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Learning events, tours, networking, community,
case studies, & resources.
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Copyright © 2015, Green Building Alliance
NNeett OOppeerraattiinngg IInnccoommee & RReeggiioonnaall
EEccoonnoommiicc CCoommppeettiittiivveenneessss
EEnneerrggyy CCoonnssuummppttiioonn &
OOppeerraattiinngg EExxppeennsseess
A COLLABORATIVE, NATIONALLY-RECOGNIZED, LOCALLY-DRIVEN VOLUNTARY COMMUNITY OF BUILDINGS IN DOWNTOWNPITTSBURGH AND OAKLAND THAT ARE WORKING TOWARDSHIGH PERFORMANCE.
HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS HAVE PROVEN TRACK RECORDS: � BUSINESS AND PROPERTY PROFITABILITY� ASSET VALUE INCREASES� ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS� OCCUPANT HEALTH
THE PITTSBURGH 2030 DISTRICT GOALS ARE INSPIRED BY THOSE SETNATIONALLY BY ARCHITECTURE 2030 AND ITS 2030 CHALLENGE.
Copyright © 2015, Green Building Alliance
Copyright © 2015, Green Building Alliance
� ENERGY USE: A MINIMUM 10% REDUCTION BELOW
THE NATIONAL AVERAGE BY 2015, WITH INCREMENTAL TARGETSREACHING A 50% REDUCTION BY 2030.
� WATER USE: A MINIMUM 10% REDUCTION BELOW THE DISTRICT AVERAGE
BY 2015, WITH INCREMENTAL TARGETS REACHING A 50% REDUCTION BY 2030.
� TRANSPORTATION CO2 EMISSIONS: A MINIMUM 10% REDUCTIONBELOW THE DISTRICT AVERAGE BY 2015, WITH INCREMENTAL TARGETSREACHING A 50% REDUCTION BY 2030.
� INDOOR AIR QUALITY: TO BE DETERMINED LOCALLY.
Copyright©2015,GreenBuilding Alliance
Energy, Water, and Transportation Emissions ReductionEnergy, Water, and Transportation Emissions Reduction
2010- 2014
Copyright © 2015, Green Building Alliance
69% of the .Copyright©2016,GreenBuilding Alliance
68,210,816 ft2
438 properties
Copyright©2016,GreenBuilding Alliance
EstablishedDistricts
1087 Buildings
311 Property Partners
270 MSquare FeetCommitted
Energy = ↓ 12.5%
Water = ↓ 10.3%
TransportationEmissions = ↓ 24.2%
Indoor Air Quality = Pilot underway
MelissaBilec,PhD,LEEDAPAssociate Professor, Department of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering
Deputy Director, Mascaro Center forsustainable InnovationUniversity of Pittsburgh
BillCollinge,PhDPost-Doctoral Associate, Department of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering
HaroldRickenbackerGraduate Student,Department of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering
VaclavHasikGraduate Student,Department of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering
16
MMoottiivvaattiioonn2030Districtgoals:
• Energyuse– 50%reduction• Wateruse– 50%reduction• Transportation – 50%reduction inCO2
emissions• Indoorairquality - Tobedetermined
17
Ourresearchgoals:• Establish baseline IAQin2030District buildings• Evaluatedirect&indirect impacts ofenergy
reductions onIAQ• Direct=changestobuildingcharacteristics (e.g.ventilation,materials)• Indirect= life-cycleenergyimpacts onregionaloutdoorairquality
• Develop goalsandstrategies forimprovements inIAQmetrics
• Utilize long-term LCAmodels tolinkenergy,water,andtrafficreductions toambient airqualitypredictions andenvironmental impacts
� Allegheny county residents are at twice the cancer risk, as those living in surroundingcounties (PRETA, 2013)
� Pittsburgh is ranked: 8th for annual particle pollution out of 171 metropolitan areas (AmericanLung Association, 2015)
• 13to14percent ofPittsburgherssufferfromasthma,comparedwith8to10percent ofpeoplenationwide.(Sostek,2014)
• Asmanyashalf ofallPittsburghstudents haveasthma,farexceedingPennsylvania’s11.3percentchildasthmarate.(Smeltz,2014)
PPrroobblleemm
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Thevisionofthisworkiscenteredonansweringthequestion:Howcanthe2030districtimpactindoorairquality?
19
1. Howdoesenergyconservationimpact indoorandambient airquality?
2. Whatstructural,non-structural,andmechanical systems inthebuiltenvironment significantlyinfluence pollutantconcentrations?
3. Istherestrongtemporalvariability inindoorairqualityparameter acrossseasons?
4. Willreductions inenergyuse,waterconsumption, andcarbonemissions onacommunityscale havelongitudinal impactsonclimate change?
5. What impact does IEQhaveonperceivedworkerproductivity?
20
21
Wespend90%ofourtimeinsidebuildings.
22
www.worldwatch-europe.org
� BuildingAssessmentSurveyandEvaluation(BASE)
� 100randomlyselectedpublicandcommercialofficebuildings
� Collectedusingastandardizedprotocol
� ProvidesnormativeIAQdataandsymptomincidence intypicalofficebuildings(EPA2006c)
� Steps:1. Visitthebuildingandsite2. Selectstudyareasand
monitoringlocations3. Buildingcharacterizationandmonitoring4. Datamanagementandanalysis5. Administeroccupancysurvey
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/base/
AApppprrooaacchh
23
IAQ Variables Potential sources Effects/Importance
Particulate Matter (PM)
Diesel engines, dust, soot, smoke, fireplaces, wood stoves, unpaved
roads, agricultural practices
Aggravate asthma, allergies, coughing, shortness of breath, chronic bronchitis,
decreased lung function
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Carbon combustion, biological respiration, overcrowding coupled
with poor ventilation
Headache, hypercapnia, unconsciousness, asphyxiate, loss of mental acuity
Temperature (T) HVAC (Climate control), Outdoor occupant comfort, decreased productivity
Relative Humidity (RH)
plumbing, roof/window leaks, flooding, condensation, pipe
sweating, drain pans, poorly-vented kitchenettes
Mold and fungi growth, occupant comfort
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Leaking vented combustion appliances, car exhaust, parking
garages, furnaces
Shortness of breath, mild nausea, mild headaches, reduce oxygen delivery to organs
and tissue, death
Ozone (O3)Smog, VOCs + NOx, cars burning
gasoline, petroleum refinery, industrial facilities, chemical
manufacturing
Chest pain, coughing, throat irritation, and congestion, worsened bronchitis, emphysema,
and asthma, reduce lung function, scar lung tissue.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
Paints, cleaning supplies, pesticides, building materials and finishes, copiers and printer, glues and
adhesives, permanent markers, candles, cologne/perfume
Nose and throat discomfort, headache, allergic skin reaction, fatigue, dizziness, carcinogen,
damage to liver and kidney
Formaldehyde Insulation, Combustion devices, Wood products Cancer and skin/eye/respiratory irritation
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GrayWolfHANDHELD3016AirborneParticle
Counter
EEqquuiippmmeenntt
IAQ-610DirectSense
Probe
• TotalVOC’s• CarbonDioxide• Ozone• Carbon• Temperature• Relative
Humidity
AdvancedSenseDataLogger
Particles• 0.3- 0.5
µm• 0.5–1.0
µm• 1.0- 2.5
µm• 2.5–10.0
µm• >10.0µm
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Particles• 0.5µm–2.5
µm• 2.5µm–10.0
µm
Formaldehyde<10ppb– 1000ppb
GrayWolfFM-801
DylosAirQualityMonitor
MicroAethalometer• BlackCarbon
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� 6DIVERSE BUILDINGS� HVACVS.WINDOWUNITS/RADIATORS(HEATING MONTHS)� ParticulateMatter(PM2.5&PM
10)
� ~1900BUILDING� TotalVolatile OrganicCompounds
(TVOC)� CarbonDioxide (CO2)� CarbonMonoxide (CO)� Temperature (T)
� HEATING VS.NON-HEATINGMONTHS� ParticulateMatter(PM2.5&PM
10)
� SPATIAL VARIABILITYACROSS FLOORS
� I/ORATIOS
� MixedHVACtype� InterstatehighwaysI-376,I-579,andI-279,surroundDowntown,alongwithAmtrakanddensebuscorridors
� InversioneventsalongtheMonongahelaandAlleghenyRivervalleysalsoenablepollution tohover
� TestedduringHeating&Non-HeatingMonths
SamplingLocationsn 1st Floor
n Northwing:lunchroom,filestorage, smalloffice, clerkarea;mostlyopenandpublicspaceswithhardfloors;wallmounted radiatorsn 1st FloorMezzanine
n Northwing:lunchroom,filestorage, smalloffices, computerarea;mostlyopen andpublicspaceswithhardfloors;windowAC unitsandwallmountedradiators
n 2nd Floorn Northwing:large carpeted officespaces, publicfilestorage areawithhardfloors;windowAC unitsandwallmountedradiators
11990000ssBBuuiillddiinngg
27
Seasonally-averagedpredictedPM2.5exposuresurfacemapsforinversion-focused24-hintegratedsummerandwinter(right)sampling – fromTunno etal.2015
Tunno,B.J.,Michanowicz,D.R.,Shmool,J.L.,Kinnee,E.,Cambal,L.,Tripathy,S.,...Clougherty,J.E.(2015).Spatialvariationininversion-focusedvs24-hintegratedsamplesofPMandblackcarbonacrossPittsburgh,PA.JExpoSci EnvironEpidemiol.doi:10.1038/jes.2015.14
L1
L2L3
L4
SSaammpplliinngg llooccaattiioonnss–– 11sstt FFlloooorr
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1-4:Clerkarea 1-1:Lunchroom 1-2:Files 1-3:Corneroffice
North
L2
L3 L4L1
SSaammpplliinngg llooccaattiioonnss–– MMeezzzzaanniinnee
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M-2:Oldserverroom M-3:Openarea
M-4:Lunchroom
M-1:Computer area
North
L1
L2
L3
SSaammpplliinngg llooccaattiioonnss–– 22nndd FFlloooorr
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2-3:Clerk&openoffice2-1:File&recordsarea
2-2:Cubicle area
North
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PM2.5(µg/m
3 )
PM2.5µg/m3 NAAQS/EPA(24-hr)
• Guidelines:• 15µg/m3 (ASHRAE62-2013)- annual• 35µg/m3 (NAAQS/EPA2012)– 24-hr
• Olderbuilding,withnoforcedairsuppliedtoworkspace• Nowayoffilteringairborneparticles,resultinginconstantre-suspensionofparticles• ElevatedPM2.5levels influencedbyindooractivities andbuildingenvelope• 1mez-4hasanHVACsystem,butfiltersarepastreplacementdate
31
PM 2.5 – Continuous readings
1st-1&1st-2Activitynear
files.
1st-3Peoplewalking in&outofoffice.
2nd-1Movingandadjusting
1mez-4Oldserver room.
2nd-3printing
1mez-3
1mez-4Oldserver room.
32
PM 10 – Continuous readings• Guidelines:
• 50µg/m3 (ASHRAE62-2013)- annual• 150µg/m3 (NAAQS/EPA2012)– 24-hr
• ElevatedindoorlevelsofPM10duetoinfiltrationfromoutdoors,highactivity levels,publicaccess, and/ordustfromdeterioratingfilesandinoldcarpets.
• Complaintsfromemployeesrelatedtofrequencyofcleaningschedule
0
50
100
150
200
250
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PM10
(µg/m3)
PM10µg/m3 NAAQS/EPA(24-hr) 1st-4Activity&printing.
1st-4Activity&printing.
2nd-3printing
1mez-3
1mez-4Oldserver room.
1st-1&1st-2Activitynear
files.
1mez-1withpeoplewalking
around
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
I/OPM2.5
Date/Time
1stFloor Mezzaine 2ndFloor
33
1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 M-1 M-2 M-3 M-4 2-1 2-2 2-3Non-Heating16' 6.68 5.82 5.91 6.05 5.46 5.56 5.79 5.83 5.09 6.14 5.13
Heating15' 31.49 34.14 26.29 30.09 27.61 35.80 34.62 71.54 53.27 44.83 37.12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
PM2.5(ug/m3)
Location
AveragesAcrossSeasons
• Guidelines:• 35µg/m3 (NAAQS/EPA 2012)
– 24-hr• Fuelcombustion adominant
sourceofParticulateMatter
PM 2.5
34
1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 M-1 M-2 M-3 M-4 2-1 2-2 2-3Non-Heating16' 27.00 22.16 34.20 31.56 29.19 27.23 20.97 20.88 19.94 35.41 26.30
Heating15' 115.70 113.59 106.17 122.96 96.09 162.91 104.58 160.70 162.91 155.60 145.19
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
PM10(ug/m3)
Locations
AveragesAcrossSeasonsPM 10 – Continuous mass readings
• Guidelines:• 150µg/m3 (NAAQS/EPA 2012)
– 24-hr• Elevatedlevels duringheating
season• Fuelcombustion adominant
sourceofParticulateMatter• LocatesM-2,M-4,2-1,&2-2
35
COMPARING BUILDINGSTHE CHALLENGERS
THE INCUMBENT Building2
2-storynonprofitLivingBuilding
Building3
municipalgovernment
~1930
Building4
officetower~1975
Building5
municipalgovernment
~1900
3-storyacademicLEEDGold
2009
Building1
36
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00
Particlecount(#/ft3)
Indoorcounts forPMbetween1.0and2.5µm– Indoorandoutdoorsources
Building2 Building3 Building4 Building5Building1
37
0.0
1.0
2.0
0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00
Indoor/Outdoorparticlecountratio(#/ft3)
Indoortooutdoor ratiosforPMbetween0.3and0.5µm– Outdoorsources
Building2 Building3 Building4 Building5Building1
Naturalventilation – windowsopenIndoor/outdoor ratiosnear1.0
Typical valuesbetween 0.1and0.3
38
� IAQ� PerformIAQassessmentsin20+
Buildingswithinthe2030Districts� CoupleOccupancy Surveysand
employee complaintswithIAQfindings
� MechanicalSystem:TraditionalHVAC,WindowUnits+Radiators
� FlooringType:Carpetvs.HardSurfaces
39
1. ANTIKAINEN R, LAPPALAINEN S, LONNQVIST A, MAKSIMAINEN K, REIJULA K, UUSI-RAUVA E. 2008. EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDOOR AIR AND PRODUCTIVITY. SJWEH SUPPL.; (4):79–82.
2. ASHRAE, ANSI/ASHR AE STANDARD 62.1-2010. VENTILATION FOR ACCEPTABLE INDOOR AIR QUALITY. 2010, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING, AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.: ATLANTA, GA.
3. ASHRAE, ANSI/ASHR AE STANDARD 55.1-2010. VENTILATION FOR ACCEPTABLE INDOOR AIR QUALITY. 2010, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING, AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.: ATLANTA, GA.
4. FISK, WILLIAM J.. "ESTIMATES OF POTENTIAL NATIONWIDE PRODUCTIVITY AND HEALTH BENEFITS FROM BETTER INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS: AN UPDATE." IN CHAPTER 4 IN INDOOR AIR QUALITY HANDBOOK, EDITED BY JOHN D. SPENGLER, JONATHAN M. SAMET AND JOHN F. MCCARTHY. NEW YORK: MCGRAW HILL, NEW YORK, 2000.
5. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 2015. "INDOOR AIR | COMMUNITIES | NEW ENGLAND | US EPA.” HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/REGION1/COMMUNITIES/INDOORAIR.HTML
6. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 2015. "BASIC INFORMATION ON IAQ: CARBON MONOXIDE (CO).” HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/IAQ/CO.HTML.
7 . ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 2006. “BUILDING ASSESSMENT SURVEY AND EVALUATION STUDY.” HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/IAQ/BASE/
8. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 2015. "GROUND LEVEL OZONE.” HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/GROUNDLEVELOZONE/.
9. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 2015. "HEALTH.” HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/AIRQUALITY/PARTICLEPOLLUTION/HEALTH.HTML.
10. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, OFFICE OF AIR AND RADIATION, 1991. INDOOR AIR FACTS, NO. 4: SICK BUILDING SYNDROME. WASHINGTON, D.C.
11. NUNES F, MENZIES R, TAMBLYN RM, BOEHM E, LETZ R. 1993. THE EFFECT OF VARYING LEVELS OF OUTSIDE AIR SUPPLY ON NEUROBEHAVIORAL PERFORMANCE FUNCTION DURING A STUDY OF SICK BUILDING SYNDROME. PROC. INDOOR AIR ’93, 6THINT. CONF. INDOOR AIR QUAL. CLIM., HELSINKI. 1:53–58
12. PREZIOSI P., S. CZERNIICHOW, P. GEHANNO, AND S. HERCBERG 2004. WORKPLACE AIR-CONDITIONING AND HEALTH SERVICES ATTENDANCE AMONG FRENCH MIDDLEAGED WOMEN: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFEPIDEMIOLOGY, 33(5), PP.1120-1123.
13. RAW GJ, ROYS MS, LEAMAN A. 1990. FURTHER FINDING FROM THE OFFICE ENVIRONMENT SURVEY: PRODUCTIVITY. PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE. 1:231-236, INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE ON IAQ AND CLIMATE, OTTAWA.
14. SEPPA NEN, O. AND FISK, W.J. 2006. A PRO- CEDURE TO ESTIMATE THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENTS IN OFFICE WORK. IN: CLEMENTS-CROOME, D. (ED.) CREATING THE PRODUCTIVE WORKPLACE, 2ND EDN, LONDON, TAYLOR & FRANCIS, 407– 433.
15. SHENDELL, D., R. PRILL, W. FISK, M. APTE, D. BLAKE, AND D. FAULKNER 2004. ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CLASSROOM CO2 CONCENTRATIONS AND STUDENT ATTENDANCE IN WASHINGTON AND IDAHO. INDOOR AIR, V. 14, PP. 333-341.
16. TRAYNOR GW, TALBOTT JM, MOSES DO. 1993. THE ROLE OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY IN INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND BUILDING VENTILATION POLICY DEVELOPMENT. PROC. INDOOR AIR 308’ 93, 6TH INT. CONF. INDOOR AIR QUAL. CLIM., HELSINKI. 3:595–600
17. VINCENT, D, I ANNESI, B. FESTY, J. LAMBROZO 1997. VENTILATION SYSTEM, INDOOR AIR QUALITY, AND HEALTH OUTCOMES IN PARISIAN MODERN OFFICE WORKERS. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, V. 75, PP. 100-112.
18. WARGOCKI, PAWEL 1998. HUMAN PERCEPTION, PRODUCTIVITY, AND SYMPTOMS RELATED TO INDOOR AIR QUALITY. DOCTORAL THESIS. CENTER FOR INDOOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY, TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK.
19. WOLKOFF, P. AND KJÆRGAARD, S.K. 2007. THE DICHOTOMY OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON INDOOR AIR QUALITY, ENVIRON. INT., 33, 850– 857.
20. WYON, D.P. 2004. THE EFFECTS OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY ON PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCTIVITY, INDOOR AIR, 14, 92–101.
21. WYON, D.P. AND WARGOCKI, P. 2006. ROOM TEMPERATURE ON EFFECTS ON OFFICE WORK. IN: CLEMENTS-CROOME, D. (ED.) CREATING THE PRODUCTIVE WORKPLACE, 2ND EDN, LONDON, TAYLOR & FRANCIS, 181–192.
22. TUNNO, B. J. , MICHANOWICZ, D. R., SHMOOL, J. L., KINNEE, E., CAMBAL, L., TRIPATHY, S., . . . CLOUGHERTY, J. E. (2015). SPATIAL VARIATION IN INVERSION-FOCUSED VS 24-H INTEGRATED SAMPLES OF PM AND BLACK CARBON ACROSS PITTSBURGH, PA. J EXPO SCI ENVIRON EPIDEMIOL. DOI:10.1038/JES.2015.14
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412.648.8075
Thismaterial isbaseduponworksupportedbytheNationalScienceFoundationunderNSFEFRI-SEEDGrant#1038139“BUILD– Barriers,Understanding,Integration– LifecycleDevelopment” andsupplement#1619996andtheMascaroCenterforSustainableInnovation.
Anyopinions,findings,andconclusionsorrecommendationsexpressedinthismaterialarethoseoftheauthor(s)anddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheNationalScience Foundation.
412.648.8075