Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
- --
-
Vocabulary
Grammar and Technology
Practice to Win English
Primary Concepts
Language ( ):
language.
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Letter ( ): letter.
: a, b, c … x, y, z ( )
Alphabet ( ): Letter Alphabet
Alphabet
Vowel Consonant
(a, e, i, o, u=5 ) ( )
Word( )
meaningful letter- word. , I - ,
a- , man- -‘O’ and
‘E’ are vowels ‘O’ ‘E’ word
letter
,
word ©
Sentence ( )
word ( group
of Words )Sentence : I eat rice.
: sentence- Unit
Sentence- words – word
Verb Verb Sentence
verb :
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
verb –
Grammar:
grammar Sentence
unit
grammar Grammar Grammar is the rules
of language.
grammar :
1. Orthography- Etymology-
2. Syntax- / Punctuation-
3. prosody-
Parts of Speech
- --
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Words,
Word -Wo -
Sentence functioni
1. Noun
2. pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. preposition
7. conjunction
8. Interjection
Noun
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
-
Object Noun
-
Rahim knows Karim
Subject verb object
Rahim saw Karim in the bus
Subject verb object preposition noun
I go school -
connected)
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
pen? -
red
-
Walkin -
The old man is walking with a walking stick.
V adj N
stick
stick?-
-
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
part of speech.
-
I walk in the morning -
Verb
Walking is good for health-
Noun
The old man is walking with a walking stick.
Verb adj
-
-
adverb ( / )
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Karim is a very good boy
Adv. Adj. N
-good adje -
-adverb.
Preposition ( )
©
- -©
© put the book on the table.
‘on’ preposition
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
-
©
-
-
preposition
I go to school
Prep N
Preposition
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Conjunction ( )
conj
Rhim and Karim went there.
conj
I know that he will come.
conj
Interjection ( )
Part of speech-
-
Alas! He is dead.
Interjection
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
©
Preposition
Conjunction
Interjection
Man(Noun)-
I(pronoun)-
Good (Adjective)-
Go(Verb)-
Fast(Adverb)-
-
word
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
word
part of speech?
I drink waternoun.
I water -Verb.
I need a water(adj -adjective.
Man? He is a good man.
N
He manned over the boat.
V
Book? I read a book.
N
I booked two tickets.
v
He is a book worm
adj N
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
© -
--
pa
Verb + er = Noun
Teach + er = teacher
play + er = player
sing + er = singer
dance + er = dancer
write + er = writer
speak + er = speaker
-
Prefix & Suffix
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Prefix ( ):
Prefix + Word = New Word/Changed Word.
Un + necessary = Unnecessary
Dis + favour = disfavour
Mis + take = mistake
In + correct = incorrect
Suffix ( )
Prefix--
Word + Suffix = New Word/Changed word
Rapid + ly = rapidly
Kind + ness = kindness
Examine + tion = examination
Care + ful = careful
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
-
©
She is a beauty,
N
She is a beautiful girl,
adj
This tree beautifies
v
Words
1. Noun(pronoun)
2. Ad-Word (adj. & adv.)
3. Verb
4. Connector (Prep.& conj)
5. Interjection
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
--
Conjun
Word –
** Verbs, Nouns, Adjectives, and adverbs are vocabulary word. Learning vocabulary means learning verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Preposition, determiners, pronouns, and conjunction, belong to much smaller classes. These words are sometime called grammatical word.
Note: There is also a small class of words called
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
- -
-
Subject +verb+object+Adverbial
The boys read books regularly.
S V obj. adv.
- --
-
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
subject verb Indirect object direct object
Rahim gave Amena a pen.
object
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Rahim gave a pen to Amena.
S v D.O. I.O
Subject + verb + Indirect object + direct object
subject+ verb+ direct object+ preposition+ indirect object.
©
©
Dir©
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Adverbials.
+ V + I.O + D.O + P.O + Adv.
-C
-
Transitive Verb
Verb with object
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Intransitive Verb
Verb Without object
There is a school in our villege -
subject.
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
It rains.
It was night then.
It is our duty to serve the country.
noun
Complement |
- --
linkin
He is a man.
Linking verb complement
Adjective -
I made him do the work.
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Empty verb
-
We often
-
We have run for run.
We made a journey.
I took a look.
He gave me a smile.
I go for a ride.
Some sentence patterns
1. Subject + verb + Object (Transitive verb)
a) The women loved the man
b) We eat rice
2. Subject + Intransitive verb (No object)
a) He sleeps.
b) A coach stopped.
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
3.Subject +verb (Transitive)+Indirect object +Direct object.
a) I lent her my pen.
b) The old man told us a story.
4. S +Vt + D.O + prep. + Indirect / prepositional object .
a) I lent my pen to her.
b) I bought a watch for my friend.
5. Subject + Linking Verb + Complement
a) The thief was rather unlucky.
b) The detective became an inspector.
6. Subject + Verb + Adverbials.
a) The cat was over his arm
b) The conference is every year.
7. Subject + Verb + Object+ Complement.
a) They call the inspector Sir.
8. Subject + Verb (Transitive) + object + Adverbial.
a) He put the coat over his arm.
9. Subject + Verb + Object+ Adjective.
a) The boy pushed the door open.
b) You have made your shirt dirty.
N.B.
-
Classification of verb
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Verb with object
verb without object
Strong Verb
go, went, gone.
Weak Verb
work- worked -worked
Verb)
read, eat
Auxiliary Verb
Principal
am, do, shall I am going
He will come
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
-
sentence-
- - -
Transitive verb:
I eat rice.
Intransitive verb:
we sleep
at night.
Strong verb:
Write -
-
Weak Verb:
- work worked worked.
- -strong verb
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
-
Hang:
- -
- -
Principal verb:
-
--
Auxiliary verb:
-
Tense ( )
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Past
Present
Future
I) - -
II) - -
III) - Verb - ©
- --
Verb -
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
(i) Definite and
(ii) Indefinite
Present, Past, Future tense
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
HAVE + Past Participle = Perfect
}
BE + Present Participle = Continuous
:
Perfect Con
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Tense
Present
Past
Future
a) Indifinite
(
)
b) Continuous/ Imperfect(
)
d) Perfect Continuous (
)
Definite (
)
c) Perfect ( )
a) Indefinite
b) Continuous
d) Perfect Continuous
Present form
Past form
3. Future Tense = Shall/will + bare infinitive.
4.Continious = BE+Present Participle (V+ing)
5.Perfect = Have + Past Participle
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
N.B.
Indefinite Tens
( )
1. Present Indefinite Tense:
a) -We read books.
-I walk in the morning.
-the earth is round.
subject 3rd
verb
- Uttpol goes to school.
2. Past indefinite tense:
a) -i went there.
- I walked in the morning.
3. Future indefinite tense:
I shall buy a book.
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Shall/will + bare infinitive.
(Be+ Present Participle = Continuous)
1. Present continuous tense© - -we
are reading.
Continuous = Be+ pr-
2. Past continuous tense-
they were playing.
Continuous = BE + presen-
3. Future continuous tense- -
they will be playing.
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Continuous = BE + present participle-
Perfect Tense (
(HAVE + Past Participle)
1. Present Perfect Tense
-
-
(Past Indefinite) - I ate
-
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
-
2. Past Perfect Tense:
I said that I had gone there.
Principal clause Subordinate clause
Past Indefinite Tense
Before: I had slept before you came.
After: you came after I had slept.
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Had + past participle = past perfect
- -
-
3. Future perfect tense:
I shall have slept before you will come (Or you come)
©
-
Perfect continuous ( )
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
-We have been Reading for tow hours.
-fr ©
2. Past perfect continuous tense
© -I
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
©
Perfect
Be + present participle = Continuo
3. Future perfect continuous tense
-we shall have been playing from 4 pm to 5pm
Perfect.
continuous = BE+ Present Pafuture = shall/ will + Have
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
LEGS-31
Tense Table
Tenses Indefinite Continuous
Be+(V+
ing)
Present
Participle
Perfect
(HAVE+P
ast
Participle)
Perfect
Continu
ous
(HAVE
+past
participl
e
BE+Pre
sent
participl
e)
Present
(past
form)
I go I am
going
I have
gone
I have
been
going
Past (Past from)
I west I was
going
I had gone I had
been
going
Future
(shall/wil
l+
bare
infinitive)
I shall go I shall be
going
I shall
have gone
I shall
have
been
going
Present Indefinite
- -
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
5 kinds of sentence
- - Assertive sentence.
- - Interrogative sentence.
- -Exclamatory sentence.
Read the book. -Imperative sentence.
(
May you live long.- Optative sentence.
©
-
-
-
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
-
5. optative Sentence-
1. Assertive Sentence
-
-He eats rice.
-He does not eat rice.
: Subject + Verb + Extension.
-
2. Interrogative Sentence
-Inter
-
-Do you know me?
-Do you not know me?
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
- ©
Past Indefinite- -
-
auxiliary verb
auxiliary verb
auxiliary verb auxiliary verb
verb
- ©
Auxiliary verb
Auxiliary verb
Auxiliary verb
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
-
You Know me. (Present Indefinite)-Assertive.
Do you Know me? (Present Indefinite)- Interrogative.
He went there. (Past Indefinite)- Assertive.
Did he go there? (Past Indefinite) Interrogative.
He is going. (Continuous)-IS he going?
I shall go. (Future)-Shall I go?
He has gone. (Perfect)- Has he gone?
- - - -wh-
-auxiliary verb ।
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Auxiliary verb
Why have you come?
Where are they going?
How did you come?
- -© Auxiliary verb
3. Exclamatory Sentence (
©
-
Alas! He is dead.
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
He is dead-
-
-
What a nice bird it is!
How nice the bird is!
W
©
ve
-
It is a very nice bird.
The bird is very nice.
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
senten
-
Exclamatory Sentence.
Interrogativ
It Interrogative sentence
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
-fi
st 3rd related
Let me read the book.
Let him read the book.
Let them read the book.
Let us read the book.
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
st rd
i)
ii)
a)
b)
5. Optative Sentence ( ):
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Sentence
May you live long.
i)
ii)
Affirmative Sentence.
- He reads the book. -Affirmative Assertive.
He does not read the book. - Negative Assertive.
- Does he read the book? - Affirmative Interrogative.
- Dose he not read the book?-Negative Interrogative.
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Shut the door. Affirmative Imperative.
-Do not shut the door. -Negative Imperative.
Present or Past Indefinite Tense- -
He is a good man. -Affirmative.
He is not a bad man. Negative.
-
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Adverb.
Phrase and Clause
I go -
Sentence.
There is a field in front of our scho
Phrase
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
clause
Clause
I know that he will come.
I know Clause he will come
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Clause he will comenoun I know part of speech
know object part of speech Noun he will come
he will come subordinate clause dependentI know main clause Principal
Main clause
claus
-
he will not clause Part of Speech
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
claus Co-ordinate
As he is ill he will not come
Subordinate clause main clause
- subordinating conjunction.
principle clause.
dependent clause.
3) Co-ordinate clause.
par
finite verb
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
sentence.
I know the boy who is blind.
Main clause subordinate clause –adj.
- compoun
-
LEGS-39
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
I Know that he Will come.
Main clause object =Noun clause
I shall go When he will come.
Main clause adverbial clause
I Know the boy who is blind.
Main clause adjective clause
He is ill and he will not come.
Co- ordinate clause co-ordinate clause
As he is ill, he will not come.
Subordinate clause main clause
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Differences
1.Sentence
2. Phrase
3. Subordinate
clause
4. Co-ordinate clause
5. Main clause
verb
sentence
full stop(.) (?)
(!)
clause
phrase
word
group
part of
speech
group-
finite verb
non-finite verb
Phrase
words
group
part of speech
group-
finite
verb
main clause
subordinate clause
subordinate conjunction
main
clause
words
group
finite
verb
main ciause
compound
sentence
single
part of
speech
,
co- 0rdinating
conjunction
compound sentence
word
clause
single part of speech
:
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
-
Kinds of sentence
(3 kinds)
Simple, complex, compound
1. Simple sentence: cl
I saw him going -simple sentence.
- -
- -
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
2. Complex Sentence:
Com
I saw that he was going. -Complex Sentence.
that
-
-
-
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
-
Single p
I saw -main clause,
He was going -subordinate clause
-subordinating
3. Compound Sentence:
co-ordinate clause
I saw him and he was going -Compound Sentence.
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
--
-co-ordin
-compound
Simple sentence:
Complex Sentence:
Compound sentence: -co-ordinate con
I saw him going Simple Sentence.
I saw that he was going - Compound Sentence.
I saw him and he was going Complex sentence.
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
-
Simple : I saw a wounded bird.
Non –finite
Complex : I saw a bird which was wounded.
s-clause
Simple : Going there, I meet him.
Complex : After I have gone there, I meet him.
Simple : I know the blind boy.
Complex: I know that the boy is blind.
s-conj s-clause
Subordinate conjunctions: a
-
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
(com
-co-ordinate conjunctions
Co-ordinating Conjunctions:
Simple : I saw a wounded bird.
Compound : I saw a bird and it was wounded.
Simple : Going there, I met him.
Compound : I went there and I met him.
Simple : I know the blind boy.
Compound : I know the boy and he is blind.
Compare the sentences:
Simple : He came after sunset
Prep. N
Complex : He came after the sun had set.
s-conj
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Compound : The sun set and he came.
c-conj
Simple: In spite of trying hard, he could not succeed.
Complex:Though he tried hard, he could not succeed.
Compound : He tried hard but he could not succeed.
subordin -
- -
-
Complex : I know what his name is.
Complex : If you drink milk, you can get vitamin.
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Simple : Drinking milk, you can get vitamin.
Or, By drinking milk, you can get vitamin.
-
-
- - -
subordinating conjun
Study the following sentence
Simple : Eating rice, he came to school.
Complex : After he had eaten rice, he came to school.
Compound : He ate rice and he came to school.
Complex : If you read, you will learn.
Simple : By reading, you will learn.
Compound : Read and you will learn.
Compound : He is very weak and he cannot walk.
Complex : As he is very weak, he cannot walk.
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Or, He is so weak that he can not walk.
Simple : He is too weak to walk.
Or, He can not walk for his very much weakness. etc.
-
1.
I saw him that he was going.
I told him that the earth is round.
He tells me that you went there.
He will say that I knew him.
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Co-ordinate conjunction (
Complex Compound sentence clause complex Subordinate clause Subordinating Conjunction
, Compound- Co-ordinate clause co-ordinating conjunction
Voice ( )
I see a bird -active voice.
A bird is seen by me -passive voice.
-
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Passive Voi
activ passive
i)object subject
initial formpast participle
(BE + past participle = passive)
iii) subject objectpreposition
agent
- Auxiliary verb, voice change
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
I have eaten rice. - active
s vt. Obj.
Rice has been eaten by me. passive
LEGS-47
Intransicognate object
-
Active : He ran a race.
Cognate object
Passive : A race was run by him.
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Active : He laughs at me
Group verb
Passive : I am laughed at by him.
-D
Active : He gave me a pen.
I.O D.O
Passive : I was given a pen by him.
Retained object
A pen was given me by him.
Retained object
Factitive object Direct object
Active: We made him captain.
F.O
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Passive: He was made captain by us.
Dative of Interest - Indirect ObjectIndirect
Active: He bought me a pen.
Passive: A pen was bought for me by him.
Factitive object, Adverbial Object
Honey tastes sweet = Honey is sweet when it is tasted
Passive
Active voice
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Passive voice- prepositional object Agent
The boy was punished.
BE+ Past participle = passive.
BE+past partic
-The thief was caught.
©
(iii), (ii), (i)
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
A bird is seen by me passive.
I see a bird -active.
mentapreposition
Active : He pleased me. Passive : I was pleased with him.
Active : His conduct satisfied me.
Passive : I was satisfied at his conduct.
Interrogative Sentence
Interrogative Sentence
Active : Do you know me
Passive : Am I known to you?
Assertive : you know me.
Passive : I am known to you.
Imperative sentence
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
Imperative Sentence
ve sentence
Active : Do the sum.
Passive : let the sum be done.
Active : let him read be book.
Passive : let the book be read by him.
cla
Active : I know that he will do the sum.
Passive : That the sum will be done by him is known to me.
It is known to me that the sum will be done by him.
Simple Sentence Transitive verb
In a clause double passive should be avoided.
they tried to do the work -active.
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698
CHANGING WORDS INTO
DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH
A word is a sound or combination of sounds that expresses a
meaning. -
©
Saidul Hossain, E-mail: [email protected] 00971552284698