0 Course Information
Write Down Practical Examples
Showing The followings
Diffusion
Interfaces
Solidification
Diffusional transformation
Diffusionless transformation
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EMA 5001 Physical Properties of Materials Zhe Cheng (2016) 0 Course Information
Many Examples for Kinetics &
Phase Transformation
Diffusion
Emitter formation for Si chip & solar cells
Li ion releasing from/Insertion into cathodes of lithium ion battery
Oxygen vacancy diffusion for solid oxide fuel cells
H transport through Pd membrane for hydrogen separation
Interfaces
Grain boundaries in silicon solar cell versus CIGS solar cell
Solidification
Casting of Si ingot
Diffusional transformation
Nucleation and growth
Spinodal decomposition
Diffusionless transformation
Martensite transformation in iron and steel for hardening
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Major Types of Materials in Many Applications!