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SOLAR
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WHAT is it?
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‡ Solar is the energy that comes from the sun that supports life on earth.
‡ Solar radiation brings heat and light to the earth.
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‡ Solar energy is energy from the sun that is converted into
thermal or electrical energy.
‡ It’s a form of radiant heat and light from the sun. When
it hits the earth’s atmosphere it is giving off over 174
Petta Watts, which is equivalent to 174 quadrillion watts.
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GENERAL FACTS
œ Solar Energy is better for the environment than traditional
forms of energy.
œ Solar energy has many uses such as electricity production and
heating of water through photovoltaic cells and directly for dryingclothes.
œ Solar energy can also be used to heat swimming pools, power
cars, for attic fans, calculators and other small appliances. It
produces lighting for indoors or outdoors.
œ You can even cook food with solar energy.
œ Solar Energy is becoming more and more popular. The worldwide
demand for Solar Energy is currently greater than supply.
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FACTS ABOUT SOLAR
ENERGY USAGE:œSolar Energy is measured in kilowatt-hour. 1 kilowatt = 1000
watts.
œ1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = the amount of electricity required to
burn a 100 watt light bulb for 10 hours.
œ According to the US Department of Energy, an average
American household used approximately 866-kilowatt hours per
month in 1999 costing them $70.68.
œ About 30% of our total energy consumption is used to heat
water.
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FACTS ABOUT SOLAR ENERGY
SYSTEMS:œ A home solar system is typically made up of solar panels, aninverter, a battery, a charge controller, wiring and support structure.
œ A 1-kilowatt home solar system takes about 1-2 days to install and costs around US$10,000, but can vary greatly and does not take into account any incentives offered by the government.
œ A 1-kilowatt home solar system consists of about 10-12 solar panels and requires about 100 square feet of installation area.
œ A 1 kilowatt home solar system will generate approximately 1,600 kilowatt hours per year in a sunny climate (receiving 5.5hours of sunshine per day) and approximately 750 kilowatt hours
per year in a cloudy climate (receiving 2.5 hours of sunshine per day).
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CONTINUED
œ A 1-kilowatt home solar system will prevent approximately 170 lbs.
of coal from being burned, 300 lbs of CO2 from being released intothe atmosphere and 105 gallons of water from being consumed eachmonth!
œ About 40 solar cells are usually combined into a solar panel and around 10-12 panels mounted in an array facing due North to receive
maximum sunlight.
œThe system usually comes with a 5-year warranty, although thesolar panels are warranted for 20.
œRelying on the battery back up, a solar energy system can provide
electricity 24x7, even on cloudy days and at night.
œSolar panels come in various colors.
œSolar energy can be collected and stored in batteries, reflected,insulated, absorbed and transmitted.
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SUN RELATED FACTS ABOUT
SOLAR ENERGY:‡Sunlight travels to the earth in approximately 8 minutes from
93,000,000 miles away, at 186,282 miles per second.
‡The sun is also the main source of non-renewable fossil fuels
(coal, gas and petroleum), which began life as plants or animals
whose energy came from the sun millions of year ago.
‡Solar energy is responsible for weather patterns and ocean
currents.
‡Clouds, pollution and wind can prevent the sun's rays from
reaching the earth.
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TYPES OF SOLAR2 main types of solar:
* Photovoltaic Systems
Solar Electricity
* Solar Thermal
Solar Water Heating
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Photovoltaic
The direct conversion of sunlight to electricity
Thermal
The use of heat to generate electricity
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‡Photoelectric applications use photovoltaic cells in
converting energy from the sun into electricity.
‡Photovoltaic cells are considered low maintenance and well suited to remote applications.
‡They use semiconductors like silicon to convert energy
from the sun into electricity.
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‡Solar thermal applications use the sun's energy to provide
direct heat to air or liquid.
‡Solar thermal panels can be used for both residential and larger-scale applications.
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A photovoltaic Solar Power Plant contains:
‡Solar Arrays
‡Inverter ‡Transformer
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A Thermal Solar Power Plant contains:
‡Collector Field
‡Turbine‡Generator
‡Cooling Tower
‡Transformer
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PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
The sun illuminates the solar cells in the PV array, which convert the energy in the sunlight into electricity. The electricity goes into
an inverter and into the power lines to your home.
SUN
PV ARRAYINVERTER
POWER LINES HOME
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PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS
Glendale Airport,
Single Axis and
High Concentration
Photovoltaic
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PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS
Prescott Airport, Single
Axis, Tilted Tracker Single
Axis and HighConcentration Photovoltaic
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PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS
Scottsdale Covered
Parking, Fixed
Photovoltaic panels
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HOW A SOLAR THERMAL
POWER PLANT WORKS ₰ Parabolic (trough) mirrors can focus the sun at 30 to 60 times
its normal intensity on a receiver pipe located along the focal
line of the trough.
₰ Synthetic oil captures this heat as it circulates through the pipe,reaching temperatures as high as 750ºF. The hot oil is pumped
through a heat exchanger on the power production side of the
plant to produce steam.
₰ Electricity is produced in a conventional steam turbine/generator
₰ The power cycle is completed with the condensing of the steam
through a cooling tower and then pumping it back through the
heat exchanger connected to the solar energy collection field.
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SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS
Power tower in Barstow, California.
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SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS
350 MW Parabolic Trough Power Plant,
California
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The main benefits of solar energy are:
Solar energy systems do not produce air pollutants or
carbon-dioxide
When located on buildings, they have minimal impact on
the environment
BENEFITS OF SOLAR ENERGY
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Two limitations of solar energy are:
The amount of sunlight that arrives at the Earth's surface
is not constant. It varies depending on location, time of
day, time of year, and weather conditions.
Because the sun doesn't deliver that much energy to any
one place at any one time, a large surface area is
required to collect the energy at a useful rate.
LIMITATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY
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HOW MUCH SOLAR ENERGY?
The surface receives about 47% of the total solar energy that
reaches the earth. Only this amount is usable.
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SOLAR
HOW IT IS USED
Solar energy works by converting the sun's rays into electricity
with the use of solar panels to supply power to the appliances
use in our homes.
Solar energy works by converting the sun's rays into heat with
the use of solar thermal collectors for warming water, i.e. for the
swimming pool.
Solar energy works by converting the sun's rays into hot air for heating buildings with the use of solar thermal collectors.
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Energy from the sun is converted into solar power using solarك
collectors, most commonly known as solar panels.
Solar panels consist of solar cells designed to capture energyك
from the sun.
Solar Panels are devices that converts solar energy to thermalك
or electrical energy.
كThe solar panels used in heating air and liquid are different from those used to provide electricity.
To absorb the highest possible amount of solar energy, solarك
panels must be pointed at the sun.
SOLAR PANELS
WHAT ARE THEY?
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HOW DO SOLAR PANELS WORK?
Rays of sunlight hit the solar panel (also know as aك photovoltaic/ PV) and are absorbed by semi-conductingmaterials such as silicone.
كElectrons are knocked loose from their atoms, which allow themto flow through the material to produce electricity. This process
whereby light (photo) is converted into electricity (voltage) iscalled the photovoltaic (PV) effect.
An array of solar panels converts solar energy into DC (directك
current) electricity.
. The DC electricity then enters an inverterك
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CONTINUED
The inverter turns DC electricity into 120-volt AC (alternatingك
current) electricity needed by home appliances.
. The AC power enters the utility panel in the houseك
The electricity (load) is then distributed to appliances or lights inك
the house.
When more solar energy is generated that what you're using - itك
can be stored in a battery as DC electricity. The battery will continue to supply your home with electricity in the event of a
power blackout or at nighttime.
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CONTINUED
When the battery is full the excess electricity can be exported backك
into the utility grid, if your system is connected to it.
Utility supplied electricity can also be drawn form the grid when notك
enough solar energy is produced and no excess energy is stored inthe battery, i.e. at night or on cloudy days.
The flow of electricity in and out of the utility grid is measured by aك
utility meter, which spins backwards (when you are producing more
energy that you need) and forward (when you require additional
electricity from the utility company). The two are offset ensuring that you only pay for the additional energy you use from the utility
company. Any surplus energy is sold back to the utility company. This
system is referred to as "net-metering".
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ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR
≈ As the sun provides limitless light radiation, the source of solar energy is fully renewable
≈Once solar panels are set up, there are no electrical costs associated with powering them
≈Solar panels require very little maintenance because they lack moving parts
≈The recovery/ payback period for this investment can be very short depending on how much electricity your household uses.
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DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR
≈ Capital Costs associated with the setup of solar panels
generally very high, although declining with technological
improvement
≈ Solar power can only be utilized in a realistic manner where
abundant sunshine is present
≈ Although the production of energy itself does not use fossil
fuels, oftentimes fossil fuels are used to produce the
materials in solar panels. However, new technologies are
emerging that decrease or even eliminate the use of fossil
fuels in solar panels.
≈ Large scale farms can disturb the ecosystems of local animals
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HOW WAS
SOLAR USEDIN THE PAST?
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§ People have been trying to harness the power of the sun for
centuries.
§ In 1877, air blowing over sunheated iron was used to heat
homes.
§ In 1910, The first patent involving a solar collector wasawarded.
§ The 1930’s saw the first widespread use of solar power for
heating.
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A WORLD WITHOUT
SOLAR ENERGY?
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§ Solar Energy is the light that the sun produces, the world would
survey not be the same without it.
§ This energy is required to grow all forms of plants, without
plants not only will carbon dioxide increase and oxygen decrease,animals like sheep and cattle will die due to starvation.
§ Not only will our food sources and oxygen rapidly decrease, all
light on Earth will vanish. Leaving us to live in a world of
darkness.
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WHERE SOLAR IS FOUND
≈ Solar Energy Is Everywhere the Sun Shines
≈ Solar energy is by far the Earth's most available energy source.
≈ Solar power is capable of providing many times the total
current energy demand.
≈ But it is an intermittent energy source, meaning that it is not
available at all times.
≈ However, it can be supplemented by thermal energy storage or
another energy source, such as natural gas or hydropower.
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CALIFORNIA HAS THE WORLD’SBIGGEST SOLAR POWER PLANT
§ Nine solar power plants, in three locations, in California's
Mojave Desert comprise the Solar Energy Generating Systems
(SEGS). SEGS VIII and IX (each 80 megawatts), located in Harper
Lake, are, individually and collectively, the largest solar power
generating plants in the world. SEGS plants are concentratingsolar thermal plants.
§ Concentrating solar power technologies use mirrors to reflect
and concentrate sunlight onto receivers that collect the solar
energy and convert it to heat. This thermal energy can then be
used to produce electricity via a steam turbine or heat engine
driving a generator.
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EUROPE HAS SOME LARGEPHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS
§ Another solar generating technology uses photovoltaic cells
(PV) to convert sunlight directly into electricity. PV cells are made
of semiconductors, such as crystalline silicon or various thin-film
materials. Photovoltaic can provide tiny amounts of power for
watches, large amounts for the electric grid, and everything inbetween.
§ Recently multi-megawatt photovoltaic plants have also been
built. The Moura photovoltaic power station in Portugal and the
Waldpolenz Solar Park in Germany, both completed in 2008,
represent the trend toward larger photovoltaic power stations.
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FINAL THOUGHT
Argument that sun provides power only during the day iscountered by the fact that 70% of energy demand is duringdaytime hours. At night, traditional methods can be used togenerate the electricity.
Goal is to decrease our dependence on fossil fuels.
Currently, 75% of our electrical power is generated by coal-burning and nuclear power plants.
Mitigates the effects of acid rain, carbon dioxide, and other
impacts of burning coal and counters risks associated withnuclear energy.
Pollution free, indefinitely sustainable.
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