Emission to air from ship -
Towards best practice for beyond compliance operations and
management for ships
By
Sulaiman Olanrewaju Oladokun
PhD Researcher ( Marine Technology)
Specific Objectives
To discuss
bull The links between air emission efficiency energy conservation and climate problem
bull The source of air pollution from ships
bull Air emission regulation regime
bull Mitigation option for prevention and control
bull Quantification and assessment
bull Environmental Technology- Existing ship and new - built
Presentation Navigationbull Introductionbull Energy efficiency and environmentbull Environmental issues in ship operations bull Regulation built ndash up bull Ships emission to air and issues of global warming bull Energy and fuel quality bull Good practice towards beyond compliancebull Alternative energy and technology bull Environmental technologybull The future of energy and ship
It does not matter where on Earth you live everyone is utterly dependent on the existence of that lovely living saltwater soup Therersquos plenty
of water in the universe without life but nowhere is there life without water The living ocean drives
planetary chemistry governs climate and weather and otherwise provides the cornerstone of the life-support system for all creatures on our
planet from deep-sea starfish to desert sagebrush Thatrsquos why the ocean matters If the
sea is sick wersquoll feel it If it dies we die Our future and the state of the oceans are one
bull Sea Change A Message of the Oceans
bull Sylvia Earle 1995
Introduction
Man Environment and Technology
bull Man
bull Biosphere- Water Air and Soil
bull The techno sphere - The ship The port
Introduction
bull Combustion -----gt pollution control ---gtenergy conservation
bull Combustion = Generation of electricity + release of chemical
bull Emission from combustion impacts Generation of fossil fuel scarcity Photo chemical smog Oil dependent world Aggressive quest for alternative energInternational and local registration build-up
bull Reassessment and revolution work onbull plan to reduce emission of existing and new
enginebull Challenge of matching energy efficiency at
minimum emission of pollution bull Control of emission is linked to traditional
factors of reliability fuel economy per shaft power capital cost and maintenance
Fuel efficiency linked to pollution
bull Maximizing overall energy efficiency-temperature electrical thermodynamic and mechanical
bull A well insulated boiler system can achieve combustion efficiency close to 100 and thermal efficiency of the order of 90
bull Heat loss by high temperature exhaust gas and in coolant systems reduce the thermal efficiency
bull For electrical energy 70 percent of the primary energy is lost in the power generation amp transmission stage
bull Thermal efficiency is improved by insulation recycling of gaseous effluents rate of heat transfer in combustion chamber and liquid coolants
bull Designer of combustion chamber -gt to achieve high combustion efficiency - unburnt fuel is considered to be a pollutants
bull Double incentive - complete combustion efficiency and reduce emission
Fuel efficiency linked to pollution
bull A good combustion require high temperature a resident time sufficient long present of oxidizer
bull Heat transfer from flame to solid surface is composed off conduction convection and radiation
bull Luminosity and present of solid particles can lead to significance change in ratio of radioactive to convective heat transfer
bull Problem associated with achieving maximum efficiency are linked to pollution control
bull Complete oxidation and burning of fuel -gtincrease combustion efficiency and reduce pollution
bull However oxide of nitrogen have presented major problems due to contradictory requirement of pollutant formation and combustion efficiency
bull Formation of oxides of nitrogen has affinity to high temperature
bull Oxide of nitrogen -gtdifficult to treat as a pollutant - gt restriction vital before formation
bull Sulfur control require removal of sulfur before burning or extraction from effluent
Issue of Today
bull Worldwide focus of fuel-gt Exhaust gas emission law by IMO and introduction of local rules
bull Emission limits driving evolution to development and adaptation to new technology
bull Solution anticipated to maintenance of ship life cycle at average of 25 years
bull Focus is currently more on NOx and SOx ndashHC Cox and particulate will soon join
bull Consideration involve not only fuel use and design but also OPERATIONAL ISSUE
Main Threat
bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of
ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of
fossil fuels and biomass burning
bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)
bull Environmental flashpointssecurity
bull Nuclear waste issues
bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change
bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation
bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts
bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization
bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life
bull Critical environmental zones
General Impacts
bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems
bull The effects of sewage on human health
bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication
bull The decline of living resources Sediments
bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea
Impact Categories
High Probability and High-Impact Events
bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions
Low probability and slow impact events
bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants
Global Climate Change Impacts
Stratospheric ozone depletion
- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation
Pollution from Ships
Release
bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism
bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals
bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil
-Intentional -Unintentional
Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition
bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators
Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
GWP (100 Year ITH)
Cox
NOx
CHX
HFC-134a
HFC-227ea
HFC-c-23a
CF
Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods
UN Agencies Get Serious
bull Galvanize the scientific community
- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies
- use existing scientific bodies and research centers
- use global observation systems
bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning
bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries
bull Human capacity
bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination
Regulation Build-Up
bull UN Agencies
bull Local agencies
bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Specific Objectives
To discuss
bull The links between air emission efficiency energy conservation and climate problem
bull The source of air pollution from ships
bull Air emission regulation regime
bull Mitigation option for prevention and control
bull Quantification and assessment
bull Environmental Technology- Existing ship and new - built
Presentation Navigationbull Introductionbull Energy efficiency and environmentbull Environmental issues in ship operations bull Regulation built ndash up bull Ships emission to air and issues of global warming bull Energy and fuel quality bull Good practice towards beyond compliancebull Alternative energy and technology bull Environmental technologybull The future of energy and ship
It does not matter where on Earth you live everyone is utterly dependent on the existence of that lovely living saltwater soup Therersquos plenty
of water in the universe without life but nowhere is there life without water The living ocean drives
planetary chemistry governs climate and weather and otherwise provides the cornerstone of the life-support system for all creatures on our
planet from deep-sea starfish to desert sagebrush Thatrsquos why the ocean matters If the
sea is sick wersquoll feel it If it dies we die Our future and the state of the oceans are one
bull Sea Change A Message of the Oceans
bull Sylvia Earle 1995
Introduction
Man Environment and Technology
bull Man
bull Biosphere- Water Air and Soil
bull The techno sphere - The ship The port
Introduction
bull Combustion -----gt pollution control ---gtenergy conservation
bull Combustion = Generation of electricity + release of chemical
bull Emission from combustion impacts Generation of fossil fuel scarcity Photo chemical smog Oil dependent world Aggressive quest for alternative energInternational and local registration build-up
bull Reassessment and revolution work onbull plan to reduce emission of existing and new
enginebull Challenge of matching energy efficiency at
minimum emission of pollution bull Control of emission is linked to traditional
factors of reliability fuel economy per shaft power capital cost and maintenance
Fuel efficiency linked to pollution
bull Maximizing overall energy efficiency-temperature electrical thermodynamic and mechanical
bull A well insulated boiler system can achieve combustion efficiency close to 100 and thermal efficiency of the order of 90
bull Heat loss by high temperature exhaust gas and in coolant systems reduce the thermal efficiency
bull For electrical energy 70 percent of the primary energy is lost in the power generation amp transmission stage
bull Thermal efficiency is improved by insulation recycling of gaseous effluents rate of heat transfer in combustion chamber and liquid coolants
bull Designer of combustion chamber -gt to achieve high combustion efficiency - unburnt fuel is considered to be a pollutants
bull Double incentive - complete combustion efficiency and reduce emission
Fuel efficiency linked to pollution
bull A good combustion require high temperature a resident time sufficient long present of oxidizer
bull Heat transfer from flame to solid surface is composed off conduction convection and radiation
bull Luminosity and present of solid particles can lead to significance change in ratio of radioactive to convective heat transfer
bull Problem associated with achieving maximum efficiency are linked to pollution control
bull Complete oxidation and burning of fuel -gtincrease combustion efficiency and reduce pollution
bull However oxide of nitrogen have presented major problems due to contradictory requirement of pollutant formation and combustion efficiency
bull Formation of oxides of nitrogen has affinity to high temperature
bull Oxide of nitrogen -gtdifficult to treat as a pollutant - gt restriction vital before formation
bull Sulfur control require removal of sulfur before burning or extraction from effluent
Issue of Today
bull Worldwide focus of fuel-gt Exhaust gas emission law by IMO and introduction of local rules
bull Emission limits driving evolution to development and adaptation to new technology
bull Solution anticipated to maintenance of ship life cycle at average of 25 years
bull Focus is currently more on NOx and SOx ndashHC Cox and particulate will soon join
bull Consideration involve not only fuel use and design but also OPERATIONAL ISSUE
Main Threat
bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of
ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of
fossil fuels and biomass burning
bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)
bull Environmental flashpointssecurity
bull Nuclear waste issues
bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change
bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation
bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts
bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization
bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life
bull Critical environmental zones
General Impacts
bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems
bull The effects of sewage on human health
bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication
bull The decline of living resources Sediments
bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea
Impact Categories
High Probability and High-Impact Events
bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions
Low probability and slow impact events
bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants
Global Climate Change Impacts
Stratospheric ozone depletion
- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation
Pollution from Ships
Release
bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism
bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals
bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil
-Intentional -Unintentional
Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition
bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators
Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
GWP (100 Year ITH)
Cox
NOx
CHX
HFC-134a
HFC-227ea
HFC-c-23a
CF
Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods
UN Agencies Get Serious
bull Galvanize the scientific community
- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies
- use existing scientific bodies and research centers
- use global observation systems
bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning
bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries
bull Human capacity
bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination
Regulation Build-Up
bull UN Agencies
bull Local agencies
bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Presentation Navigationbull Introductionbull Energy efficiency and environmentbull Environmental issues in ship operations bull Regulation built ndash up bull Ships emission to air and issues of global warming bull Energy and fuel quality bull Good practice towards beyond compliancebull Alternative energy and technology bull Environmental technologybull The future of energy and ship
It does not matter where on Earth you live everyone is utterly dependent on the existence of that lovely living saltwater soup Therersquos plenty
of water in the universe without life but nowhere is there life without water The living ocean drives
planetary chemistry governs climate and weather and otherwise provides the cornerstone of the life-support system for all creatures on our
planet from deep-sea starfish to desert sagebrush Thatrsquos why the ocean matters If the
sea is sick wersquoll feel it If it dies we die Our future and the state of the oceans are one
bull Sea Change A Message of the Oceans
bull Sylvia Earle 1995
Introduction
Man Environment and Technology
bull Man
bull Biosphere- Water Air and Soil
bull The techno sphere - The ship The port
Introduction
bull Combustion -----gt pollution control ---gtenergy conservation
bull Combustion = Generation of electricity + release of chemical
bull Emission from combustion impacts Generation of fossil fuel scarcity Photo chemical smog Oil dependent world Aggressive quest for alternative energInternational and local registration build-up
bull Reassessment and revolution work onbull plan to reduce emission of existing and new
enginebull Challenge of matching energy efficiency at
minimum emission of pollution bull Control of emission is linked to traditional
factors of reliability fuel economy per shaft power capital cost and maintenance
Fuel efficiency linked to pollution
bull Maximizing overall energy efficiency-temperature electrical thermodynamic and mechanical
bull A well insulated boiler system can achieve combustion efficiency close to 100 and thermal efficiency of the order of 90
bull Heat loss by high temperature exhaust gas and in coolant systems reduce the thermal efficiency
bull For electrical energy 70 percent of the primary energy is lost in the power generation amp transmission stage
bull Thermal efficiency is improved by insulation recycling of gaseous effluents rate of heat transfer in combustion chamber and liquid coolants
bull Designer of combustion chamber -gt to achieve high combustion efficiency - unburnt fuel is considered to be a pollutants
bull Double incentive - complete combustion efficiency and reduce emission
Fuel efficiency linked to pollution
bull A good combustion require high temperature a resident time sufficient long present of oxidizer
bull Heat transfer from flame to solid surface is composed off conduction convection and radiation
bull Luminosity and present of solid particles can lead to significance change in ratio of radioactive to convective heat transfer
bull Problem associated with achieving maximum efficiency are linked to pollution control
bull Complete oxidation and burning of fuel -gtincrease combustion efficiency and reduce pollution
bull However oxide of nitrogen have presented major problems due to contradictory requirement of pollutant formation and combustion efficiency
bull Formation of oxides of nitrogen has affinity to high temperature
bull Oxide of nitrogen -gtdifficult to treat as a pollutant - gt restriction vital before formation
bull Sulfur control require removal of sulfur before burning or extraction from effluent
Issue of Today
bull Worldwide focus of fuel-gt Exhaust gas emission law by IMO and introduction of local rules
bull Emission limits driving evolution to development and adaptation to new technology
bull Solution anticipated to maintenance of ship life cycle at average of 25 years
bull Focus is currently more on NOx and SOx ndashHC Cox and particulate will soon join
bull Consideration involve not only fuel use and design but also OPERATIONAL ISSUE
Main Threat
bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of
ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of
fossil fuels and biomass burning
bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)
bull Environmental flashpointssecurity
bull Nuclear waste issues
bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change
bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation
bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts
bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization
bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life
bull Critical environmental zones
General Impacts
bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems
bull The effects of sewage on human health
bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication
bull The decline of living resources Sediments
bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea
Impact Categories
High Probability and High-Impact Events
bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions
Low probability and slow impact events
bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants
Global Climate Change Impacts
Stratospheric ozone depletion
- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation
Pollution from Ships
Release
bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism
bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals
bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil
-Intentional -Unintentional
Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition
bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators
Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
GWP (100 Year ITH)
Cox
NOx
CHX
HFC-134a
HFC-227ea
HFC-c-23a
CF
Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods
UN Agencies Get Serious
bull Galvanize the scientific community
- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies
- use existing scientific bodies and research centers
- use global observation systems
bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning
bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries
bull Human capacity
bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination
Regulation Build-Up
bull UN Agencies
bull Local agencies
bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
It does not matter where on Earth you live everyone is utterly dependent on the existence of that lovely living saltwater soup Therersquos plenty
of water in the universe without life but nowhere is there life without water The living ocean drives
planetary chemistry governs climate and weather and otherwise provides the cornerstone of the life-support system for all creatures on our
planet from deep-sea starfish to desert sagebrush Thatrsquos why the ocean matters If the
sea is sick wersquoll feel it If it dies we die Our future and the state of the oceans are one
bull Sea Change A Message of the Oceans
bull Sylvia Earle 1995
Introduction
Man Environment and Technology
bull Man
bull Biosphere- Water Air and Soil
bull The techno sphere - The ship The port
Introduction
bull Combustion -----gt pollution control ---gtenergy conservation
bull Combustion = Generation of electricity + release of chemical
bull Emission from combustion impacts Generation of fossil fuel scarcity Photo chemical smog Oil dependent world Aggressive quest for alternative energInternational and local registration build-up
bull Reassessment and revolution work onbull plan to reduce emission of existing and new
enginebull Challenge of matching energy efficiency at
minimum emission of pollution bull Control of emission is linked to traditional
factors of reliability fuel economy per shaft power capital cost and maintenance
Fuel efficiency linked to pollution
bull Maximizing overall energy efficiency-temperature electrical thermodynamic and mechanical
bull A well insulated boiler system can achieve combustion efficiency close to 100 and thermal efficiency of the order of 90
bull Heat loss by high temperature exhaust gas and in coolant systems reduce the thermal efficiency
bull For electrical energy 70 percent of the primary energy is lost in the power generation amp transmission stage
bull Thermal efficiency is improved by insulation recycling of gaseous effluents rate of heat transfer in combustion chamber and liquid coolants
bull Designer of combustion chamber -gt to achieve high combustion efficiency - unburnt fuel is considered to be a pollutants
bull Double incentive - complete combustion efficiency and reduce emission
Fuel efficiency linked to pollution
bull A good combustion require high temperature a resident time sufficient long present of oxidizer
bull Heat transfer from flame to solid surface is composed off conduction convection and radiation
bull Luminosity and present of solid particles can lead to significance change in ratio of radioactive to convective heat transfer
bull Problem associated with achieving maximum efficiency are linked to pollution control
bull Complete oxidation and burning of fuel -gtincrease combustion efficiency and reduce pollution
bull However oxide of nitrogen have presented major problems due to contradictory requirement of pollutant formation and combustion efficiency
bull Formation of oxides of nitrogen has affinity to high temperature
bull Oxide of nitrogen -gtdifficult to treat as a pollutant - gt restriction vital before formation
bull Sulfur control require removal of sulfur before burning or extraction from effluent
Issue of Today
bull Worldwide focus of fuel-gt Exhaust gas emission law by IMO and introduction of local rules
bull Emission limits driving evolution to development and adaptation to new technology
bull Solution anticipated to maintenance of ship life cycle at average of 25 years
bull Focus is currently more on NOx and SOx ndashHC Cox and particulate will soon join
bull Consideration involve not only fuel use and design but also OPERATIONAL ISSUE
Main Threat
bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of
ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of
fossil fuels and biomass burning
bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)
bull Environmental flashpointssecurity
bull Nuclear waste issues
bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change
bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation
bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts
bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization
bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life
bull Critical environmental zones
General Impacts
bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems
bull The effects of sewage on human health
bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication
bull The decline of living resources Sediments
bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea
Impact Categories
High Probability and High-Impact Events
bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions
Low probability and slow impact events
bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants
Global Climate Change Impacts
Stratospheric ozone depletion
- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation
Pollution from Ships
Release
bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism
bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals
bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil
-Intentional -Unintentional
Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition
bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators
Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
GWP (100 Year ITH)
Cox
NOx
CHX
HFC-134a
HFC-227ea
HFC-c-23a
CF
Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods
UN Agencies Get Serious
bull Galvanize the scientific community
- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies
- use existing scientific bodies and research centers
- use global observation systems
bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning
bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries
bull Human capacity
bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination
Regulation Build-Up
bull UN Agencies
bull Local agencies
bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Introduction
Man Environment and Technology
bull Man
bull Biosphere- Water Air and Soil
bull The techno sphere - The ship The port
Introduction
bull Combustion -----gt pollution control ---gtenergy conservation
bull Combustion = Generation of electricity + release of chemical
bull Emission from combustion impacts Generation of fossil fuel scarcity Photo chemical smog Oil dependent world Aggressive quest for alternative energInternational and local registration build-up
bull Reassessment and revolution work onbull plan to reduce emission of existing and new
enginebull Challenge of matching energy efficiency at
minimum emission of pollution bull Control of emission is linked to traditional
factors of reliability fuel economy per shaft power capital cost and maintenance
Fuel efficiency linked to pollution
bull Maximizing overall energy efficiency-temperature electrical thermodynamic and mechanical
bull A well insulated boiler system can achieve combustion efficiency close to 100 and thermal efficiency of the order of 90
bull Heat loss by high temperature exhaust gas and in coolant systems reduce the thermal efficiency
bull For electrical energy 70 percent of the primary energy is lost in the power generation amp transmission stage
bull Thermal efficiency is improved by insulation recycling of gaseous effluents rate of heat transfer in combustion chamber and liquid coolants
bull Designer of combustion chamber -gt to achieve high combustion efficiency - unburnt fuel is considered to be a pollutants
bull Double incentive - complete combustion efficiency and reduce emission
Fuel efficiency linked to pollution
bull A good combustion require high temperature a resident time sufficient long present of oxidizer
bull Heat transfer from flame to solid surface is composed off conduction convection and radiation
bull Luminosity and present of solid particles can lead to significance change in ratio of radioactive to convective heat transfer
bull Problem associated with achieving maximum efficiency are linked to pollution control
bull Complete oxidation and burning of fuel -gtincrease combustion efficiency and reduce pollution
bull However oxide of nitrogen have presented major problems due to contradictory requirement of pollutant formation and combustion efficiency
bull Formation of oxides of nitrogen has affinity to high temperature
bull Oxide of nitrogen -gtdifficult to treat as a pollutant - gt restriction vital before formation
bull Sulfur control require removal of sulfur before burning or extraction from effluent
Issue of Today
bull Worldwide focus of fuel-gt Exhaust gas emission law by IMO and introduction of local rules
bull Emission limits driving evolution to development and adaptation to new technology
bull Solution anticipated to maintenance of ship life cycle at average of 25 years
bull Focus is currently more on NOx and SOx ndashHC Cox and particulate will soon join
bull Consideration involve not only fuel use and design but also OPERATIONAL ISSUE
Main Threat
bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of
ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of
fossil fuels and biomass burning
bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)
bull Environmental flashpointssecurity
bull Nuclear waste issues
bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change
bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation
bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts
bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization
bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life
bull Critical environmental zones
General Impacts
bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems
bull The effects of sewage on human health
bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication
bull The decline of living resources Sediments
bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea
Impact Categories
High Probability and High-Impact Events
bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions
Low probability and slow impact events
bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants
Global Climate Change Impacts
Stratospheric ozone depletion
- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation
Pollution from Ships
Release
bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism
bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals
bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil
-Intentional -Unintentional
Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition
bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators
Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
GWP (100 Year ITH)
Cox
NOx
CHX
HFC-134a
HFC-227ea
HFC-c-23a
CF
Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods
UN Agencies Get Serious
bull Galvanize the scientific community
- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies
- use existing scientific bodies and research centers
- use global observation systems
bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning
bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries
bull Human capacity
bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination
Regulation Build-Up
bull UN Agencies
bull Local agencies
bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Introduction
bull Combustion -----gt pollution control ---gtenergy conservation
bull Combustion = Generation of electricity + release of chemical
bull Emission from combustion impacts Generation of fossil fuel scarcity Photo chemical smog Oil dependent world Aggressive quest for alternative energInternational and local registration build-up
bull Reassessment and revolution work onbull plan to reduce emission of existing and new
enginebull Challenge of matching energy efficiency at
minimum emission of pollution bull Control of emission is linked to traditional
factors of reliability fuel economy per shaft power capital cost and maintenance
Fuel efficiency linked to pollution
bull Maximizing overall energy efficiency-temperature electrical thermodynamic and mechanical
bull A well insulated boiler system can achieve combustion efficiency close to 100 and thermal efficiency of the order of 90
bull Heat loss by high temperature exhaust gas and in coolant systems reduce the thermal efficiency
bull For electrical energy 70 percent of the primary energy is lost in the power generation amp transmission stage
bull Thermal efficiency is improved by insulation recycling of gaseous effluents rate of heat transfer in combustion chamber and liquid coolants
bull Designer of combustion chamber -gt to achieve high combustion efficiency - unburnt fuel is considered to be a pollutants
bull Double incentive - complete combustion efficiency and reduce emission
Fuel efficiency linked to pollution
bull A good combustion require high temperature a resident time sufficient long present of oxidizer
bull Heat transfer from flame to solid surface is composed off conduction convection and radiation
bull Luminosity and present of solid particles can lead to significance change in ratio of radioactive to convective heat transfer
bull Problem associated with achieving maximum efficiency are linked to pollution control
bull Complete oxidation and burning of fuel -gtincrease combustion efficiency and reduce pollution
bull However oxide of nitrogen have presented major problems due to contradictory requirement of pollutant formation and combustion efficiency
bull Formation of oxides of nitrogen has affinity to high temperature
bull Oxide of nitrogen -gtdifficult to treat as a pollutant - gt restriction vital before formation
bull Sulfur control require removal of sulfur before burning or extraction from effluent
Issue of Today
bull Worldwide focus of fuel-gt Exhaust gas emission law by IMO and introduction of local rules
bull Emission limits driving evolution to development and adaptation to new technology
bull Solution anticipated to maintenance of ship life cycle at average of 25 years
bull Focus is currently more on NOx and SOx ndashHC Cox and particulate will soon join
bull Consideration involve not only fuel use and design but also OPERATIONAL ISSUE
Main Threat
bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of
ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of
fossil fuels and biomass burning
bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)
bull Environmental flashpointssecurity
bull Nuclear waste issues
bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change
bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation
bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts
bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization
bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life
bull Critical environmental zones
General Impacts
bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems
bull The effects of sewage on human health
bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication
bull The decline of living resources Sediments
bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea
Impact Categories
High Probability and High-Impact Events
bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions
Low probability and slow impact events
bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants
Global Climate Change Impacts
Stratospheric ozone depletion
- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation
Pollution from Ships
Release
bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism
bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals
bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil
-Intentional -Unintentional
Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition
bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators
Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
GWP (100 Year ITH)
Cox
NOx
CHX
HFC-134a
HFC-227ea
HFC-c-23a
CF
Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods
UN Agencies Get Serious
bull Galvanize the scientific community
- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies
- use existing scientific bodies and research centers
- use global observation systems
bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning
bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries
bull Human capacity
bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination
Regulation Build-Up
bull UN Agencies
bull Local agencies
bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Fuel efficiency linked to pollution
bull Maximizing overall energy efficiency-temperature electrical thermodynamic and mechanical
bull A well insulated boiler system can achieve combustion efficiency close to 100 and thermal efficiency of the order of 90
bull Heat loss by high temperature exhaust gas and in coolant systems reduce the thermal efficiency
bull For electrical energy 70 percent of the primary energy is lost in the power generation amp transmission stage
bull Thermal efficiency is improved by insulation recycling of gaseous effluents rate of heat transfer in combustion chamber and liquid coolants
bull Designer of combustion chamber -gt to achieve high combustion efficiency - unburnt fuel is considered to be a pollutants
bull Double incentive - complete combustion efficiency and reduce emission
Fuel efficiency linked to pollution
bull A good combustion require high temperature a resident time sufficient long present of oxidizer
bull Heat transfer from flame to solid surface is composed off conduction convection and radiation
bull Luminosity and present of solid particles can lead to significance change in ratio of radioactive to convective heat transfer
bull Problem associated with achieving maximum efficiency are linked to pollution control
bull Complete oxidation and burning of fuel -gtincrease combustion efficiency and reduce pollution
bull However oxide of nitrogen have presented major problems due to contradictory requirement of pollutant formation and combustion efficiency
bull Formation of oxides of nitrogen has affinity to high temperature
bull Oxide of nitrogen -gtdifficult to treat as a pollutant - gt restriction vital before formation
bull Sulfur control require removal of sulfur before burning or extraction from effluent
Issue of Today
bull Worldwide focus of fuel-gt Exhaust gas emission law by IMO and introduction of local rules
bull Emission limits driving evolution to development and adaptation to new technology
bull Solution anticipated to maintenance of ship life cycle at average of 25 years
bull Focus is currently more on NOx and SOx ndashHC Cox and particulate will soon join
bull Consideration involve not only fuel use and design but also OPERATIONAL ISSUE
Main Threat
bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of
ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of
fossil fuels and biomass burning
bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)
bull Environmental flashpointssecurity
bull Nuclear waste issues
bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change
bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation
bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts
bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization
bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life
bull Critical environmental zones
General Impacts
bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems
bull The effects of sewage on human health
bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication
bull The decline of living resources Sediments
bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea
Impact Categories
High Probability and High-Impact Events
bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions
Low probability and slow impact events
bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants
Global Climate Change Impacts
Stratospheric ozone depletion
- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation
Pollution from Ships
Release
bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism
bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals
bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil
-Intentional -Unintentional
Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition
bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators
Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
GWP (100 Year ITH)
Cox
NOx
CHX
HFC-134a
HFC-227ea
HFC-c-23a
CF
Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods
UN Agencies Get Serious
bull Galvanize the scientific community
- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies
- use existing scientific bodies and research centers
- use global observation systems
bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning
bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries
bull Human capacity
bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination
Regulation Build-Up
bull UN Agencies
bull Local agencies
bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Fuel efficiency linked to pollution
bull A good combustion require high temperature a resident time sufficient long present of oxidizer
bull Heat transfer from flame to solid surface is composed off conduction convection and radiation
bull Luminosity and present of solid particles can lead to significance change in ratio of radioactive to convective heat transfer
bull Problem associated with achieving maximum efficiency are linked to pollution control
bull Complete oxidation and burning of fuel -gtincrease combustion efficiency and reduce pollution
bull However oxide of nitrogen have presented major problems due to contradictory requirement of pollutant formation and combustion efficiency
bull Formation of oxides of nitrogen has affinity to high temperature
bull Oxide of nitrogen -gtdifficult to treat as a pollutant - gt restriction vital before formation
bull Sulfur control require removal of sulfur before burning or extraction from effluent
Issue of Today
bull Worldwide focus of fuel-gt Exhaust gas emission law by IMO and introduction of local rules
bull Emission limits driving evolution to development and adaptation to new technology
bull Solution anticipated to maintenance of ship life cycle at average of 25 years
bull Focus is currently more on NOx and SOx ndashHC Cox and particulate will soon join
bull Consideration involve not only fuel use and design but also OPERATIONAL ISSUE
Main Threat
bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of
ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of
fossil fuels and biomass burning
bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)
bull Environmental flashpointssecurity
bull Nuclear waste issues
bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change
bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation
bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts
bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization
bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life
bull Critical environmental zones
General Impacts
bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems
bull The effects of sewage on human health
bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication
bull The decline of living resources Sediments
bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea
Impact Categories
High Probability and High-Impact Events
bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions
Low probability and slow impact events
bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants
Global Climate Change Impacts
Stratospheric ozone depletion
- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation
Pollution from Ships
Release
bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism
bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals
bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil
-Intentional -Unintentional
Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition
bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators
Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
GWP (100 Year ITH)
Cox
NOx
CHX
HFC-134a
HFC-227ea
HFC-c-23a
CF
Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods
UN Agencies Get Serious
bull Galvanize the scientific community
- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies
- use existing scientific bodies and research centers
- use global observation systems
bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning
bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries
bull Human capacity
bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination
Regulation Build-Up
bull UN Agencies
bull Local agencies
bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Issue of Today
bull Worldwide focus of fuel-gt Exhaust gas emission law by IMO and introduction of local rules
bull Emission limits driving evolution to development and adaptation to new technology
bull Solution anticipated to maintenance of ship life cycle at average of 25 years
bull Focus is currently more on NOx and SOx ndashHC Cox and particulate will soon join
bull Consideration involve not only fuel use and design but also OPERATIONAL ISSUE
Main Threat
bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of
ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of
fossil fuels and biomass burning
bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)
bull Environmental flashpointssecurity
bull Nuclear waste issues
bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change
bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation
bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts
bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization
bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life
bull Critical environmental zones
General Impacts
bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems
bull The effects of sewage on human health
bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication
bull The decline of living resources Sediments
bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea
Impact Categories
High Probability and High-Impact Events
bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions
Low probability and slow impact events
bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants
Global Climate Change Impacts
Stratospheric ozone depletion
- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation
Pollution from Ships
Release
bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism
bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals
bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil
-Intentional -Unintentional
Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition
bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators
Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
GWP (100 Year ITH)
Cox
NOx
CHX
HFC-134a
HFC-227ea
HFC-c-23a
CF
Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods
UN Agencies Get Serious
bull Galvanize the scientific community
- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies
- use existing scientific bodies and research centers
- use global observation systems
bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning
bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries
bull Human capacity
bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination
Regulation Build-Up
bull UN Agencies
bull Local agencies
bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Main Threat
bull Freshwater supply and quality ndash surface amp groundwaterbull Risk and threats to human health -gt collapse of
ecosystem healthbull Pollution of the lower atmosphere -gt combustion of
fossil fuels and biomass burning
bull Landmarine interaction amp transboundary issues (eutrophication)
bull Environmental flashpointssecurity
bull Nuclear waste issues
bull Long-term and inter-annual climate change
bull Habitat loss and forest fragmentation
bull Endangered species link to food security amp economicimpacts
bull Sanitation and waste due to crosscutting urbanization
bull Chemical and toxic substances ndash Quality of life
bull Critical environmental zones
General Impacts
bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems
bull The effects of sewage on human health
bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication
bull The decline of living resources Sediments
bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea
Impact Categories
High Probability and High-Impact Events
bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions
Low probability and slow impact events
bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants
Global Climate Change Impacts
Stratospheric ozone depletion
- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation
Pollution from Ships
Release
bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism
bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals
bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil
-Intentional -Unintentional
Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition
bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators
Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
GWP (100 Year ITH)
Cox
NOx
CHX
HFC-134a
HFC-227ea
HFC-c-23a
CF
Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods
UN Agencies Get Serious
bull Galvanize the scientific community
- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies
- use existing scientific bodies and research centers
- use global observation systems
bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning
bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries
bull Human capacity
bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination
Regulation Build-Up
bull UN Agencies
bull Local agencies
bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
General Impacts
bull The alteration and destruction of habitats and ecosystems
bull The effects of sewage on human health
bull Widespread and increasing Eutrophication
bull The decline of living resources Sediments
bull The impacts of Climate Change Rising sea
Impact Categories
High Probability and High-Impact Events
bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions
Low probability and slow impact events
bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants
Global Climate Change Impacts
Stratospheric ozone depletion
- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation
Pollution from Ships
Release
bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism
bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals
bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil
-Intentional -Unintentional
Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition
bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators
Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
GWP (100 Year ITH)
Cox
NOx
CHX
HFC-134a
HFC-227ea
HFC-c-23a
CF
Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods
UN Agencies Get Serious
bull Galvanize the scientific community
- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies
- use existing scientific bodies and research centers
- use global observation systems
bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning
bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries
bull Human capacity
bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination
Regulation Build-Up
bull UN Agencies
bull Local agencies
bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Impact Categories
High Probability and High-Impact Events
bull Landbased resources degradation bull Marine Resource degradation bull Damages due to disasters bull Environmental damages-Loss of biodiversity -Depletion of natural resource bases -Increased greenhouse gas emissions
Low probability and slow impact events
bull Global climate change bull Stratospheric ozone depletion bull Persistent organic pollutants
Global Climate Change Impacts
Stratospheric ozone depletion
- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation
Pollution from Ships
Release
bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism
bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals
bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil
-Intentional -Unintentional
Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition
bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators
Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
GWP (100 Year ITH)
Cox
NOx
CHX
HFC-134a
HFC-227ea
HFC-c-23a
CF
Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods
UN Agencies Get Serious
bull Galvanize the scientific community
- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies
- use existing scientific bodies and research centers
- use global observation systems
bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning
bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries
bull Human capacity
bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination
Regulation Build-Up
bull UN Agencies
bull Local agencies
bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Global Climate Change Impacts
Stratospheric ozone depletion
- Loss of biodiversity- Freshwater degradation- Desertification and land degradation- Deforestation and the unsustainable use of forests- Marine environment and resource degradation
Pollution from Ships
Release
bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism
bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals
bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil
-Intentional -Unintentional
Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition
bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators
Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
GWP (100 Year ITH)
Cox
NOx
CHX
HFC-134a
HFC-227ea
HFC-c-23a
CF
Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods
UN Agencies Get Serious
bull Galvanize the scientific community
- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies
- use existing scientific bodies and research centers
- use global observation systems
bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning
bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries
bull Human capacity
bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination
Regulation Build-Up
bull UN Agencies
bull Local agencies
bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Pollution from Ships
Release
bull Water pollution bull Air emission bull Persistent organism
bull Accidental - Grounding Stranding Loss of oil Hazardous cargo Noxious liquid collision with marine mammals
bull Operation - Oil spill Cargo and Bunker fuel Emission ( Sox Nox CFC amp VoC) Antifouling toxins Ballast water discharges Noise Waste disposal at sea Dredging dispersal of soil
-Intentional -Unintentional
Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition
bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators
Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
GWP (100 Year ITH)
Cox
NOx
CHX
HFC-134a
HFC-227ea
HFC-c-23a
CF
Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods
UN Agencies Get Serious
bull Galvanize the scientific community
- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies
- use existing scientific bodies and research centers
- use global observation systems
bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning
bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries
bull Human capacity
bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination
Regulation Build-Up
bull UN Agencies
bull Local agencies
bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Flow Process of typical exhaust gas Composition
bullEmission is inherent consequence of powered shipping bullFuel oil burning as main sourcebullContinuous combustion machineries -boilers gas turbines and incinerators
Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
GWP (100 Year ITH)
Cox
NOx
CHX
HFC-134a
HFC-227ea
HFC-c-23a
CF
Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods
UN Agencies Get Serious
bull Galvanize the scientific community
- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies
- use existing scientific bodies and research centers
- use global observation systems
bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning
bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries
bull Human capacity
bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination
Regulation Build-Up
bull UN Agencies
bull Local agencies
bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Global Warming Potentials by Emission Sources
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
GWP (100 Year ITH)
Cox
NOx
CHX
HFC-134a
HFC-227ea
HFC-c-23a
CF
Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods
UN Agencies Get Serious
bull Galvanize the scientific community
- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies
- use existing scientific bodies and research centers
- use global observation systems
bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning
bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries
bull Human capacity
bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination
Regulation Build-Up
bull UN Agencies
bull Local agencies
bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Emission Source and Current Reduction Methods
UN Agencies Get Serious
bull Galvanize the scientific community
- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies
- use existing scientific bodies and research centers
- use global observation systems
bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning
bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries
bull Human capacity
bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination
Regulation Build-Up
bull UN Agencies
bull Local agencies
bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
UN Agencies Get Serious
bull Galvanize the scientific community
- set up panels collaborating scientists and technical bodies
- use existing scientific bodies and research centers
- use global observation systems
bull Tap on informal sources of information related to early warning
bull Dealing with problem of sharing sensitive dataamong countries
bull Human capacity
bull Rapid spread of Internet as a tool for information compilation discussion and dissemination
Regulation Build-Up
bull UN Agencies
bull Local agencies
bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Regulation Build-Up
bull UN Agencies
bull Local agencies
bull(Oil Spills Protocol) - Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW Protocol) bullProtocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities (LBS Protocol) bullAgenda 21
UN Agencies Regulation Cluster
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
IMO Get Serious ndash New Strategies
bull To address greenhouse gas emissions from ships- Adoption of control and prevention measures in 2003
bull To address problems associated with the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ships ballast water ndash adoption of final text of IMO Diplomatic Conference in 2004
bull To support the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships 2001 and
bull To address the ongoing implementation of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co-operation 1990
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATION CLUSTER -
IMO
bull International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973
bull It covers accidental and operational oil pollution as well as pollution by chemicals goods in packaged form sewage garbage and air pollution
bull It was modified by the protocol in 1978 relating to (MARPOL 7378)
MARPOL cover
bull Annex I- Oil
bull Annex II- Noxious liquid chemicals
bull Annex III- Harmful Goods (package)
bull Annex IV- Sewage
bull Annex V ndash Ballast water
bull Annex VI- emission and air pollution (Sox Nox and green house gas emission of ozone depletion gas (ODG))
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
IMO
New annex to MARPOL focus
bull Control and management of Ballast water to minimize transfer of harmful foreign species
bull Global prohibition of TBT in antifouling Coating - phase out scheduled for 2008
bull International convention on oil pollution Response and cooperation (OPRC) - 1990
bull Policy to combating major incidents or threats control to prevent mitigates or eliminates danger of marine pollution through port to its coastline from a maritime casualty
bull Annex protocol under this convention (HNS Protocol) covers marine pollution by hazardous and noxious substances (HNS)
bull Air emission from ships
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
MARPOL Annex VI Convention
bull Technical code for prevention of air emissions from ships
bull Diesel engine test bull Survey bull Certification of compliance (IAPPC)bull NOx compliance limit -30 reduction bull Review of 5 years interval bull Restriction on use of fluorocarbons on boardbull Carbon dioxide emission from shipbull Fuel quality bull SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
NOx
Requirement for control of emission from ship
bull nlt130 rpm 17 gkwhbull Ngt2000 rpm 45n ^02) gkwhbull Ngt200 rpm 98 gkwh
Other requirement and standards
bull NOx depends on Fuel efficiency Large bore Low speedbull Fuel grade - ISO 8217bull Emission test - ISO 8178bull One common limits for all engine - International
harmonization of regulation and equipment standards
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
IMO Nox Compliance Line
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
IMO NOx Compliance Line
bull Minimizing the NOx emissions from diesel engines is a pressing international problem
bull The above graph shows the international regulation standards adopted by the IMO in September 1997
bull In response to this engine manufacturers are exploring all means of reducing NOx emissions
bull Low-NOx type marine diesel engine for new series engines use the following methods to reduce NOx emissions
NOx is generated when combustion gas is held at high temperatureTo reduce NOx generation the following steps are required1 Lower the combustion temperature2 Shorten the combustion time
bull Improvements aimed at NOx reduction are1 Delay of fuel injection time 2 Use of SCR
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
SOx Emission Control Areas (SECA)
bull Annex VI to MARPOL 7378 limits the sulphur content of MFO to 15 per mass and will apply in designated SECAs
bull The first SECA is the Baltic Sea -gtenters into force on 19 May 2006
bull The North Sea Area and the English Channel SECAwill enter into force 22 November 2007
bull The geographical boundaries for these two SECAs are defined in MARPOL 7378
bull EU directive 200533EC requires ships to burn fuel oil with less than 15 sulphur in the North Sea SECA from 11 August 2007)
bull New SECAs are expected to be adopted in the future based on certain criteria and procedures for designation of SECAs
bull MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14 (4b) gives the option of using an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) which reduces the total SOX emissions to 60 gkWh
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Baltic Sea SECA
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Current Reduction Potentials
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Emission Release from Prime Movers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
GTE DFD SSD
NOx
SOx
CO
CO2100
SOURCE Prof Frankel- MIT
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
COx contents for Different Plants and Fuel
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Emission of Particulates as a Function of Fuel
Sulphur Content
A large part of the difference between HFO and DO is related to the sulphur which together with water forms particulates
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Mitigation
bull Shipboard and waste emission outline ndashbull Treatment and Elimination - Pollution Prevention
(P2) or Pollution Control-this is backbone of the thrust in achieving clean ship
bull The basic P2 principles followbull Pollution Prevention Use fewer environmentally
harmful substances and generate less waste on board
Pollution Control Increase treatment processing or destruction of wastes on board
-Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful chemicals such as ozone-depleting substance (ODSs) toxic anti-foulant hull coatings and other hazardous materials may be the best approach for some potential problems
bull Emission can only be subject to reduction at best rather than elimination
bull Other pollution are subjects to zero discharge or use of minimum possible given current technology
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Emission Reduction Potentials
bull Recent studies revealed that exhaust emission from ship is responsible for
- 14 of the worldwide NOx emission - 8 of world SOxbull Emissions from ocean-going are forecast to increase - 9 to 13 by 2010- 20 to 29 by 2020bull Bulk carrier container and tanker vessels are the three largest
contributors bull Low exhaust emission diesel engine could achieves a 25 reduction
in air emissionsbull The IMO NOx emission limit will reduce the average NOx emission
factors for ocean-going vessels by- 41 for main engines- 83 for auxiliary engines
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
General Mitigation Techniques
Primary measuresbull Use of low sulfur fuel ndash ( less than 6gkwh)
Secondary measuresbull Exhaust gas cleaning system or technology Sox for ECA (Emission Control Area) amp Fuel change over
There are 3 ways by which pollution can be controlled bull Cleaning fuel prior to combustion (fuel preparation
such as fractionation catalytic cracking desulphurization )
bull Reducing the production of pollutants during combustion ( state combustion exhaust gas recirculation and reduced temperature level )
bull Cleaning exhaust gas
(All these methods attracts major design modification that heat economic of energy balance
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Existing Emission Mitigation Methods
bull Nitrogen reduction -gt through choice of propulsion system
bull Sulfur reduction -gtin bunker fuel
bull On board Catalytic system -gt like -Converter-water injection-Emulsion
bull Operationally -gt through -speed reduction-Use of shore power connection
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
NOx Reduction Options
For existing enginesbull Use of NOx injectorsbull Retarding injection timing bull Temperature control of the charge airbull Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)bull Fuel water emulsion bull Water injection bull Humid Air Motor (HAM) Technique- addition of wet steam
to the enginebull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
For new enginesEngine certification- Pre-certification- Technical file clarification on engine family and group - Final certification
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Operational Measures
-Relifiquation plants for LNGLPG carriers-gt Reduction of NOx Sox + cost saving through boiled off gas reuse
-Speed reduction at ashore proximity-gt~ 10-20 -Alfa Lubricator system - Reduction in cylinder oil
consumption-gt reduction in particulate emission-Electronic control engine -gt Programmed fuel injection
and exhaust valve-gtEmission reduction-Turbo generator plant ndashgt Use of high efficiency air
flow for power take off ndashgt reduce fuel + reduction of emission
-System integration -gtHumid air Motor (HAM)- engine intake air operating with water + Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ~50 reduction
- HFO sulfur content - Need for oil company to change their equipment for low sulfur oil production-gt ship-owner will face high cost
- Additive solution has been expensive so far- Dual fuel option for low sulphuR restricted areas(
15-45)ndash need for additional tanks and
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Mitigation for Existing Ships
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Slide Valve Option
bullThe content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas from large diesel engines depends on the type of fuel the engine adjustment and design
bullsac volume is the void space in the fuel valvedownstream of the closing face
bullReduced sac volume in the fuel valves has greatly reduced HC emissions
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Slide Valve Option
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Alfa Lubricator System
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Alfa Lubricator System
bull A high-pressure electronically controlled lubricator that injects the cylinder lube oil into the cylinder at the exact position and time -gt optimal effect is not always possible with the conventional lubricators
bull A parallel line is followed by the SIP (Swirl Injection Principle) lubricator where the oil is injected prior to piston passage thereby having the oil distributed by the air swirl
bull Use for marine engines and engines for power generation purposes very low feed rates have been demonstrated with oil consumption down to 05 gbhph
bull By applying low oil dosage -gt emission is lowered + less cylinder oil is wasted in the engine- where it could end up in the system oil resulting in increased TBN and viscosity
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Particulate Emission - Function of Potential
Lub Oil Consumption
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
PM Measure
bullThe picture of the filters used for dilution tunnel PM measurements taken before and after the scrubber at 75 load and 15 recirculation
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Scavenge Air Factor
bullNOx reduction by means of SCR can only take place in the mentioned temperature windowbullBecause if the temperature is too high NH3 will burn rather than react with the NONO2bull At too low a temperature the reaction rate would be too low andbullcondensation of ammonium sulphates would destroy the catalyst
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
SCR Installation Block Diagram
bullTo reduce the NOx level by up to 98 it is necessary to make use of the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technique
bullWith this method the exhaust gas is mixed with ammonia NH3 or UREA (as NH3 carrier) before passing through a layer of a special catalyst at a temperature between 300 and 400C whereby NOx is reduced to N2 and H2O
bullThe reactions are in principle the following
bull4NO + 4NH3 + O2 rarr 4N2 + 6H2O
bull6NO2 + 8NH3 rarr 7N2 + 12H2O
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
SCR System Layout
The amount of
NH3 injected into
the exhaust gas is
controlled by a
process computer
dosing the NH3 in
proportion to the
NOx produced by
the engine as a
function of the
engine load
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
SCR Performance Reference List
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
SCR Electronic System
bullThe flexibility of the electronically controlledengine can improve the emission control and operation of NOX reduction by means of water emulsion bullWhen operating with an SCR catalyst it is difficult to maintain the engine dynamics and the turbocharger stability at transient engine loadsbullWith the electronically controlled engine a faster load-up by early exhaust valve opening and late injection timing is possible bullAlso modulated exhaust valve timing stabilizes the turbocharger
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
SCR Configuration
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Exhaust Gas Recovery (EGR)
bullEGR system has two water injection stages with a simple water separator unit after both
bullThe first water injection stage involves humidification with salt water in order to ensure that there is no freshwater consumption in the second freshwater injection stage
bullThe outlet temperature of the first stage is approximately 100oC
bullThis stage has a single multi-nozzle injector
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
EGR with Water Treatment
bullThis system is connected to the exhaust system in the same way as the simple EGR systembullBut the EGR line is routed to a bubble-bath scrubber from the which cleans and cools the exhaust gasbullThe water loop in the scrubber system is cooled and monitored in a Water Treatment Skid with a filter and settling system cleaning the used sea water
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
EGR and HAM System
bullThe NOx production only
takes place at very high
temperatures (2200degK and
above) and it increases
exponentially with the
temperature
bullThe EGR method is based
on a reduction of the
oxygen content in the
cylinder charge and the
HAM method is partly
based on reducing the
oxygen content of the
cylinder charge and
partly on increasing the
heat capacity of the
cylinder charge by the
addition of water vapor
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Typical Pressurized Fuel Oil System with
Homogenizer
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Humid Air Motor (HAM)
bullThe addition of water to the HFO by homogenisation increases the viscosity
bullTo keep the viscosity at the engine inlet at 10-15 cSt max 20 cSt It is necessary to raise the temperature to more than the 150oC which is standard today (max 170oC at 50 water)raise the fuel oil loop
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
NOx Reduction from Emulsification
bull10 NOx reduction for each 10 water added
bullThe water amounts refer to the injected amount of fuel oil
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
EGR
bullAt increased recirculation amounts the HC and PM emissions are reducedcorresponding to the reduction of the exhaust gas flow from the engine
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Annual Operating Cost for LNG Carrier
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Case Study ndash Retrofit Installation of SCR
Norwegian owned LPG-carrier Navion Dania equipped with
a 6S35MC main engine
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Emission Assessment Quantification
bull Emissions calculation- using emission factorsand activity data by mode of operation
bull Emissions = Σ[(P x LF x EF)Main+ (P x LF x EF )Auxiliary] Modex TMode
bull P = registered main or auxiliary engine power kW
bull LF = load factor relative to registered power
bull EF = emission factor by mode gkWh
bull Tmode= time in mode hours
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Emission Factors
bull NOx- 12-17gkwh
bull CO- 16gkwh
bull HC-05gkwh
bull Cox-660gkwh
bull Sox- 42gkwh
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Environmental Risk
bullSince options are many and money will be involve it is better to use IMO FSA HAZOP method for various decision on alternativesbullRISK = Hazard (Toxicity) x Exposure (anbullestimate on probability that certain toxicity will be realized)
For examplebull1048698 Use of X rays has a high AQ (High benefit low risk)bull1048698 Use of Thalidomide has a small AQ (Small benefithigh risk)bull1048698 Nuclear war has a very small AQ (No benefitvery high risk)
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Risk Management
bull Risk management is the evaluation ofbull alternative risk reduction measures and the
implementation of those that appear cost effective
bull It must be remember that
bull Zero discharge = zero risk but
-the challenge is to bring the risk to acceptable level
-at the same time derive the max benefit
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Cost Benefit AnalysisMaximizing BOTH -gt economic return +environmental return + environmental protection
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Energy Source and Fuel Quality
bull The quests for an efficient fuel friendly to the environment have been recognized in maritime industry for a long time in maritime industry
bull Improvements of gasoline and diesel by chemical reformulation that can lead to decrease in ozone-forming pollutants and carbon monoxide emissions
bull Inconvenience posed by these reformulation chemicals are performance problems
-cold-start ability-smooth operation-avoidance of vapor lock are disadvantages of using reformulated fuelsbull Global trend in de-Carbonization of the energy
system follow the following path COAL gt OILgt NATURAL GAS gt HYDROGEN
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Potential of Natural Gas
bull The drive towards environmentally friendlier fuels points next at Natural Gas (NG)
bull The infrastructures to support that trend are being pre-positioned by corporate mechanisms and governmental bodies worldwide
bull NG is cheap and its reserve is plentifulbull Natural Gas as fuel is becoming more and
more established in Urban Transport and Power Generation sectors
bull Its use will also take aggressive approachfor all coastal vessel including ferries due new regulations
bull Internationally its operational record and GHG gas score is rated as GOOD
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Impact of Using New Fuel
bull That technology will transfersympathetically to the marine industry via availability of engines systems and technical assistance
bull Marine craft operation in inland water operation as well as deep sea will requirefuel supplied in bulk rendering the NG distribution viable
bull The use of an alternative fuel for vessel propulsion will leads to a design review of
- Power plant- associated fuel system - propulsion train bull + Effectively reshaping areas such as
Machinery Arrangement Hull Form Compartment Cargo Deck Payloads Superstructure Interior Layouts Escape amp Safety Route Options etc
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Environmental Technology For
Emission Reduction
bull Alternative energy
bull Alternative fuel and dual fuel engines
bull Infusion of water mist with fuel and subsequent gas scrubbing units for slow speed engines
bull Additional firing chamber
bull Potential for gas turbine complex cycle
bull Potential for turbocharger diesel engine
bull Compound cycle with gasified fuel external compressor combustion with pure oxygen
bull Exhaust after treatment for medium speed engines
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Combine Cycle Engine
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Combined Cycle
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Round trip emission for 135000 cubic meter
LNG ship
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Option for LNG Propulsion System
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Prime Movers and Drives
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Comparison of Propulsion Plants
efficiency and System Size
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Environmental Technology Update
bull Lloyd performed a research on exhaust gas emission assessment
bull Roll-Royce built Allen 5000 Series engine with electronics fuel injectors that control NOx
bull Mak engine has developed a new MDS engine with reduction in NOX without fuel penalty
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Exhaust gas Monitoring Equipments
Come with new technology must be monitoring system ndashsome of the available monitoring systems are
bull Electrochemical cellsbull Chemiluminescent analyzerbull Paramagnetic analyzerbull Analysis of optical radiation
Monitoring mode could be
-In situ - with simultaneous data analysis -Extractive systems- data analysis transfer to other location
for processing
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Sustainability and Maritime
MARITIME INDUSTRY IN NEW WORLD CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINABILITY
CAPACITY BUILDING EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICE AND OPERATIONS THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT GENERATION WITHOUT COMPROMISSING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATION TO MEET THEIR
NEED
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Advantages of Maintaining
Qualitybull Good environmental quality is essential for sustaining
coastal and marine ecosystems20 commercial recreational fisheries and economic growth in coastal communities
bull It is also an important means of providing natural protection against rising sea levels and storm damage
bull The health of coastal and marine ecosystems is affected by water quality and in turn water quality is dependent upon ecosystem health If one is impaired the other is threatened
bull Despite their value and the programs designed to protect them many coastal waters are being degraded at an alarming rate in addition to this
Ship that meet environmental requirement will be able to meet requirement of ldquoGREEN PASSPORTrdquo concept for ships
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Advantages of Maintaining Quality
Other advantages are
bull Compliance with all applicable environmental lawsbull and regulations bull No significant adverse environmental impacts bull Wastes treated or destroyed on board to the extent practicable bull No inappropriate dependence on shore facilities for waste off-load and disposal bull Minimal energy consumption bull Minimal logistical costs for waste management and bull Minimal use of hazardous materials
Reducing emission will make ship to meet future local and international emission regulation
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
LOCAL MARINE EMISSION RULES
bull Today only a few countries have ratified the IMO-regulationsbull Countries like Sweden Hamburg and Norway have introduced reductions in
harbour fees for ships operating on low sulphur fuel and with a low NOx level in order to encourage low pollution applications
bull There is potential for more local rules like these coming up depending effectiveness of IMO enforcement regulationEuropean Union
bull The EU has adopted the IMO annex VI Marpol convention including expanding the low-sulphur restricted area the French coast in the English Channel and the North Sea
bull Sweden- The Swedish authorities decided to aim at a 75 emission reduction by the beginning of 2000 In order to reach this goal the authorities apply financial incentives in the form of environmentally differentiated fairway and port due ndash To stimulate ships to take measureswhich would benefit the environment such as using catalytic converters or making other technical improvements that decrease the nitrogen oxide emissions and promote the use of low-sulphur bunker fuel
bull Norway -The Norwegian Maritime Directorate issues guidelines on emission limits The limits do not apply to all ship types and are based on a calculation of the total emission load factors from NOX SOX the type of fuel and the use of redundant machinery The higher the emission factor the better the protection of the environment and the less is to be paid in tonnage tax by Norwegian owners and operators This rule became effective on 28 November 2000 and applies to ships above 1000 net register tons
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
The future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull The development of new measuring equipment for emission control will continue in the coming years and especially techniques like HAM and EGR
bull The concern of local authorities will change from focusing on NOx and SOx to include also smoke in particular
bull The IMO Annex VI unconditional ratification for NOx IN 2003 and the recent inclusion of SOx is sign for more environmental restriction in future
bull Local rules that encourage the use of emission cutting means such as SCR reactors through harbour fee reductions will become more dominant than today
bull SCR units are preferably installed during the construction of the vessel however retrofitting is has been successfully practiced
bull The challenge to ship-owners will increase as vessels are required to have or be prepared for emission control equipment
bull The sulphur content in fuel will be reduced and vessel tank systems have to be prepared for dual fuel and dual cylinder lube oil systems
bull In some areas the operating profile of the ship will have to be adapted to local rules for reduced smoke emission
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
The Future Towards Clean Ship Operation
bull Land based air pollution regulation is a foundation for future legislatures in marine industry
bull Fossil fuel is considered the single largest contributor to emission Apart from Nox others like COHC particulate matter Cox smoke emission are likely to attract new regulations
bull To facilitate adaptation to emission regulations operators officers engine builders yards and ship-owners must have view to achieving the global target of a cleaner planet
bull The latest generation of electronically controlled engines are an integral part of that policy
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
bull [M]anrsquos fingerprint is found everywhere in the oceans Chemical contamination and litter can be observed from the poles to the tropics and from beaches to abyssal depthsBut conditions in the marine environment vary widely The open sea is still relatively cleanIn contrast to the open ocean the margins of the sea are affected by man almost everywhere and encroachment on coastal areas continues worldwideIf unchecked this trend will lead to global deterioration in the quality and productivity of the marine environment
The State of the Marine Environment 1989Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Poll
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Other Environmental Technology Update
bull Ozone safe substances- 200-Ton Air- conditioning Plant Conversion Kit -The CG-47and DDG-51 plants have been successfully converted to the ozone-friendlyrefrigerant HFC- 236fa conversion kit has been established by NRL
bull Solid waste - Solid-Waste Pulpers -The pulper (especially the large pulper) is themachine into which you dump tremendous quantities of paper cardboard orfood waste The waste mixes with seawater to form slurry which is thendischarged overboard
bull Studies show an immediate 100000-to-1 dilution when discharged into the wakeof a ship Ships equipped with a pulper can dispose of their paper cardboardand food waste just about anywhere and at anytimemdashat sea including MARPOLareas
bull Liquid waste - OWS and Bilge water Polishers Many bilge cleaners the Navy usestoday contain long-lasting emulsifying agents which produce stable oil-in-wateremulsions that shipboard OWSs cannot effectively process
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Recent Development in Coalition Control
Work
A number of promising developments that exist today are
bull Kutsuro Kijima showed a modeling approach thatpermitted analysis of passing situations that would helpset procedural standards for safe passing
bull IanDand reported on the development of modelsfor ship squat that have shown very good accuracy over the
years
bull Larry Daggett described the advent of dual frequencyDGPS receivers and their role in gathering full-scale shiptrial data In addition to the excellent horizontal accuracyof the normal DGPS receiver these receivers providevertical location with an accuracy measured incentimeters
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Measure for Ship Design for Safety
and Environmental Protection
IMO approved interim guidelines for estimating the maneuverability
bull Rudder size and effectiveness bull Ability to transit at slow forward speed bull Propulsion and propeller characteristicsbull Number of available engine reversalsbull Adequate horsepower for control bull Extra reserve rudder angle needed to allow for ship
crabbing from wind bull forces or moored ship suctionbull Visibility from bridge and bridge arrangementbull Hull form squat (trim and sink age) characteristics bull effect of bank forces on moorings and passing ships bull Air draft Emergency anchoring ability bull Amount of tow line leads and line access
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
General Best Practice for Power Plants
bull General conservation practice for machineries are
bull Fan lubrication
bull Pumps lubrications
bull Compressors lubrications
bull Repair steam and compress air leaks
bull Insulate bare steam lines
bull Inspect and repair steam traps increase condensate return
bull Minimize boiler blow down
bull Maintain and inspect temperature measuring devices
bull Maintain and inspect pressure measuring devices
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Best Practice for Operation of
Machineries
bull Recover energy from hot gases
bull Reduce energy from hot liquid
bull Reuse hot wash water
bull Add effects to existing evaporators
bull Use liquefied gases as refrigerants
bull Recompress vapor for low pressure steam
bull Generate low pressure steam from flash operation
bull Use waste heat for absorption to reduce heat loss
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Management Responsibility
bull Maintain air- conditioner efficiency and reduce heated and cooled space
bull Maintain boiler efficiency
bull Use nature ventilation whenever and wherever possible reduce air infiltration and seal leaks in pipes and ducts
bull Raise office temperatures in summer
bull Lower office temperature in winter
bull Use shading efficiently
bull Close windows and other air leaks
bull Do not use light necessarily
bull Turn off office equipment that is not use
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Area of Concentration for Domestic Utilities
bull Cooking
bull Heating
bull Hot water
bull Cooking
bull Lighting
bull New equipment application
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Personal Responsibility
bull Buy energy efficient equipments bull Use well tuned engine for gain in efficiency and
safetybull Use natural ventilation wherever it is possible bull Use natural ventilation in dwelling place bull Avoid unnecessary trips bull Do not waste foodbull Do not overeatbull Make conscious effort to conduct your life in an
energy efficient basis
Recommended