Leandro SanzComa Science Group
GIGA Consciousness
University & Hospital of Liègewww.comascience.org
From Artificial
Intelligence
to Artificial
Consciousness ?
Prof. Steven Laureys, MD, PhD
Who are we ?
Coma Science Group
Medical
doctors Neuropsychologists
Physiotherapists
www.comascience.org
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Summary3
1. Defining Consciousness
2. Neuroimaging
4. Machines vs. Humans
5. Machines for Humans
6. Machines like Humans
1. Consciousness
Un si brillant cerveau – Steven Laureys, Editions Odile Jacob, 2015
What is consciousness ?
Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
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Laureys, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2005
Coma
Generalanesthesia
Locked-In Syndrome
Minimally conscious
state
Vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness
syndrome
Conscious wakefulness
Drowsiness
Slow-wave sleep I - II
Slow-wavesleep III
Lucid dream
REM sleep
Consciousness: 2 components
“There’s nothing we can do…
he’ll always be a vegetable.”
Aw
are
ne
ss
Arousal
+
-
Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
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The networks of consciousness
Internal network:
Consciousness of self
External network:
Consciousness of environment
Laureys, Scientific American 2007
Vanhaudenhuyse et al, J Cogn Neurosci 2011
anterior cingulate
precuneus
Lateral fronto-
parietal cortices
Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
Terry Schiavo
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
Why assess consciousness ?
Demertzi et al, J Neurology 2011
PrognosisUnresponsive wakefulness (UWS)
EthicsTreatment
Schiff et al, Nature, 2007
Thibaut et al, Brain Inj 2017
Cassol et al, unpublished data
MCS
UWS
Death
Emergence
Death
MCS
Minimally conscious (MCS)UWS MCS UWS MCS
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LIS diagnosis:-Mean time from onset: 79 days
-Made by family member in 54%
León-Carrión et al, Brain Injury 2002
Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
2. Neuroimaging
Electroencephalography (EEG)
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
Auditory evoked potentials
Boly et al, Science, 2011
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
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Transcranial magnetic
stimulation + EEG
Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
3. Machines vs. Humans
Human vs. Supercomputer
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
Axons vs. wires
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
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Axons vs. wires
Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
Gary Kasparov vs. Deep Blue
Kasparov vs. Deep Blue 1997
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
Ken Jennings vs. IBM Watson
Jeopardy! 2011
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
ASIMO
Honda ASIMO, 2006
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
ATLAS
Boston Dynamics ATLAS, 2018
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
Alan Turing vs. Robots
Alan Turing, Computing machinery and intelligence, 1950
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
CAPTCHA vs. Robots
Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart, depuis 2000
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
Cats vs. Robots ?
reCAPTCHA, 2017
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
Robots vs. Music
Toyota violin robot, 2007
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
Toyota violin robot, 2007
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
Toyota basketball robot, 2018
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
Imitation or Emotion ?
Nurse robot, CHU Liège 2016
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
Machines vs. Criminals
Policeman robot, police Dubaï 2017
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
Self consciousness & ego
Ex Machina 2015Gallup Test
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
Self Consciousness & ego
Westworld, 2016
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
Uploading consciousness ?
Black Mirror, 2018
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
4. Machines for Humans
EEG : functional connectivity
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
PET: brain metabolism
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
PET: networks of consciousness
Thibaut et al, J Rehabil Med, 2012Stender & Gosseries et al, Lancet, 2014
ECM ENR
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
MRI : structural changes
Control
MCS
UWS
Grey matterVolume-Based Morphometry
White matterDiffusion tensor imaging
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
Functional MRI:
Brain-Computer Interfaces
Laureys et al, Lancet, 2000
Imagine Tennis for YES
Imagine Navigate NO
Is your father called Alexander ? Is your father called Thomas ?
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
EEG
Machine Learning………120
markers
Probability of consciousness
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Connectivity Information Spectral measures Evoked potentials
Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
5. Machines like Humans
TD Learning & dopamine
Training Reward
NO YES
YES YES
YES NO
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
Supervised learning &
the cerebellum
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Consciousness | Neuroimaging | Machine vs. Human | Machine for Human| Machine like Human
Conclusion
The mind is not digital
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The mind is not digital
Digits do not make a mind (yet)
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Human Consciousness
Arousal & awareness
Internal & external networks
Brain imaging techniques: EEG, TMS, PET, MRI
Artificial Intelligence
Computing power
Imitation and accuracy
Unable to generate original emotions
Artificial models contribute to
the understanding of the human brain !
49Conclusion
Thank you !
More information: [email protected]