Base MapsBase Maps
1600’s linking mathematics and analytic geometry to create coordinate system
1600’s linking mathematics and analytic geometry to create coordinate system
Use of OverlaysUse of OverlaysMaps of the Battle of Yorktown contained hinged overlays to show troop movements
Mid-19th century “Atlas to Accompany the 2nd report of the Irish Railway Commissioners showed pop’n, traffic flow, geology and topography on same base map
Maps of the Battle of Yorktown contained hinged overlays to show troop movements
Mid-19th century “Atlas to Accompany the 2nd report of the Irish Railway Commissioners showed pop’n, traffic flow, geology and topography on same base map
Dot MapsDot Maps
1855 – use of dot map to display epidemiological data, leads to discovery of the source of a cholera epidemic in England
1855 – use of dot map to display epidemiological data, leads to discovery of the source of a cholera epidemic in England
The Five Phases of Development
The Five Phases of Development
The Research FrontierExperimentation and PracticeCommercial PhaseUser-DominanceWeb-Based Internet GI-Science
The Research FrontierExperimentation and PracticeCommercial PhaseUser-DominanceWeb-Based Internet GI-Science
The Research FrontierLate 1950’s to Mid
1970’s
The Research FrontierLate 1950’s to Mid
1970’sIndividual Led Development1958 - NASA - Data Availability1963 – Canada Geographic Information System – created to anyalze data collect by the Canada Land Inventory
1968 - Apollo 8 - Returned 1st Images from Space
Lack of Computing Resources1960’s - Early computer mapping packages
Harvard - SYMAP, IMGRID, CALFORMIsoline Maps
1969 - Jack Dangermond began ESRIArc Info
Individual Led Development1958 - NASA - Data Availability1963 – Canada Geographic Information System – created to anyalze data collect by the Canada Land Inventory
1968 - Apollo 8 - Returned 1st Images from Space
Lack of Computing Resources1960’s - Early computer mapping packages
Harvard - SYMAP, IMGRID, CALFORMIsoline Maps
1969 - Jack Dangermond began ESRIArc Info
Experimentation and Practice
Mid 1970’ s to Early 1980’s
Experimentation and Practice
Mid 1970’ s to Early 1980’sNational Agencies Driving
DevelopmentGovernment Funded ResearchNOAA EstablishedNASA
Huge Data IncreaseSPOT, LandSat
Role of the Individual Diminished
National Agencies Driving Development
Government Funded ResearchNOAA EstablishedNASA
Huge Data IncreaseSPOT, LandSat
Role of the Individual Diminished
Commercial PhaseMid 1980’s
Commercial PhaseMid 1980’s
Corporate Software availableCompetition
PC’s becoming popularIndividual market opening up
Isolated systems running GIS & isolated data setsMinimal sharing of data
GPS becomes fully operational
Corporate Software availableCompetition
PC’s becoming popularIndividual market opening up
Isolated systems running GIS & isolated data setsMinimal sharing of data
GPS becomes fully operational
User Dominance1990’s
User Dominance1990’s
Strong competition among software vendors
Databases began to become distributedInternet becomes operationalNetwork accessibility more common
Development of StandardsQuality controlData tracking (Metadata)
Strong competition among software vendors
Databases began to become distributedInternet becomes operationalNetwork accessibility more common
Development of StandardsQuality controlData tracking (Metadata)
Web-Based Internet GI Services Shift
Late 1990’s - Present
Web-Based Internet GI Services Shift
Late 1990’s - PresentDistributed and Interoperational ArchitectureData resides and is distributed over a networkLimitations - Requires high speed and wide bandwidth (Network Capacity)
Standardized DataData is not platform or program dependent
Google Earth, ArcWeb Explorer, National Map
Distributed and Interoperational ArchitectureData resides and is distributed over a networkLimitations - Requires high speed and wide bandwidth (Network Capacity)
Standardized DataData is not platform or program dependent
Google Earth, ArcWeb Explorer, National Map