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FEMALEREPRODUCTIVESYSTEMCECILLE W. BARRERA NCM 102 2009-2010
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FEMALE
INTERNALREPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
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The primary sex
organs are the
ovaries which
produce eggs(ova) and the
female sex
hormones
estrogen andprogesterone.
These sex
hormones
increase at
puberty anddecrease after
menopause.
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Both male and
femalereproductive
systems have
gonads: ovaries in
females (which
produce oocytes)
and testes in males
(which produce
sperm).
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Both systems have gonads that produce gametes and sex hormones,
and both systems are latent until puberty. However,males have
continuous sperm production after puberty while females have a
relatively fixed number of ova released periodically.
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The primary sex
organs are the
ovaries. The
accessory sexorgans include
the uterine tubes
(Fallopian tubes),
uterus, vagina,
clitoris, and
mammary glands
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The parietal peritoneum dips down between the uterus and the bladder to
form the vesicouterine pouch. It also dips down between the uterus and
the rectum to form the rectouterine pouch(Douglas cul-de-sac)
Vesicouterine
pouch
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Menstrual CycleFirst Phase
HypothalamusGnRH
Transmitted to Anterior Pituitary Gland (Adenohypohysis)
Stimulates the production of Gonadotropic Hormone FSH &LH
(In the ovary)
Maturation of oocytes (Primordial follicles) by FSH inside
(the follicle is a protective sac or thin layer of cells in the
ovary)Production of clear fluid (Follicular Fluid) which contains
high level of Estrogen & some Progesterone
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2nd Phase
Ovulation
(release of mature ovum from the ovary-Grafian follicle)
Decrease of FSH & Increase LHLH is responsible for production of Lutein, which is turn Increase the
level of Progesterone with some Estrogen
Fills empty follicle termed as Corpus Luteum (yellow body)
Ischemic PhaseConception No Conception
Final Phase
Unfertilized Ovum atropines after 4-5 days & the Corpus Luteum will be
replaced by while fibrous tissue (Corpus Albicans)
MENTRUATION
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Estrogenresponsible for secondary female
characteristics
Progesterone
responsible for preparation of
uterus for implantation
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
responsible for maturation of ovum
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)responsible for
ovulation & growth of uterine lining during
secondary half of menstrual cycle.
Uterine Changes during Menstrual Cycle
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Uterine Changes during Menstrual Cycle1. First Phase/Proliferative/Follicular/Post Mentrual
Phase Following the menstrual flow, the endometrium or lining of
the uterus is very thin Ovary begins to form estrogen under the direction of
Pituitary FSH
Endometrium proliferates increasing in thickness &continues during 1st half of menstrual cycle (approx. 5-14days
2. Second Phase/Progestational/Luteal/Pre-MenstrualSecretory Phase
Following ovulation , the formation of progesterone in
Corpus Luteum (under the direction of LH) causes theglands of the uterine endometrium to becomecocksrew or twisted.
Endometrial lining appears to be spongy velvetbecause of increase capillaries
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3. Ischemic Phase
Unless fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum
regress after 8-10 days Decrease production of Estrogen & Progesterone
level
Endometrium degenerates (approx. 24-25 day of
the cycle). The capillaries rupture with minutehemorrhage & endometrium sloughs off
4.Menses & Final Phase
Blood from ruptured capillaries, fragments ofendometrial tissue, microscopic atrophiedunfertilized ovum is discharged
The only external marker of the cycle.
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Note that the sperm cells must migrate against the flow created bythe cilia in the Fallopian tube.
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Fertilization occurs within the Fallopian tubes (oviducts, uterine
tubes, or salpinges)
AMPULLA- siteof Fertilization
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fimbriae
Fallopian tube
Infundibulum
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If implantation occurs outside the uterus, an ectopic pregnancy
occurs. An egg getting stuck in the Fallopian tube (tubal pregnancy)
is a common site for such ectopic pregnancies. See the clinical view
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Ectopic pregnancy
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The uterus is a thick-walledmuscular organ shaped like an
inverted pear. It is where an
egg normally implants.
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Note layers
to uterine
wall
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Bi-manual pelvic exam to
palpate uterus
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Uterine prolapse
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Pap smear being collected from cervix
with the help of a circular speculum
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of the cervix
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Douglas cul-de-sac
S i i d i i i h h h l f l d f
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Culdocentesis-to remove
fluid to
diagnose
PelvicInflammatory
Disease (PID).
Syringe inserted into vagina with the help of a speculum and forceps
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Normalhysterosalpingography
Abnormal
hysterosalpingographyshowing blocked
Fallopian tubes.
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Note inflation
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Note inflation
with carbon
dioxide gas.
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FEMALE
EXTERNALREPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
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Sperm deposited in thevagina quickly
encounter the egg in the
Fallopian tube so
fertilization can occur.
The vagina
is the
copulatory
organ of
the female
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Female external
genitalia (vulva)
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Vagina
The vagina is about 3.6 inches long and extends from the vaginal
orifice to the cervix. The uterus attaches at nearly a 90 degree angle
Note that females unlike males have an open road from their
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START
FINISH
Note that females, unlike males, have an open road from their
vagina all the way to their peritoneal cavity. This makes PID more
likely.
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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
is a common cause of infertility and
ectopic pregnancies because it either
narrows or blocks the Fallopian tubes.
A i h ld b
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A wet suit should be
worn to prevent
contaminated lake
water being propelledby hydrostatic
pressure up the vagina,
uterus, and Fallopian
tubes into the
peritoneal cavity when
a female water skier
falls. The is also a
concern in high
velocity water slides.Pelvic inflammatory
disease could result.
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FEMALE BREAST
(Mammary Glands)
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Mammary glands
are the glands within
the breast.
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The nipple
contains erectile
tissue and issurrounded by the
pigmented areola.
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During
pregnancy the
areola becomesdarker and
enlarges,
presumably to
become more
conspicuous to a
nursing infant.
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Each mammary gland is
composed of 15-20 lobes,
each with its own drainage
pathway to the nipple
Milk is produced
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Milk is produced
in the alveoli in
the lobes of a
lactating female,
which is then
collected into
tiny ducts. These
ducts merge into
lactiferous ducts,each of which
expand into a
lactiferous sinus
near the nipple.The milk is then
ejected from the
nipple.
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Stimulation of the
maternal nipple is
essential in promoting
production and release
of milk.
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Inverted nipple
Normal nipple
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In
mammography
the breast is
compressed to
thin it out and
then x-rays are
employed to
detectabnormalities
early.