EU ENLARGEMENT AND THE
CONSTITUTIONS OF CENTRAL AND
EASTERN EUROPE
In the wake of the EU’s greatest enlargement, this book explores theadaptation of the constitutions of Central and Eastern Europe for mem-bership in the European Union. In response to the painful past, these newconstitutions were notably closed to the transfer of powers to internationalorganisations, and accorded a prominent status to sovereignty and inde-pendence. A little more than a decade later, the process of amending theseprovisions in view of the transfer of sovereign powers to a supranationalorganisation has proved a sensitive and controversial exercise. This bookanalyses the amendments against the background of comparative experi-ence and theory of sovereignty, as well as the context of political sensi-tivities, such as rising euroscepticism ahead of accession referendums. Itconcludes with a broader inquiry into the role and rationale of the nationalconstitutions in the process of European integration. The book also con-siders the implications of the European Constitution, in the framework ofthe debate on European constitutionalism and post-national governance.
anneli albi is a lecturer in European Law at the University of Kent.She obtained her Ph.D at the European University Institute in Florence,where her research focused on the adaptation of Central and Eastern Euro-pean constitutions for EU membership. In 2003–04, she was a GeneralRapporteur of the Asser Institute and the Netherlands Foreign MinistryMATRA multicountry project ‘The Impact of Accession on the NationalLegal Orders of Candidate Countries’.
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CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN EUROPEAN LAWAND POLICY
This series aims to produce original works which contain a critical analysis of the stateof the law in particular areas of European Law and set out different perspectives andsuggestions for its future development. It also aims to encourage a range of work on law,legal institutions and legal phenomena in Europe, including ‘law in context’ approaches.The titles in the series will be of interest to academics; policymakers; policy formers whoare interested in European legal, commercial, and political affairs; practising lawyersincluding the judiciary; and advanced law students and researchers.
Joint EditorsProfessor Dr. Laurence GormleyRijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands
Professor Jo ShawUniversity of Edinburgh
Editorial advisory board
Professor Richard Bellamy, University of Reading; Ms. Catherine Barnard, Universityof Cambridge; Professor Marise Cremona, Queen Mary College, University of London;Professor Alan Dashwood, University of Cambridge; Professor Dr. Jacqueline Dutheilde la Rochere, Universite de Paris II, Director of the Centre de Droit Europeen, France;Dr. Andrew Drzemczewski, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France; Sir David EdwardKCMG, Q.C. former Judge, Court of Justice of the European Communities, Luxem-bourg; Professor Dr. Walter Baron van Gerven, Emeritus Professor, Leuven & Maastrichtand former Advocate General, Court of Justice of the European Communities; ProfessorDaniel Halberstam, University of Michigan, USA; Professor Dr. Ingolf Pernice, Directorof the Walter Hallstein Institut, Humboldt Universitat, Berlin; Michel Petite, DirectorGeneral of the Legal Service, Commission of the European Communities, Bruxelles;Professor Dr. Sinisa Rodin, University of Zagreb; Professor Neil Walker, University ofAberdeen and EUI, Fiesole.
Books in the series
EU Enlargement and the Constitutions of Central and Eastern EuropeAnneli Albi
Market Freedom and Social Rights in the European Economic ConstitutionStefano Giubboni
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EU ENLARGEMENT AND
THE CONSTITUTIONS OF
CENTRAL AND
EASTERN EUROPE
ANNELI ALBIUniversity of Kent
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cambridge university pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo
Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
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C© Cambridge University Press 2005
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no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2005
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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CONTENTS
List of tables page viiiSeries Editors’ Preface ixAcknowledgements xiTable of cases xiiTable of treaties, laws and other instruments xviiList of abbreviations xxxii
Introduction 1
1 Overview of the accession process 5
2 Constitutional adaptations in the ‘old’ Member States 9Transfer of sovereign powers: main models 9
Other EU amendments 14
3 Some idiosyncrasies of CEE constitutions 18Constitutional history of CEE countries 18
Prominence of the constitutions in CEE legal orders 22
‘Souverainist’ character 24
4 Constitutional issues in the pre-accession period 36Europe Agreements in CEE legal orders 36
Extent of harmonisation and adoption of EU obligations 44
Judicial harmonisation 52
Pre-accession adaptations in the light of sovereignty and legitimacy 56
Issues of democratic deficit in the pre-accession adaptations 61
5 Revision of CEE constitutions for EU membership 67Wider package of EU amendments 67
Slovakia 67
Czech Republic 70
Slovenia 72
Some common observations 75
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vi contents
Medium package of EU amendments 78
Poland 78
Hungary 82
Minimal EU amendments 87
Estonia 88
Latvia 94
Lithuania 98
Developments in Romania and Bulgaria 103
Romania 103
Bulgaria 107
Some overarching trends in the EU amendments 110
Assessment in the light of the rationale of a constitution 114
6 Theoretical views of sovereignty and democratic legitimacyin CEE 122Delegating sovereignty, preserving independence? 122
Popular sovereignty: from an ethno-cultural to a post-national
concept? 130
7 Referendums 138Referendum experience: frequent and unsuccessful 138
Public opinion and euroscepticism 146
Accession referendums: procedural ‘manoeuvres’ 149
Implications for the EU treaty amendment procedure 159
8 Membership of NATO and other internationalorganisations 163NATO 163
Other international organisations 168
9 Role of Constitutional Courts 170Ultimate arbiter debate and CEE Constitutional Courts 170
Towards a ‘European constitutional order’? 175
10 Implications of the European Constitution 179EU’s constitutional reform and involvement of candidate countries 179
A constitution or a treaty? 182
National constitutional limits to integration 183
‘Constitutional’ elements of the European Constitution 186
Changes consolidating the position of Member States 193
National responses 194
Incremental transition towards sovereignty of ‘the peoples
of Europe’? 196
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contents vii
Epilogue: ‘Taking constitutions seriously’ in the processof European integration 206
Bibliography 211Appendix 232Index 248
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TABLES
3.1 Adoption of new constitutions page 233.2 Provisions on sovereignty and independence and their
safeguards 267.1 Minimum turnout requirements in CEE referendums 1407.2 Referendums in CEE (other than EU referendums) 1427.3 Public support for joining the EU 1477.4 EU accession referendums 150A1 Constitutional amendment procedures 232A2 Amendments of the CEE constitutions (other than those
pertaining to EU accession) 235A3 EU provisions and application of international law in Slovakian
Constitution 238A4 EU provisions and application of international law in Czech
Constitution 240A5 EU provisions and application of international law in Slovenian
Constitution 241A6 EU provisions and application of international law in Polish
Constitution 242A7 EU provisions and application of international law in Hungarian
Constitution 243A8 EU provisions and application of international law in Estonian
Constitution 243A9 EU provisions and application of international law in Latvian
Constitution 244A10 EU provisions and application of international law in Lithuanian
Constitution 245A11 EU provisions and application of international law in Romanian
Constitution 246A12 Application of international law in Bulgarian Constitution 247
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SERIES EDITORS’ PREFACE
The enlargement of the European Union on 1 May 2004 to bring in tennew Member States, eight of which are in Central and Eastern Europe,marked a historical shift in the EU. No longer could it be seen as primarilya creature of Western Europe (plus elements of Southern Europe). On thecontrary, the tumultuous events which accompanied the ending of theCold War, including the break-up of several federations (Soviet Union,Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia) opened the way for the EU to becomesomething much closer to a pan-European polity.
Accession involves constitutional change, both on the part of the EUand on the part of the acceding state or states. This study by Anneli Albicomprises the first full length study of the impact of accession upon theconstitutions of the acceding states. Although the perspective is primarilya bottom-up one, looking at the constitutional change in terms of whatwere essentially ‘new’ and relatively ‘closed’ constitutions of the post-Communist era, Albi also brings in constitutional change – EU-style –in the form of the Constitutional Treaty signed in Rome on 29 October2004, and due in turn for ratification in each of the twenty-five MemberStates. It is clear that change and adjustment, including formal constitu-tional amendment but also involving the role of numerous judicial actors,especially constitutional courts, will continue for the foreseeable futureas the EU enters the critical post-enlargement stage.
This book is the first in a new CUP series, Cambridge Studies in Euro-pean Law and Policy, edited by Laurence Gormley of the Rijksuniver-siteit Groningen and Jo Shaw of the University of Edinburgh. Albi’s studyresponds amply to the series’ aims, namely to produce original works inEnglish which contain a critical analysis of the state of the law in a partic-ular area of European Law understood in its widest sense and set out theperspectives and suggestions for its future development, and to encouragea range of work on law, legal institutions and legal phenomena in Europe,including ‘law in context’ work as well as more doctrinally focused expos-itory work. Of critical importance to Albi’s study are the key political
ix
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x series editors’ preface
markers of sovereignty and democracy, in the latter case in the form ofthe referendums which were held on accession in each of the new MemberStates. Albi’s approach – like many on the EU – is to treat it as a sui generispolity, which cannot simply be assimilated to national or internationalmodels. However, the interest of the book lies in the unavoidable chal-lenge of statist concepts and ideas, and whether they continue to have animportant role to play in post-enlargement Europe and in an increasinglyglobalised and interconnected world.
Laurence GormleyJo Shaw
4 March 2005
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am grateful to the publishers for their kind permission to incorporatematerial from the following articles:
Hart Publishing Ltd for sections from A. Albi, ‘Post-modern VersusRetrospective Sovereignty: Two Different Sovereignty Discourses in theEU and Candidate Countries?’ in N. Walker (ed.), Sovereignty in Transition(Hart, Oxford, 2003), pp. 401–22, and A. Albi, ‘Referendums in the CEECandidate Countries: Impact on EU Treaty Amendment Procedure’ inC. Hillion (ed.), EU Enlargement: A Legal Approach (Hart, Oxford, 2004),pp. 57–76.
Sweet and Maxwell Ltd for sections from A. Albi and P. Van Elsuwege,‘EU Constitution, National Constitutions and Sovereignty: An Assess-ment of a “European Constitutional Order” ’ (2004) European Law Review(forthcoming).
Kluwer Law International for sections from A. Albi ‘ “Europe” Articlesin the Constitutions of Central and Eastern European Countries’ (2005)Common Market Law Review pp. 399–423.
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CASES
European Court of Justice
Case 16/62, Van Gend en Loos [1963] ECR 1 118
Case 6/64, Costa v. ENEL [1964] ECR 585 118
Case 11/70, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft [1970] ECR 1125 170
Euratom Ruling 1/78 [1978] ECR 2151 118
Case 106/78, Simmenthal [1978] ECR 629 170
Case 270/80, Polydor and RSO Records [1982] ECR 229 40
Case 294/83, Les Verts [1986] ECR 1339 187
Case 152/84, Marshall [1986] ECR 723 53
Case 12/86, Demirel [1987] ECR 3719 38
Case C-192/89, Sevince [1990] ECR I-3461 44
Case 18/90, Kziber [1991] ECR I-199 40
Case C-159/90, Grogan [1991] ECR I-4685 177
Case C-179/90, Merci Convenzionali Porto di Genova [1991] ECR I-5889 54
Case C-295/90, Parliament v. Council [1992] ECR I-4193 55
Opinion 1/91, EEA [1991] ECR I-6079 40
Case C-168/91, Konstantinidis [1993] ECR I-1191 174
Case C-450/93, Kalanke [1995] ECR I-3051 177
Case C-262/96, Surul [1999] ECR I-2685 38
Case C-285/98, Tanja Kreil v. Germany [2000] ECR I-69 17
Case C-63/99, Gloszczuk [2001] ECR I-6369 37
Case C-235/99, Kondova [2001] ECR I-6437 37
Case C-257/99, Barkoci and Malik [2001] ECR I-6557 37
Case C-268/99, Jany [2001] ECR I-8615 37, 39
Case C-353/99, Hautala, Opinion of Advocate-General Leger of 10 July 2001, [2001]
ECR I-9565 188
Joined Cases C-20 and 64/00, Booker Aquaculture and Hydro Seafood, Opinion of
Advocate-General Mischo of 20 September 2001, [2003] ECR I-7411 188
Case C-162/00, Pokrzeptowicz-Meyer [2002] ECR I-1049 37, 39
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table of cases xiii
Permanent Court of International Justice
S.S. Wimbledon, PCIJ Ser. A. No. 1 (1923) 25 9
Bulgaria
Constitutional Court Decision No. 7, 2 July 1992, on the interpretation of articles
85(3) and 148(1.4) of the Constitution, Durzhaven Vestnik 56/92 44, 109, 172
Constitutional Court Decision No. 5/99, 22 April 1999, on the passage of NATO
aircraft, summary in English at www.infotel.bg/juen/resh/summaries99.htm
167
Constitutional Court Decision No. 6/99, 3 May 1999, on the Agreement between
Bulgaria and NATO regarding Transit of NATO Aircraft, summary at
www.infotel.bg/juen/resh/summaries99.htm 167
Constitutional Court Decision No. 8/99, 16 June 1999, on Cooperation Agreement
with Turkey in Energy Sector, summary in English at www.infotel.bg/juen/resh/
summaries99.htm 173
Constitutional Court Decision of February 2003, on authorisation for fulfilling
obligations under NATO 167
Constitutional Court Decision of 10 April 2003, on the mode of constitutional
amendment 108
Czech Republic
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 19/93, on Lawlessness of the Communist Regime
(1997) 4 East European Case Reporter of Constitutional Law 149 117
High Court of Olomouc, Decision 2A6/96, Skoda 54
Constitutional Court, Decision III.US 31/97–35, Skoda 54
Denmark
Supreme Court, Carlsen v. Rasmussen, judgment 6 April 1998, [1999] CMLR 855 170,
174, 184, 185
Estonia
Constitutional Review Chamber, Decision No. III-4/A–5/94, 30 September 1994,
on the constitutionality of Property Law Enforcement Act, in English at
www.nc.ee/english 55
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xiv table of cases
Constitutional Review Chamber, Dissenting Opinion of R. Maruste to the Decision
No. 3-4-1-3-97, 24 March 1997 on seafarers’ passports, in English at
www.nc.ee/english 55
Constitutional Review Chamber, Decision No. 3-4-1-1-98, 5 February 1998, on
Language Law, in English at www.nc.ee/english 134
Constitutional Review Chamber, Concurring Opinion of R. Maruste to the Decision
No. 3-4-1-4-98, 27 May 1998, in English at www.nc.ee/english 55
Constitutional Review Chamber, Vilu and Estonian Voters Union, Decision
No. 3-4-1-11-03 of 24 September 2003, in Estonian at www.nc.ee 92, 156
Constitutional Review Chamber, Kulbok, Decision No. 3-4-1-11-03 of 29 September
2003, in Estonian at www.nc.ee 92, 155, 196
France
Constitutional Council, Maastricht, Decision No. 92-308 DC, 9 April 1992 15, 185
Germany
Constitutional Court, Solange I, BVerfGE 37, 271 (1974) 170, 174
Constitutional Court, Solange II, BVerfGE 73, 378 (1986) 170, 174
Constitutional Court, Brunner, BVerfGE 89, 155 (1993), [1994] CMLR, 57 121, 130,
135, 170, 174, 175, 183–5, 186, 191, 197, 198, 203, 209
Hungary
Constitutional Court, Resolution No. 2/1993 (I.22), (1996) 3 East European Case
Reporter of Constitutional Law 26 117
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 4/1997 (I.22) AB (ABH 1997, 41) 173
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 52/1997, on referendums, reproduced in
L. Solym and G. Brunner (eds), Constitutional Judiciary in a New Democracy:
The Hungarian Constitutional Court (Michigan University Press, 2000),
pp. 371–8 158
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 30/1998, on the Europe Agreement (VI 25) AB,
Magyar Kozlony 56, 172, 173
Constitutional Court, Decision of 23 September 2003, on referendum on sale of land
to foreigners 158
Supreme Court, Decision of 26 March 2003, on EU accession referendum
156
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Ireland
Supreme Court, Crotty v. An Taoiseach [1997] IR 713 11
Italy
Constitutional Court, Frontini, Decision No. 183, 1973 170
Constitutional Court, Granital, Decision No. 170, 1984 170
Latvia
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 04-02(99) of 6 July 1999 172
Constitutional Court, Dissenting Opinions of Justices A. Endzins, J. Jelagins and
A. Usacka in Case No. 2000-03-01, on compatibility of the Saeima Election Law
with the Constitution and the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights 55
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 2001-04-0103, 21 December 2001, on spelling
names in Latvian, in English at www.riga.lv/minelres/NationalLegislation/
Latvia/Latvia.ConstCourt2001.English.htm 134
Lithuania
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 8/95 on the constitutionality of Law on
International Treaties, (1997) 4 East European Case Reporter of Constitutional
Law 254 44, 173
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 14/98, 21 October 1999, on spelling names in
Lithuanian, in English at www.lrkt.lt/1999/n9a1021a.htm 134
Constitutional Court, Decision of 9 December 1998, on the constitutionality
of the death penalty, in English at www.Irkt.lt/1998/n8al209a.htm 54
Constitutional Court, Decision of 6 October 1999, on the constitutionality of the
Telecommunications Law, in English at www.lrkt.lt/1999/n9a1006a.htm 54
Constitutional Court, Decision of 18 October 2000, on the constitutionality of the Law
on the Reorganisation of the Joint-stock Petrol Companies, in English at
www.lrkt.lt/2000/r001018.htm 54
Constitutional Court, Decision of 5 February 2002, on the constitutionality of the Law
on Higher Education, in English at www.lrkt.lt/2002/r020205.htm
54
Constitutional Court, Decision of 14 March 2002, on the constitutionality of the Law
on Pharmaceutical Activities, in English at www.lrkt.lt/2002/r020314.htm
54
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xvi table of cases
Poland
Supreme Court, Decision of 27 April 1995, on free movement of doctors under Europe
Agreement 43
Antimonopoly Court, Case XVII Amr 65/96, 1997.01.08 wyrok s. antym. XVII Amr
65/96 Wokanda 1998/1/60, on public transport tickets 53
Constitutional Tribunal, Case K. 15/97, 29.09.1997 wyrok TK U K 15/97 OTK
1997/34/37, on different retirement age for men and women 53
Constitutional Tribunal, Case VII Anna 39/97, 1997.10.08 wyrok s antynom VII Ama
39/97 Wokanda 1998/9/48, on Antimonopoly Office 43
High Administrative Court, Case NSA I SA/Ld 777/97. 1999.09.09 wyrok NSA I SA/Ld
777/97 Pr.Gosp. 1999/I/40, on customs tax 43
Supreme Court, Case SN N I CKN 1217/98, 2001.05.29 wyrok SN N I CKN 1217/98
OSNAP 2002/1/13, on Polish Bar 42, 53
High Administrative Court, Case NSA I SA/Po 3057/98. 1999.12.29 wyrok NSA
U N I SA/Po 3057/98 ONSA 2001/1/34, on Protocol No. 4 of the Europe
Agreement 42, 43
Constitutional Tribunal, Case K.27/99, 2000.03.28 wyrok TK U K 27/99 OTK
2000/2/62, on different retirement age for men and women 53
Constitutional Tribunal, Decision of 27 May 2003, on referendum turnout 152
Romania
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 356, September 2003 107
Constitutional Court, Decision of 23 October 2003, on constitutional amendment
referendum 156
Slovakia
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 26/97, II. US 31/97, summary in English at
www.concourt.sk/A/a.index.htm
Constitutional Court, Decision No. 95/99, on the Protection of the Right Guaranteed
by an International Treaty, II. US 91/99, summary in English at
www.concourt.sk/A/a.index.htm 172
Slovenia
Constitutional Court, Decision No. RM-1/97, 5 June 1997, Uradni list RS, No. 40/97,
on Europe Agreement, in English at www.us-rs.si/en 73, 74, 116, 172, 173
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TREATIES, LAWS AND OTHERINSTRUMENTS
European Union
Accession Partnerships 9, 45–6, 48, 50
Agenda 2000: For a Stronger and Wider Union 7, 45, 46, 47, 50, 109
Agreement of the European Economic Area 48, 52, 60, 66
art 6 52
Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms 188, 192, 200
Decision 2/96 96/652 of the EC-Hungary Association Council, 6 November 1996 on
the implementation of competition rules 56
Directive 76/207/EEC on equal treatment
art. 5 53
Directive 77/249/EEC to facilitate the effective exercise by lawyers of freedom to
provide services 53
Directive 90/366/EEC on the right of residence for students 55
Directive 90/388/EEC on competition in the markets for telecommunications services
54
Directive 98/10/EC on the open network provision to voice telephone and on universal
service for telecommunications 54
Draft Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe (CONV 850/03, 18 July 2003) 117,
159, 178, 180
Preamble 192, 200
art. 1 193, 200
art. 2 200
art. 5(1) 193
art. 6 190
art. 9 193
art. 10 190
art. 19 191
art. 21 191
art. 24 191
art. 24(4) 193
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xviii table of treaties, laws and other instruments
art. 25 192
art. 27 191
art. 33 191
art. 46(4) 192
art. 59 193
art. III-175 191
art. III-197 191
art. III-213 191
Europe Agreements
Bulgaria 7, 36
art. 45 37
Czech Republic 7, 36, 51
art. 64 54
art. 69 45
Estonia 7, 36
Preamble 51
art. 10 40
art. 11 40
art. 12 40
art. 13 40
art. 14 40
art. 37 40
art. 38 40
art. 51 39
art. 63(5) 58
art. 64 40
art. 65 58
Hungary 7, 36, 51
art. 62(2) 56, 58
Latvia 7, 36
Lithuania 7, 36
art. 69 45
Poland 7, 36, 51
art. 1 43
art. 7 40, 43
art. 37(1) 39
art. 38 40
art. 39 40
art. 44(3) 37, 38
art. 44(4) 42
art. 48 37
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art. 55 39
art. 58(1) 38
art. 63 40
art. 65 43
art. 66 53
art. 68 45, 53
art. 69 53
Protocol 4 43
Protocol 4, art. 27 43
Romania 7, 36
art. 8 40
art. 39 40
art. 40 40
art. 63 40
Slovakia 7, 36
art. 120(2) 64
Slovenia 7
art. 65(2) 58
Annex XIII 73
European Community Treaty
art. 19(1) 15
art. 39 55
art. 52 37, 39
art. 81(1) 53
art. 82 54
European Parliament’s Resolution of 1997 on the Abolition of the Death Penalty 54
Framework decision on the European Arrest Warrant 75, 93
Laeken Declaration 179
Protocol on the application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality 194
Protocol on the role of national Parliaments in the European Union 194
Provisional Consolidated Version of the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe
(CIG 86/04, 25 June 2004) 180
Treaty of Amsterdam 177, 186, 188–9, 196
Treaty of Nice 7, 179, 188–9, 196
Treaty of the European Union (Maastricht Treaty) 9, 15, 183–5, 188–9, 196
art. 48 159, 193, 199, 208
art. O 6
Protocol 17 177
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xx table of treaties, laws and other instruments
White Paper, Preparation of the Associated Countries of Central and Eastern Europe for
Integration into the Internal Market of the Union6, 45, 48
International treaties and instruments
European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 169
North Atlantic Treaty 163–8
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 172
Constitutions
Austria 10, 11, 14, 25
art. 10(1) 16
art. 23 11
art. 23a 14
art. 23b 16
art. 23c 17
art. 23e 14
art. 23f 17
art. 30(3) 16
art. 117(2) 14
art. 141 16
art. 151(11) 16
Belgium 10, 12, 25
art. 8(3) 14
art. 117(2) 16
art. 168 14
Bulgaria 20, 21, 30, 34
Preamble 28
art. 1(2) 28
art. 1(3) 28
art. 5 171, 172
art. 5(4) 109
art. 5.4 247
art. 9 28
art. 11(4) 169
art. 18(2) 28
art. 18(3) 28
art. 22 109
art. 24(2) 28
art. 25(4) 110
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art. 44(2) 28
art. 51(1) 110
art. 52 110
art. 58(1) 110
art. 65(1) 110
art. 84 167
art. 84(1) 167
art. 84(p5) 144
art. 85 32
art. 85(1) 109
art. 85(2) 173, 247
art. 85(3) 44, 109, 172
art. 93(2) 110
art. 149(1.4) 44, 109, 172
art. 149(4) 110
art. 150 110
Czech Republic 21, 31, 33, 34
Preamble 27–8
art. 1 27–8, 128
art. 1(2) 71, 240
art. 2(1) 27–8
art. 9 144
art. 9(2) 27–8
art. 10 71
art. 10a 71, 72
art. 10a(1) 72, 240
art. 10a(2) 71, 72, 156, 240
art. 10a(3) 72
art. 10b 72
art. 10b(1) 240
art. 10b(2) 240
art. 10b(3) 240
art. 14(4) 77
art. 39(4) 71, 240
art. 49 71, 72, 240
art. 52 71, 240
art. 87(2) 72, 240
art. 89(3) 72, 240
art. 95 72, 240
art. 98(1) 78
art. 100(1) 77
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xxii table of treaties, laws and other instruments
Denmark 10, 12, 25
Estonia 21, 30, 34
Preamble 25–6, 88, 134
art. 1 25–6, 32, 58, 88, 89, 133, 168, 196, 243
art. 1.2 25–6
art. 2 243
art. 3 243
art. 15 171
art. 28 93
art. 29 93
art. 30 93
art. 31 93
art. 32 93
art. 34 93
art. 36 93
art. 44 93
art. 48 88, 93
art. 54 25–6, 59, 92
art. 57 93
art. 102 92
art. 105 145
art. 105(2) 146
art. 106 146
art. 111 88
art. 121 32, 168
art. 123 89, 243
art. 123(1) 88, 171
art. 128 168
art. 152 171
art. 156 93
art. 161 92
art. 162 88, 92, 145
art. 163 92
art. 168 146
Finland 10, 12
art. 1 12
art. 2 12
art. 50(3) 14
art. 93 16
art. 93(2) 14
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art. 96 14
art. 97 14
France 10, 11, 17, 25
Preamble 13
art. 3 15
art. 88(1) 11, 13
art. 88(2) 15
art. 88(3) 14
art. 88(4) 14
Germany 10, 11, 25
art. 12a 17, 21
art. 16a 17
art. 23(1) 11, 13
art. 23(2) 14
art. 23(3) 14
art. 24(1) 13
art. 24(2) 13
art. 28(1) 14
art. 52(3a) 14
art. 79(3) 184
art. 88 15
art. 108(1) 17
Greece 10, 25
art. 28 11, 12
art. 70(8) 14
art. 80(2) 16
Hungary 20, 30
Preamble 20, 82
art. 2(1) 27, 57
art. 2(2) 27, 57
art. 2A(1) 84, 243
art. 2A(2) 85, 243
art. 5 27
art. 6(1) 27
art. 6(2) 32
art. 7(1) 85, 173, 243
art. 19(2) 27
art. 19(3) 165
art. 19(3f) 85
art. 28B(1) 141, 157
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xxiv table of treaties, laws and other instruments
art. 28C(1) 141
art. 28C(3) 141
art. 28C(4) 141
art. 28C(5) 141
art. 32D(1) 85
art. 40B 164
art. 40C 164
art. 51(1) 27
art. 68(1) 27
art. 70(4) 86
art. 70E(1) 86
art. 77(1) 171
Ireland 10
Preamble 29
art. 5 29
art. 29(4) 11, 16
Italy 10, 12, 25
art. 11 12
art. 117 12
Latvia 22, 34
art. 1 26, 87, 94, 95, 136
art. 2 26, 87, 94, 95, 132
art. 3
art. 4 96
art. 6
art. 8 97
art. 68 95
art. 68(2) 244
art. 72 145
art. 73 145
art. 76 87
art. 77 87, 145
art. 78 87, 145
art. 79 95, 145, 244
art. 89 97, 244
art. 98 97, 98
art. 101 97, 98
Lithuania 21, 30, 34
Preamble 26
art. 1 26, 34, 87, 98, 100, 139, 145
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art. 2 26
art. 3(1) 26
art. 3(2) 26
art. 4 26
art. 7 171, 172
art. 9 145
art. 13(2) 103
art. 33 102
art. 34 102
art. 35 102
art. 47 98, 101
art. 47(3) 245
art. 52 102
art. 69(4) 145
art. 105 102
art. 106 102
art. 119 101, 245
art. 125 102
art. 135(1) 26, 245
art. 136 26, 32, 41, 98, 99, 245
art. 136(2) 100
art. 137 168
art. 138 41, 99, 168
art. 138(1.5) 102
art. 138(3) 103, 245
art. 138(4) 168
art. 142 168
art. 147 87
art. 148 87
art. 148(1) 145
art. 149 87
art. 150 32, 102
art. 153 99
Luxembourg 10, 12, 25
art. 1 25
art. 32 25
art. 49bis 13
Netherlands 10, 12, 25, 34
art. 106 16
Norway 24
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xxvi table of treaties, laws and other instruments
Poland 19, 21, 31, 34
Preamble 29, 79, 132
art. 1 80, 175
art. 2 175
art. 3 175
art. 4 132
art. 4(1) 29
art. 5 29, 175
art. 8 171
art. 9 80
art. 18 175
art. 18(1) 80
art. 20 175
art. 26 29
art. 52(4) 81
art. 55 81
art. 55(1) 175
art. 60 81
art. 62 175
art. 62(1) 81
art. 67(1) 81
art. 67(2) 81
art. 87 80
art. 88(3) 80
art. 89 80
art. 90 79, 164, 174
art. 90(1) 78, 141, 242
art. 90(2) 79, 242
art. 90(3) 79, 141, 144, 157, 242
art. 90(4) 141, 242
art. 91 79, 80, 164
art. 91(1) 242
art. 91(2) 80, 242
art. 91(3) 80, 242
art. 104(2) 29
art. 116 164
art. 117 164
art. 125(1) 141
art. 125(2) 141
art. 125(3) 144
art. 126(2) 29
art. 130 29
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table of treaties, laws and other instruments xxvii
art. 133(1) 80
art. 133(1.2) 80
art. 227(1) 81
art. 235 82
Portugal 10, 11, 14, 23
Preamble 29
art. 1 29
art. 2 29
art. 3(1) 29
art. 7(1) 29
art. 15(5) 14
art. 102 16
art. 161n 14
art. 163f 14
art. 164p 17
art. 197(li) 14
Romania 20, 21, 30, 33, 34
Preamble 132
art. 1 104, 133
art. 1(1) 26, 132
art. 1(5) 106
art. 2 132
art. 2(1) 26
art. 2(2) 26
art. 4(1) 26
art. 8(2) 26
art. 10 32
art. 11 105
art. 11(3) 105, 246
art. 16(4) 106, 246
art. 19(1) 106
art. 19(11) 246
art. 20 105
art. 20(2) 247
art. 35 106, 247
art. 37(2) 26
art. 41(2) 106, 247
art. 51 106, 171
art. 80(1.1) 26
art. 82(2) 26
art. 90 144
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xxviii table of treaties, laws and other instruments
art. 91 105
art. 117(1) 26, 166
art. 117(5) 166
art. 136(2) 106, 247
art. 144 105
art. 145 104, 166, 246
art. 145(1) 246
art. 145(2) 105, 246
art. 145(3) 105, 246
art. 145(4) 105, 246
art. 145(5) 106, 246
art. 147 103
art. 147(3) 144, 157
art. 148 103, 107
art. 148(1) 26
Russia 199
Slovakia 21, 31
Preamble 28
art. 1 28
art. 1(2) 69, 238
art. 2(1) 28
art. 2(2) 171
art. 7 32, 68
art. 7(2) 68, 238
art. 7(3) 165, 238
art. 7(4) 68, 69, 238
art. 7(5) 68, 238
art. 11 68, 172
art. 13(1) 69, 238
art. 23(4) 77
art. 29(2) 77
art. 30(1) 69, 77, 238
art. 30(4) 77
art. 34(3) 28
art. 35(3) 77
art. 39(1) 77
art. 56 78
art. 69(3) 69
art. 84(3) 165, 238
art. 84(4) 67, 68, 238
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table of treaties, laws and other instruments xxix
art. 86 239
art. 86(j) 165
art. 86(k) 165
art. 86(l) 165
art. 87(4) 69, 239
art. 93(1) 141
art. 93(2) 141, 156
art. 93(3) 141
art. 95(1) 141
art. 96 141
art. 106 28
art. 119 166
art. 119(p) 165
art. 120(2) 69, 239
art. 125a 69
art. 125a(1) 239
art. 125a(2) 239
art. 125a(3) 239
art. 144 69
art. 144(1) 239
art. 144(2) 239
Slovenia 22, 34
Preamble 28, 31
art. 1 116
art. 2 116
art. 3(1) 28, 132
art. 3(2) 28
art. 3a 156, 166
art. 3a(1) 74, 241
art. 3a(2) 241
art. 3a(3) 74, 241
art. 3a(4) 75, 241
art. 8 74, 241
art. 43 77
art. 44 77
art. 47 75, 241
art. 50(1) 77
art. 68 73, 75, 241
art. 86 74
art. 90(1) 144
art. 90(2) 144
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xxx table of treaties, laws and other instruments
art. 99(2) 144
art. 153(1) 171
art. 153(2) 241
art. 160(2) 74, 116
art. 169 73
art. 170 144
art. 170(1) 144
art. 170(2) 144
art. 179 73
Spain 10, 25, 34
art. 13(2) 12, 14
Sweden 10, 24, 25
Other national Acts
Bulgaria
Law on the Forms of Direct Democracy 1996 144
Czech Republic
Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms 1991 77
Referendum Law 2002 152, 156
Estonia
Act on Supplementing the Constitution of Estonia 2003 90
art. 1 90
art. 2 90
art. 3 90
Criminal Code
art. 62 58
Declaration of Independence 1991 21, 29
Declaration of Sovereignty 1988 21, 29
Law on the Procedure of Constitutional Review 2003 92
art. 12 173
art. 14 173
art. 15 174
art. 15(1.3) 173
Property Law Enforcement Act 55
Referendum Law 2002 145, 151
art. 63 155
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