Fig. 21-2, p.334
multicelledgametophyte
(n)
multicelledsporophyte
(2n)
gametes(n)
spores(n)
mitosis mitosis
meiosisfertilization
mitosis
zygote(2n)
HAPLOID
DIPLOID
Fig. 21-2, p.334
sporophyte’s importance
angiospermsgymnospermsfernsbryophytesgreen algae
zygote is onlydiploid phase
gametophyte’s importance
Fig. 21-3, p.335
seedplants
plantswithcomplexleaves
vascularplants
landplants
plants andclose relatives
charophytes
mossesliverwortshornworts
lycophytes
cycads conifersginkgosgnetophytesfloweringplants
horsetailswhisk fernsferns
Fig. 21-4, p.336
Fig. 21-5, p.336
Other germinating sporesgrow and develop intofemale gametophytes.
Spores germinate.Some grow anddevelop into malegametophytes.
Spores form byway of meiosisand are released.
Sperm reach eggsby moving throughraindrops or film ofwater on the plantsurface.
Zygote grows,develops into asporophyte while still attached togametophyte.
zygote
mature sporophyte (spore-producingstructure and stalk), still dependenton gametophyte
sperm-producingstructure at shoottip of malegametophyte
egg-producingstructure at shoottip of femalegametophyte
rhizoids
Diploid Stage
Haploid Stagefertilization meiosis
Fig. 21-6, p.337
Fig. 21-7, p.337
female gametophytes
thallus (leaflike part) close-up of gemmae
male gametophyte
Fig. 21-8, p.338
Fig. 21-9, p.339
fertilization
egg
sperm
zygote rhizome
Spores develop.egg-producingstructure
sperm-producingstructure
maturegametophyte(underside)
A sporegerminates,grows into agametophyte.
Spores arereleased.
sorus
The sporophyte(still attached tothe gametophyte)grows, develops.
Haploid Stage
Diploid Stagemeiosis
Fig. 21-10, p.339
Fig. 21-13, p.341
Fig. 21-13, p.341
Fig. 21-13, p.341
Fig. 21-13, p.341
Fig. 21-14, p.342
Fig. 21-14, p.342
Fig. 21-15, p.343
surface view of ascale of a malestrobilus (housestwo pollen sacs)
surface view of afemale cone scale(houses two ovules)
section through oneovule (the red “cut”in the diagramto the left)
ovule
section througha pollen sac(red cut)
zygote
maturesporophyte
seedling
seedcoat
embryonutritivetissue
seed formationDiploid Stage
Megasporesform; one
develops intothe female
gametophyte.
Microsporesform, develop
into pollengrains.
Germinating pollen grain (themale gametophyte). Spermnuclei form as the pollen tubegrows toward the egg.
pollen tube
sperm-producing
cell
pollination(wind depositspollen grainnear ovule)
meiosismeiosisfertilization
(view insidean ovule)
eggs
female gametophyte
Haploid Stage
Fig. 21-16, p.344
ginkgoother genera
gymnosperms
ferns
cycads
angiosperms(flowering
plants)
Fig. 21-17, p.344
ovulein anovary
stamen(microsporesform here)
carpel(megasporesform here)
sepal
petal
Fig. 21-18, p.345
Fig. 21-18, p.345
Fig. 21-18, p.345
Fig. 21-18, p.345
basal groups
Amborellawaterlilies magnoliids
staranise monocots eudicots
Fig. 21-19, p.346
Megaspore givesrise to haploid cellsin ovule. In one ofthe cells, mitosiswithout cytoplasmicdivision gives it twonuclei; it will giverise to endosperm.
cell in ovulethat will giverise to amegaspore
ovulesinsideovary
pollen sac,where eachone of manycells willgive rise tomicrospores
a floweringstem of thematuresporophyte(2n)
Microsporesform, thendevelop intopollen grains.
Pollen isreleased.
The pollen tube enters an ovule.
cell from whichendospermwill form
female gametophyteovary
egg(line of cutof diagramat left)
Diploid StageHaploid Stage
seed coatembryo (2n)endosperm (nutritive tissue)
seed
Pollination and pollentube formation:
malegametophyte
sperm (n)pollen tube
double fertilization meiosis meiosis
Table 21-1, p.348
Fig. 21-21, p.348
cycadsgnetophytes
flowering plants
ferns
lycophytes
hornworts
ginkgos
whisk ferns
liverworts mosses
horsetails
conifers
Fig. 21-22, p.349
Fig. 26-2, p.426
root tiproot cap
lateral (axillary) bud
shoot tip (terminal bud)
nodeinternode
node
vascular tissues
ground tissues
SHOOTSROOTS
primary root
lateral root
young leaf
flower
dermal tissue
leaf
seedsin fruit
witheredseed leaf(cotyledon)
stem
root hairs
Fig. 26-3ab, p.427
Fig. 26-11, p.431
Fig. 26-15, p.433
Fig. 26-9, p.429
photosynthetic cellleaf surface cuticle epidermal cell
Fig. 26-14, p.433
Photosyntheticproducts (pinkarrow) entervein, will bedistributedthrough plant.
Water,dissolvedmineral ionsfrom roots andstems moveinto leaf vein(blue arrow).
Carbon dioxide(pink arrow)in outside airdiffuses intoleaf throughstomata.
Oxygen andwater vapor(blue arrow)diffuse out ofleaf throughstomata.
leaf vein (one vascular bundle)
xylem phloem cuticle
upperepidermis
palisademesophyll
spongymesophyll
lowerepidermis
epidermalcell
stoma(small gap
across lowerepidermis)
Fig. 27-10, p.448
20 µm
chloroplast(guard cellsare the onlyepidermalcells thathave theseorganelles)
stoma
guard cellguard cell
Fig. 26-22, p.437
Fig. 27-4, p.444a Root nodule of a soybean plant
Fig. 27-5, p.444
Fig. 27-7, p.446
Fig. 27-8, p.447
Fig. 27-18, p.453
Fig. 28-2b, p.456
ovary
petal (all petalscombined are theflower’s corolla)
sepal (all sepalscombined areflower’s calyx)
receptacle
ovule(formswithinovary)
stamen carpel
(male reproductive part) (female reproductive part)
filament anther stigma style
Fig. 28-3, p.457
Fig. 28-4, p.457
Fig. 28-5a, p.458
Fig. 28-5b, p.458
Fig. 28-7ac, p.461
Fig. 28-8, p.462
Fig. 28-19b, p.469
Fig. 28-22, p.470
Fig. 28-30, p.474