How do we process information?•3 basic steps:
•1. Encoding: getting information into your memory.
•2. Storage: Retaining information into memory over time.
•3. Retrieval: getting information out of memory storage.
3 ways of Processing Information:
•1. Automatic Processing- unconscious process of encoding certain information without effort.
•2. Effortful Processing- encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
•3. Overlearning- continuing to rehearse information even after it has been memorized.
Effects:• SERIAL POSITION
EFFECT:
• Sematic encoding- encoding of meaning
Self Reference- Effect: enhanced sematic encoding of information that is personally relevant.
Mnemonic Devices:
•A Memonic Devicce is a memory trick or technique.
•Method of loci- device in which you associate items you want to remember with imaginary places.
•Peg- word- system-device in which you associate items you want to remember with a list of words you have already memorized.
•Chunking- organinzing memory into meaningful units.
Types of Memories:
•Sensory Memory:•Is the brief, initial encoding of sensory
information in the memory system.•Short-term –Memory: is more permanent
than sensory memory.•Long- Term Mmeory: is the realtively
permanent and limitless store house of the memory system.
•Flashbub Memory: a vivid memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
Types of Memories Continued:
•Long Term Putenation- occurs when the sequence of neurons thatrepresents a particula memory.
Explicit Memory: memory of facts and experiences.
Implicit Memory: memory of skills and procedures.
Chart: Long- Term Memories:
Explicit : With
conscious recall
Implicit: Without
conscious recall
Facts , general Knowledge &
personally experienced
events
Hippocampus
cerebellum Motor skills,
cognitive skills
Recall & Recognition:
•Recall: retrieval , you must search for info that you previously stored. A in a fill the blank test.
•Recognition: Identify items you learned . As in a multiple choice test.
•Context Effect –enhanced ability to retreive info, when you are in an envoirment similar to the one in which you encoded the info.
Sigmund Freud:
• Sigmund Freud :• (German pronunciation: , born
Sigismund Schlomo Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939), was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis.
• His repression theory:• The theory of moving anxiety
producing memories to the unconscious mind.
• Freud went on to develop theories about the unconscious mind and the mechanism of nrepression, and established the field of verbal psychotherapy by creating psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient (or "analysand") and a psychoanalyst.
Types of Memories Continued Part 2:
• State Dependence Memory: same physical and emotional state you where in when you encoded the info.
Permastone Memory: long term memories that are specially resistant to forgetting and are likely to last a lifetime.
• Proactive Interfearance: When an older memory disrupts the recall of a newer memory.
• Retroactive interfearance: a more recent memory disrupts the recall of an older memory.
&….. Misinformation effect:
•Incorporating misleading information into a memory of an event.
•Example: Gossip.
Sources:
•www.answers.com/topic/psychology•www.human-memory.net/types.html
•www.human-memory.net/types.html
•Psychology Textbook: Thinking about psychology , the science of mind and behavior.