Evolution and the Foundations of Biology
Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations ofBiology Introduction:
Evolution- change over time.How an organism adapts to
itsenvironment Posing questions about the world and seeking answers
throughinquiry are central to biology. Concept 1.1 Studying the
diverse forms of life reveals common themes
New properties emerge at successive levels of
biologicalorganization. From Microscopic organisms to biospheres we
have classificationsand hierarchy to organize living organisms. Put
the following terms in order from least to greatest:
Organismsbiospherecommunitiesorganelles
Moleculestissuescellspopulations Ecosystemsorgansorgan systems
Concept 1.1 cont Reductionism- the process of reducing complex
systems intosimpler components that are more manageable to study.
Organism-DNA Emergent Porperties- properties that arrise from one
level to thenext. DNA codon protein trait Arrangement and
interactions of the simpler structures cause increasingcomplexity
Concept 1.1 Systems biology- exploration of a biological system by
analyzingthe interactions among its parts. Example- how does a drug
that lowers blood pressure affect the functioningorgans throughout
the body.Think about side effects. Sturcture and Function: By
analyzing structure of a biological system it gives you an idea
about thefunction of the structure. Cell- an organisms basic unit
of structure and function.Smallestunit of organization that can
preform all required activities. THEME: Lifes processes involve the
expression and transmission of genetic information.
Within cells structures called chromosomes contain
geneticinformation n in the form of DNA.Chromosomes are visible
duringdivision. Each time the cell divides it first replicates DNA
so each of 2offspring inherit a complete set identical to the
parents DNA Each chromosome contains 1 very long struand of the DNA
withhundreds or thousands of GENES (the unit of inheritance) We
each began as one cell and now contain trillions ofdifferentiated
cells.(WHAT IS CELL DIFFERENTIATION?) Chromosome Structure HOW DOES
DNA STORE INFORMATION?
Double Helix with 4 base pairs ___ ___ ___ and ___ Encodes
similarly to our alphabet. DNA DNA is the blueprint for proteins,
which are the driving force incarrying out its activities. Made up
of nucleotides. Genes control protein production indirectly using a
relatedmoleculecalled RNA as an intermediary DNARNA Protein = gene
expression Not all RNA molecules in the cell are translated into
proteins. Some RNAs carry out other important tasks such as
regulation ofprotein coding genes. Genes A particular sequence of
nucleotides says the same thing in oneorganism as it does in
another.Differences between organismsreflect differences between
their nucleotide sequences ratherthan between their genetic codes.
GENOMICS: Large scale analysis of DNA sequences Entire library of
genetic instructions that an organism inherits is called itsgenome.
Typical human has 2 similar sets of chromosomes with roughly 3
billionnucleotide pairs Genetic Revolution Since the early 90s
genetic research has exploded
Human Genome Known as well as many other organisms Bacteria, fungi,
animals BIOINFORMATICS: Use of computational tools to store
organize andanalyze huge volumes of data BLAST database Theme: Life
Requires the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter
All life requires energy Ultimately where does all energy come
from? Trophic Levels and Chlorophyll THEME: Organisms Interact with
other Organisms and the Physical Environment
Each organism interacts continuously with the physical factors
inits environment. How does a tree interact with its environment?
MAKE A CHOICE CHAMBER CONCEPT 1.2 Evolution accounts for the unity
and diversity of life
Diversity is the hallmark of life We have currently identified 1.8
million species but biologistsestimate million out there.
Classifying diversity 3 DOMAINS of Life BACTERIA ARCHAEA EUKARYA
Although diverse it displays a remarkable amount of unity .. With
universalDNA languages and other similarities Charles Darwin and
Evolution
Origin of the Species 1. species have arisen from a succession of
ancestors that differed fromthem. 2. Natural selection is a
mechanism for descent with modification Darwin had 6 points leading
to his theory Adaptationcompetition Variationnatural selection
Overproductionspeciation Concept 1.3 BIOLOGICAL INQUIRY entails
forming and testing hypotheses based on observations of nature.
Science to know INQUIRY- Search for information and explanations of
naturalphenomena Elements of inquiry include: Challengecareful
planningadventure Luckcreativitypersistence
ReasoningpatienceRESEARCH Science is not as structured as people
think.This year you will be bold andadventurous and explore the
world around you! Process of inquiry: Making observations Forming
logical hypotheses
Recording data both quantitative and qualitative Forming logical
hypotheses Testing Reforming hypotheses Collective and analyzing
observations can lead to importantconclusions based on a type of
logic called INDUCTIVE REASONING We derive generalizations from a
large # of specific observations Forming and Testing
Hypotheses
A HYPOTHESIS is a tentative answer to a well framed question, itis
an explanations on trial. Rational accounting for a set of
observations based on availabledata and guided by inductive
reasoning leading to TESTABLEpredications by further observations
and experiments. Flashlight fails Question? Hypothesis? Inquiry
Deductive Reasoning:
Inductive takes large sets of information and comes up with a
reason Deductive takes a small scale example and applies it to a
large scale Ifthen.. Pg13 Experimental Controls
Controlled experiments are designed to demonstrate the effect ofone
variable by testing control groups and experimental groupsthat
differ in only that variable. Scientific theory broad scope,
generaltes new hypotheses and issupported by a large body of
evidence. Technology method or device that applies scientific
knowledgefor a purpose that effects society Parts of an Experiment
Control- standard used for comparison, no variables used Constant-
Things that do not change in the experiment. Independent variable-
What is being tested or changed inthe experiment Dependent
variable- the outcome being measure.(Whatwas I looking for? Growth
?) JUSTIFICATIONJUSTIFICATION JUSTIFICATION