Industrial Revolution, 1750-1920
CSSSS 1003
p. 170
Why Industrialization?
• Human history has always had technology and production that made past societies great.
• The Industrial Revolution, however, was an intense period of change and innovation that transformed the entire world, rapidly, for good and bad.
Industrialization--
• Uses new techniques,
• Use machines/inventions
• Uses factories– to turn primary resources into producer and
consumer goods and services.
Agriculture
• The Agricultural Revolution provided both long and short-term results:
• EC: immediate: (3)– increased crop yield, – more efficient farming, – increased demand for labor.
• EC: Long term: (2)– population growth, – migrated more to find work (in their country—cities, and
then around the world).
Another scientific field was medicine.
• Anesthetic:
• stops pain.
–Allowed surgery to take place, reduced shock (trauma (can be fatal)).
Enclosure:
• Land system, started in England 200 years ago, – peasants were released from farm work and
pushed off the land by their owners.– Struggling peasants bought off the land by
richer farmers.
• Still going on today in many developing countries,
James Watt: – Scottish developer of the first successful
steam engine. – His engine would become useful for the
textile, mining, and transportation industries.
• Better engines, by other designers would follow over the decades.
Smelt: • a technique for making iron, using
coal instead of wood. • Made it possible to separate iron from
ore impurities. –Iron made this way was stronger,
lasted longer.
EC Stronger iron –made (5)
• boilers for steam engines more powerful = increasing speed and pulling power.
• Stronger machine parts.• Harder utensils/tools• Rail roads• Iron bridges.
Great Britain: Leader of the Industrial Revolution
p. 174
Capital:
• Any wealth that can be used to purchase more wealth. – Old: land, resources. – New: land, resources, money, investments,
and finance.
Why was Britain the home of the Industrial Revolution?
– Great Britain had economic assets-- – Natural resources (iron, coal, water, copper, tin, wool, shipbuilding,
timber), – human resources: growing population—healthier, literate (schools)– technological invention, – new techniques (factory system-- creation of factories), – demand for goods and services due to increased population, – access to capital (Wealth—land, resources, money. Money used to
invest), – social conditions (freedom, democracy, capitalism, equality, justice,
education = creativity), – political conditions (little corruption, government supported
business, low taxes on business, repression of unions, etc.), – entrepreneurs,– better transportation, – powerful navy (protect commercial shipping/ports; invade other
lands).
Enterprise:
• any business. • Early industrial revolution enterprises were in
– Agriculture– transportation, – mining, – energy– metals– Factory machines.
Entrepreneur:
• a person willing to start a new business. – Usually has a good idea about a good or service
that a lot of people will pay to use. – Is willing to take the risk of
• borrowing much money • attracting people to buy the good or service.
– Main goal is to make more money than it costs to make the product or perform the service.
• profit motive
EC:
What social and political conditions encouraged creativity and starting of new businesses by entrepreneurs? (10)
– freedom, – democracy, – capitalism, – equality, – justice, – education – little corruption, – government supported business, – low taxes on business, – repression of unions,
Putting-out system:
• also called the “cottage industry”. • Families would buy materials from factories and
make key parts of a product in home workshops. – They would then sell the parts back to the factory at
a higher price.
• Factories would combine the parts into a final product.
• Families were used to doing this for centuries as part of the domestic system.
Eli Whitney:
• US, Developed the cotton gin. – Could now separate cotton from unwanted leaves
and stems faster.
• Whitney hoped that this would end slavery in the U.S; – making so many workers unnecessary. – That idea failed when U.S. cotton growers could
• grow three times as much cotton in the same time • needed even more field workers (the hardest part of
cotton work).
Turnpike:
• a private road, built and managed for profit. – Fees were charged to use them. – Improved quality of turnpikes made transport
of goods and people faster and smoother (less breakage).
Liverpool and Manchester:
• first two British cities joined by a railroad.• Why them?• Relatively close, cheaper to build line.• Good markets (many factories and consumers in
both
End hwk
• Begin classwork
Standards Check, p. 171
• Why was the Industrial Revolution a turning point in World History?
• The Industrial Revolution changed where and how people lived
• Also how they worked and traveled
Graph skills, p. 171
• According to the graph, between which years was the largest percentage of land enclosed?
• Between the 17th and 18th centuries (1600 and 1700)
Standards Check, p. 172
• How did an agricultural revolution contribute to population growth?
• Because of an agricultural revolution:– People ate better– Were healthier– Living longer
Biography, p. 172
• How might the industrial revolution have been different if Watt had not found a business partner?
• James Watt’s improved steam engine might not have been marketed right away, which could have meant a delay in the spread of the Industrial Revolution.
Standards Check, p. 173
• What new technologies helped trigger the Industrial Revolution?
• Watt’s improved steam engine and better-quality iron helped contribute to the Industrial Revolution
EC: New Agricultural Techniques
–Lord Townshend:
–use turnips to restore old soil (technique)
–Jethro Tull:
–seed drill = uniform seed depositing (technology)
Great Britain Begins the Industrial Revolution
Standards Check, p. 175
• What conditions in Britain paved the way for the Industrial Revolution?
• Britain’s– Natural resources– Human resources– Technological superiority– Demand for goods due to increased population– Access to capital– Social and political conditions
Map Skills, p. 175
• Identify the center of woolen industry in England.
• Norwich, Ipswich, Exeter
• What were the industrial advantages of the rivers during this time?
• Used to transport goods to and from factories
• Power sources for mills
Textile--
• making fabric for clothing, upholstery, sails, etc.• Cotton from new colonies in India, purchased
from Egypt and the United States• EC: what did they invent?• John Kay: • flying shuttle, to move weaving thread faster• James Hargreaves: • spinning jenny. Made thread faster• Richard Arkwright: • water frame. Connected water-powered wheel
to machines turning them faster.
Image, p. 176
• How did these inventions change the textile industry?
• They made the industry more productive because things were done much faster with good quality.
• Was a major proponent of interchangeable parts: EC, why?– The idea that machine parts could be used by
different machines– Easy to find replacements– Could build many different machines faster
with same parts.
Eli Whitney:
Standards Check, p. 176
• What led to the advancement of the British textile industry?
• Inventions that increased production
• the creation of factories
Standards Check, p. 177
• Why was the development of railroads important to industrialization?
• They allowed factory owners to ship raw materials and products quickly and safely over land, not just by water.
Quick Write
• Why is the industrial revolution such a pivotal point in human history?
• Use factual evidence from your notes or the textbook.