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2016 WORLD FOOD PRIZE GLOBAL YOUTH INSTITUTE PAPER HOW TO WRITE YOUR RESEARCH PAPER
INTRODUCTION TO THE ISSUES
“Food is the moral right of all who are born into this world.”
- Dr. Norman Borlaug, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and World Food Prize Founder in his Nobel Peace Prize Lecture, Oslo, Norway, December 11, 1970
BACKGROUND Sustainably feeding the more than 9 billion people who will be on our planet by the year 2050 is a critical issue that must be urgently addressed. Iowa native Dr. Norman Borlaug, renowned Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and World Food Prize founder, advocated throughout his life and career, as a scientist and humanitarian, that attaining global food security would require effective solutions, technologies and policies for the world’s smallholders. Fittingly, his poignant final words were, “Take it to the farmer.”
In today’s world, almost 1 billion people – 1 out of every 9 – go to bed hungry every night. There are strong, direct relationships linking poverty, agricultural productivity, and food security. About 70% of the world’s poor live in rural areas, especially in Africa and Asia. The majority of these poor subsist on about 450 million smallholder farms (five acres or less). The most critical and immediate improvements in the livelihoods of smallholders can be achieved through agriculture‐led economic growth and improved nutrition and health. As rural farmers and urban gardeners are able to grow and access more and better food, improved diets and health, higher family incomes, and improved livelihoods result. Families with the financial resources to escape extreme poverty rarely suffer from chronic hunger, while poor families not only suffer the most from chronic hunger, they are also the segment of the population most at risk during food shortages. Therefore, raising incomes through improvements in agricultural productivity and food availability is a key to directly benefiting the poor.
Volatile climate effects from rising temperatures such as the increasing frequency and severity of storms, flooding and droughts, the spread of plant diseases and weeds, and rising sea levels will have significant negative impacts on agricultural productivity. Shifting trends in agricultural production driven by these effects will most severely impact the world’s poorest countries in Africa and Asia, threatening the ability of smallholder farmers to overcome hunger and malnutrition.
Successful technologies and policies for enabling smallholder farmers to overcome hunger and poverty by increasing agricultural productivity must be adapted to local climatic circumstances, guided by the farmers themselves, and more readily available to them.
WHAT IS FOOD SECURITY? Food security is when people do not live in hunger or fear of starvation. Food insecurity exists when people are undernourished as a result of the cost or physical unavailability of food and adequate nutrition. Worldwide, more than 925 million people – one seventh of the world population – are without enough food to eat on a regular basis and six million children die of hunger annually. Two billion people face sporadic food insecurity throughout the year, and there are 22 countries, 16 of which are in Africa, where more than one‐third of the population is malnourished.
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E KEY FACT
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Research Paper Checklist As you review your final paper for submission, use this checklist to ensure you have completed all of the guided instructions:
Country selected: ___________________________________ ___ Define a typical family ___ Family size and composition ___ Diet ___ Education ___ Access to health care ___ Describe a typical farm OR urban area ___ Typical Farm ___ Farm size ___ Crops grown or animals raised ___ Agricultural practices ___ OR Urban Area: ___ Employment and wages ___ Access to purchased food ___ Urban food production ___ Describe major barriers facing the typical family ___ Barriers to improving agricultural productivity ___ Barriers to employment at a living wage ___ Barriers to accessing food markets and adequate nutrition
Factor selected: ___________________________________ ___ Describe how the factor you selected affects agricultural productivity, household income, OR food availability and quality
___ Describe the effect of the factor on the typical family in your country ___ Describe the present status of this factor ___ Describe the trends for this factor (improving, worsening, or constant) ___ Describe how improving this factor would benefit your country
___ Describe how other major issues (climate volatility, population growth, water scarcity, energy demand, pollution, etc.) will affect your chosen factor
Give recommendations on how to effectively address your factor to improve food security for the typical family in the country you have selected: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___ Describe one or more local projects in your focus country that could be scaled up successfully
___ Give suggestions for the appropriate role of communities, the national government, and organizations in implementing your recommendations
___ Describe how the typical family can be involved in implementing your recommendations
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12 | P a g e
Factor 2 ‐ Water Scarcity: Global Water Governance in the Twenty‐First Century Heather Cooley, Newsha Ajami, Mai‐Lan Ha, Veena Srinivasan,Jason Morrison, Kristina Donnelly, and Juliet Christian‐Smith. WorldWater, 2013 http://worldwater.org/wp‐content/uploads/sites/22/2013/07/ww8‐ch1‐us‐water‐policy.pdf
Beyond More Crop per Drop Frank Rijsberman and Nadia Manning. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2006 www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Other/PDF/Beyond_more_crop_per_drop.pdf
Factor 3 ‐ Biofuels: Biofuels and Sustainable Development Henry Lee, William Clark, and Charan Devereaux. 2008 www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/gbep/docs/2008_events/S_Servolo/San_Servolo_Biofuels_Report_FINAL.pdf
The State of Food and Agriculture 2008: “Biofuels: Prospects, Risks, and Opportunities” Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2008 Full Report: www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0100e/i0100e00.htm
Factor 4 ‐ Animal Health: Lessons learned from the eradication of rinderpest for controlling other transboundary animal diseases Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2010
http://www.fao.org/3/a‐i3042e.pdf
Combating Infectious Diseases of Livestock for International Development BBSRC and UKAid, February 2010 http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/documents/cidlid‐brochure/
Factor 5 ‐ Climate Volatility: Micro‐level Practices to Adapt to Climate Change for African Small‐Scale Farmers Till Below, Astrid Artner, et al. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 2010 www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/rome2007/docs/Micro‐level_Practices_to_Adapt_to_Climate_Change.pdf
Climate Change Response Strategies for Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities for the 21st Century Francesco Tubiello, Josef Schmidhuber, et al. World Bank, 2008 www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/em2009/docs/World_Bank__2008c_.pdf
Factor 6 ‐ Sustainable Agriculture: Agricultural Sustainability and Intensive Production Practices David Tilman, Kenneth G. Cassman, Pamela A. Matson, Rosamond Naylor, and Stephen Polasky. Nature, 2002 www.cedarcreek.umn.edu/biblio/fulltext/t1860.pdf
The Paradigm of Conservation Agriculture J. Dumanski, R. Peiretti, J. Benetis, et al. World Association of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006 www.unapcaem.org/publication/ConservationAgri/ParaOfCA.pdf
Factor 7 ‐ Animal Agriculture: Sustaining intensification of smallholder livestock systems in the tropics J.J. McDermott , S.J. Staal, H.A. Freeman, M. Herrero, and J.A. Van de Steeg. Livestock Science, 2010 http://dels.nationalacademies.org/resources/static‐assets/banr/AnimalProductionMaterials/McDermottSustainingIntensification.pdf
Why mixed crop and livestock farming systems are central for future agriculture development Philip Thornton. CGIAR – Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security, 2015. https://ccafs.cgiar.org/research‐highlight/why‐mixed‐crop‐and‐livestock‐farming‐systems‐are‐central‐future‐agriculture#.VwWMbizruJB
13 | P a g e
Factor 8 ‐ Spoilage and Waste: Increasing Food Availability by Reducing Postharvest Losses of Fresh Produce A.A. Kader. Acta Horticultura, 2005 http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234‐528.pdf
Postharvest losses and waste in developed and less developed countries: opportunities to improve resource use R.J. Hodges, J.C. Buzby, and B. Bennett. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2010 http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?aid=8030717
Factor 9 ‐ Water and Sanitation: Water Quality UN Water, 2011 www.unwater.org/downloads/waterquality_policybrief.pdf
Compilation of 13 Factsheets on Key Sustainable Sanitation Topics Elisabeth von Münch, Rahul Ingle, Doreen Mbalo, and Leonie Kappauf. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, 2012 www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/MUENCH%20et%20al%202012%20Compilation%20of%2013%20Factsheets%20on%20Key%20Sustainable%20Sanitation%20Topics.pdf
Factor 10 ‐ Dietary Diseases: Chronic Diseases Growing in Developing Nations: WHO Kate Kelland, Reuters (posted on Huffington Post), July 16, 2012 www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/16/chronic‐disease‐developing‐nations_n_1520195.html
The Nutrition Transition and Obesity in the Developing World Barry Popkin. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2001 http://jn.nutrition.org/content/131/3/871S.full.pdf+html
Factor 11 ‐ Malnutrition: Micronutrients (Statements and Resources) World Health Organization, 2012 www.who.int/nutrition/topics/micronutrients/en/index.html
Saving Lives in Africa With The Humble Sweet Potato Dan Charles. National Public Radio, 2012 www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/08/15/158783117/saving‐lives‐in‐africa‐with‐the‐humble‐sweet‐potato
Factor 12 – Human Diseases: Addressing the Links among Agriculture, Malaria, and Development in Africa International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 2011 www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/2020anhconfbr16.pdf
HIV/AIDS and Food Security Interagency Coalition on AIDS and Development, 2001 www.icad‐cisd.com/pdf/HIV_AIDS_and_Food_Security_ENGLISH.pdf
Factor 13 ‐ Demographics: Population Aspects in the Reduction of Hunger Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2004 www.un.org/esa/population/publications/PopAspectsMDG/04_FAO.pdf
Population and Economic Development Population Reference Bureau, 2012 www.prb.org/pdf12/population‐economic‐development‐2012.pdf
Factor 14 ‐ Conflict Resolution: Food, Security, Justice and Peace Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2002 www.fao.org/worldfoodsummit/msd/Y6808e.htm
14 | P a g e
Conflict: A Cause and Effect of Hunger Ellen Messer, Marc Cohen, and Thomas Marchione, Environmental Change and Security Program, 2001 www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ECSP7‐featurearticles‐1.pdf Factor 15 ‐ Human Rights: Underfed, Underpaid, and Overlooked: Women, the Key to Food Security in South Asia Nira Ramachandran. International Institute for Environment and Development, 2008 pubs.iied.org/pdfs/14560IIED.pdf
FAO Policy on Gender Equality: Attaining Food Security Goals in Agriculture and Rural Development Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 2013 http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/i3205e/i3205e.pdf
Factor 16 ‐ Education: Education and the Developing World: Why Education is Essential for Development The Center for Global Development, 2002 www.cgdev.org/files/2844_file_EDUCATON1.pdf
Girls’ Education: Towards a Better Future for All Department For International Development (DFID). 2005 www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/development/docs/girlseducation.pdf
Factor 17 ‐ Good Governance: Good Governance: An Overview International Fund for Agricultural Development, 1999 www.ifad.org/gbdocs/eb/67/e/EB‐99‐67‐INF‐4.pdf
Global Consultation on Governance and the Post‐2015 Framework www.worldwewant2015.org/governance
Factor 18 ‐ International Trade: Promoting Market Access for the Rural Poor in order to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), 2003 www.ifad.org/gbdocs/gc/26/e/markets.pdf
Improving Market Access: Toward Greater Coherence between Aid and Trade International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2002 www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2002/032102.htm
Factor 19 ‐ Foreign Aid: Foreign Aid Reform: Studies and Recommendations Susan Epstein and Mathew Weed. Congressional Research Service (CRS), 2009 www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40102.pdf
Renewing American Leadership in the Fight Against Global hunger and Poverty Catherine Bertini and Dan Glickman. Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 2009 http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/cbertini/Publication/GADP_Final_Exec_Summary.pdf
Factor 20 ‐ Farm to Market: Infrastructure and Poverty Reduction ‐ What is the Connection? Ifzal Ali and Ernesto Pernia. Asian Development Bank, 2003 http://www.adb.org/publications/infrastructure‐and‐poverty‐reduction‐what‐connection
Rural Infrastructure and Agricultural Development Per Pinstrup‐Andersen and Satoru Shimokawa. World Bank, 2006 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDECABCTOK2006/Resources/Per_Pinstrup_Andersen_Rural_Infrastructure.pdf