Heavy ion irradiation of solids : electron ejection,sputtering, and effects on astrophysical ices
Hermann Rothard (CNRS) ([email protected])
CIMAPCentre de Recherche sur les Ions, les Materiaux et la Photonique(CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen-Basse Normandie)
BP 5133, F-14070 Caen Cedex 05, France
UNIVERSITEENSICAEN
GANIL
CYCERON
CIMAP
CIMAP-CIRIL
HE - SME
IRRSUDARIBE
50 µm
µ-mesons
electron
Particle Tracks
(photographic Emulsion)
proton
α-particleHe (ZP=2) F (ZP=9)
Ti (ZP=22)
As (ZP=33)
Collisions ions-atomes, molécules, agrégats, goutelettes
Stabilité des Matériaux du Nucléaire
Interaction Ion-Matière
Nanostructuration
Radiobiologie
LARIA CIRIL
Etc. …(Archade ...)
Ion beam
Energy deposition
(energy loss)
Strong electronic excitation
Secondary particle emission → analysis
Neutrals (atoms, molecules, cluster…)Ions
Electrons
Photons
Sputtering
(particle ejection)
Surface Modification,
Bulk: quasi one-dimensionalnanostructure
Tracks
(bulk,
surface)
SuIM: Surfaces, Interfaces et Matrices
Gaetano Lanzanò è stato unfisico, un filosofo, un artista, unuomo di gusto, ha partecipato egoduto del mondo, ha tenutouna consapevole linea dicondotta morale e quindi hacontribuito a sostenere oppurea modificare le concezioni chesi hanno del mondo, cioè asuscitare nuovi modi dipensare.
con affetto
gli amici di sempre(Angelo Pagano)
Gaetano Lanzanò, physicist at INFN Sezione di Catania since 1977, passed away suddenly on June 12, 2008.
IN MEMORIAM
The first experiment without the deeply missed Tano at CS-LNS Catania on fast electron emission (performed in spring 2009) could not have been performed without the solidarity of all colleagues and the help before and during the beam time from
I. Lombardo, E. La Guidara, F. Amorini, N. Rizzo, G. Politi, E. Geraci, P. Russotto, G. Cardella
Thanks to all ... Enrico De Filippo (INFN Sez. di Catania), Siegbert Hagmann (GSI + J.W. Goethe Univ. Frankfurt /Main), Hermann Rothard (CIMAP-CIRIL/CNRS Caen).
Scattering chambers LNS Ciclope + Chimera GANIL Nautilus
Detectors “Phoswich” scintillators (BaF2 + Foil)forward wall + detector battery,large in-plane angular range
Method Measurement of electron velocity by Time-of-Flight (TOF) technique
Resolution ∆V/V ≤ 5% in forward direction
Lanzanò et al.,PRA 58 (1998) 3534,PRA 63 (2001) 032702.
ARGOS multidetector
Electron Transfer to low projectile Continuum states (unbound, near zero kinetic energy in the projectile frame)
ECC (Target-) Electron Capture to the ContinuumELC (Projectile-) Electron Loss to the Continuum
Short summary of results obtained with ARGOS in atomic collision physics: E. De Filippo, G. Lanzanò and H. Rothard, Nucl. Phys. News 17, No. 2 (2007) 24-27 (NPN " Impact and applications" section)
102
103
104
105
10 15 20 25
doub
ly dif
feren
tial e
lectro
n yiel
d
electron velocity (cm/ns)
58Ni 28+ (45 MeV/u) + Au-Foil (280 µg/cm2)
binary encounter electrons
convoy electrons
Fermi shuttle electrons
( 280 µg/cm2 )
Lanzano et al., PRL 83 (1999) 4518Rothard et al., NIM B230 (2005) 419
Rothard et al., J Phys B: At Mol Opt Phys 43 (2001) 3261De Filippo et al., Phys. Rev. A68 (2003) 024701
ve ≈ 2vp
ve ≈ vp
vP
2vP
E. De Filippo, G. Lanzanò and H. Rothard, Nucl. Phys. News 17, No. 2 (2007) 24-27
Inelastic Binary Encounter
Experiment at LNS-CS 2007:
ARGOS +Chimera Chamber
LMMLMM
Experiment at LNS-CS 2009:
ARGOS Multidetector + Ciclope Chamber
Enrico De Filippo, Gaetano Lanzanò, Hermann Rothard, Claude VolantThree-Electron Auger Process from Beam-Foil excited multiply charged IonsPhys. Rev. Lett. 100 (2008) 233202
first results on heavy ion induced charging up of insulators:G. Lanzanò, E. De Filippo, S. Hagmann, H. Rothard, C. VolantRad. Eff. and Defects in Solids 162 (2007) 303-318
charging phenomena important for ion beam focusing bynano-capillaries: A. Cassimi et al., “Multiply-charged ion nano beams”,Int’l Journal of Nanotechnology Vol. 5 (2008)
LNS 2009: Carbon beam (23 A MeV)
Insulator Targets: PP, Mylar
Sandwich-Targets:Au/InsulatorAu/Insulator/Au
XY-TOF-imaging technique in Ion-Surface Collisions
Collimator
ion position (XY)
Time Of Flight
Mass spectrum N(m/q)Velocity Vector (vx, vy, vz)Angular Distribution N(θ) Master Thesis
Jérôme LenoirHussein HijaziEnergy Distribution N(E)
Beam direction
Ca17+ (9.1 MeV/u) → LiF
UHV sytem:
TOF Detector Chamber+ Preparation Chamber+ Target Transfer
S. Akcöltekin, I. Alzaher, B. Ban d’Etat, T. Been, P. Boduch, A. Cassimi, H. Hijazi, H. Lebius, B. Manil, J.M. Ramillon, H. Rothard, M. Schleberger, E.F. da Silveira, AODO: Secondary Ion Emission and Surface ModificationNucl. Instrum. Meth. B267 (2009) 649-651
Experiment September - November 2009
GANIL-SME (Fe, Pb, Kr, Ca?)
Merci à F. Aumayr
Basic Processes in Ion Collisions
ionisation - exc itation
capture
énergie
HE
SMEIRRSUD
ARIBE
Elastic collisions (ion-atom)(”nuclear stopping”)
Inelastic collisions (ion-electron)(”electronic stopping”)
Kinetic energy Ekin
Multi-charged Ions:
Potential energy Epot
102
103
10-1 100 101 102
Li+ y
ield
(arb
itrar
y un
its)
Li+ energy E (eV)
Xe21+ (17 keV/q)
102
103
10-1 100 101 102
Li+ y
ield
(arb
itrar
y un
its)
Li+ energy E (eV)
Ca17+ (9 MeV/u)
102
103
10-1 100 101 102
Li+ y
ield
(arb
itrar
y un
its)
Li+ energy E (eV)
Maxwell-BoltzmannT≈ (12 ± 1) * 103 K
Energy distribution of 7Li+
Coulomb Explosion ?
Thermal Spike ?(cf. PDMS)
Excitonic mechanism:defect mediated sputtering ?
J. Lenoir, P. Boduch, H. Rothard, B.Ban-d’Etat, T. Been, A. Cassimi, T. Jalowy, H. Lebius, B. Manil, J.M. RamillonSputtering by highly charged ions: application of the XY-TOF technique to secondary ion ejection from LiFNucl. Instrum. Meth. B258 (2007) 178-182
Radiation effects in condensed gases (ices)
Satellites of the giant planets (Europa, Ganymed, …)
Dust grains
Comets
Solar wind, cosmic rays, planetary magnetic fields
Interstellar icy grain mantles
The grains are covered with an icy mantle formed from atoms and molecules.
Thermal processes
Irradiation with:- cosmic rays;- stellar (solar) wind;- UV radiation;- electrons
(high and low-energy).
Irradiation induced chemicalmodification within ice and also desorption of species from ice.
Heavy ions in space
Ions in solar wind
Mewaldt et al. Space Sci. Rev. (2007) 130 323
H/Fe~104
H/Ni~105 Ions in cosmic rays(in dense clouds)
Shen et al. A&A. (2004) 415 203
Experimental DeviceC.A.S.I.M.I.R. : Analysis Chamber by Infrared Spectroscopy of IRradiated MoleculesC.A.S.I.M.I.R. : Analysis Chamber by Infrared Spectroscopy of IRradiated Molecules
FTIR Infrared Spectrometer
Cryostat Head
Analysis Chamber
Experimental DeviceDeposition tube
Ion beam
Detector
IR beam
Experimental Device
IR beam
Deposition tube
Detector
Ion beam
CO2H2OCO2
CO2
H2O
H2O2
CO H2CO3
O3
136Xe23+ 0.76 MeV/u => H2O+CO2 (1:1)
Fluence = 8.6 x 1012 cm-2
Dose = 95.8 MGy
Flux Moyen = 5.0 x 107 cm-2 s-1
FTIR spectrum: 46 MeV 58Ni11+ → C18O2
After irradiation
Before irradiation
Wavenumber (cm-1)
C18O2 Column Density
Destruction:dN/dF = - σd NN = N0 e- σd F
σd = 2.2 x 10‒13 cm2
Col
umn
dens
ity
Column density of C18O2
Destruction plus sputtering:dN/dF = - σd N -Y
N = N0 e- σd F - (Y/ σd) (1 - e-σd F)σd = 1.7 10-13 cm2
Y = 4.0 × 104 molecules/impactCol
umn
dens
ityColumn density of C18O2
1st regime 2nd regime
N = N0 e- σs F
46 MeV 58Ni11+ → C18O2C
olum
n de
nsity
Specific Sputtering Flux (SSF) for CO2 ice
SSF=ion flux (corresponding) sputtering yield
Mewaldt et al. Space Sci. Rev. (2007) 130 323Shen et al. A&A. (2004) 415 203
Y~Se2
Brown et al. Nucl. Instr. Meth. (1982) 198 1
E. Seperuelo -Duarte, Ph. Boduch, H.Rothard, T. Been, E. Dartois, L.S.Farenzena, E.F. da SilveiraHeavy Ion Irradiation of Condensed CO2: Sputtering and Molecule Formation Astronomy & Astrophysics 502 (2009) 599
CO2 CO
N0 = 1,5 1018 molecules/cm2
l = 660 nmN0 = 1,5 1018 molecules/cm2
l = 860 nm
Se = 2,6 10-12 eV cm2 / moleculer ≈ 13.000 nmσd = 1,7 10-13 cm2
Y = 4,0 104 molecules/impact
Se = 1,7 10-12 eV cm2 / moleculer ≈ 29.000 nmσd = 1,4 10-13 cm2
Y = 9,0 104 molecules/impactCO, CO3, O3, and C3 CO2, O3, C3O2, C5O2, C2O, C3
C4O2 or C7O2
Interaction of 46 MeV 58Ni11+ with different ices
Emmanuel Dartois Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale IAS / Orsay
Philippe Boduch CIMAP/Université Caen Basse Normandie
Emmanuel BalanzatHermann Rothard
CIMAP/CNRS
Eduardo Seperuelo DuarteAlicja Domaracka
CIMAP/PUC de Rio/Univ. Caen (co-tutelle)CIMAP (Postdoc ENSICAEN)
Enio F. da Silveira PUC Rio / Brazil
Lucio FarenzenaSergio Pilling
Univ. Federal, Florianopolis / BrazilIP&D, Univ. do Vale do Paraíba - UNIVAP
Irradiation effects in astrophysical ices: sputtering !
Appearance of new molecules
Complex organic molecules (pre-biotic? H2O-CO-NH3 ice)
Caen
LARIA CIRIL
DSM/DRECAM SPM ENSICAEN Université de Caen
Laboratoire d’accueil auprès du
0.01
1
100
104
10-1 101 103 105 107
dE/d
x (
keV
/nm
)
projectile kinetic energy Ekin
(keV)
"electronic"
"nuclear"
Xe on UO2
80 keV
Potential Energy
A R I B E
15 keVNUCLEAR vs. ELECTRONIC STOPPING: Xe → UO2