FERTILITY PLACEMENT FOR FERTILITY PLACEMENT FOR CONSERVATION TILLAGE CONSERVATION TILLAGE
SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
DICK WOLKOWSKIDICK WOLKOWSKI
DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCEDEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE
UW-MADISONUW-MADISON
LABOR SAVINGS TIME MANAGEMENT EQUIPMENT/FUEL COSTS SOIL PRODUCTIVITY WATER QUALITY
WHY CONSERVATION WHY CONSERVATION TILLAGETILLAGE
SOIL CONSERVATION IS A SOCIETAL SOIL CONSERVATION IS A SOCIETAL CONCERNCONCERN
DEGRADATION OF THE RESOURCEDEGRADATION OF THE RESOURCE• FERTILITYFERTILITY• ORGANIC MATTERORGANIC MATTER• TILTHTILTH
WATER QUALITYWATER QUALITY• SEDIMENTSEDIMENT• NUTRIENTSNUTRIENTS
PROGRAM COSTPROGRAM COST• EXPENSIVE TO MANAGEEXPENSIVE TO MANAGE• CHEAPER TO PREVENTCHEAPER TO PREVENT
FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN CONSERVATION TILLAGECONSERVATION TILLAGE
HOW MUCH – WHAT – WHERE - HOW MUCH – WHAT – WHERE - WHENWHEN
NUTRIENT STRATIFICATIONNUTRIENT STRATIFICATION MANURE AND FERTILIZER ?MANURE AND FERTILIZER ? COMPACTION CONSIDERATIONSCOMPACTION CONSIDERATIONS EQUIPMENT AND PLACEMENTEQUIPMENT AND PLACEMENT
SOIL TEST TO DETERMINE SOIL TEST TO DETERMINE NUTRIENT NEEDNUTRIENT NEED
SAMPLING DEPTH VARIESSAMPLING DEPTH VARIES• MULCH TILLAGE: 3/4 DEPTH OF TILLAGEMULCH TILLAGE: 3/4 DEPTH OF TILLAGE• NO-TILL; STRIP-TILL: 6-7”NO-TILL; STRIP-TILL: 6-7”
• INCLUDE 0-2” SAMPLE FOR pHINCLUDE 0-2” SAMPLE FOR pH
ONCE IN THE ROTATION OR EVERY 3-4 ONCE IN THE ROTATION OR EVERY 3-4 YEARSYEARS
NUMBER OF SAMPLES/FIELD VARIESNUMBER OF SAMPLES/FIELD VARIES• MINIMUM 10 CORES/SAMPLEMINIMUM 10 CORES/SAMPLE
K STRATIFICATION AFTER 3 YEARS IN TILLAGE SYSTEM
0 50 100 150
SOI L TEST K (ppm)
0 to 2
2 to 4
4 to 6
6 to 8
NO-TILLNO-TILL
CHISELCHISEL
WOLKOWSKI, 2000 WOLKOWSKI, 2000
BANDING vs. BROADCASTBANDING vs. BROADCAST BANDING MORE EFFICIENTBANDING MORE EFFICIENT
• LESS FIXATION BY SOILLESS FIXATION BY SOIL• ““PRECISION PLACEMENT”PRECISION PLACEMENT”• REDUCED RISK FOR LOSSREDUCED RISK FOR LOSS• POSITIONALLY AVAILABLEPOSITIONALLY AVAILABLE• SLOW EARLY PLANT METABOLISMSLOW EARLY PLANT METABOLISM
BROADCAST TO CORRECT LOW TESTSBROADCAST TO CORRECT LOW TESTS• SOME TILLAGE MAY BE NEEDED SOME TILLAGE MAY BE NEEDED
VOLATILIZATION LOSS FROM UREA VOLATILIZATION LOSS FROM UREA CONTAINING MATERIALSCONTAINING MATERIALS
WHAT ABOUT SEED-PLACEMENTWHAT ABOUT SEED-PLACEMENT
WISCONSIN SOILS TYPICALLY RESPOND WISCONSIN SOILS TYPICALLY RESPOND TO ROW-APPLIED FERTILIZERTO ROW-APPLIED FERTILIZER
MANY SOILS TEST IN THE HIGH RANGEMANY SOILS TEST IN THE HIGH RANGE
TIME NEEDED TO FILL HOPPERS REDUCES TIME NEEDED TO FILL HOPPERS REDUCES PLANTING EFFICIENCYPLANTING EFFICIENCY
SOME SUGGEST HIGHER AVAILABILITY FOR SOME SUGGEST HIGHER AVAILABILITY FOR SEED-PLACED MATERIALSSEED-PLACED MATERIALS
INFLUENCE OF RATE AND TYPE OF INFLUENCE OF RATE AND TYPE OF SEED-PLACED FERTILIZERSEED-PLACED FERTILIZER
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
10 34 0 7 21 7 9 18 9
YIE
LD (
bu/
a)
0
12.5
25
50
lb P2O5/a
GELDERMAN et al., 1995GELDERMAN et al., 1995
INFLUENCE OF RATE AND PLACEMENT OF INFLUENCE OF RATE AND PLACEMENT OF UREA FERTILIZER ON A SILT LOAM SOILUREA FERTILIZER ON A SILT LOAM SOIL
160
170
180
190
200
SEED 2 x 2
YIE
LD (
bu/
a)
0
7.5
15
30
N (lb/a)
WOLKOWSKI, 1999WOLKOWSKI, 1999
NO STARTER = 179 bu/aALL: 10 lb/a P205 AND K20
RECOMMENDATIONS TO REDUCE RECOMMENDATIONS TO REDUCE SEED-PLACED INJURYSEED-PLACED INJURY
LIMIT TO 10 lb N + KLIMIT TO 10 lb N + K22O/aO/a
AVOID HIGH SALT CARRIERSAVOID HIGH SALT CARRIERS
NO UREA, UAN, ATSNO UREA, UAN, ATS
USE CAUTION ON SANDY OR DRY SOILSUSE CAUTION ON SANDY OR DRY SOILS
AVOID USE ON SALT-SENSITIVE CROPSAVOID USE ON SALT-SENSITIVE CROPS
MANURE LAGOON MIXINGUSDA-DFRC, 2001
WILL MANURE CONFLICT WITH WILL MANURE CONFLICT WITH FERTILIZER AND TILLAGE FERTILIZER AND TILLAGE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
CONSERVATION TILLAGE AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
PLANNING
NMP WILL ALLOCATE MANURE TO MORE FIELDS ON A FARM
SOME MAY BE DIRECTED TOWARD SLOPING LAND
ROTATIONS AND TILLAGE MAY NOT BE ADAPTABLE TO MANURING
CREDIT THE MANURE NUTRIENTS
MANURE INCORPORATION MANURE INCORPORATION TOOLS: TOOLS: USDA-DFRC FIELD DAY, USDA-DFRC FIELD DAY,
AUGUST, 2001AUGUST, 2001
NARROW POINT INJECTORNARROW POINT INJECTOR
ROLLING TINE COVERAGEROLLING TINE COVERAGE
RELATIVELY AGGRESSIVERELATIVELY AGGRESSIVE
SMOOTH SEEDBEDSMOOTH SEEDBED
MANURE INCORPORATION MANURE INCORPORATION TOOLS: TOOLS: USDA-DFRC FIELD DAY, USDA-DFRC FIELD DAY,
AUGUST, 2001AUGUST, 2001
SWEEP INJECTORSWEEP INJECTOR
ROUGHER SURFACE, MOREROUGHER SURFACE, MORE
RESIDUERESIDUE
WATCH YOUR STEP!!WATCH YOUR STEP!!
NEED FOR ROW-PLACED NEED FOR ROW-PLACED FERTILIZER ON MANURED LANDFERTILIZER ON MANURED LAND
3
3.5
4
4.5S
ILA
GE Y
IELD
(t
DM
/a)
YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3
WI THOUT
WI TH
MOTAVALLI et al., 1993MOTAVALLI et al., 1993
MANAGE SOIL COMPACTIONMANAGE SOIL COMPACTION
SOIL COMPACTION REDUCES YIELD SOIL COMPACTION REDUCES YIELD LIMIT UNNECESSARY TRAFFIC, LIMIT UNNECESSARY TRAFFIC,
AVOID OPERATIONS ON WET AVOID OPERATIONS ON WET SOILS, LIGHTEN LOADSSOILS, LIGHTEN LOADS
POTASSIUM MANAGEMENT IS POTASSIUM MANAGEMENT IS IMPORTANTIMPORTANT
SUBSOILING IS NOT A QUICK FIXSUBSOILING IS NOT A QUICK FIX
RESPONSE OF CORN TO ROW-RESPONSE OF CORN TO ROW-APPLIED K, OSHKOSH WIS.,(3 yr. APPLIED K, OSHKOSH WIS.,(3 yr.
avg.)avg.)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
< 5 t 19 t
YIE
LD
RE
SP
ON
SE
(b
u/a
)
OPTI MUM
V. HI GH
45 lb K45 lb K22O/a; 2 x 2 PLACEMENT O/a; 2 x 2 PLACEMENT
STRIP TILLAGE OPTIONSSTRIP TILLAGE OPTIONS - FALL vs. SPRING- FALL vs. SPRING - SHALLOW vs. DEEP- SHALLOW vs. DEEP - LIQUID vs. DRY- LIQUID vs. DRY
THREE MAJOR CATEGORIES AFFECT THREE MAJOR CATEGORIES AFFECT FERTILITY MANAGEMENTFERTILITY MANAGEMENT
ROW OR RESIDUE CLEARINGROW OR RESIDUE CLEARING• REMOVE RESIDUEREMOVE RESIDUE• FINGER COULTERS, BRUSHES, SWEEPSFINGER COULTERS, BRUSHES, SWEEPS
STRIP TILLAGE (SHALLOW: < 6 in.)STRIP TILLAGE (SHALLOW: < 6 in.)• MOVE RESIDUE, SEEDBED PREP., ROW MOVE RESIDUE, SEEDBED PREP., ROW
FERTILIZERFERTILIZER• FLUTED COULTERS, DISCSFLUTED COULTERS, DISCS
STRIP TILLAGE (DEEP: > 6 in.)STRIP TILLAGE (DEEP: > 6 in.)• DISRUPT COMPACTION, DEEP-PLACE DISRUPT COMPACTION, DEEP-PLACE
FERTILIZERFERTILIZER• KNIVES KNIVES • SOME WITH COULTERS TO MOVE RESIDUE OR SOME WITH COULTERS TO MOVE RESIDUE OR
CREATE MINI-RIDGESCREATE MINI-RIDGES
ROW CLEARINGBANDED PLACEMENT WITH SEED OR 2 x 2 AT PLANTING
MAIN EFFECT OF ROW FERTILIZER ON CORN GROWTH, ARLINGTON, 1994-1996
15
20
25
30
35
40
1994 1995 1996
g/p
lan
t
NONE
FS
FI
2x2
MEASUREMENTS TAKEN AT 12 LEAF STAGEMEASUREMENTS TAKEN AT 12 LEAF STAGE
NPK STARTER
INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF TILLAGE AND INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF TILLAGE AND ROW FERTILIZER, ARLINGTON, 1994-1996ROW FERTILIZER, ARLINGTON, 1994-1996
140
150
160
170
180
FZ SZ CH NT
YIE
LD
(b
u/a
)
NONE
FS
FZ
2x2
NPK STARTER
INTERACTION BETWEEN INTERACTION BETWEEN STARTER FERTILIZER AND ROW STARTER FERTILIZER AND ROW
CLEANERSCLEANERS
150
155
160
165
170
WI THOUT WI TH
ROW CLEANER
YIE
LD (
bu/
a)
NONE
STARTER
VETSCH AND RANDALL, 2000 (MN)VETSCH AND RANDALL, 2000 (MN)
NP STARTER
DEEP BANDED PLACEMENT INTHE FALL WITH STRIP TILLAGE
PRELIMINARY UW RESEARCH: DEEP STRIP TILLAGE AND FERTILIZER
ARLINGTON, 2001
CORN/SOYBEAN ROTATION AND CONTINUOUS CORN
NO-TILL, FALL CHISEL, FALL STRIP
BROADCAST, 2 x 2, FALL DEEP PLACED
SOYBEAN RESPONSE TO TILLAGE AND FERTILIZATION, ARLINGTON, 2001
45
50
55
60
65
CHISEL NO-TILL STRIP
YIE
LD
(b
u/a
)
NONE
BDCT
DEEP
FERTILIZER: 200 lb/a 0-23-30FERTILIZER: 200 lb/a 0-23-30
SOYBEAN AFTER CORN
CORN RESPONSE TO TILLAGE AND FERTILIZATION, ARLINGTON, 2001
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
CHISEL NO-TILL STRIP
YIE
LD
(b
u/a
)
NONE
2 X 2
DEEP
FERTILIZER: 200 lb/a 0-23-30FERTILIZER: 200 lb/a 0-23-30
CONTINUOUS CORN
CORN RESPONSE TO TILLAGE AND FERTILIZATION, ARLINGTON, 2001
180
190
200
210
CHISEL NO-TILL STRIP
YIE
LD
(b
u/a
)
NONE
2 X 2
DEEP
FERTILIZER: 200 lb/a 0-23-30FERTILIZER: 200 lb/a 0-23-30
FIRST-YEAR CORN AFTER SOYBEAN
CORN RESPONSE TO TILLAGE AND K FERTILIZATION, KIRKTON, IN
140
150
160
170
180
NT - NT + ZT - ZT + MB- MB+
YIE
LD
(b
u/a
)
0
38
76
VYN AND JANOVICEK, 2001 (3 yr. avg.) VYN AND JANOVICEK, 2001 (3 yr. avg.)
- = NO STARTER; + = STARTER
FALL K2O (lb/a)
NO-TILL CORN RESPONSE TO P NO-TILL CORN RESPONSE TO P AND K PLACEMENT (IA)AND K PLACEMENT (IA)
130
140
150
160
P STUDY K STUDY
YIE
LD (
bu/
a)
NONE
BDCT
2X2
DEEP+
DEEP-
MALLARINO, 1998 MALLARINO, 1998
15 SITE YEARS
SUMMARYSUMMARY SOIL TEST TO DETERMINE NEEDSOIL TEST TO DETERMINE NEED CONSIDER THE SEED PLACEMENT RISKSCONSIDER THE SEED PLACEMENT RISKS AVOID SOIL COMPACTIONAVOID SOIL COMPACTION CREDIT MANURECREDIT MANURE BANDED PLACEMENT MORE EFFICIENTBANDED PLACEMENT MORE EFFICIENT
• RESPONSE POTENTIAL GREATER IN NO-TILLRESPONSE POTENTIAL GREATER IN NO-TILL• USE A COMPLETE MATERIALUSE A COMPLETE MATERIAL• 10-20-20 MINIMUM10-20-20 MINIMUM• SOME EVIDENCE FOR DEEP K PLACEMENTSOME EVIDENCE FOR DEEP K PLACEMENT