INDOOR AIR POLLUTIONINDOOR AIR POLLUTIONSOURCES AND POLICY SOURCES AND POLICY
Peter BrimblecombePeter Brimblecombe
University of East AngliaUniversity of East Anglia
Norwich UKNorwich UK
A RECENT SCIENCEA RECENT SCIENCE
There is much confusion in the literature as to whether this is a recent process or not…
The problem is ancient - weapons of Odysseus
Concern is long term e.g. smoky fireplaces
Scientific study recent
SINUSITISSINUSITIS
Common in Saxon times
Often related to lack of chimneys
Scopulariopsis Brevicaulis
metabolises arsenic to the volatiletrimethylarsine (CH3)3As
Scheele’s Green
INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTSINDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS
Bioemmisions (MVOC’s)
INDOOR AIR POLLUTIONINDOOR AIR POLLUTION
Historically very important Increasing time in indoor environment Sensitive populations indoors:
elderly, young and ill Monitors outside! Lower ventilation rates - energy savings Novel building materials - outgas
…also poverty and gender issues
FORMALDEHYDEFORMALDEHYDE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Art
icle
s
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Art
icle
s
VOLATILE ORGANIC VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS
DISCIPLINARY TRENDSDISCIPLINARY TRENDS
VULNERABLE GROUPS INDOORSVULNERABLE GROUPS INDOORS POVERTY AND GENDER ISSUESPOVERTY AND GENDER ISSUES
Coal PM10 250 g m-3
CO 42 ppm
SO2 192 ppb
Women and children exposed in kitchen Poor people experience higher pollution indoors
Kerosene and gas less mutagenic PAH...
Heated interiors- La Pintana, Santiago
Firewood PM10 489 g m-3
CO 57 ppm
SO2 295 ppb
AGE ISSUESAGE ISSUES
Social change – young people on holiday – old people in city
Little community or health support
Poor knowledge Home is safe
Smog’n Paris (& 400 000 morts prématurées en Europe, chaque année)
Climate change and increasing ozone? PARIS OZONE AND HEATWAVE 2003
INTERIORSINTERIORS
Ethanol 590ppb - beverages, baking Acetone 24ppb - smoking, metabolism Toluene 18ppb - smoking, fuel Formaldehyde 7ppb - smoking, cleaning Acetic acid 6ppb - meals, cleaning Nicotine 2ppb - smoking Organochlorines - showers
Mineral fibres Micro-organisms Legionella Radon
DOMESTIC POLLUTANTSDOMESTIC POLLUTANTS Outdoor pollutants Combustion
products heating exciting cooking
capsaicin
oil
Frying pan fumes -kill canaries?
polytetrafluoroethylene pyrolyses to polyfluoro- and/or polychlorofluoro- (C3-C14) carboxylic acids
Case of the Teflon-intoxicated Red-tailed Black Cockatoo
FRAGRANCES and TOILETRIESFRAGRANCES and TOILETRIES Nitro-musks Talc Terpenes
Polycyclic musks 134678hexahydr0-466788hexamethyl cyclopenta(g)-2-benzopyran
More in Iowa City air than pesticides
PARTICLES IN THE PARIS METROPARTICLES IN THE PARIS METRO
0 5 10 15 20 25
EC
OC
Soluble
Iron
Other elements
PM2.5
PM10
S. Mazoue et al (2001)
… role of iron wheels, rails and brakesand Fe may be 280 g m-3 (80%)
g m-3
AIRCRAFT CABINS (A310/A340)AIRCRAFT CABINS (A310/A340) Much complaint about re-circulation Tourist class syndromes No increase in particles in recirculated air Increase in bacteria, but non-pathogenic VOCs OK. Ethanol highest! Ground engine exhaust/fuel Smoking
POLLUTANTS INDOORSPOLLUTANTS INDOORS
0
10
20
30
40
Nitrogen dioxide penetration at the Dreadnought Collection
NO2 ppb
INDOOR OUTDOOR RATIOSINDOOR OUTDOOR RATIOS
Very unifying concept that compares interiors
>1 indoor source <1 indoor loss mechanisms
O3 and SO2 very effective loss
NONO22 INDOOR:OUTDOOR RATIOS INDOOR:OUTDOOR RATIOS
Museum of London 0.18 a/c & filtration Correr (winter) 0.43 closed windows Residenz, Wurzburg 0.62 Kunsthistorisches Museum 0.64 Correr (summer) 0.75 open windows SCVA (winter) 0.79 V&A, London 0.99 SCVA (summer) 1.32
I/O = Ac/(Vd(S/V)+Ac)I/O = Ac/(Vd(S/V)+Ac)
INDOOR OUTDOOR RATIOSINDOOR OUTDOOR RATIOS
Very unifying concept that compares interiors
>1 indoor source <1 indoor loss mechanisms
O3 and SO2 very effective loss
INDOOR AIR CHEMISTRYINDOOR AIR CHEMISTRY
Indoor reactions can elevate summer NO2 concentrations
DG XII ENV4-CT95-0088
Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts
SYNERGISMS
AER project studied air chemistry in museum environments
INDOOR/OUTDOOR NOINDOOR/OUTDOOR NO22
HIGH AIR FLOW3.0 changes/hour
0.79 winter1.32 summer-autumn
SECONDARY EMISSIONSSECONDARY EMISSIONS
NO2 with surfaces
O3 reaction fabrics
NO2 HONO
pH dependent
RAYCHAUDHURI M and BOWDEN D UEA
O3 Org-O
OZONE REACTIONS WITH OZONE REACTIONS WITH SURFACESSURFACES
Paints formaldehyde
Carpets and counter tops a range of aldehydes, especially
nonanal
AIR CONDITIONING EMISSIONSAIR CONDITIONING EMISSIONS
0
2
4
6
8ug/m3 Formaldehyde
Propanal
Butanal
Pentanal
Hexanal
Heptanal
Octanal
Nonanal
Decanal
Dodecanal
These reflect uptake and emissions
Dominance of some characteristic aldehydes…
hexanal nonanal
Hyttinen et al Atmos Env 2006
SYMPTOMS AND REACTIONSSYMPTOMS AND REACTIONS
Concentrations of VOC’s typically too low to explain SBS
Reactions Dependency
+ O3
COOH
COOH
Production of PM-10 from fragrances
CAFECAFE
may abandon the
pollutant by pollutant
approach…
preoccupied with ozone and particles
problems with indoor sourcesHow do you regulate such heterogeneous interiors?
INDOOR CHALLENGESINDOOR CHALLENGES
Heterogeneity and monitoring Often indoor air not same governmental
agency as outdoor air Department of Health or Housing or Safety or Industry or even Cultural Heritage
Sub-critical concentrations Sick building syndrome - sociological context Personal freedom
and it seems an environment we can control….
DEPOSITION VELOCITY [VDEPOSITION VELOCITY [Vdd]]
Fundamental parameter to describe indoor removal rate...
Vd = (1/Va + 1/Vs )-1
1/Va aerodynamic resistance 1/Vs surface resistance
Note resistance is the reciprocal of velocity...
FORMALDEHYDE FORMALDEHYDE IN JAPANESE HOMESIN JAPANESE HOMES Gamma
distribution
Park et al Indoor Air 2004