Foundations of Structural Foundations of Structural KinesiologyKinesiology
Chapter 1Chapter 1
And you thought this class was stressful
Skeletal SystemSkeletal System
Skeletal SystemSkeletal SystemDivisions (206 bones)Divisions (206 bones)
1.1. Axial: (80 bones)Axial: (80 bones)– SkullSkull– Spinal columnSpinal column– SternumSternum– RibsRibs
2.2. Apendicular: (126)Apendicular: (126)– Shoulder GirdleShoulder Girdle– Upper ExtremityUpper Extremity– Pelvic GirdlePelvic Girdle– Lower ExtremityLower Extremity
SkeletalSkeletal System System
FunctionsFunctions– Support Support – ProtectionProtection– MovementMovement– StorageStorage– HemopoiesisHemopoiesis
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Bone PropertiesBone Properties
Bone size (mass) and shapeBone size (mass) and shape– formation according to the stresses (direction and formation according to the stresses (direction and
magnitude of force) habitually applied to themmagnitude of force) habitually applied to them
Wolff’s LawWolff’s Law
Athlete Scoliosis Torsion
Bone MarkingsBone Markings
SkullSkull
Label
Frontal
External Occipital Protuberance
Superior Nuchal Line (3rd picture #2)
Occipital
Mastoid Process
Temporal
Parietal
Lacrimal
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Vomer
Nasal Conchae
Nasal
Mandible
Palatine
Sphenoid
Vomer
VertebraVertebra
Body
Transverse Processes
Articular Processes
Spinous Process
Vertebral Foramen
Pedicle
Lamina
Intervertebral Foramen
Label
Vertebral ColumnVertebral ColumnRegional StructuresRegional Structures
1.1. Cervical (7)Cervical (7)– Bifed Spinous ProcessBifed Spinous Process– Transverse ForamenTransverse Foramen– AtlasAtlas– Axis (Axis (OdontoidOdontoid Process) Process)
2.2. Thoracic (12)Thoracic (12)– ..
– ..3.3. Lumbar (5)Lumbar (5)4.4. ..
– Median Sacral CrestMedian Sacral Crest– Sacral CanalSacral Canal– Sacral ForamenSacral Foramen– Sacral HiatusSacral Hiatus– Superior Articular FacetSuperior Articular Facet– Superior Sacral NotchSuperior Sacral Notch
5.5. Coccyx (4)Coccyx (4)
Bifed Spinous ProcessBifed Spinous Process
Superior & Inferior Superior & Inferior Costal FacetsCostal FacetsTransverse Costal FacetsTransverse Costal Facets
Sacral (5)
SternumSternum Jugular Notch
Manubrium
Sternal Angle
Body
Costal Notches
Transverse Ridges
Xyphoid Process
LABEL
Clavicular Notch
Rib CageRib Cage
True (7)
False (3)
Floating (2)
Label
Costal Angle
Costal Groove
Inferior Border
Superior Border Tubercle
Neck
Head
Shaft
Label
ClavicleClavicle
Label
Conoid Tubercle
Subclavian Groove
Deltoid Tubercle
Sternal End
Acromial End
Right Clavicle
Superior surface
Inferior surface
Anterior
Anterior
Trapezoid Line
ScapulaScapulaSupra Scapular Notch
Inferior Angle
Superior Border
Infraspinous Fossa
Supraspinous Fossa
Acromion Process
Infra Glenoid Tubercle
Supra Glenoid Tubercle
Glenoid Fossa
Coracoid Process
Lateral (axillary) Border
Medial (vertebral) Border
Spine
Superior Angle
Label
HumerusHumerus
Radial Fossa
Coronoid Fossa
Olecranon Fossa
Trochlea
Capitulum
Medial Epicondyle
Supracondylar Ridge
Radial Groove
Deltoid Tuberosity
Surgical Neck
Intertubercular Groove
(bicipital)
Head
Lesser Tubercle
Greater Tubercle
Anatomical Neck
Lateral Epicondyle
Label
Anterior Posterior
Radius and UlnaRadius and Ulna
Radius Label
Ulna Label
Supinator Fossa
Supinator Crest
Ulnar Tuberosity
Semilunar Notch
Olecranon Process
Coronoid ProcessNeck
Head
Styloid Process
Head
Interosseous Crest
Ulnar Notch
Styloid Process
Radial Tuberosity
Radial Notch
HandHand
Distal
Middle
BaseMetacarpals
Hamate(Hook of Hamate)
Capitate
TrapezoidPisiform
TriquetrumLunate
Scaphoid
ProximalPhalanges
Head
Shaft
Carpals Trapezum
Label
Pelvic GirdlePelvic GirdleAnterior Gluteal Line
External Surface
Auricular Surface
Iliopectineal Eminence
Greater Sciatic Notch
Iliac Fossa
Iliac Crest
Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine Anterior
Inferior Iliac Spine
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
Ischium Label
Ilium Label
Pubis Label
Ischial Tuberosity
Spine of the Ischium
Lesser Sciatic Notch
Inferior Rami
Superior Rami
Pubic Crest
Inferior Rami
Superior Rami
Pubic Symphysis
Sacral Articulation
Posterior Gluteal Line
Inferior Gluteal Line
FemurFemurHead
Patellar Surface
Lateral condyleMedial
condyle
Adductor Tubercle
Linea Aspera
Gluteal Tuberosity
Quadrate Tubercle
Intertrochanteric Crest
Intertrochanteric Line Lesser
Trochanter
Greater Trochanter
Neck
Fovea Capitus
Popliteal Surface
Intercondyloid Fossa
Right Femur (Anterior) Label
Right Femur (Posterior)
PatellaPatella
Base
Apex
Lateral BorderMedial
Border
Proximal Border
LabelRight Patella
Tibia & FibulaTibia & Fibula
Anterior Border
Talus Articulation
Medial Malleolus
Inferior Fibular Articulation
Anterior Border
Interosseous Border
Superior Fibular Articulation
Soleal Line
Tibial Tuberosity
Lateral Condyle Medial
Condyle
Intercondyloid Eminence
Talus Articulation
Lateral Malleolus
Styloid Process
Head
Interosseus Border
Tibia Label
Fibula Label
Bones of the FootBones of the Foot
Tarsals
Head
Shaft
Base Metatarsals
Distal
Middle
Proximal Phalanges
Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
Cuboid
3rd Cuniform2nd Cuniform
1st Cuniform
Calcaneus
TalusNavicular
1st Cuniform
Label
Soft/Connective TissuesSoft/Connective Tissues
5. Aponeurosis
4. Fascia
3. Retinaculum
2. Tendon
1. Ligament
6. Cartilage
7. Meniscus
8. Labrum
- A thick fibrous band of connective tissue that connects bone to bone- A band of dense connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone or other structure
- A dense connective tissue sheath that binds or holds tendons in place
- A dense connective tissue that encloses, separates, and binds muscles – supports, protects, and gives shape. Also gives general support to an area - A tendinous connective tissue formed like a sheath that anchors one muscle to another
- A firm, smooth, resilient, nonvascular connective tissue - Crescent plates of fibrocartilage that deepen an articular surface and act like shock absorbers - Deepens a socket (articular capsule blends into labrum and
surrounds anatomical neck)
Anatomical Position & Fundamental Anatomical Position & Fundamental Position Position
Anatomical Position Fundamental
Position
Reference LinesReference Lines
Reference Side & SegmentReference Side & Segment
Reference Reference SegmentSegment
Reference SideReference Side
Anatomical Directional Terminology Anatomical Directional Terminology AnteriorAnterior (Anteroinferior, (Anteroinferior, Anerosuperior, Anerosuperior, Anterolateral, Anteromedial, Anterolateral, Anteromedial, Anteroposterior)Anteroposterior)
PosteriorPosterior (Posteroinferior, (Posteroinferior, Posterosuperior, Posterosuperior, Posterolateral, Posterolateral, Posteromedial, Posteromedial, Posteroanterior)Posteroanterior)
SuperiorSuperior (Superolateral, Superomedial)(Superolateral, Superomedial)
InferiorInferior (Inferolateral, Inferomedial)(Inferolateral, Inferomedial)
MedialMedialLateralLateralIpsilateralIpsilateralContralateralContralateralUnilateralUnilateralBilateralBilateralCaudalCaudalCephalicCephalicDorsalDorsalVentralVentralProximalProximalDistalDistalVentralVentralProximalProximalDistalDistalSuperficialSuperficialDeepDeepPalmerPalmerVolarVolarProneProneSupineSupineDorsumDorsum
General Anatomical/Medical TermsGeneral Anatomical/Medical Terms
Planes of Motion & Axes of Planes of Motion & Axes of Rotation Rotation
Plane of Plane of MotionMotion
Description of Description of PlanePlane
Axis of Axis of RotationRotation
Description of Description of AxisAxis
Common Common MovementsMovements
Saggital Saggital Divides body into Divides body into right and left right and left halveshalves
FrontalFrontal
(coronal)(coronal)Runs Runs
Medial/lateralMedial/lateralFlexionFlexion
ExtensionExtension
FrontalFrontal Divides body into Divides body into ant. & post. ant. & post. halves halves
SaggitalSaggital Runs Runs anterior/posterioranterior/posterior
AbductionAbduction
AdductionAdduction
TransversTransversee
Divides body into Divides body into sup. & inf. halvessup. & inf. halves
VerticalVertical
(longitudinal)(longitudinal)Runs Runs Superior/Inferior Superior/Inferior
Internal rotationInternal rotation
External rotation External rotation
DiagonalDiagonal Combination of Combination of Frontal and Frontal and SaggitalSaggital
Types of JointsTypes of Joints- Classifications of articulations grouped - Classifications of articulations grouped according to structure or function according to structure or function
StructuralStructural: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
FunctionalFunctional: : 1.1. SynarthrodialSynarthrodial (immoveable) (immoveable)
SutureSuture
GomphosisGomphosis
Articular SystemArticular SystemThe union/articulation of two or more bonesThe union/articulation of two or more bones
Articular SystemArticular System2.2. AmphiarthrodialAmphiarthrodial (slightly (slightly
moveable)moveable)SyndesmosisSyndesmosis- held - held together by strong together by strong ligaments ligaments SymphasisSymphasis- separated - separated by fibrocartilage padby fibrocartilage padSynchrondrosisSynchrondrosis- - separated by hyaline separated by hyaline cartilagecartilage
3.3. DiarthrodialDiarthrodial (Freely (Freely moveable) moveable)
joint cavity, joint joint cavity, joint capsule, synovial capsule, synovial membrane, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, articular cartilagefluid, articular cartilage
DiarthrodialDiarthrodial
Diarthrodial JointsDiarthrodial JointsGinglymus (hinge)Ginglymus (hinge)--UniaxialUniaxial
InterphalangealInterphalangeal
Metacarpophalangeal Metacarpophalangeal of thumbof thumb
HumeroulnarHumeroulnar
TibiotarsalTibiotarsal
Femorotibial (dual)Femorotibial (dual)
Seller (Saddle)Seller (Saddle)--MultiaxialMultiaxial
Carpometacarpal of Carpometacarpal of thumbthumb
Enarthrodial (Ball Enarthrodial (Ball & Socket)& Socket)
--MultiaxialMultiaxialAcetabulofemoralAcetabulofemoral
GlenohumeralGlenohumeral
Arthrodial (Gliding)Arthrodial (Gliding)--MultiaxialMultiaxial
Carpal articulationsCarpal articulations
Tarsal articulationsTarsal articulations
AcromioclavicularAcromioclavicular
SternoclavicularSternoclavicular
PatellofemoralPatellofemoral
Radiohumeral (pivot?)Radiohumeral (pivot?)
Vertebral art. ProcessVertebral art. Process
CarpometacarpalCarpometacarpal
TarsometatarsalTarsometatarsal
Sup. & Inf. TibiofibularSup. & Inf. Tibiofibular
SternocostalSternocostal
CostovertebralCostovertebral
CostotransverseCostotransverse
IntermetatarsalIntermetatarsal
IntermetacarpalIntermetacarpal
Trochoidial (Pivot)Trochoidial (Pivot)--UniaxialUniaxial
Radioulnar (prox & dist)Radioulnar (prox & dist)
AtlantoaxialAtlantoaxial
Condylodial (Convex-Condylodial (Convex-Concave)Concave)
--BiaxialBiaxialMetacarpophalangealMetacarpophalangeal
RadiocarpalRadiocarpal
AtlantooccipitalAtlantooccipital
Femorotibial (dual)Femorotibial (dual)
MetatarsophalangealMetatarsophalangeal
Movement in JointsMovement in JointsMotion that takes place by the bones moving through a Motion that takes place by the bones moving through a plane of motion about an axis is referred to as physiological plane of motion about an axis is referred to as physiological movement or movement or osteokinematic motionosteokinematic motion. .
Movement TerminologyMovement Terminology are the terms used to describe the are the terms used to describe the actual change in position of the bones relative to each actual change in position of the bones relative to each other. other.
The specific amount of movement in a joint can be The specific amount of movement in a joint can be measured using an instrument called a measured using an instrument called a goniometergoniometer. .
Anatomical Movement TermsAnatomical Movement Terms
General MovementsGeneral MovementsAbductionAbduction Diagonal Abduction Diagonal Abduction
AdductionAdduction Diagonal AdductionDiagonal Adduction
FlexionFlexion Internal RotationInternal Rotation
ExtensionExtension External RotationExternal Rotation
Circumduction Circumduction Hyperextension Hyperextension
Specific to the Ankle and FootSpecific to the Ankle and FootEversion Eversion DorsiflexionDorsiflexion InversionInversion PlantarflexionPlantarflexion
Specific to Shoulder Girdle & Shoulder JointsSpecific to Shoulder Girdle & Shoulder Joints DepressionDepression
ElevationElevation
Protraction (Scapular Abduction)Protraction (Scapular Abduction)
Retraction (Scapular adduction) Retraction (Scapular adduction)
Upward RotationUpward Rotation
Downward RotationDownward Rotation
Horizontal Abduction (shoulder joint)Horizontal Abduction (shoulder joint)
Horizontal Adduction (shoulder joint)Horizontal Adduction (shoulder joint)
Specific to the Radioulnar JointsSpecific to the Radioulnar JointsPronationPronation
Supination Supination
Anatomical Movement TermsAnatomical Movement Terms
Specific to the SpineSpecific to the SpineLateral FlexionLateral Flexion
ReductionReduction
RotationRotation
Specific to the Wrist and HandSpecific to the Wrist and HandDorsal Flexion (ext.)Dorsal Flexion (ext.) Long AbductionLong Abduction
Palmar Flexion (flex.)Palmar Flexion (flex.) Short AbductionShort Abduction
Radial DeviationRadial Deviation Thumb OppostionThumb Oppostion
Ulnar DeviationUlnar Deviation Thumb RepositionThumb Reposition
Specific to the MandibleSpecific to the MandibleProtrusionProtrusion
Retrusion Retrusion
Anatomical Movement TermsAnatomical Movement Terms
Arthrokinematic MotionArthrokinematic Motion
In order for physiological movements to occur In order for physiological movements to occur there must be there must be movement between the actual movement between the actual articular surfaces of the joint.articular surfaces of the joint. This is known as This is known as arthrokinematic motionarthrokinematic motion. There are three . There are three specific types: specific types: Roll (rock)Roll (rock)- a series of points on one articulating surface - a series of points on one articulating surface
contacts with a series of points on another articular contacts with a series of points on another articular surfacesurface
Glide (slide, translation)Glide (slide, translation)- a specific point on one - a specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a series of articulating surface comes in contact with a series of points on another surface) points on another surface)
SpinSpin– A single point on one articular surface rotates – A single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another articular surface. about a single point on another articular surface.