ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND
POLLUTION POLLUTION
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTby by
K Subramaniam, K Subramaniam, PJKPJK
[Master Envt; B.Sc.(Hons)(Envt & Occ.Health); Dip.RSH][Master Envt; B.Sc.(Hons)(Envt & Occ.Health); Dip.RSH]
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
The objective of this module is to The objective of this module is to
introduce :introduce :
a)a)various concepts in environmental various concepts in environmental
managementmanagement
b)b)various approaches to pollution various approaches to pollution
managementmanagement
A. ENVIRONMENTAL A. ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
1. WASTE MANAGEMENT 1. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERACHYHIERACHY
1. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERACHY 1. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERACHY ((Preferred philosophy)Preferred philosophy)
Prevention
4R (Reduce,Reuse, Recover,Recycle)
Treatment
Disposal
A New Waste Management A New Waste Management ModelModel
http://www.fermanagh.gov.uk/WasteManagementHierarchy
A Preferred ModelA Preferred Model
http://www.aggregatepros.com/DefinitionsWasteManagement.html
A move from a A move from a policy and regulatory policy and regulatory
enforcement enforcement towards the hierarchy towards the hierarchy
of control i.e to move from:of control i.e to move from:
i.i. Regulation to voluntary approachRegulation to voluntary approach
ii.ii. Preventing / avoiding disposalPreventing / avoiding disposal
1. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERACHY1. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERACHY
Legal provisions:Legal provisions:
(i)(i) the provisions in the EQA 1974, the provisions in the EQA 1974,
(ii)(ii) the regulations that promote the the regulations that promote the
move from the approach of move from the approach of
Disposal Prevention; and,Disposal Prevention; and,
(iii)(iii) voluntary initiatives.voluntary initiatives.
1. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERACHY1. WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERACHY
2. COMMAND AND CONTROL / 2. COMMAND AND CONTROL / END OF PIPE APPROACHEND OF PIPE APPROACH
Its ABUSE
…
2. COMMAND AND CONTROL / END 2. COMMAND AND CONTROL / END OF PIPE APPROACHOF PIPE APPROACH
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
PrescribingPrescribing: :
a)a) emission standards and emission standards and
b)b) technology standardstechnology standards
General process Flow Diagram for End-of-pipe Treatment System
www.eeaa.gov.eg
COMMAND AND CONTROLCOMMAND AND CONTROL
AdvantagesAdvantages
i.i. Easy to enforceEasy to enforce
ii.ii.Seemingly “fair” to all sourcesSeemingly “fair” to all sources
COMMAND AND CONTROLCOMMAND AND CONTROL
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
i.i. No incentives to go beyond the No incentives to go beyond the
standardsstandards
ii.ii.No drive for technological innovationNo drive for technological innovation
iii.iii.May be costly to achieve a certain May be costly to achieve a certain
desired output desired output
3. CLEANER PRODUCTION3. CLEANER PRODUCTION
(USEPA, 2004)
Cleaner Production Assessment Is Divided In Five Phases.
3. CLEANER PRODUCTION3. CLEANER PRODUCTION
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
- CP aims to prevent the generation of - CP aims to prevent the generation of
waste and emission at the outset waste and emission at the outset
- It is opposed to EOP/command and - It is opposed to EOP/command and
control approach which treats the control approach which treats the
waste after it has been generated waste after it has been generated
Definition of Cleaner ProductionDefinition of Cleaner Production
““the continuous application of an the continuous application of an
integrated preventive environmental integrated preventive environmental
strategy to processes and products strategy to processes and products
to reduce risks to humans and the to reduce risks to humans and the
environment” environment”
3. CLEANER PRODUCTION3. CLEANER PRODUCTION
http://www.ecoefficiency.com.au/
ForFor production processesproduction processes
CP includes: CP includes:
i.i. conserving raw materials and energy conserving raw materials and energy
ii.ii.eliminating toxic processing eliminating toxic processing materials materials
iii.iii.reducing the quantity and toxicity of reducing the quantity and toxicity of all emissions and wastesall emissions and wastes
3. CLEANER PRODUCTION3. CLEANER PRODUCTION
For productsFor products
CP approach focuses on: CP approach focuses on:
a)a)the reduction of environmental the reduction of environmental impacts along the entire life cycle of impacts along the entire life cycle of a product, a product,
b)b)from raw material extraction to the from raw material extraction to the ultimate disposal of the product, ultimate disposal of the product,
c)c) by appropriate product design by appropriate product design
3. CLEANER PRODUCTION3. CLEANER PRODUCTION
Option Generating Process
(USEPA, 2004)
Benefits of CPBenefits of CP
i.i. Cost-saving through reduced Cost-saving through reduced wastage of raw materials and energywastage of raw materials and energy
ii.ii. Improved operating efficiency of the Improved operating efficiency of the plantplant
iii.iii.Better product quality and Better product quality and consistency because the plant consistency because the plant operation is more predictableoperation is more predictable
iv.iv.Recovery of some waste materialsRecovery of some waste materials
3. CLEANER PRODUCTION3. CLEANER PRODUCTION
Tools and techniquesTools and techniques of CP of CP
i.i. Good HousekeepingGood Housekeeping
ii.ii.Material SubstitutionMaterial Substitution
iii.iii.Technology / Process ModificationTechnology / Process Modification
iv.iv.Recycling Recycling
v.v. Design for Environment (DFE)Design for Environment (DFE)
3. CLEANER PRODUCTION3. CLEANER PRODUCTION
CP termsCP terms
a)a)Eco-EfficiencyEco-Efficiency
b)b)Waste MinimizationWaste Minimization
c)c)Pollution PreventionPollution Prevention
d)d)Green Productivity Green Productivity
3. CLEANER PRODUCTION3. CLEANER PRODUCTION
CP in action in Malaysia by DOECP in action in Malaysia by DOE
i.i. CP unit in EiMASCP unit in EiMAS
ii.ii.CP introduced in revised AS9 CP introduced in revised AS9
formform
iii.iii.CP introduced in WWCS reportCP introduced in WWCS report
iv.iv.Smarter ideas for RMK9. Smarter ideas for RMK9.
3. CLEANER PRODUCTION3. CLEANER PRODUCTION
4. WHOLE EFFLUENT 4. WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITYTOXICITY
4. WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY4. WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY
What is whole effluent toxicity?What is whole effluent toxicity?
- testing a wastewater discharge testing a wastewater discharge
with aquatic organisms to assess with aquatic organisms to assess
the discharge's toxicitythe discharge's toxicity
- WET is a standardized protocol WET is a standardized protocol
(ex the Standard Methods(ex the Standard Methods
Understanding WETUnderstanding WET - An effluent may be complying with all the - An effluent may be complying with all the
individual parameter limits but does it individual parameter limits but does it guarantee that it will not cause any guarantee that it will not cause any detrimental effects of the aquatic detrimental effects of the aquatic organisms?organisms?
- WET attempts to answer this question WET attempts to answer this question and quantify the effectsand quantify the effects
- WET is an aquatic toxicity/bioassay test WET is an aquatic toxicity/bioassay test
4. WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY4. WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY
WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITYWHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY
Understanding WETUnderstanding WET
- Acute test (24 to 96 hrs)Acute test (24 to 96 hrs)
- Chronic test (~ 7 days)Chronic test (~ 7 days)
4. WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY4. WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY
WET Freshwater Chronic Test SpeciesWET Freshwater Chronic Test Species
InvertebratesInvertebrates: : – Ceriodaphnia dubiaCeriodaphnia dubia
FishFish– Pimephales promelasPimephales promelas - Fathead Minnow - Fathead Minnow
AlgaeAlgae– Selenastrum capricornutumSelenastrum capricornutum
Test DataTest Datai.i. Typical dose response where mortality increases Typical dose response where mortality increases
as the concentration of effluent in the mixture as the concentration of effluent in the mixture
increases.increases.
ii.ii. LCLC5050 would be somewhere between 25% effluent would be somewhere between 25% effluent
and 50% effluent.and 50% effluent.
0% Mortality 0% mortality 20 % Mortality 40% Mortality 80% Mortality 100% Mortality
6.25 % EffluentControl
12.5 % Effluent
25.0% Effluent
50.0% Effluent
100.0% Effluent
New Jersey Saline Acute Test Species
Test ResultTest Result
New Jersey Saline Acute Test Species
Calculated point estimate or a Pass fail test where a concentration, usually that which is considered a critical concentration of effluent in the recieving water or ambient toxicity test measured against a control
Examples of Pass/Fail Acute test
Instream waste concentration equals 75% statistical evaluation using a student-t test compares mortality rates of ambient or IWC sample against a control.
Is there a “significant statistical difference between the two results”
Grab vs. CompositeGrab vs. Composite Grab samples offer “Grab samples offer “snap shotsnap shot” of effluent” of effluent
Composite samples offer “Composite samples offer “average viewaverage view” ” of effluentof effluent
NJDEP requires sampling based on NJDEP requires sampling based on discharge typedischarge type
i.i. Continuous discharge Continuous discharge – 24 hour composite – 24 hour composite
samplesample
ii.ii. Intermittent discharge Intermittent discharge – grab or composite – grab or composite
each day that is representative of dischargeeach day that is representative of discharge
Grab vs. CompositeGrab vs. Composite Type of sample and frequency of Type of sample and frequency of
collection is dependent upon the use collection is dependent upon the use of the data and the discharge the of the data and the discharge the test is intended to represent.test is intended to represent.
Samples are not to be used after Samples are not to be used after they have been held for 72 hours.they have been held for 72 hours.
Samples are to be chilled during or Samples are to be chilled during or immediately upon collection to 4immediately upon collection to 4ooC.C.
WETWET Monitoring a fathead minnow testMonitoring a fathead minnow test
Opossum Shrimp
Pimephales promelas
WET ProceduresWET Procedures
Pimephales promelasPimephales promelas
Photo by Karen McCabe from Animal Soup
Adults are small fish typically 43 mm to 102 mm, and averaging about 50 mm, in total length.
Tests Results in CanadaTests Results in Canada
http://www.ec.gc.ca/
5. BUBBLE CONCEPT AND 5. BUBBLE CONCEPT AND EMISSION TRADINGEMISSION TRADING
5.a) Understanding bubble concept
- draw an imaginary bubble around the
whole plant
- find the most efficient way of controlling
the plant's emissions
as a whole.
BUBBLE CONCEPT AND EMISSION BUBBLE CONCEPT AND EMISSION TRADINGTRADING
Example of the bubble conceptExample of the bubble concept- In a automobile paint shop, In a automobile paint shop,
- two sources of VOCs are: two sources of VOCs are:
painting operations and painting operations and
degreasing processdegreasing process
- If it is more cost-effective to control VOC release If it is more cost-effective to control VOC release
from degreasing process, then concentrate from degreasing process, then concentrate
efforts on this activity and less control on the efforts on this activity and less control on the
painting operations as long as the total VOC load painting operations as long as the total VOC load
is maintained or reduced is maintained or reduced
Characteristics of the bubble conceptCharacteristics of the bubble concept
- PPlant managers can propose their own emission lant managers can propose their own emission
standards:standards:
- tightening where it is least costly, and tightening where it is least costly, and
- relaxing where pollution control costs are highrelaxing where pollution control costs are high
- The bubble policy leads to less pollution control? The bubble policy leads to less pollution control?
- NO!!! but less expensive pollution control.NO!!! but less expensive pollution control.
BUBBLE CONCEPT AND EMISSION BUBBLE CONCEPT AND EMISSION TRADINGTRADING
55..b)b).. EMISSION TRADING EMISSION TRADING
EMISSION TRADINGEMISSION TRADING
Emission tradingEmission trading Options availableOptions available to reduce emissions:to reduce emissions:
a)a) pollution control technologypollution control technology
b)b) switching to cleaner fuelsswitching to cleaner fuels
c)c) improving energy efficiencyimproving energy efficiency
d)d) increasing renewable energy useincreasing renewable energy use
Emission reduction credits (ERCs) Emission reduction credits (ERCs)
Emission tradingEmission trading
- Emission reduction credits (ERCs) provide Emission reduction credits (ERCs) provide
an incentive to find the most cost-an incentive to find the most cost-
effective way to reduce emissionseffective way to reduce emissions
- ERCs can be sold, traded, or banked for ERCs can be sold, traded, or banked for
future usefuture use
EMISSION TRADINGEMISSION TRADING
How does Emission trading How does Emission trading
reduce pollutionreduce pollution??
i.i. By purchasing and retiring ERCsBy purchasing and retiring ERCs
ii.ii. Once ERC is retired, it can no longer be bought, Once ERC is retired, it can no longer be bought,
sold, or used to offset pollutionsold, or used to offset pollution
iii.iii. Individuals and businesses can reduce pollution Individuals and businesses can reduce pollution
by buying and retiring emission reduction by buying and retiring emission reduction
credits/emission allowances/offsetscredits/emission allowances/offsets
EMISSION TRADINGEMISSION TRADING
Emission offsets Emission offsets
a)a) Industries to reduce or sequestrate emissions Industries to reduce or sequestrate emissions
outside its operations (at different location) outside its operations (at different location)
b)b) emission trading between a new or modified emission trading between a new or modified
source of air pollution and an existing sourcesource of air pollution and an existing source
c)c) Consumers & businesses can "offset" their Consumers & businesses can "offset" their
pollution by buying and retiring the emission pollution by buying and retiring the emission
reduction credits created by someone elsereduction credits created by someone else
EMISSION TRADINGEMISSION TRADING
Pollution trading in watershed Pollution trading in watershed
management management
i.i. Same concept of bubble appliesSame concept of bubble applies
ii.ii.Bubble represents the watershedBubble represents the watershed
iii.iii.Point and nonpoint sources are Point and nonpoint sources are
applicable.applicable.
EMISSION TRADINGEMISSION TRADING
6. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS6. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS
6. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS6. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS
Economic instruments have an important Economic instruments have an important
place in the policy-makers toolbox.place in the policy-makers toolbox.
Economic instruments must be considered Economic instruments must be considered
in the context of the other main type of in the context of the other main type of
policy instrument, the command and policy instrument, the command and
control approach, which remains the most control approach, which remains the most
popular approach to environmental policy popular approach to environmental policy
www.ene.gov.on.ca
6. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS6. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS
- - Environmental policy and management, Environmental policy and management,
as originated in developed countries, is as originated in developed countries, is
divorced from divorced from economic policy economic policy and and
sustainable developmentsustainable development - Standards-driven environmental policyStandards-driven environmental policy
- In developing countries environmental In developing countries environmental
policy cannot be divorced from economic policy cannot be divorced from economic
and development policy and development policy
Command-and-controls require the generousCommand-and-controls require the generous
use of resources such as:use of resources such as:
i.i. CapitalCapital
ii.ii. government revenuegovernment revenue
iii.iii. management skillsmanagement skills
iv.iv. administrative and enforcement capabilitiesadministrative and enforcement capabilities
- The challenge for developing countries is to The challenge for developing countries is to
identify and adopt instruments that integrate identify and adopt instruments that integrate
environmental and economic policiesenvironmental and economic policies
6. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS6. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS
Examples of economic instruments in Examples of economic instruments in
use (use (TABLE 1: ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS TABLE 1: ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS
FOR MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT)FOR MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT)
6. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS6. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS
7. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY
7. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY7. ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY
Physical limits imposed by ecological system on Physical limits imposed by ecological system on
economic activityeconomic activity
The economies must expand within ecosystems The economies must expand within ecosystems
that have regenerative capacitiesthat have regenerative capacities There is a limit to the capability of ecological There is a limit to the capability of ecological
systems in accepting the residuals without systems in accepting the residuals without
discernable changes in the quality of recipient discernable changes in the quality of recipient
bodies.bodies.
ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY-water bodies
Assimilative capacity of water bodies is defined Assimilative capacity of water bodies is defined
as the maximum amount of pollutant load that as the maximum amount of pollutant load that
can be discharged without impairing water can be discharged without impairing water
quality for their designated best usagequality for their designated best usage
The basic phenomenon governing the The basic phenomenon governing the
assimilative capacity of water sources is the self-assimilative capacity of water sources is the self-
purification capacitypurification capacity
http://www.lifesciences.napier.ac.uk/research/Envbiofiles/PIgraph.gif
Assimilative Capacity ModelingAssimilative Capacity Modeling
ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY-water bodiesASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY-water bodies
Estimation of assimilative capacity of water Estimation of assimilative capacity of water
Environment involvesEnvironment involves::
i.i. Delineation of watersheds based on Delineation of watersheds based on topography of the area topography of the area
ii.ii. Identification of perennial sources of Identification of perennial sources of water and their designated usages water and their designated usages
iii.iii.Identification of receiving bodies of water Identification of receiving bodies of water
iv.iv.Identification of present and designated Identification of present and designated usages for various stretches of water usages for various stretches of water body body
ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY-water bodiesASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY-water bodies
Estimation of assimilative capacity of water Estimation of assimilative capacity of water
Environment involvesEnvironment involves::
v.v. Preparation of inventory of point and non-Preparation of inventory of point and non-point sources of water pollution point sources of water pollution
vi.vi.Collection of hydrological data in critical Collection of hydrological data in critical seasons seasons
vii.vii.Estimation of assimilative capacity in Estimation of assimilative capacity in critical season vis-à-vis the designated critical season vis-à-vis the designated best usage of identified stretches best usage of identified stretches
viii.viii.Establishment of upper limits of pollution Establishment of upper limits of pollution load in critical stretchesload in critical stretches
ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air environmentenvironment
Assimilative capacity of air
environment is the maximum amount
of pollution load that can be
discharged without violating the best-
designated use of the air resource in
the planning region
ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air environmentenvironment
The phenomena governing the assimilative capacity of air environment include
i. dilution,
ii. dispersion,
iii.transformation,
iv.deposition and
v. absorption.
ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air environmentASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air environment
Estimation of assimilative capacity
of air environment involves:
i. Delineation of air-shed based on topography
ii. Preparation of inventory of point, area and line
sources, and quantification of pollution loads.
iii.Establishment of temporal and spatial variations
of micro-meteorological parameters.
ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air environmentASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Air environment
Estimation of assimilative capacity of air environment involves:
iv. Prediction of temporal and spatial variations in
air pollutants concentration for existing sources
v. Estimation of available assimilative capacity in
critical micro-climatic zones for various
pollutants
vi. Establishment of the upper limits of pollution
load in critical pockets
ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Noise environmentASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Noise environment
The assimilative capacity of the The assimilative capacity of the
acoustic environment is the maximum acoustic environment is the maximum
amount of noise load that can be amount of noise load that can be
discharged into the environment discharged into the environment
without causing private or public without causing private or public
nuisance for the designated use of nuisance for the designated use of
land unitsland units
ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Noise environmentASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Noise environment
The phenomena governing The phenomena governing assimilative capacity for noise assimilative capacity for noise include include propagation of source through propagation of source through
ambient air, andambient air, and its absorption, its absorption, scattering and scattering and
divergencedivergence..
ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Land environmentASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Land environment
Assimilative capacity of the land Assimilative capacity of the land
environment is expressed as the upper limit environment is expressed as the upper limit
of extraneous constituents, which can be of extraneous constituents, which can be
accommodated in the soil matrix without accommodated in the soil matrix without
impairing its productivity for best-impairing its productivity for best-
designated use.designated use.
ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Land environmentASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Land environment
Land quality dimensions which play Land quality dimensions which play important role in the determination important role in the determination of, of, i.i. the assimilative capacity are cation the assimilative capacity are cation
exchange capacity of soil, exchange capacity of soil,
ii.ii. presence of carbonates, oxides, and presence of carbonates, oxides, and hydroxides; hydroxides;
iii.iii. organic matter content, organic matter content,
iv.iv. hydraulic conductivity of soil; and hydraulic conductivity of soil; and
v.v. physiological nature of plant speciesphysiological nature of plant species
ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Land environmentASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- Land environment
Estimation of assimilative capacity of land Estimation of assimilative capacity of land
environment involvesenvironment involves::
a)a) Compounds that degrade or require plant uptake Compounds that degrade or require plant uptake
for assimilation in the plant-soil systemfor assimilation in the plant-soil system (ex (ex
heavy metals and certain organics may be non heavy metals and certain organics may be non
mobile and has the potential to accumulate)mobile and has the potential to accumulate)
b)b) Mobile and nondegradative compounds which Mobile and nondegradative compounds which
must be assimilated over land areas must be assimilated over land areas
ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY- BiologicalBiological environment environment
Assimilative capacity of biological Assimilative capacity of biological
environment is the capacity of plants to environment is the capacity of plants to
adsorb or absorb pollutants without adsorb or absorb pollutants without
plant damageplant damage It is dependent on plant-specific and It is dependent on plant-specific and
pollution-specific parameterspollution-specific parameters
Protocols available for assessment Protocols available for assessment
8.0 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY8.0 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
8.0 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY8.0 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
Industrial ecology is a new approach Industrial ecology is a new approach
to the industrial design of products to the industrial design of products
and processes and the and processes and the
implementation of sustainable implementation of sustainable
manufacturing strategiesmanufacturing strategies
8.0 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY8.0 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
Industrial ecology seeks to optimize:Industrial ecology seeks to optimize:
i.i. the total materials cycle from virgin the total materials cycle from virgin
material to finished material, material to finished material,
ii.ii. to component, to component,
iii.iii. to product, to product,
iv.iv. to waste product, and to waste product, and
v.v. to ultimate disposal. to ultimate disposal.
8.0 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY8.0 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
Industrial Ecology has been called the Industrial Ecology has been called the
""science of sustainabilityscience of sustainability", in that it ", in that it
provides provides
a)a) life cycle environmental impact and life cycle environmental impact and
b)b) cost information cost information
– to decision makers. to decision makers.
This information can used to balance the This information can used to balance the
i.i. environmental, environmental,
ii.ii.economic, and economic, and
iii.iii.social implications of actionssocial implications of actions
INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGYINDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
Generally there are Generally there are six principal six principal
elements of industrial ecologyelements of industrial ecologyi.i. Industrial EcosystemsIndustrial Ecosystems
ii.ii. Balancing industrial input and output to the constraints Balancing industrial input and output to the constraints
of natural systemsof natural systems
iii.iii. Dematerialization of industrial outputDematerialization of industrial output
iv.iv. Improving the efficiency of industrial processesImproving the efficiency of industrial processes v.v. Development of renewable energy supplies for industrial Development of renewable energy supplies for industrial
productionproduction vi.vi. Adoption of new national and international economic Adoption of new national and international economic
development policiesdevelopment policies
INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGYINDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
In practice Industrial ecology may take many In practice Industrial ecology may take many
forms but the most obvious form is:forms but the most obvious form is:
Eco-industrial parks/estates where there exists Eco-industrial parks/estates where there exists
symbiosis between industries located in the estate.symbiosis between industries located in the estate.
Eco-industrial parks are settings where industries are Eco-industrial parks are settings where industries are
grouped such that they can exchange raw materials, grouped such that they can exchange raw materials,
waste materials, and energy among each other, waste materials, and energy among each other,
thereby reducing the net inputs and outputs of the thereby reducing the net inputs and outputs of the
park. park.
In essence, the eco-industrial park is an artificial In essence, the eco-industrial park is an artificial
"ecosystem"."ecosystem".
9. 9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) ASSESSMENT (EIA)
ANDAND
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTALSTRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT (SEA) ASSESSMENT (SEA)
9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) AND 9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) AND
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA)STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA)
MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EIA AND SEA
EIAEIA: PRIVATE SECTOR DRIVEN (CONDUCTED BY : PRIVATE SECTOR DRIVEN (CONDUCTED BY
THE INDUSTRY IMPOSED BY REGULATIONS)THE INDUSTRY IMPOSED BY REGULATIONS)
a)a) APPLICABLE TO PROJECT LEVELAPPLICABLE TO PROJECT LEVEL
b)b) REACTIVEREACTIVE
c)c) CONSIDER FEW ALTERNATIVESCONSIDER FEW ALTERNATIVES
d)d) FOCUS ON STANDARDS AGENDAFOCUS ON STANDARDS AGENDA
e)e) NARROW PERSPECTIVESNARROW PERSPECTIVES
T h a n k y o u…T h a n k y o u…