Gender
Gender – psychological, social and cultural
differences
Nature versus nurture
Social construction of gender
◦ Gender roles (who does what)
◦ Who is expected to do what
Butler, Foucault – fluid gender identity
1
Male gaze
Male gaze – film (but applied to other media)
Women used to viewing themselves from other’s viewpoints
2
Masculinities
New man
◦ Nurturer, narcissistic
◦ New man as sex object
Metrosexual
◦ Refashioned version of new man
New Lad
◦ Magazines such as Nuts, Zoo
◦ Response to feminism
◦ Stereotypical masculinity e.g. misogyny
◦ Sexism, homophobia
3
Gender – Summary
How would you define gender
◦ Gender are the characteristics that are perceived as being associated with being male
or female
What is meant by social construction
◦ That gender is constructed through such things as media, schooling, other people
etc.
Why do we use masculinities and femininities rather than
masculinity/femininity?
◦ Different versions on offer – though some dominate (hegemonic
masculinity)
4
References
Butler, J. (1990) Gender Trouble, London: Routledge.
Connell, R. W. (2002) Gender, Cambridge: Polity.
Gauntlett, D. () Media, Gender and itndeity
Gill, R. (2007) Gender and the Media, Cambridge: Polity.
Richardson, N. & Wearing, S. (2014) Gender in the Media.
London: Palgrave Macmillan.
5
Disney
Genres are fluid and change (and despite debates are
recognisable)
Disney - huge, influential multinational
Fairy Tale genre still around in many different forms
Princesses – maybe later films less stereotyped
Men – less focus on alpha male and muscles towards new
man masculinities
6
Binaries in Disney Films
7
New Man in Disney films
Cars, Toy Story, Incredibles
Journeying towards more New Man type
masculinities
Muscle bound, testosterone hero less popular.
Male/male relationships also figure
All remain heterosexual
Wall E (Disney Pixar) interesting representation
of masculinity
8
Disney
Benshoff, H. & Griffin, S. (2004) America on Film. Representing
Race, Class, Gender and Sexuality at the Movies. Oxford, Blackwell.
Dundes, L. (2001) Disney’s modern heroine Pocahontas: Revealing
age-old gender stereotypes and role discontinuity under a façade
of liberation, The Social Science Journal. Vol. 38, pp. 353-365.
Gillam, K. and Wooden, S. (2008) Post-Princess Models of
Gender: The New Man in Disney/Pixar, Journal of popular Film and
Television, Vol. 36(1), pp. 2-8.
9
Memes
Idea, behaviour or style which spreads from person to person
Modified, refined, combined
Internet meme – spreads from person to person via the internet
Harlem Shake
YouTube Video-sharing website
Created 2005
Bought by Google 2006 ($1.65 Billion)
Used by corporations and individuals
1.2 Billion videos streamed a day
Examples
◦ Mashups (Cassette Boy) , TV clips, music videos, video blogging, educational videos etc.
10
YouTube
Debates around artificial intelligence
Brief moments in films, games, television show
Media is accelerated
Things we do, see and produce become quantified
Stereotypes in old media may reappear in new media
11
References
Branston, G & Stafford, R. (2010) The Media Student’s Book, Oxon, Routledge.
Meikle, G. & Young, S. (2012) Media Convergence. Networked Digital Media in Everyday Life, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
Railton, D. & Watson, P. (2011) Music Video and the Politics of Representation, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.
Vernallis, C.(2013) YouTube, Music Video, and the digital cinema. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
12
Race
How race is perceived
◦ Not fixed
Definitions of race and ethnicity
◦ Differences in the way these terms are used
◦ How we perceive race and ethnicity has changed
◦ Majority ethnic group is the ethnic group that has more
power
◦ Minority ethnic group – less powerful
Race is a social construct
13
Orientalism
The Orient
◦ Deepest and most recurring images of the other
◦ East/west binary
Exotic beings
◦ The ‘other’ as strange
◦ Noble savage idea
Sexual danger
◦ Exotic woman/Virile black man
Neo-Orientalism
◦ Past period/ Influence still present
I draw on ideas from Orientalism and apply it to the representation of the ‘other’
14
Orientalism
Representations of race in the media
Orientalism as a way of analysing media
representations of ‘race’
You can look at any media
◦ Newspapers, magazines, television, film etc.
◦ And analyse in relation to assignment 2 (content
analysis)
◦ Reel Bad Arabs (2006, Jeremy Earp, Sut Jhally)
15
References Orientalism
Barker, C. (2008) Cultural Studies. Theory and Practice. London:
Sage.
Benshoff, H. & Griffin, (2009) America on Film. Representing
Race, Class, Gender, Sexuality at the Movies, Chichester: Wiley-
Blackwell.
Hall, S. (1997) Representation: Cultural Representation and
Signifying Practices. London: Sage.
Lind, R. (2010) Race/gender/media: Considering diversity
across audiences, content and producers. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
16
Disability and the media
Media images and representations are important regarding attitudes
Often sensationalism and victimisation
Can be overly positive, unrealistic
Or negative and enforcing stereotypes
Physical bodies and hidden disabilities
Media – often see disabilities as personal problems to be overcome
Often negative portrayals stem from a particular viewpoint of bodies
Places those with disabilities into an ‘otherness’
17
Disability and the Media
Media have made some progress in relation to
representations
But there are still stereotypes and negative representations
Often still ‘othered’
But there are more actors with various disabilities finding
work
The Paralympians are treated as an event (every 4 years)
18
References
Hansen, A. & Machin, D. ( 2013) Media & Communication Research
Methods, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
Hickey-Moody, A. and Crowley, V. (2010)Disability matters: pedagogy,
media and affect. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education.
Vol. 31(4), pp.399-409.
Howe, D. (2008) Form Inside the Newsroom: Paralympic Media and the
Production of Elite Disability.
Jones, S. and Harwood, V. (2009) Representations of Autism in Australian
Print Media. Disability and Society. Vol. 24(1), pp,5-18
Stokes, J. (2013) How to do Media and Cultural Studies. London, Sage.
19
Class
Distinct social formations made up of groups of people
May have common social and cultural positions
And also similar patterns of property ownership, power
and material rewards
20
Does class exist
Individual identities more important/classless society
ideas
◦ Postmodern viewpoint
New classes - economic, social and cultural capital
Previous classes (upper, middle, working, underclass)
But there are still implications in terms of class
Top 1% own most of the wealth
Aspirational via the media
21
Representations of class
Representations often reflect class prejudices
Middle class authority figures – experts called on to give opinions
Underclass and working class – demeaning representations Such as Benefits Street see Owen Jones and his lecture at the Royal Television Lecture)
So does class still exist?
Some argue that other identities are more important
Cultural associations of class identities are still be important
We can think of class and taste associations22
Class References
Hodkinson, P. (2011) Media, Culture and Society. London, Sage.
Jones, O. (2011) The Demonisation of the working class. London, Verso.
Jones, R. E. (2013) Clampdown. Pop-Cultural Wars on Class and Gender. Alresford, Zero Books.
Lind, R.A. (2013) Race/Gender/Class/Media 3.0. Considering Diversity across Content, Audiences and Production. Boston, Pearson
23
Stages of moral panics
Stage 1
◦ Event attracts media coverage
◦ Intensive media surveillance Stage 2
◦ Wider social implications fuelled by media concern and
debate
◦ Primary definers interviewed (expert and professional
opinions)
◦ Folk devils identified (things/people that threaten society) Stage 3
◦ Response from authorities
◦ Social control
◦ Legislation implemented24
Moral Panics
Morals – threat to values/beliefs/ways of live/society as a
whole
Folk devils – things/people that threaten society and are
perceived as evil
Panic – exaggerated/irrational responses
Groups who can instigate moral panics
◦ Press, pressure groups, politicians, police, public opinion
If the above all agree on a moral panic it is powerful
But there are potential conflicts of interest
25
Moral Panics
Moral panics are about changes that occur
Which threaten something about societal morals/values/behaviour
Stages of moral panics
Not everything reaches stage 3
Some moral panics fade away, some reoccur
Moral panics may be useful for governments wanting to pass legislation
http://youtu.be/BDvNPJzuhbM
26
Moral Panics
Briggs, A. and Cobley, P. (2002) The Media, An introduction, Harlow, Pearson.
Cohen, S. (2992) Folk Devils and Moral Panics, London, Routledge.
Critcher, C. (2003) Moral Panics and the Media, Buckingham, Open University Press.
Goode, E. & Ben-Yehuda, N. (2009) Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance. Malden, Wiley-Blackwell.
Thompson, K. (1998) Moral Panics, London, Routledge.
27
Persuasive Communication
Aristotle
◦ Ethos – credibility of the speaker to influence the
audience
◦ Pathos – emotional appeals to the audience
◦ Logos – use of reasoning to construct an argument (often
statistics are used).
28
Advertising
Function is to persuade
Exaggeration and embellishment rather than outright
manipulation
Advertisers are not allowed to lie, but not bound to tell the
whole truth
Distortion or interpretation of reality
Tries to influence the audience to think a certain way
29
Summary
Production, consumption, representation are interwoven and
linked
Persuasive communication can be used in relation to analysing
the text
And in relation to understanding how advertising works
You could do a content analysis using ethos, logos, pathos in
relation to advertising (assignment 2)
30
References
Barker, C. (2008 ) Cultural Studies, London: Sage.
Branston, G. & Stafford, R. (2010) The Media Student’s Book.
London: Routledge.
Giles, J. & Middleton, T. (2008) Studying Culture, A Practical
Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
Hall, S., Evans, J. & Nixon, S. (2013) Representation. Cultural
Representation and Signifying Practices. Oxon, Sage.
31
Advertising
Ideology of advertising
Williamson (1978) – pervade all media and limited to none
Advertising links different elements
Ideology may be hard to detect (we are so used to it –
becomes the norm/common sense)
Images, feelings, ideas – become attached to certain products
Sell us ourselves
32
Advertising
Preferences based on
◦ Age, gender, habits, friends,
Microtargeting
Facebook – location, country/town, age, gender, interest,
connections, education, relationship status
Personal information becoming public
Profiles watched by marketers
Louis Vuitton using video game character in advertising
33
Ideology
Ideology hidden in advertising
Uses emotions to get us to buy products
But we purchase other things besides the products
Needs – either false or real – created or redirected to the marketplace
Part of a lifestyle – consumer culture
Gender representations in advertising
Content analysis e.g. advertising in two magazines, television channels, websites, Facebook profiles, or comparing advertisements from two eras, genders etc.
34
References
Agostineli, G. & Grube, J.W. (2002) Alcohol Counter-
Advertising and the Media, Alcohol Research and Healthm Vol.
26(1), pp.15-21.
Barbu, O. (2014) Advertising, Microtargeting and Social
Media, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Vol. 163, pp.44-49.
Stokes, J. (2013) How to do media and Cultural Studies,
London, Sage.
Williamson, J. (2002) Decoding Advertisements. Ideology and
meaning in Advertising. London, Marion Boyars Publishing Ltd.
35
Rojek (2001) Types of celebrity
Ascribed celebrity
◦ Born into this e.g. monarchy
Achieved celebrity
◦ Individuals with talent
Attributed celebrity
◦ individual as noteworthy regardless of
talent
36
Summary
Stars and celebrities – may be blurred
Stars focused on talent
Celebrities may be famous for being famous
Assignment 2: Content analysis of two celebrities or stars.
Or you could look at the coverage negative/positive of one celebrity/star
Cultural fascination with celebrities/stars
◦ Including scandals
37
References Boorstin, D. J. (1961) The Image. Or what happened to the American
Dream. New York: Harper and Row.
Franck, E. & Nuesch, S. (2007) Avoiding Star Wars’ – Celebrity Creation as Media Strategy, Kyklos, Vol. 60(2), pp. 211-230.
Hanukov, I. (2015) The ‘Cocaine Kate’ Scandal: Celebrity Addiction or Public Addiction to Celebrity? The Journal of Popular Culture. Vol. 48(4), pp. 652-661.
Rojek, C. (2001) Celebrity. London, Reaktion Books.
Turner, G. (2004) Understanding Celebrity, London, Sage.
York, L. (2013) Start Turn: The Challenges of Theorising Celebrity Agency. The Journal of Popular Culture. Vol. 46(6), pp. 1330-1347.
38
Classic news values
39
News Values continued
40
Bias in news
Who is represented unfavourably?
Who are chosen to be experts?
Myth and ideologies in news stories
Ideology = a set of beliefs characteristic of a social group
Organising frame
Foucault – discourses (how certain ways of talking about something becomes the accepted way and frames us into certain positions)
Symbolism – e.g. chimes of Big Ben, houses of parliament
41
References
Barker, C. (2008) Cultural Studies, London, Sage.
Branston, G. and Stafford, R. (1996) The Media Student’s Book. London: Routledge
Chu, D. (2011) Interpreting news values in j-blogs: Case studies of journalist bloggers in post-1997 Hong Kong. Journalism. Vol. 13(3), pp.371-387.
Davis, H. & McLeod, S. L. (2003) Why humans value sensational news. An evolutionary perspective. Evolution and Human Behaviour, Vol. 24, pp. 208-216.
Galtung, R. & Ruge, M.H. (1965) The Structure of Foreign News. The Presentation of the Congo, Cuba, and Cyprus Crisis in Four Norwegian Newspapers, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 2(1), pp. 64-91.
Kheirabadi, R. and Aghagolzadeh, F. (2012) A Discoursive Review of Galtungand Ruge’s News Factors in Iranian Newspapers. Theory and Practice in Language Studies. Vol. 2(2), pp. 989-994.
42
Television and Film
Film and TV – three core areas
Institutions/productions
Audiences
Texts
Both film and television tell us something about our culture/society (either contemporary or historically)
Detective/crime films and television programmestell us about our contemporary anxieties
And our understandings of morality, good and evil and crime and punishment
As well as our trust in law enforcement agencies.
43
References
Garcia-Mainar, L.M. (2012) The Return of the Realist Spy Film.
Cineaction. Vol. 88, pp. 12-19.
Hollows, J. & Jancovich, M. (1995) Approaches to Popular Film.
Manchester, Manchester University Press.
Miller, T. (2010) Television Studies. The Basics. Oxon,
Routledge.
Raney, A. and Bryant, J. (2002) Moral judgement and crime
drama: An Integrated Theory of Enjoyment. Journal of
Communication. Vol. 52, pp.402-415.
44
Clothing
Clothing as context dependent
Fiske (1995) – clothes used to convey social meanings
Lury (1996) clothing expresses group membership
Miller (1994) clothing and conspicuous consumption
Clothes as status symbols and also characteristics
Semiotic richness of jeans - Americanness
45
Food and Identity
You are what you eat
Food as markers of cultural identity
Indicators of difference
Foods at specific occasions
Pizza and Pasta originally only in Southern Italy
Maize – not an indigenous plant in many parts of Africa
Cultures tied to particular cuisines
46
Summary Food and Clothing
Theories of consumption
Clothing linked to identities
Clothing as conspicuous consumption and markers of status
(external)
Food linked to identities (consumed and internally linked to
identity)
We are what we wear/we are what we eat
47
References
Barnard, M. (2014) Fashion Theory, An Introduction. Oxon, Routledge.
Bower, A. L. (ed.) (2004) Essays on Food and Film. Reel Food. London, Routledge.
Branston, G. and Stafford, R. (2010) The Media Student’s Book. London, Routledge.
Carpenter, L. (2011) Food and Class: does what we eat reflect Britian’s social dvide? The Observer. Available from http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/mar/13/food-class-social-divide-diet, [Accessed 20.10.2014].
Fiske, J. (1995) UnderstandingPopularCulture. Reprint. London: Routledge.
Leiss, W., Kline, S. & Jhally, S.(eds.) (1990) Social Communication in Advertising. Persons, Products andImages of Well Being. 2ndedt., London: Routledge,.
Miller, D. ‘S (1994) tyle and Ontology’ in J. Friedman Consumptionand Identity. Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Warde, A. (1997) Consumption, Food & Taste, London, Sage.
48
New Media
Web 2.0 to distinguish it from web 1.0
Often refers to participatory culture e.g. blogging, photo
sharing etc.
But corporate emphasis of 2.0
We are the web but we’re not getting paid for our part in
building it!
Web 3.0 – the intelligent web
49
New and Old media
Convergence allowing new possibilities rather
than replacing newspapers, television, radio
But constraints being worked out e.g. copyright
of recorded music
Hard to regulate the internet
Maybe redistribution of power – regarding the
capacity to speak, create, argue, persaude
50
Summary
Digital media - binary code privileged
Corporate influences that still dominate web 2.0
Web 2.0 as opposed to web 1.0 (but more complex) and even Web3.0
Social networks everywhere!
Facebook - we are the products
Private/public blurring – your newsfeed could be published as news! Watch out!
51
References
Curran, J, Fenton, N. and Freedman, D. (2012) Misunderstanding the Internet. Oxon, Routledge.
Flew, T. (2008) New Media: An Introduction. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Hassan, R. and Thomas, J. (eds) (2006) The New Media Theory Reader, New York, Open University Press.
Longhurst, B. (2008) Introducing Cultural Studies. Harlow, Pearson Longman.
Meikle, G. and Young, S. (2012) Media Convergence. Networked digital media in Everyday Life. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
52
Characteristics of Tourism
The guides produced tell us
◦ What we will see/what we are expected to see/how to understand and interpret what we see
Representation of certain places in certain ways
◦ E.g. Paris as city of Romance
Urry (The Tourist Gaze – John Urry)
◦ Conventions of everyday life left behind
◦ Liminal space enable us to experience heightened emotions
◦ May be artificially constructed
53
Tourist Gaze
Tourist gaze
◦ Experience of looking on unfamiliar world
◦ Romantic gaze demands solitude, privacy and personal
relationship with the object
◦ Collective gaze requires other people – carnivalesque
e.g. Disneyland
Tourism – mass industry, pleasure seekers
Creation of historical sites and historical lifestyles as visitor
attractions (heritage)
54
References
Barker, C. (2008) Cultural Studies. Theory and Practice. London, Sage.
Fennell, D. A. (2012) Tourism and Animal Rights. Tourism Recreation Research. Vol. 37(2), pp. 157-166.
Giles, J. and Middleton, T. (2008) Studying Culture. A Practical Introduction. Oxford, Blackwell.
Longhurst, B., Smith, G., Bagnall, G., Crawford, G., Ogborn, M., Baldwin, E. and McCracken, S. (2008) Introducing Cultural Studies.Harlow, Pearson Education Ltd.
55
Globalisation
Cultural imperialism assumes commodities are same as culture
Market penetration = cultural penetration
Markers of social difference within nations
◦ Class, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, age, others
Local is different from national
American culture is not monolithic
Globalisation is complex and contradictory
56
Summary
Globalisation is part of our contemporary society
Different definitions of globalisation but we are concerned
with cultural globalisation
Cultural imperialism/Americanisation has been associated with
products from the west/America
But many criticisms of this including the notion of glocalisation
And resurgence of local identities and interpretations of the
global
57
References
Giulianotti, R. and Roberston, R. (2004) The globalization of football: A Study in the glocalisation of the ‘serious’ life. The British Journal of Sociology. Vol. 55(4), pp. 545-568.
Hodkinson, P. (2011) Media, Culture and Society. An Introduction. London, Sage.
Longhurst, B., Smith, G., Bagnall, G., Crawford, G., Ogborn, M., Baldwin, E., & McCracken, S. (2008) Introducing Cultural Studies. Harlow, Pearson Education Ltd.
Storey, J. (2012) Cultural Theory and Popular Culture. An Introduction. Harlow, Pearson Education Ltd.
58
Mobile Phone usage in Africa
Over 400 million mobile phone subscribers
Free access to sites such as Wikipedia
Sharing phones is common
59
Television in India
Deregulation and liberation of broadcasting and
communications sector 1990
Pre 1991 only 1 state owned TV Station (State run
Doordarshan)
By 2010 there over 500 TV Satellite television channels
2016, 31st December: analogue switch off
60
China and media
Over past 30 years media has opened up in China
Growth of internet access (384 million users in
China)
Information management – source of friction for
Chinese government
Google and freedom of speech
◦ 2010 moved out of China
Mark Zuckerberg visits China (2016 latest) to try
and get China to lift its ban on Facebook
61
Summary
New media and traditional media are everywhere.
Influence of west/non west and non west/west.
Styles and values emulated and adapted.
Resistance to messages and active consumption.
Press freedom differs in different places but is an important
construct.
New media may be useful for protestations.
62
References Aday, S., Farrell, H., Lynch, M., Sides, J., Kelly, J. & Zuckerman, E. (2010)
Blogs and Bullets: New Media in Contentious Politics. United States Institute of Peace. Available at: http://www.usip.org/publications/blogs-and-bullets-new-media-in-contentious-politics Date accessed (26th February 2013).
Johnson, K. (2011) Media and social Change: the Modernising of Television in rural India. Media, Culture and Society. Vol. 23(2), pp.147-169.
Kirk, J. (2000) Television and Social Change in Rural India. New Delhi, Sage.
Mitra, B. (2005) The Influence of Television Commercials on Clothing in India, Worcester Papers in English and Cultural Studies October(3), University of Worcester.
Shirk, S. L. (2011) Changing Media, Changing China. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
63
Media Organisations
Multinational - do businesses in different countries
◦ E.g. Disney
Conglomeration
◦ Buy into similar businesses to meet competition/dominate the media sector e.g. Walt Disney
Vertical integration
◦ E.g. NewsCorp
Lateral integration
◦ Buys across different media
◦ Walt Disney owning Touchstone, ABC Network etc.
Diversification
◦ Buys into businesses which have nothing to do with media
A few industries tend to dominate (Monopoly/Oligopoly
64
Summary
Media industry/social institution
Approaches to studying media industries
◦ Frankfurt school, Economic and cultural contexts, power approach
Types of institutions
◦ Multinational, Conglomeration, Integration, Monopoly/Oligopoly
Various industries e.g. film, television etc.
Media and Advertising – symbiotic relationship
Global contexts – globalisation/glocalisation/online worlds
65
References
Bertrand, I. & Hughes, P. (2005) Media Research Methods,
Audiences, Institutions, Texts, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
Branston, G. & Stafford, R. (2010) The Media Student’s Book,
London, Routledge.
Long, P. & Wall, T. (2009) Media Studies, Texts, Production and
Context. Harlow, Pearson Education Ltd.
Stokes, J. (2013) How to do Media and Cultural Studies,
London, Sage.
66
Emotions
Emotions as discursive constructions rather than bodily
responses
Emotions as cultural constructed judgements
Subject to historical and cultural change e.g. grief displays
Expectations at weddings/funerals
67
Emotions
The way emotions are lived – through cultural discourses,
display rules etc.
Emotions in excess (often wanted in reality television
programmes) e.g. XFactor
Cultures and media produced by those cultures tend to
promote and create culturally desirable emotions
E.g. Hollywood films versus Studio Ghibli films
68
Emotional Intelligence
Ability to monitor one’s own
and other people’s emotions
Ability to label emotions
Cultural Intelligence
69
Cultural Intelligence
Capability to relate and work effectively across cultures
Person's interest and confidence in functioning effectively in
culturally diverse settings
Knowledge about cultures/differences e.g. Bruce Parry
documentaries
Making sense of culturally diverse experiences
How people adapt verbal and nonverbal behaviour to make
it appropriate to diverse cultures
70
References
Barker, C. (2008) Cultural Studies. Theory and Practice. London, Sage.
Giles, J. & Middleton, T. (2008) Studying Culture. A Practical Introduction. Oxford, Blackwell.
Mesquita, B. & Walker, R. (2002) Cultural differences in emotions: a context for interpreting emotional experiences. Behaviour Research and Therapy. Vol. 41, pp. 777-793.
Stokes, J. (2013) How to do Media and Cultural Studies. London, Sage.
71
Memory
Connected
Points of reference
Memories make us who we are
Shared memories = communities
Memories link past, present and future
Link with history
72
Summary
Memory and media – personal and social memory
Recreating memory e.g. Downton Abbey, Indian Summer,
documentaries, news, events and memorials.
Assignment 2: Relationship between media and memory
73
References
Fokasz, N. and Kopper, A. (2012) Sensations, Evergreens in the Media and Social Memory1 Watergate Scandal, 9/11 and Others as Places and Milieus of Remembering. Review of Sociology, Vol. 4, pp. 17-33 [Online] Available at: http://www.szociologia.hu/dynamic/he12_0690_01_fokas_kopper.pdf [Accessed 31.03.2015].
Garde-Hansen, J. (2011) Media and Memory, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.
Halbwachs, M. (1992) On Collective Memory, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
McLuhan, M. (1994) Understanding media: The Extensions of Man. Cambridge, MIT Press.
74
Assignment
Don’t forget the blog contribution
Before 3pm on 9th May on SOLE
Feedback will be by 3rd June for most modules
Exam board 13th June.
Resubmissions – contact me about these.
Don’t forget the resources online list via talis
75