•History and scope
•Microscopy
•Prokaryotic cell structure and function
•Microbial nutrition
•Microbial Growth
•Control of microbial growth
•Microbial metabolism
•Mycology
•Virology and viriod and prions
•Microbial taxonomy
•Microbial genetic
•Medical microbiology and epidemiology
•Environmental microbiology
•Applied microbiology
•Advanced microbiology
Marks Distribution
• Tests and Exams:– First sessional 10 %– Second sessional 15 %– Class quiz 07 %– Class participation 03 %– Minor assignments 05 %– Assignments 10 %
and Presentation– Terminal Exam 50 %
• Bonus Assignment extra 2 marks
Recommended Books
• MICROBIOLOGY Prescott et al., (6th edition)
• MICROBIOLOGY Jacquelyn G. Black7th Edition
• FOUNDATIONS IN MICROBIOLOGY Kathleen Park Talaro 5th Edition
• INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY Ingraham (3rd Edition)
Scope of Microbiology
Study of Microorganisms
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Algae
• Protozoans
• Viruses
• Helminths
Why Study Microbiology?
• Benefits
• Harms
Ecosystem
Industry
Medicine
Research & Genetic Engineering
Food
Human-microbes symbiotic relationship
Food spoliage
Diseases
DIVISIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY
A. Organisms studied• Bacteriology • Mycology • Phycology• Protozoology• Virology • Parasitology
B. Processes, Functions• Microbial metabolism• Microbial genetics• Microbial ecology
DIVISIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY
C. Health related• Etiology identification of causative
agent of disease
• Epidemiology study of spread of disease
• Immunology study of immune system
• Chemotherapy treatment of disease with chemical compounds
• Infection control of spread of infectious control disease
Highlights in the history of microbiology
• 1674 Van Leeuwenhoek discovers microorganisms
• 1796 Jenner creates a vaccine for smallpox• 1847 Pasteur disproves spontaneous
generation of microorganism• 1876 Lister introduced antiseptic techniques• 1881 Koch proves that specific
microorganism cause specific disease• 1892 Iwanowski discovers viruses• 1929 Fleming discovers penicillin• 1983 Stanley Prusiner discovers HIV virus• 1995 First complete genome sequence
Haemophilus influenza
Discovery of microbes
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)
1. Used simple instrument to examine stagnant H2O, etc.
2. Observed microscopic organisms - called them “animalcules”
3. Question raised - where did they originate ?
Spontaneous Generation
1. Theory of Spontaneous GenerationLiving organisms arose “spontaneously” from nonliving,
decaying organic matter.
2. Theory of Non-spontaneous Generation
Francis Redi1. Life originate from complex forms of life
2. Utilized jars containing meat. Some were covered, some were not.
3. Maggots appeared in uncovered jars
Non spontaneous generationSwan-necked flasks finally proved that microorganisms do not
arise by spontaneous generation.
"Koch's postulates“ (1884)
The critical test for the involvement of a microorganism in a disease:
1. The agent must be present in every case of the disease.
2. The agent must be isolated and cultured in vitro.
3. The disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the agent is inoculated into a susceptible host.
4. The agent must be recoverable from the experimentally-infected host.