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How can you go?
Objective - Explain LTA Regulations from:
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations(a/k/a Federal Aviation Regulations [FAR])
Title 49 of the Code of Federal RegulationsPart 830 – Incident & Accident Reporting
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)
Updates to the FAR/AIM Changes affecting the regulations can
take place daily The AIM Changes every 6 months Updates are posted on the ASA website
http://www.asa2fly.com/farupdate Sign up for updates to be emailed to
you FAA website www.faa.gov to review
Advisory Circulars (AC)AAAA Education Foundation 2
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Goals Try to make it A Learning
Experience
To keep everyone Engaged for the next 7,200 seconds
Review with you the Parts of 14 CFR, AIM, NTSB info that relates to you & your pilot certificate.
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Four 14 CFRs for Flying –One 49 CFR for things gone badA Partial Summary of the 470+ Pages of the Regulations -
(for Those Who Have Trouble Falling Asleep!)
14 Part 1: General Definitions, Abbreviations, Symbols and Rules of Construction
14 Part 43: Maintenance & Preventative Maintenance
14 Part 61: Certification - Pilots & Instructors 14 Part 91: General Operating & Flight Rules 49 Part 830: Accident & Incident Reporting
Part 1 Definitions & Abbreviations
1.1 - General Definitions1.2 - Abbreviations & Symbols1.3 - Rules of Construction
“Shall” is used in the imperative sense (action). “May” is used in an permissive sense to state
authority or permission to do the act prescribed. “Includes” means “includes but is not limited
to”.
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General Definitions
Administrator *Aircraft *Balloon **Category Ceiling **Class Commercial Operator Controlled Airspace Crewmember
Flight Time Maintenance Night Operate Pilotage Pilot in Command Preventive
Maintenance Rating **Type
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General Definitions
AIRCRAFT
A device that is used or intended to be used for flight in the air
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General Definitions
BALLOON
A Lighter-Than-Air aircraft that is not engine-driven, and that sustains flight through the use of either gas buoyancy or an airborne heater.
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General Definitions
BALLOON = AIRCRAFT
WHENEVER you read the word aircraft in the text of a regulation – that regulation applies to balloons.
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Definitions
With respect to the certification, ratings, privileges and limitations of the airman
Categories are: airplane, rotorcraft, glider, lighter-than-air
Class are by similar operating characteristics:single engine, multiengine, land, water, gyroplane, helicopter, airship, free balloon
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Definitions
With respect to the certification of aircraft
Categories are grouped based upon intended use:transport, normal, utility, acrobatic, limited, restricted, provisional
Class are by similar operating characteristics of propulsion, flight, landing:airplane, rotorcraft, glider, balloon, landplane, seaplane
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Categories of Aircraft / Airman
Aircraft Airman
Category Normal, Transport, Utility, Acrobatic, Limited Restricted, Provisional
Airplane, Rotorcraft, Glider, Lighter-than-air
Class airplane, rotorcraft glider, balloon, land plane, seaplane
airship, free balloon; single engine, multi engine; land, water
Type Aerostar RX-8, Cameron C80 Airplanes DC7, DC10
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Abbreviations
AGL- Above Ground Level ATC- Air Traffic Control FAA- Federal Aviation
Administration IFR- Instrument Flight Rules MSL- Mean Sea Level VFR- Visual Flight Rules
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Rules of Construction for 14 CFR
“Shall - Is used in an imperative sense.”
“May - Is used in a permissive sense to state authority or permissions to do the act prescribed.”
“Includes - Means included but not limited to.”
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Part 43 Maintenance/ Preventive Maintenance
Maintenance – Inspection, overhaul, repair, preservation and the replacement of parts - excludes preventive maintenance.
Preventive Maintenance – Simple or minor preservation operations and the replacement of small parts not involving complex assembly operations.
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14 CFR 43.3 (g) Preventive Maintenance
The holder of a pilot certificate issued under Part 61 may perform preventive maintenance on any aircraft owned or operated by that pilot which is NOT used under PART 121, 129, or 135 of this chapter.
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14 CFR 43.9 Maintenance Record Entries
Description of work performed
Completion date
Name, signature, certificate number, and type of certificate of person approving the work
i.e. Replaced batteries in flight instruments on February 20, 2007. John Doe, Commercial Pilot #2750055.
14 CFR 43.17 Preventive Maintenance
The owner or operator of an aircraft holds primary responsibility for Maintaining the aircraft in an airworthy
condition. Having required inspections performed Ensures that maintenance personnel
make required eteries in the aircraft maintenance records – approved to return to serive.
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Appendix A to Part 43 (c) Preventive maintenance
7. …making of small fabric repairs to envelopes not requiring load tape repair or replacement.
In accordance with balloon manufactures instructions
9. Refinishing decorative coating of balloon baskets.
10. Applying preservative or protective material to components where no disassembly is involved.
11. Repairing decorative furnishings of balloon basket interior….
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More Preventive Maintenance
22. Replacing prefabricated fuel lines.24. Replacing and servicing batteries.25. Cleaning of balloon burner pilot light
and main nozzles ….In accordance with balloon manufactures instructions
27. The interchange of balloon baskets and burners on envelopes when they are designated as interchangeable in balloon type certificate data.
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Part 61Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors
A- General B- Aircraft Ratings & Pilot
Authorizations C- Students E- Private Pilots F- Commercial Pilots
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61.15 Offenses Involving Drugs or Alcohol
Denial of an application for any certificate rating for up to 1 year after the date of a conviction for the violation
Suspension or revocation of a certificate
Must notify FAA of conviction of the violation within 60 days (written report)
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61.16 Refusal to Submit to Alcohol Test or to Furnish Results
Denial of an application for any certificate rating for up to 1 year the date of such refusal
Suspension or revocation of certification
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61.19 Duration of Certificates
Student Certificate good up to For balloon - 60 calendar after the month of the date
issued
Temporary Certificate good up to 120 days
Permanent Certificate good up to No specific expiration date
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61.23(b)(2) Medical Certificates
You are not required to hold a medical certificate for lighter-than-air category airman certificate.
you only have to certify that you have no medical defect that would make you unable to pilot a glider or balloon.
If flying outside the U.S., then a 3rd class medical is required. (ICAO Rule)
International Civil Aviation Organization
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61.25 Change of Name
To obtain a new airman certificate that reflects a legal name change, you must appear at an FAA Flight Standards District Office (FSDO) for positive identification
You must present to an FAA Inspector either a: Court order, photocopy of marriage license or other valid legal document
name change
Current Airman certificate Court order, marriage certificate Submitted to an FSDO
1601 Randolph Rd. SE, (505) 764-1200
Can it be submitted on line? No
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61.35 Knowledge Test Prerequisites
Endorsement for the written test From authorized instructor
Ground training Home study
Proper ID Photo Signature Date of birth
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61.39 & 61.43Practical Testing Requirements
Passed knowledge test within 24 months Satisfactorily accomplish required training Meet age and language requirement Have endorsement by authorized instructor Have a completed and signed application Complete practical test within 60 days after
date the practical test was discontinued
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61.49 Retesting After Failure
Received necessary training from an authorized instructor
Received an endorsement from the same authorized instructor that gave the training
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61.51 Pilot Logbooks
Training time & aeronautical experience Includes date, time, description of
training or aeronautical experiences required for certificate, rating, flight review, or recent flight experience
For training, need endorsement by instructor with his/her certification number
Must present required documents to Administrator, NTSB, Federal, State or local law enforcement officer.
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61.56 Flight Review
One hour of flight training One hour of ground training Above given within 24 months before
the month in which the pilot acts as Pilot-in-Command
Flight Rules Part 91 Review maneuvers and procedures
Must be given in an aircraft rated for Must have proper endorsement in
logbook
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Trivia Question
Does the satisfactorily completion of one of the levels of the FAA sponsored pilot proficiency award program (WINGS) qualify for a flight review? Yes
14 CFR 61.56(e)
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61.57Recent Flight Experience
Three takeoffs and landings within preceding 90 days
If not current, can not carry passengers Must be in the category and class
aircraft you are flying Category – Lighter-than-air Class – Free balloon
Must be the sole manipulator of the controls of the aircraft
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61.60 Change of Address
Within 30 days of the change Written notification to:
FAA Airman Certificate Branch P.O. Box 25082Oklahoma City, OK 73125
Can be submitted on line Create account on FAA, Login in, do it
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Student Pilot
Eligibility 61.83 Be at least 14 years of age Read, speak, write, and understand the
English language
Student Pilot Certificates 61.85 Obtain from Flight Standards District Office Or from Designated Pilot Examiners
Do you need a student pilot certificate to take training? No 24 months good for
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61.87 Solo Requirements
Written exam from instructor on: Applicable sections of Parts 61 & 91 Airspace rules and procedures for where
solo will occur Flight characteristics and operational
limitations of aircraft to use on solo flight Review all incorrect answers with
student prior to solo
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61.87(k) Pre-Solo Requirements
Layout and assembly Proper flight
preparation Ascents and descents Landing and recovery Emergency
procedures
Operation of hot air source
Use of deflation valves Effects of wind on
climb and approaches Obstruction detection
and avoidance
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61.87(n) & 61.89 Limitations on Student Pilots
No solo flight without proper endorsements Endorsement on Student Pilot Certificate
What if your “student” holds a Private Pilot Certificate? Make & model endorsement from authorized
instructor Endorsement in student’s logbook Endorsement good for 90 days
PASSENGER CARRYING IS PROHIBITED
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61.103 Private Pilot Eligibility
Be at least 16 years of age for Glider or Balloon
Able to read, speak, write and understand English
Pass Aeronautical Knowledge (written) Test Received a logbook endorsement from an
authorized instructor for Aeronautical knowledge 61.105 Flight proficiency 61.107(b)(8) Aeronautical experience 61.109(h)(1) or (2)
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61.105 Pvt Pilot Aeronautical Knowledge
Applicable Federal Aviation Regulations Accident reporting requirements of the NTSB Use of Aeronautical Information Manual
(AIM) and Advisory Circulars (AC) Aeronautical charts and VFR navigation Radio communications Weather Safe and efficient operations of aircraft Aeronautical decision making & judgment
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61.107(b)(8) Private Pilot Flight Proficiency
Preflight preparation Preflight procedures Airport operations Launch and landings Performance maneuvers Navigation Emergency operations Post-flight procedures
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61.109(h)(2)Pvt Pilot Aeronautical Experience
10 hours of flight training Six training flights Two training flights of 1 hr each
within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test
One solo flight At least 1 flight involved a controlled
ascent to 2,000 ft. above launch site
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61.113Private Pilot Limitations
Can not carry passengers or property for compensation or hire
No charitable rides unless you have 500 hours and do lots of paper work (READ § 91.146 (b)(9)) – ?! ?! ?!
Event that raises money for the benefit of a charitable organization recognized by Dept of Transportation.
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61.123 Commercial Pilot Eligibility
Be at least 18 years of age Able to read, speak, write and
understand English Pass Aeronautical Knowledge (written)
Test Received a logbook endorsement from
an authorized instructor for Aeronautical knowledge 61.125 Flight proficiency 61.127(b)(8) Aeronautical experience 61.129(h)
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61.125 & 61.127Aeronautical Knowledge & Flight Proficiency
Basically same as for Private Pilot EXCEPT Commercial LTA Pilots must also know
Fundamentals of Instructing
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61.129(h) Com Pilot Aeronautical Experience At least 35 hours of flight time (some require
more) 20 hours in balloons 10 flights 2 flights as PIC
10 hrs of flight training 10 training flights 2 training flights of 1 hr within 2 calendar
months preceding the month of the test 2 solo flights 1 flight involving a controlled ascent to
3,000’ above the launch site
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61.133Com Pilot Privileges and Limitations
May act as PIC carrying persons or property for compensation or hire
Give flight and ground training Give endorsements for pilot certification
with a balloon rating Endorse student certificate & logbook
for solo balloon flights Give flight reviews, both ground and
flight time, and do endorsements
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61.189Flight Instructor Records
Instructor must sign logbook after giving instruction (flight or ground) State tasks or elements of lesson accomplished Sign name and certificate number
Instructor must maintain records of instruction With name, date, and endorsements given
(solo, written exam, flight exam) Instructors shall retain records for 3 years
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Part 91General Operation & Flight Rules A- General Rules B- Flight Rules C- Equipment, Instrument and Certificate Requirements E- Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance and Alterations
Note: SFAR special Federal Aviation Regulations
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91.3 Responsibility and Authority of the Pilot in Command
Directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of the aircraft
In an emergency may deviate from any rule to meet that emergency A PIC deviates from a rule shall, upon
request of the Administrator, send a written report of that deviation to the Administrator
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91.7 Aircraft Airworthiness
No person may operate a civil aircraft unless it is in an airworthy condition
PIC is responsible for determining whether that aircraft is in condition for safe flight
PIC shall discontinue the flight when unairworthy…conditions occur
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91. 13 Careless or Reckless Operation
No person may operate an aircraft in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another.
You cannot afford ($$$) to have this on your airman record!
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91. 15 Dropping Objects
No PIC of a civil aircraft may allow any object to be dropped from that aircraft in flight that creates a hazard to persons or property.
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91.17 Alcohol and Drugs
No person may act or attempt to act as a crewmember of a civil aircraft
Person assigned to perform duty in an aircraft during flight time.
Aircraft moves under own power within 8 hrs after consumption of any alcoholic
beverage while under the influence of alcohol while using any drug that affect the person’s
faculties in any way contrary to safety while having .04 percent by weight or more of
alcohol in the blood
Check 91.17 (b) allow person who appears; to be carried
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91.21 Portable Electronic Devices
Cell phones are not prohibited by 14 CFR, but are by the FCC
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91.103 Preflight Action
Each PIC before beginning a flight shall become familiar with all available information concerning that flight.
Weather during flight (even landing)
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91.111 Formation Flying
No person may operate an aircraft so close to another aircraft as to create
a collision hazard in formation flight except by
arrangement with the PIC of each aircraft in formation
carrying passengers for hire in formation flight
and then, there’s FIESTA!
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91.113 Right-of-Way Rules
An aircraft in distress has the right-of-way over all other air traffic
Unless the aircraft are of different categories - the aircraft to the right has the right-of-way. If aircraft are of different categories -
Balloon has right-of-way over any other category Glider has right-of-way over an airship, airplane, or rotorcraft Airship has right-of-way over airplane or rotorcraft Aircraft towing or refueling other aircraft has right-of-way
over all other engine driven aircraft
Aircraft that is being overtaken has the right-of-way and the pilot of an overtaking aircraft shall alter course to pass well clear of the other aircraft
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Larger
Version
Is in
Student
Notebook at end of slides
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91.119 Minimum Safe Altitude
An altitude allowing, if a power unit fails, an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property
Over congested areas an altitude of 1,000 ft above & 2,000 ft horizontally from highest obstacle
Over other than congested areas, an altitude of 500 ft above surface and in sparsely populated area, not closer than 500 feet from any person, structure, or vehicle
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91.123 ATC Instructions
When ATC clearance has been obtained no PIC may deviate unless: Amended clearance is obtained Emergency Collision avoidance
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91.125 ATC Light Signals
Will be covered in presentation on airport operations
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91.126 - 91.131 Air Space(covered in other section of ground school)
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91.133Restricted & Prohibited Areas
No person may operate an aircraft within a restricted or prohibited area without permission Prohibited areas are the White House
and where the President is FAR 91.141
NOTAMs issued for flight restrictions closed to areas visited or traveled by President, VP, other public figures
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91.137Temporary flight restrictions
The Administrator will issue a Notice to Airmen (NOTAM)
Designate area of flight restrictions The time of the flight restrictions No one can operate an aircraft in
the designated area unless aircraft is carrying event personnel?
Check out this one more
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91.141 – 91.145Other flight restrictions
NOTAMs are also issued for -
President, Vice President, other public figures Space operations High barometric pressure conditions Aerial demonstrations and major sporting
events 91.145 (a)(9) of this section lists Fiesta
Still called Kodak Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta
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91.146(b)(9) Charitable Flights
Private Pilots must have 500 hours of flight time for airplanes or helicopters
No references to balloons or gliders
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91.151 Fuel Requirements – Airplanes & Helicopters
Enough fuel to fly to first point of intended landing and at least 30 minutes after that during the day Under IFR requirements, need fuel for
45 minutes of additional flight time. These requirements DO NOT APPLY
Balloons or (strangely) Gliders
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91.155Basic VFR Weather Minimums
Class B 3 statute miles
Clear of clouds
Class C 3 statute miles
500’ below, 1,000’ above, 2,000’ horizontal
Class D 3 statute miles
500’ below, 1,000’ above, 2,000’ horizontal
Class E<10,000’>10,000’
3 statute miles5 statute miles
500’ below, 1,000’ above, 2,000’ horizontal1,000’ below, 1,000’ above, 1 statute mile
Glass G<1,200’ day>1,200’ day
>10,000’
1 statute mile1 statute mile
5 statute miles
Clear of clouds500’ below, 1,000’ above, 2,000’ horizontal
1,000’ below, 1,000’ above, 1 statute mile
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91.159VFR Cruising Altitudes
When >3000 ft AGL On heading of 0-179° (going east)
odd thousand ft. MSL +500 ft. i.e. 3500, 5500, etc.
On heading of 180-359° (going west)even thousand ft. MSL +500 ft.i.e. 4500, 6500, etc.
* * * Memorize This * * *
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91.203Aircraft Certifications Required
Airworthiness certificate U.S. registration certificate Current approved Aircraft Flight
Manual or Pilot Operating Handbook § 91.9
No one may operate a civil aircraft unless it has within it the following:
Note: (91.715 - foreign aircraft)
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91.209 Aircraft Lights
No person may operate during the period of sunset to sunrise unless the aircraft has lighted position lights
For balloons, a steady white light and a flashing red or white light is required § 31.65
Balloon lights can be Supplemental Type Certified or Form 337 must be filed with FAA to add them to the balloon
Form FAA 337 – Major repair & alternation A supplemental type certificate (STC) is a type certificate (TC) issued
when an applicant has received FAA approval to modify an aircraft from its original design
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91.211 Supplemental Oxygen
From 12,500 MSL to 14,000 MSL, if >30 minutes
Above 14,000 MSL, for crew (pilot) Above 15,000 MSL, for crew and each
passenger How MUCH Oxygen do YOU need (l/min)?
Note: No person may operate a civil aircraft of U.S. registry Provided with and uses 550 liters of pure oxygen (19 cubic feet) per day. 22.9 hr
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91.215Transponders requirements
Required in Class A, B, and C airspace for all aircraft
ABQ has waived this for balloons
Above 10,000 ft MSL for powered aircraft
Must have altitude reporting equipment (Mode C) with transponder
provides the aircraft's pressure altitude and is usually combined with Mode 3/A to provide a combination of a 4-digit octal code and altitude as Mode 3A/C, often referred to as Mode A and C
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91.307Parachutes & Parachuting
Parachutes must be repacked within 180 days (a tag with a card shows last date of inspection & repack)
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91.319Aircraft with Experimental Certificates
Have operating limitations NO carrying persons for
compensation/hire NO flying over densely populated area PIC must advise each person carried of
the experimental nature of the aircraft Operate under VFR, day only, unless
otherwise authorized
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91.403 Maintenance Responsibilities
The owner or operator of an aircraft is primarily responsible for maintaining that aircraft in an airworthy condition including compliance with 14 CFR part 39 (Airworthiness Directives).
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91.409 Inspections – Annual & 100 hour
No person may operate an aircraft unless within the preceding 12 calendar months it has had an annual inspection in accordance with Part 43
100 hour limitation may be exceeded by not more than 10 hours while en route to reach a place where the inspection can be done. Not applicable for Balloons
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91.417 Maintenance Records Registered owner SHALL keep records Records MUST include:
Description of work Date work was completed Signature and certification number of person
approving the aircraft for return to service
Current status of any airworthiness directives (AD) for aircraft
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Airworthiness Directives (AD) & Advisory Circulars (AC)
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Advisory Circulars (AC)
Advisory circulars are available to pilots on line at www.faa.gov
Are numbered for subjects related to: 20 - Aircraft 60 - Airman 70 - Airspace 90 - Air Traffic Control & General
Operations
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Part 830 (NTSB) Notification and Reporting of Aircraft Accidents or Incidents
A- General B- Initial notification of accidents,
incidents or overdue aircraft C- Preservation of aircraft
wreckage, mail cargo or records D- Reporting of aircraft accidents,
incidents or overdue aircraft
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830.1 Aircraft Accident - Applicability
This part contains rules pertaining to:(a) Initial notification and later reporting of aircraft incidents and accidents and certain other occurrences in the operation of aircraft, wherever they occur, when they involve civil aircraft of the United States;….
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830.2 Aircraft Accident
An occurrence associated with ballooning which takes place between the time a person boards the balloon for fly and the time of disembarkment in which any person suffers Death Serious injury Balloon received substantial damage
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Incident
Incident is an occurrence other than an accident which affects or could affect the safety of operation
Always call something an INCIDENT, never an accident. Let FAA decide it is an accident and not an incident.
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Definition of Serious Injury
Requires hospitalization for more than 48 hrs within a 7 days from the date of the injury
Result in a fracture of any bone except simple fractures of fingers, toes, or nose
Causes severe hemorrhages, nerve, muscle, or tendon damage
Involves any internal organ Involves 2nd or 3rd degree burns, or any
burns covering more than 5% of the body
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Substantial Damage
Damage or failure which adversely affects the structural strength, performance or flight characteristics of the aircraft
Damage which would normally require major repair or replacement
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830.5Immediate Notification Required
An aircraft operator must immediately notify the nearest NTSB field office or call 1-800-WXBrief when: An aircraft is involved in an accident When flight control system malfunction or fail An in-flight fire occurs (not the burner) An aircraft is overdue and believed to have
been in an accident
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830.10Preservation of Aircraft Wreckage
When notification of an accident or incident must be given, the operator is responsible for preserving the aircraft wreckage as is, except: To remove persons injured or trapped To protect the wreckage from further damage To protect the public from injury
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830.15Reports and Statements to be Filed
The balloon operator must file a written report for:Accident - within 10 days
Incident - only as requested by the NTSB
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