H Y D R O G E N GETS THINGS MOVING
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CONTENTS
4HYDROGEN:
NUMBER 1 IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
5AIR LIQUIDE:
COMPREHENSIVE EXPERTISE
6BLUE HYDROGEN:
HYDROGEN FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES
7THERE IS NO ENERGY TRANSITION WITHOUT HYDROGEN
8FUEL CELL VEHICLES:
EMISSION-FREE MOBILITY WITH A RANGE YOU ARE USED TO
10CLEAN ENERGY PARTNERSHIP:
A NEW BASIS FOR MOBILITY
12H2 MOBILITY:
EXTENSIVE ROLL-OUT IN GERMANY
14READY FOR SERIES PRODUCTION:
HYDROGEN STATIONS MADE BY AIR LIQUIDE
84.077million barrels of oil ARE USED UP WORLDWIDE EVERY DAY
171 million litres of petrol and diesel ARE USED UP EVERY DAY IN GERMANY ALONE
35,000tonnes of carbon dioxide ARE EMITTED WORLDWIDE PER YEAR
HYDROGENCAN BE EXTRACTED FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES AND BIOMASS
WE ARE MOVING FORWARD!Using hydrogen as a fuel allows for secure, individual mobility without any
damaging emissions. It can contribute to reducing fossil fuel use and to cutting
CO2 emissions over the long-term.
241642867Reference: ADAC 2008
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HYDROGEN: NUMBER 1 IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
IN 1766DISCOVERED BY CHANCE BY HENRY CAVENDISH
55PERCENTWEIGHT PROPORTION WHICH IS THE MOST PLENTIFUL ELEMENT IN THE COSMOS
92PERCENTOF THE SUN IS MADE UP OF HYDROGEN, HYDROGEN IS PURE ENERGY AND
14.4TIMES LIGHTER THAN AIR
APPROX.83PERCENTIS THE ENERGY VALUE EFFICIENCY THAT CAN THEORETICALLY BE REACHED
Hydrogen (H2) is element number 1 in the periodic table, and for a good reason: No other element is as plentiful as hydrogen in our universe.
On earth, hydrogen always exists in chemical compounds such as water, hydrocarbons and other organic compounds, from which it can be extracted using energy. At this point, hydrogen is a very light gas, which quickly mixes with the surrounding air.
Hydrogen is a molecule with huge potential for the future: It can be produced in various ways, and is virtually emission-free when being converted to electricity in a fuel cell. As a fuel, it enables clean, quiet mobility. Fuel cell vehicles have a large range and can be filled up in a matter of minutes. This means they can be compared positively to conventional vehicles. This is why hydrogen will have a key role to play in tomorrow’s mobility.
Air Liquide, world leader in gases, techno-logies and services for Industry and Health, has built up unique expertise in managing the entire hydrogen chain, covering not only production, distribution, and high- pressure storage but also hydrogen refuelling stations.
Mobility is one of the most important foundations of the modern world. To secure it for the future is one of the great challenges of our generation. In a time where fossil fuels are becoming more scarce and thereby more expensive, we have to show great determination in advancing alternative solutions.
To reach this ambitious goal, Air Liquide is bringing its 50 years’ worth of experience in manufacturing and distributing hydrogen, such as in the Clean Energy Partnership (CEP), a strong partnership of market- leading companies, who are helping to advance fuel cell-based mobility in Germany.
AIR LIQUIDE:COMPREHENSIVE EXPERTISE IN HYDROGEN
Hydrogen is the most plentiful
chemical element in the universe
and is available in virtually unlimited
amounts. It is, as the name suggests, a
component in water and it is found in all
living organisms in combined form. Hydrogen
is the element with the lowest density.
A hydrogen molecule carries the denomination
H2, therefore always consists of two
hydrogen atoms. It is approx.14.4
times lighter than air.
IS HYDROGEN SAFE? YES, BECAUSE IT IS …
… not self-igniting
… not oxidising
… not flammable
… not poisonous
… not hazardous to water
… not carcinogenic
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The most economical process currently available for targeted manufacture of hydrogen on an industrial scale is steam reforming of natural gas: Steam and natural gas are heated up and converted to hydrogen and carbon dioxide (CO2) using a catalyst.
However, as part of its ‘Blue Hydrogen’ initiative, Air Liquide has made a commitment that, by 2020, it will be producing 50 percent of its hydrogen used for energy applications either by not releasing carbon dioxide or by means of CO2 neutral production. In doing so, the particular focus is CO2 neutral hydro-gen production by water electrolysis, alongside reforming biogas.
Hydrogen extracted by electrolysis is then completely emission-free if the electricity used originates from renewable sources, such as wind, solar energy or water power.
50PERCENT ‘BLUE’ HYDROGEN FOR ENERGY APPLICATIONS
BY 2020AS A VOLUNTARY COMMITMENT FROM AIR LIQUIDE
HYDROGEN FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES
CAT
HO
DE
AN
OD
E
Hydrogen is also especially important for the success of the energy transition as a storage medium for electricity generated from renewable sources.
It is common knowledge that the wind blows and the sun shines, but not always when there is a need for electricity. Hydrogen can offset these fluctuations. This is because large amounts of energy can be stored in it
for a long time to be used for producing heat or to be reconverted using fuel cells when it is required.
Hydrogen is thus a truly green all-rounder: It doesn’t just get things moving, it’s also a key factor in delivering clean electricity on demand and in reducing network instabilities. It’s an element with a future!
THERE IS NO ENERGY TRANSITION WITHOUT HYDROGEN
HOW DOES WATER ELECTROLYSIS WORK?During electrolysis, water
is split into its components
hydrogen and oxygen. The
electrical energy used is
converted into chemical
energy and stored in the
form of hydrogen.
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Fuel cell stack
Hydrogen tanks Power electronics
Electric motor
High volt battery
FUEL CELL VEHICLES: EMISSION-FREE MOBILITY WITH A RANGE YOU ARE USED TO
A RANGE OF 700KILOMETRES IS POSSIBLE TODAY WITH FUEL CELL POWER. USUALLY, NO MORE THAN 200 KILOMETRES CAN BE REACHED WITH BATTERY-POWERED ELECTRIC CARS
65PERCENT EFFICIENCYIS REACHED WITH A FUEL CELL. WITH AN INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE, THIS IS ONLY 25 TO 35 PERCENT
0MILLIGRAMS OF POLLUTANTSARE EMITTED WITH THE FUEL CELL
Hydrogen Lithium-Ion-battery | In comparison: 10 kg diesel for weight, 10 l diesel for volume
29 kg2 kg
46 l57 l
193 kg164 kg
146 l97 l
THE NUMBERS ARE VERY MUCH IN FAVOUR OF HYDROGEN …… This is because in a direct comparison – regardless of whether weight or volume is measured – hydrogen
is far superior, both in system weight of the tank and in net fill values of battery-based energy storage.
The construction of a fuel cell is similar to that of a car battery. Every cell contains two plate-shaped electrodes (anode and cathode) with a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), which are separated from each other by an electrolyte. This electrolyte can conduct ions, but it is gas-opaque.
The catalyst materials (normally platinum) are on the electrodes and ensure that the gaseous hydrogen supplied releases ions as charge carriers. The hydrogen molecules decompose into hydrogen atoms at the anode, which in turn become positively charged hydrogen ions by releasing electrons. The free electrons flow to the cathode via a conductor and can now be used as electricity that powers the electric motor.
To release the required energy to power a car, several cells are arranged in a ‘stack’.
ARE HYDROGEN TANKS SAFE?Modern hydrogen tanks consist
of a plastic core that is insulated
by a carbon fibre composite.
The tanks are designed for an
operating pressure of 700 bar
and would be able to withstand
twice that pressure. Therefore,
hydrogen is not just clean, but
safe as well!
HOW DOES A FUEL CELL WORK?
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CLEAN ENERGY PARTNERSHIP: A NEW BASIS FOR MOBILITY
Germany is one of the first countries worldwide that has a basic supply network for hydrogen mobility.
Being a global market leader, Air Liquide recognises its responsibility when it comes to planning a societal change of such a dimension.
This is why Air Liquide has been a member of the Clean Energy Partnership since 2011 – a coalition of 20 leading companies focused on comprehensively investigating the suitability of hydrogen for everyday driving.
The Clean Energy Partnership is one of the most important international under-takings to investigate hydrogen as a fuel.
They are currently working on: - Exchanging experience with regards to
operating H2 stations and fuel cell vehicles, to learn from each other and to advance technical progress,
- Harmonising payment methods and availability systems, pump operation etc.,
- Implementing state-of-the-art technolo-gies and standards to enable quick and safe filling up, as well as to gain valuable experience in the daily operation of fuel cell vehicles.
Out of a total of 50 hydrogen stations, the construction of which is planned by the end of 2016 as part of the CEP, Air Liquide will contribute eleven.
WHO IS THE CEP?The Clean Energy Partnership (CEP)
was founded in December 2002
as a joint initiative of politics and
industry, headed by the German
Federal Ministry of Transport.
Its objective is to investigate the
suitability of hydrogen for everyday
use as a fuel.
Since 2008, the CEP has been a
flagship project of the National
Innovation Programme for Hydrogen
and Fuel Cell Technology (NIP),
which is being implemented by the
National Organisation for Hydrogen
and Fuel Cell Technology (NOW).
For more information:
www.cleanenergypartnership.de
LOCATIONS AIR LIQUIDE
Kamen
WolfsburgHannover
Braunschweig
Hamburg
Bremen
Münster
Kassel
Leipzig
Berlin
Cologne
Düsseldorf
Rostock
Mülheim a.d. Ruhr
Metzingen
Wuppertal
Limburg
Frankfurt
Offenbach
Würzburg
Nürnberg
Regensburg
Stuttgart
Heilbronn
Karlsruhe
Heidelberg
Freiburg Ulm
Munich
EXISTING LOCATIONS
LOCATIONS PLANNED/UNDER CONSTRUCTION
version: 04/2016
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Air Liquide has not just made a historical contribution to studying and further developing hydrogen technologies, but it is also a pioneer when it comes to bringing this expertise to industrial scale production.
To accelerate the use of hydrogen as a fuel even beyond the CEP demonstration project, in 2013, Air Liquide, together with Daimler, Linde, OMV, Shell and Total, agreed on a specific action plan to build an extensive network of hydrogen stations in Germany. The respective joint venture named H2 Mobility Deutschland was officially founded by the six partners at the start of 2015.
H2 Mobility will expand the existing network of hydrogen stations to around 400 by the end of 2023, the first new stations are set to go into operation in 2016.
In this way, not only will a H2 supply be created for metropolitan areas and main traffic routes, but for rural areas as well, to flank the announced mass market introduction of fuel cell vehicles in Ger-many. There will be an adequate number of H2 stations – alongside attractive vehicle acquisition and running costs – which is one of the most important prerequisites for market success. This is why H2 Mobility Deutschland will work very closely with the automotive industry.
WHO IS H2 MOBILITY?The cross-sector joint venture
H2 Mobility Deutschland
GmbH & Co. KG from six
industry partners Air Liquide,
Daimler, Linde, OMV, Shell
and Total will build a demand-
based national hydrogen
infrastructure in Germany.
H2 Mobility Deutschland
commenced operations at
the start of 2015. The head
office is in Berlin.
For more information:
www.h2-mobility.de
H2 MOBILITY: EXTENSIVE ROLL-OUT IN GERMANY
400H2 STATIONS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE THROUGHOUT GERMANY BY THE END OF 2023
AROUND 400MILLION EUROS OF INVESTMENT VOLUME FROM INDUSTRY AND POLITICS WILL GO TOWARDS BUILDING AND EXPANDING THE NETWORK OF REFUELLING STATIONS
EVERY 90KILOMETRESA HYDROGEN STATION WILL THEN BE ACCESSIBLE NATIONWIDE
250,000CARSPOWERED BY FUEL CELLS ARE EXPECTED TO BE REGISTERED BY 2023
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IS FILLING UP A HYDROGEN VEHICLE SAFE?
First of all, when filling up
hydrogen tanks, the same strict
safety measures apply as at any
other conventional filling
station. Furthermore, every H2
pump is monitored remotely.
By doing so, a technical issue is
instantly recognised and the
equipment is immediately
switched off.
Before filling up, the tightness
of the connection between the
vehicle and the pump is checked –
only then does gaseous
hydrogen flow into the tank.
Incidentally, the 700 bar
connector coupling has been
standardised worldwide since
2007 and makes a considerable
contribution to the safety of the
refuelling process.
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READY FOR SERIES PRODUCTION: H2 STATIONS MADE BY AIR LIQUIDEThe future of mobility is now: Air Liquide has already completed more than 60 H2 station projects worldwide.
At the Air Liquide station that was built in 2012 in the city centre of Düsseldorf, Germany, up to 50 fuel cell cars can be filled up with gaseous hydrogen. Completely filling a vehicle tank at 700 bar takes no more than 3 to 5 minutes, which is no longer than for any conventional fuels.
Air Liquide is prepared for the roll-out of the hydrogen technology and offers innovative, flexible solutions, that don’t just get cars moving easily and safely, but buses and forklifts as well. Air Liquide is ready to mass-produce hydrogen stations, and thereby consistently continue along the path to sustainable mobility.
Contact
AIR LIQUIDE Advanced Technologies GmbHHans-Günther-Sohl-Straße 5D-40235 Düsseldorf, GermanyPhone: +49 211 [email protected]/wasserstoff
www.airliquide.comWorld leader in gases, technologies and services for Industry and Health, Air Liquide is present in 80 countries with more than 50,000 employees and serves more than 2 million customers and patients. Oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen have been at the core of the company’s activities since its creation in 1902. Air Liquide’s ambition is to be the leader in its industry, delivering long-term performance and acting responsibly.
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