World History 1 Final Review - Europe (Middle Ages - Industrial Revolution)
- Middle Ages - Scientific Revolution- Charlemagne - Enlightenment- Feudalism - French Revolution - Crusades - Napoleon- Medieval Society - Industrial Revolution - Renaissance- Reformation - Absolutism
Middle Ages• Rome falls• Feudalism and the Catholic Church
provide stability during this period• Rome is Replaced by lots of small
kingdoms, most notably…- Frankish kingdom, including present-day France, largest
- Charlemagne becomes leader of the Franks in 768
Charlemagne, 771-814
• Strengthened royal power
and limited power of nobles• Supported Church and
crowned “Roman Emperor”• Encouraged learning by
surrounding himself with
scholars and founding schools
Charlemagne’s Empire
Age of Feudalism
• Europe is attacked from 850-950 by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims
• In exchange for protection, vassals living on manors, were granted fiefs, by lords
• Peasants paid tithes to church• Gave rise to the Age of Chivalry
Crusades
• In 1093, Pope Urban II calls for a “holy war” to gain control of the Holy Land
• First Crusade, 1096-1099, succeeds in recapturing Jerusalem
• Second Crusade, 1147-1149, launched to regain control, after it is conquered by the Turks
• Third Crusade, 1189-1191 ends in a truce• Fourth Crusade, 1204, fails to capture Jerusalem,
and knights instead loot Constantinople
Effects of Crusades• Expansion in trade
and increase in cultural exchanges between Europe and Middle East
• Power of Pope decreases
• Power of Kingsincreases
• Legacy of bitterness between Christians and Muslims
Medieval Society
• Growing Food Supply
• Formation of Guilds
• Increase in trade
• Growth of business and banking
• Towns grow
• Rise of a merchant class
• Growth of learning
Beginnings of Modern Democracy
• Nobles force King John
to sign Magna Carta in 1215• Common law• Court systems• Parliament (England)
• Estates General (France)
Other changes in Medieval Society
• Bubonic plague strikes, killing 1/3 of population of Europe
• Longbow changes warfare
• Nationalism emerges in France and England
• Hundred Years’ War between France and England ends 1453
Renaissance
• Why it begins in Italy– City-States– Merchant Class
– Humanism – Secularism
Impact of the Renaissance
• Art draws on techniques and styles of classical Greece and Rome
• Due to the invention of the printing press, books become more widely available
• People question political structures and religious practices
Reformation
• Problems within the Church• Most priests were poorly educated• Growing wealth and increased corruption• Practice of selling indulgences
• Martin Luther responds with 95 Theses in 1517 and says that “salvation comes through faith alone”
• Henry VIII breaks away in 1534 and becomes the head of the Church of England because the Pope would not grant him a divorce
Catholic Response
• Council of Trent (1545-1563)
• Church’s interpretation of Bible is final
• Bans false selling of indulgences
• Both faith and works are necessary for salvation
• Order of
Jesuits
Age of Absolutism• Absolutism - the belief that one ruler should
hold all of the power within the boundaries of a country. Ruled by Divine Right.
“L état, c’est moi”
Scientific Revolution
• What led to it– Age of Discoveries– Printing press– Need for new
geographic instruments
• Copernicus develops the heliocentric theory of the universe
• Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler develop the scientific method
Enlightenment
• Thomas Hobbes - Social Contract
• John Locke - natural rights
• Montesquieu - separation of powers
• Voltaire - freedom of speech
French Revolution
• Causes– Enlightenment ideas– Economic troubles– Dissatisfied Third Estate– Weak leadership of Louis XVI– Extravagant living of
Louis and Marie Antoinette
Napoleon
• Restores order
• Creates lycées
• Establishes
Napoleonic Code• Signs Concordat with Pope• Expands Empire• Finally defeated at
Waterloo
Congress of Vienna (1815)
• Restore balance
of power to Europe• Restore European
royal families
to their thrones• Prevent future
French aggression
Rise of Nation-State
• Nationalism - belief that people should be loyal to their nation
• Bonds that create a Nation-State:- History - Language
- Territory - Nationality
- Religion - Culture
Industrial Revolution
• Begins in England…- Enclosure Movement- System of crop rotation- Extensive natural resources- Human resources and capital
• New Inventions- Steam engine, railroads, spinning
jenny
• Effects on the Middle Class
- Long hours, harsh working conditions,
crowded cities
- Growing middle-class
- Began to organize • Capitalism, Socialism, Marxism
- Adam Smith & laissez-faire
- Marx, Engels & Marxism