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It’sallinthewayweframeit
Westartedlookingattheliteratureandwefound
Afewreferences
http://www.nmmu.ac.za/sru
1.SustainabilityResearchUnit,NelsonMandelaMetropolitanUniversity,George,SouthAfrica.2.SouthAfricanNa@onalParks,Skukuza,SouthAfrica.
P.Botes1,C.Wigley-Coetsee1,2,C.Guerbois1&C.Fabricius1,
Framing‘Human-WildlifeConflict’Management:aproposedtypologyandresearchissues
ResearchquesDons
Proposedtypologyofframes
Holling, C. S., and G. K. Meffe. 1996. Command and control and the pathology of natural resource management. Conservation Biology 10:328–337.
Ludwig, D. 2001. The era of management is over. Ecosystems 4:758–764.
Peterson, M. N., Birckhead J. L., Leong K., Peterson M. J., & Peterson T. R. 2010. Rearticulating the myth of human–wildlife conflict. Conservation Letters 3:74–82.
Redpath, S. M., S. Bhatia, and J. Young. 2015. Tilting at wildlife: reconsidering human–wildlife conflict. Oryx 49:222–225.
Wilhelm-Rechmann, A., and R. M. Cowling. 2011. Framing biodiversity conservation for decision makers: insights from four South African municipalities. Conservation Letters 4:73–80.
Peet Botes [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
• Conventional thinking: “human-wildlife conflict is a problem that needs to be controlled”…
• Frames are “cognitive structures that help humans to make sense of the world by suggesting which component of a complex reality to consider” (Wilhelm-Rechmann et al. 2011).They influence thoughts, plans and practices.
• Analysing frames :
• raises awareness of different types of human-wildlife conflicts, situations & interventions,
• brings attention to research needs for human-wildlife coexistence strategies
• challenges what is ‘obvious’
• seeks innovative solutions through dialogue
• A typology of frames provides the foundations for comparison
1. How is the management of ‘human-wildlife conflict’ framed? 2. What are the unintended consequences of different frames?
ManagementimplicaDons
• Any HWC interventions plan should consider feedbacks between Humans and Wildlife
• ‘Controlling’ frames are more prone to unintended consequences
• Payments-based HWC interventions tend to decouple people from wildlife/nature
• HWC interventions should be more explicitly linked to conservation objectives
• Crucial to implement long-term monitoring and document outcomes of interventions
ResearchimplicaDons
• Managing human-wildlife conflict is a wicked problem
• Requires a social-ecological systems frame – complexity thinking
• Disentangle opportunities & constraints across scales
• Explore proactive participatory processes of conflict mitigation
• Our quest: conditions for long term coexistence
à context specific long-term approach to restore social-ecological connections, feedbacks and stewardship
ANTHROPO-CENTRIC ADAPTIVE
Stewardship Adaptive co-management
Bio-mimicry? Participatory learning
BIOCENTRIC ADAPTIVE
Protected area design Habitat & food management Predator-prey management
BIOCENTRIC CONTROLLING
Guards Deterrents
Barriers Aversion training
Lethal control
ANTHROPO-CENTRIC
CONTROLLING Education
Incentives & subsidies Political lobbying
Fines
AnthropocentricBiocentric
Adap/ve
Controlling
Frame Approaches UnintendedconsequencesonWildlife
UnintendedconsequencesonHumans
Wildlifefocused
ProblemAnimalLethalControl
• Injuries,suffering,non-targetanimals• Destabilizesocialstabilityofthegroup• Trophiccascades(speciallythrough
snaring)
• Newproblema@canimals(seenonelephantsandlions)
• Dangerfrominjuredanimals• Socialtensions
Virtualfencing • Canbeasourceofstressfornontargetedspecies
• Increasedshorttermrisks
Peoplefocused Directpayments(insuranceandcompensa@on)
• In-migra@onintoareaswherecompensa@onschemesexist
• Increasedcompe@@onoverresources• Adverseeffectsonwildlife
• Intensifypovertytraps• Perverseeffect(increaseofstocking
rates)
Stewardshipprogrammes
• Reduc@oninfacilita@onandincen@veswhenmostneeded
Table1:ExamplesofunintendednegaDveimpactsofmanagement.N=24paperspublishedsince1996onconflictmanagementbetweenhumansandlionorelephantorprimates
Fig1:ScaUer-plotofdifferentHWCmanagementapproaches.ThesizeofthesymbolisproporDonaltothenumbersofresearcharDcles.TheXaxisrepresentsa‘target’gradient.TheYaxisrepresentsa‘problempercepDon’gradient
• The way we frame human-wildlife interactions matters a lot
• Need to understand ecological, social, economic and political context
• Must re-think monitoring & adaptation programmes
• Encourage participatory processes: build on community’s existing strengths
• Low-cost, locally appropriate interventions
• Innovatively combine different frames
Whatwelearntfromthis
BrentStapelkamp
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