- 1. Ensemble Learning Better Predictions Through Diversity Todd
Holloway ETech 2008
2. Outline
- Building a classifier (a tutorial example)
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- Major ideas and challenges in classification
3.
- Learning a function from an attribute space to a known set of
classes using training examples.
- Aggregation of multiple learned models with the goal of
improving accuracy.
4. Tutorial: Neighbor Method
- Related items are good predictors
Related Rocky Balboa Hasnt rated it guess 5 stars? Rocky Rates
it 5 Stars Rocky IV Rates it 5 stars Suppose the attributes
aremovie titles and a users ratings of those movies.The task is to
predict what that user will rate a new movie. Pretty Woman Rates it
2 Stars 5. Relatedness
The catch is to define related - Sarwar, et al. Item-based
collaborativefiltering recommendation algorithms.2001. How to begin
to understand a relatedness measure? 1. Off the shelf measures
Pearson Correlation 2. Tailor measure to dataset 6. Visualization
of Relatedness Measure
Fruchterman & Reingold.Graph drawing by Force Directed
Placement.1991. 0.8 0.5 0.6 Proximity is interpreted as
relatedness
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- Unrelated are farther apart
7. Visualization of Relatedness Measure Whats the big cluster in
the center? 8. Assembling the Model
- K. Ali and W. van Stam. Tivo: making show recommendations using
a distributed collaborative filtering architecture. KDD, pages
394401. ACM, 2004.
- G. Linden, B. Smith, and J. York. Amazon.com recommendations:
Item-to-item collaborative filtering. IEEE Internet Computing,
7(1):7680, 2003.
This is similar to the approaches reported by Amazon in 2003,
and Tivo in 2004. - Sarwar, et al. Item-based
collaborativefiltering recommendation algorithms.2001. Training
Examples Relatedness / Similarity 9.
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- Training data is a set of users and ratings (1,2,3,4,5 stars)
those users have given to movies.
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- Predict what rating a user would give to any movie
- $1 million prize for a 10% improvement over Netflixs current
method(MSE = 0.9514)
Ensemble Learning in Practice:A Look at the Netflix Prize
October 2006-present 10.
- Just three weeks after it began, at least 40 teams had bested
the Netflix method
- Top teams showed about 5% improvement
From the Internet Archive. 11. However, improvement slowed and
techniques became more sophisticated Bennett and Lanning. KDCup
2007. 12. Bennett and Lanning. KDCup 2007. Techniques used 13.
Thanks to Paul Harrison's collaboration, a simple mix of our
solutions improved our result from 6.31 to 6.75 Rookies (35) 14. My
approach is tocombine the results of many methods(also two-way
interactions between them) using linear regression on the test set.
The best method in my ensemble is regularized SVD with biases, post
processed with kernel ridge regression Arek Paterek (15)
http://rainbow.mimuw.edu.pl/~ap/ap_kdd.pdf 15. When the predictions
ofmultipleRBM models andmultipleSVD models are linearly combined,
we achieve an error rate that is well over 6% better than the score
of Netflixs own system. U of Toronto (13)
http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~rsalakhu/papers/rbmcf.pdf 16. Gravity
(3) home.mit.bme.hu/~gtakacs/download/gravity.pdf 17. Predictive
accuracy is substantially improved when blending multiple
predictors. Our experience is that most efforts should be
concentrated in deriving substantially different approaches, rather
than refining a single technique. Consequently, oursolution is an
ensemble of many methods. Our final solution (RMSE=0.8712) consists
of blending 107 individual results. BellKor (2)
http://www.research.att.com/~volinsky/netflix/ProgressPrize2007BellKorSolution.pdf
18. Our common team blends the result of team Gravity and team
Dinosaur Planet. Might have guessed from the name When Gravity
andDinosaurs Unite (1) 19. Why combine models?
- Diversity in Decision Making
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- Utility of combining diverse, independent outcomes in human
decision-making
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- Protective Mechanism (e.g. stock portfolio diversity)
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- Suppose we have 5 completely independent decision makers
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- If accuracy is 70% for each
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-
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- 10 (.7^3)(.3^2)+5(.7^4)(.3)+(.7^5)
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-
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- 83.7% majority vote accuracy
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- 99.9% majority vote accuracy
20. A Reflection
- Combining models adds complexity
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- More difficult to characterize, anticipate predictions, explain
predictions, etc.
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- But accuracy may increase
- Violation of Ockhams Razor
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- simplicity leads to greater accuracy
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- Identifying the best model requires identifying the proper
"model complexity"
SeeDomingos, P. Occams two razors: the sharp and the
blunt.KDD.1998. 21. Achieving Diversity
- Diversity from different algorithms, or algorithm
parameters
- (as weve seen with the Netflix Prize leaders)
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- 5 neighbor-based models with different relatedness
measures
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- 1 neighbor model + 1 Bayesian model
22. Achieving Diversity
- Diversity from differences in inputs
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- Divide up training data among models
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- Different feature weightings
Ratings Actors Genres Classifier A Classifier B Classifier C +
Predictions + Classifier A Classifier B Classifier C + Predictions
+ Training Examples Training Examples 23. Two Particular
Strategies
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- Use different subsets of the training data for each model
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- With each additional model, make misclassified examples more
important (or less, in some cases)
24. Bagging Diversity
- Requirement: Needunstableclassifier types
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- Unstable means a small change to the training data may lead to
major decision changes.
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- Is the neighbor approach unstable? No, but many other types
are.
25. Bagging Algorithm
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- Take a bootstrap sample of the training examples
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- Build a model using sample
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- To make a prediction, run each model in the ensemble, and use
the majority prediction.
26. Boosting Incrementally create models using selectively using
training examples based on some distribution. 27. AdaBoost
(Adaptive Boosting) Algorithm
- Construct a model.Compute the error.
- Update the weights to reflect misclassified examples, and
repeat step 2.
28. AdaBoost Cont.
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- Sensitive to noise and outliers.Why?
29. Recap
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- Learning from training data
30. Further Information
- Kunchera, Ludmila.Combining Pattern
Classifiers.Wiley.2004.
- Bishop, Christopher M.Pattern Recognition and Machine
Learning.Springer.2006.
- Mease, David.Statistical Aspects of Data
Mining.http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4669216290304603251&q=stats+202+engEDU&total=13&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=8
- Modern Classifier
Design.http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7691179100757584144&q=classifier&total=172&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=3
- Dietterich, T. G.Ensemble Learning. In The Handbook of Brain
Theory and Neural Networks, Second edition ,(M.A. Arbib, Ed.),
Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2002.
- Elder, John and Seni Giovanni.From Trees to Forests and Rule
Sets - A Unified Overview of Ensemble Methods.KDD 2007
http://Tutorial. videolectures.net/kdd07_elder_ftfr/
- Polikar, Robi.Ensemble Based Systems in Decision Making. IEEE
Circuits and Systems Magazine.2006.
- Takacs, et al.On the Gravity Recommendation System. KDD Cup
Workshop at SIGKDD.2007.
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