FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Little expansion except conquest of Britain & Dacia Pax Romana:
200 years of nearly unbroken peace & prosperity throughout the
Mediterranean, with trade extending to China & India (FC. 33)
Bureaucr. reforms
Honest, efficient, & stable government in
the provinces
Regularly paid & trained officials
Equites trained for mid-level
jobs
Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s
Works to get more reliable provincial governors through:
Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s
Using old Rep’s offices to train them
Regular pay No need for corruption
Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s and army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Rome faces few outside threats for
200 yrs.
Medit’s central
position fast comm’s
Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
Military reforms
Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers
Aug. gave army its
pay & pensions
Reduced army from
60 to 28 legions
FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) a
Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31)
FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) a
Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) a
Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it……?
FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) a
Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
What’s in a Name?
•Augustus—implies devotion to Gods•Princeps—“First Citizen” (Principate)•Pater Patriae—
What’s in a Name?
•Augustus—implies devotion to Gods•Princeps—“First Citizen” (Principate)•Pater Patriae—“father of the country”
What’s in a Name?
•Augustus—implies devotion to Gods•Princeps—“First Citizen” (Principate)•Pater Patriae—“father of the country”•Imperator
What’s in a Name?
•Augustus—implies devotion to Gods•Princeps—“First Citizen” (Principate)•Pater Patriae—“father of the country”•Imperator—acclamation for victorious general
“Restoring the Republic”
•Propaganda• Poets• Public Art
In 13 BCE Augustus dedicated the Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace) to his own pietas and the Pax Romana he had established. Its relief sculptures were done in the style of Periclean Athens in the fifth century BCE, an era which Augustus and his age unquestionably emulated. In the center is Augustus, his head covered to indicate his role of pontifex maximus (high priest) and his special relationship with the gods.
“Restoring the Republic”
•Propaganda• Poets• Public Art• Coins• “Res Gestae”
•DGP Source 6, Augustus
In my sixth and seventh consulships, after I had put an end to the civil wars, having attained supreme power by universal consent, I transferred the state from my own power to the control of the Roman senate and the people. For this service of mine I received the title of Augustus by decree of the senate...and a golden shield was set up in the Julian senate house, which, as the inscription on this shield testifies, the Roman senate and people gave me in recognition of my valor, clemency, justice, and devotion. After that time I excelled all in authority, but I possessed no more power than the others who were my colleagues in each magistracy (Res Gestae, 34).
“Restoring the Republic”
•Propaganda• Poets• Public Art• Coins• “Res Gestae”
•DGP Source 6, Augustus•DGP Source 7, Cassius Dio
• Why is it necessary for Emperors like Augustus to not present themselves as a king?
• How do emperors use the title imperator?• What powers do the emperors have? (underline)• What does “clothed themselves with all the powers
of government” mean?• In summary, how would Cassius Dio respond to
what Augustus said in Source 6?
FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) aFC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)Civil wars & turmoil of the
late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Succession?
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) aFC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)Civil wars & turmoil of the
late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Succession?
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
aFC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)Civil wars & turmoil of the
late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
aFC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)Civil wars & turmoil of the
late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
3 main problems with governors during the late Republic?
Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
aFC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)Civil wars & turmoil of the
late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s
Works to get more reliable provincial governors through:
Unsupervised? InexperiencedUnpaid?
Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)
Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
Supervision?
aFC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)Civil wars & turmoil of the
late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s
Works to get more reliable provincial governors through:
Supervision? Experience?Regular pay
No need for corruption
Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)
Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
aFC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)Civil wars & turmoil of the
late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s
Works to get more reliable provincial governors through:
Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s
Experience?Regular pay
No need for corruption
Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)
Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
aFC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)Civil wars & turmoil of the
late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s
Works to get more reliable provincial governors through:
Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s
Using old Rep’s offices to train them
Regular pay No need for corruption
Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)
Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
aFC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Bureaucr. Reforms?Regularly
paid & trained officials
Equites trained for mid-level
jobs
Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s
Works to get more reliable provincial governors through:
Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)
Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s
Using old Rep’s offices to train them
Regular pay No need for corruption
aFC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Bureaucr. reforms
Regularly paid & trained officials
Equites trained for mid-level
jobs
Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s
Works to get more reliable provincial governors through:
Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)
Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s
Using old Rep’s offices to train them
Regular pay No need for corruption
aFC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Bureaucr. reforms
Regularly paid & trained officials
Equites trained for mid-level
jobs
Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s
Works to get more reliable provincial governors through:
Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)
Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s
Using old Rep’s offices to train them
Regular pay No need for corruption
FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Bureaucr. reforms
Honest, efficient, & stable government in
the provinces
Regularly paid & trained officials
Equites trained for mid-level
jobs
Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s
Works to get more reliable provincial governors through:
Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s
Using old Rep’s offices to train them
Regular pay No need for corruption
Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)
Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died
a
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
aFC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Bureaucr. reforms
Honest, efficient, & stable government in
the provinces
Regularly paid & trained officials
Equites trained for mid-level
jobs
Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s
Works to get more reliable provincial governors through:
Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s
Using old Rep’s offices to train them
Regular pay No need for corruption
Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)
Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died
Military reforms
Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers
Aug. gave army its
pay & pensions
How did Aug. keep
cost down?
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
aFC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Bureaucr. reforms
Honest, efficient, & stable government in
the provinces
Regularly paid & trained officials
Equites trained for mid-level
jobs
Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s
Works to get more reliable provincial governors through:
Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s
Using old Rep’s offices to train them
Regular pay No need for corruption
Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)
Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died
Military reforms
Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers
Aug. gave army its
pay & pensions
Reduced army from
60 to 28 legions
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
aFC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Bureaucr. reforms
Honest, efficient, & stable government in
the provinces
Regularly paid & trained officials
Equites trained for mid-level
jobs
Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s
Works to get more reliable provincial governors through:
Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s
Using old Rep’s offices to train them
Regular pay No need for corruption
Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)
Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died
Military reforms
Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers
Aug. gave army its
pay & pensions
Reduced army from
60 to 28 legions
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
aFC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Bureaucr. reforms
Honest, efficient, & stable government in
the provinces
Regularly paid & trained officials
Equites trained for mid-level
jobs
Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s
Works to get more reliable provincial governors through:
Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s
Using old Rep’s offices to train them
Regular pay No need for corruption
Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)
How threatened was Rome by outside
powers?
Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died
Military reforms
Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers
Aug. gave army its
pay & pensions
Reduced army from
60 to 28 legions
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
aFC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Bureaucr. reforms
Honest, efficient, & stable government in
the provinces
Regularly paid & trained officials
Equites trained for mid-level
jobs
Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s
Works to get more reliable provincial governors through:
Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s
Using old Rep’s offices to train them
Regular pay No need for corruption
Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)
Rome faces few outside threats for
200 yrs.
Geographic Factor favoring Rome?
Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died
Military reforms
Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers
Aug. gave army its
pay & pensions
Reduced army from
60 to 28 legions
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
aFC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Bureaucr. reforms
Honest, efficient, & stable government in
the provinces
Regularly paid & trained officials
Equites trained for mid-level
jobs
Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s
Works to get more reliable provincial governors through:
Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s
Using old Rep’s offices to train them
Regular pay No need for corruption
Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)
Rome faces few outside threats for
200 yrs.
Medit’s central
position fast comm’s
Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died
Military reforms
Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers
Aug. gave army its
pay & pensions
Reduced army from
60 to 28 legions
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
aFC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
What was this period referred to & why?
Bureaucr. reforms
Honest, efficient, & stable government in
the provinces
Regularly paid & trained officials
Equites trained for mid-level
jobs
Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s
Works to get more reliable provincial governors through:
Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s
Using old Rep’s offices to train them
Regular pay No need for corruption
Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)
Rome faces few outside threats for
200 yrs.
Medit’s central
position fast comm’s
Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died
Military reforms
Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers
Aug. gave army its
pay & pensions
Reduced army from
60 to 28 legions
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people
FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Little expansion except conquest of Britain & Dacia Pax Romana:
200 years of nearly unbroken peace & prosperity throughout the
Mediterranean, with trade extending to China & India (FC. 33)
Bureaucr. reforms
Honest, efficient, & stable government in
the provinces
Regularly paid & trained officials
Equites trained for mid-level
jobs
Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31)
Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC.
26)
Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic
Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s
Works to get more reliable provincial governors through:
Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s
Using old Rep’s offices to train them
Regular pay No need for corruption
Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)
Rome faces few outside threats for
200 yrs.
Medit’s central
position fast comm’s
Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died
Military reforms
Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers
Aug. gave army its
pay & pensions
Reduced army from
60 to 28 legions
a
Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws:
Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate
Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people