Hybrid Island Initiativefor Integrating Renewable Energy
in Pacific Islands
Tadayuki OGAWAJapan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
1. Power supply in Pacific Island Countries
Inflating expenditure for imported fossil fuel
Low energy independence& High energy cost
Decreasing power demand and sales
Mostly depend on Diesel Engine Generator (DEG)
Tuvalu
Limited human and institutional capacity
Low electricity access
High electricity tariff
High share of fuel imports
2. JICA’s Cooperation in Energy Sector
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JICA has been assisting Pacific Island Countries through various cooperation in energy sector, mainly on supply side.
Knowledge from Okinawa has been particularly utilized in recent projects.
The Project for Introduction of Clean Energy by Solar Home System (LED included) (2012)
Grant Aid Project for Introduction of Micro-Grid System with Renewable Energy (2015)
Dissemination Program of Typhoon-Resistant Wind Power Turbines (2014-15)
Tonga
Master Plan Survey for the Effective and Efficient Use of Renewable Energy Resources (2013-15)
Fiji
Master Plan Survey for Formulation of Self-Sufficient Energy Supply System (2013-15)
Marshall
Study on the Dissemination and Feasibility of Grid-connected PV Generation System (2013-15)
Solomon
Training for Fuel-Reduced Operation of Diesel Power Plants (-2014)
Training for Promotion of Renewable Energy in Micro Grid (2014-)
All
Ex. 1) Training for Fuel-Reduced Operation of Diesel Power Plants/ Training for Promotion of Renewable Energy in Micro Grid
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Training for Fuel-Reduced Operation of Diesel Power PlantsObjective : The methodology of economical load distribution among multiple diesel generators will be disseminated in electric power companies and the local government, which works on the improvement of the power generation efficiency.Project Component : 1) To learn mechanism of a diesel generator2) To learn theory and methodology of economic operation3) To conduct the economic load distribution4) To formulate an action plan for dissemination
Training for Promotion of Renewable Energy in Micro GridObjective : Each participant formulates the idea to promote the hybrid power generation system (renewable energy connecting with diesel) in each country.Project Component : 1) To learn history and current situation of PV introduction in Japan2) To learn how to identify necessary conditions to promote PV introduction 3) To formulate a preliminary plan for disseminating PV systems in each country
Ex. 2) Grant Aid Project for Introduction of Micro-Grid System with Renewable Energy in TONGA
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Objective : To enable stable electricity supply, integrating various energy resources with micro-grid
system Project Component : 1) Power generation by RE (solar PV: 1MW)2) Micro-grid controller3) Lithium-ion capacitor (10 kWh, 2 units)
PV arrayMicro-grid controller
Li-ion capacitor
Ex. 3) Master Plan Survey for Formulation of Self-Sufficient Energy Supply System in MARSHALL
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Objective :To enhance the capacity to establish sustainable and self-sufficient energy supply
system Output : Self-sufficient energy supply system by conducting;
1) Institutional arrangement to introduce RE2) Evaluation on allowable capacity of grid-connected RE3) Planning and designing of DEG-PV hybrid grid system4) Economical operation of DEG
““Hybrid Islands Initiative” Hybrid Islands Initiative” ~~ Smart Energy Integration for Smart Energy Integration for Resilient IslandsResilient Islands
Fuel Reduction Unstable Output Disaster Risks
+Appropriate & Economical
O&M
Reliable power supply (as Base Load and Back-up)
Fuel Reduction Expansion of
RE Allowable Capacity
Renewable Energy
Hybrid Grid System for Fossil Fuel Reduction maintaining Reliable Power Supply
Demand
WindPV
Efficient Diesel
Optimization for Reliable, Sustainable and Affordable Grid
Micro GridTraining
RegionalT/A on
Diesel O&M
Grant Project forGrid Stabilization
(incl. DG, Micro Grid)
Master PlanStudy on
RE Introduction
JICA’s possible collaboration
> > > Hybrid System for Fossil Fuel Reduction and Energy Security
High dependency on imported fossil fuel⇒ High tariff, and fluctuation risk of oil prices ⇒ low energy security
Excessive promotion of Renewable Energy ⇒ Unstable outputs associated with weather, disaster risks, and adverse impact on existing generators ⇒ unreliable power supply
Grant Projects in Island Regions: PV power plants, micro grid system including grid stabilizer ,Efficient DEG power plants,
Capacity Development by Technical Cooperation: Master Plan of RE, DEG O&M enhancement, Training
Utilization of Knowledge from Remote Islands in Japan: PV w/ simple O&M, etc.
JICA’
sJIC
A’ s
RESO
URC
ERE
SOU
RCE
Development of Renewable Energy (RE) Solid Effect on Fuel Reduction
Unstable Power Output↓
“Optimal Development of RE”(ex. Development within allowable capacity of grid,
Development associated with grid stabilizer)
Efficient Diesel Generation (DEG) Cost-Effective Method
Important Role as Base Load Power Source↓
“Appropriate and EconomicalO&M on DEG”
CHAL
LEN
GE
STRA
TEG
Y &
CO
NCE
PT ““Hybrid Islands Initiative” Hybrid Islands Initiative” ~~ Smart Energy Integration for Resilient IslandsSmart Energy Integration for Resilient Islands
Measures against long-term Measures against long-term output variationoutput variation
RE
pen
etra
tio
n (
ind
icat
ive)
RE
pen
etra
tio
n (
ind
icat
ive)
0%0%
20%20%
40%40%
60%60%
Capacity of energy storage system Capacity of energy storage system
Measures Measures against against voltage and voltage and current current capacity of capacity of distribution distribution lineslines
Capital Capital costcost
Fuel Fuel costcost
UPUP
DownDown
LowLow
HighHigh
LargeLarge
SmallSmall
Optimum penetration of RE shall be determined in consideration Optimum penetration of RE shall be determined in consideration of total capital cost (up) & fuel cost (down) of Diesel Engine of total capital cost (up) & fuel cost (down) of Diesel Engine Generators (DEG).Generators (DEG).
4. Smart integration of RE with DEG
Measures against short-term Measures against short-term output variationoutput variation
Storage Storage capacitycapacity
Smart integration of RE with DEG
① Capacity of T&D (especially distribution) system needs to be upgraded.
Transmission Line Substation Distribution Line
Cu
rren
t ca
pac
ity
Cu
rren
t ca
pac
ity
(in
dic
ativ
e)(i
nd
icat
ive)
DistanceDistance
G
14
Substation
VoltageLight Load
Heavy LoadAppropriateVoltage Range
Distance from Substation
Grid-connected PV System
Over / Under VoltageVoltage deviation
② Service voltage shall be maintained through replacing conductors, transformers & changing network configuration.
Smart integration of RE with DEG
Out
put/
load
flu
ctua
tion
Frequency fluctuation
A few minutes 10+ minutes
GF: Governor Free (~a few minutes)Small deviation of revolution speed is automatically and immediately detected by the governor of generators.
LFC: Load Frequency Control(a few minutes ~ 10+ minutes) Generator output is automatically controlled by detecting the imbalance and sending feedback signal to generators.
EDC: Economic Dispatch Control(more than 10+ minutes)Generators are dispatched in accordance with the load forecast to achieve the minimum cost in longer period.
③ Measures against short-term output variation;(i) Increase the sensitivity of DEGs by improving GF(ii) Increase the capacity of LFC(iii) Examine coordination between GF and LFC (iv) Introduction of storage system (capacitor, battery,
etc.)
Smart integration of RE with DEG
④ Measures against long-term output variation;(i) Increase adjustability of DEG minimum output(ii) Introduction of energy storage system
(battery, pump, electric water heater, etc.)
Minimum demand during daytime (e.g. weekend)
DEGDEG
RE
Without RE Maximum RE penetration
DEG rated output
DEG minimum output
(40 ~ 50%)
Possible RE capacity
Smart integration of RE with DEG
Pmin≧DEGmin + REmax DEGmin ≦ Pmin- REmax
STEP 1: Improving O&M of existing DEG Reduction of fuel consumption by EDC Establishment of sustainable O&M system
STEP 2: Reinforcement of DEG and T&D system Increase adjustability of DEG output (especially minimum) Improve flexibility of DEG (GF, LFC, etc.) Reinforce capacity of conductors and transformers
STEP 3: Integrating RE without storage system RE can be integrated by fully utilizing the adjustability
and sensitivity of DEG
STEP 4: Compensation for short-term variation RE penetration can be increased by introducing energy
storage (high-power density, e.g. Li-ion battery and capacitor)
STEP 5: Compensation for long-term variation RE penetration can be increased by introducing energy
storage (high-energy density, e.g. lead acid battery)
Year
Generation Cost (indicative)
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 5
STEP 4
Roadmap for Smart integration