COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course is to introduce the systematic study of patterns and processes that have shaped human understanding, use, and alteration of the surface of the Earth. Students will consider spatial concepts and landscape analysis to examine human socioeconomic organization and its environmental consequences. They will also learn about the methods and tools geographers use in their research, including frequent analysis of geospatial data.1
Emphasis is placed on the application of concepts and models. In addition, students will develop a discipline-specific vocabulary. The content of this course is underpinned by three principal themes: patterns and spatial organization, impacts and interactions, and spatial processes and societal change.2
Beyond the textbook, students will examine content drawn from previous courses as well as current events and a variety of supplemental readings, including critical essays and peer-reviewed articles.
This yearlong elective course is designed to parallel the experience of an introductory one-semester college human geography course. Successful completion of this course requires consistent attendance and active participation. Likewise, successful students will devote considerable time to thinking spatially and studying outside of class.
KEY CONCEPTS
UNIT I Geography: Its Nature & Perspectives ❶
◦ What is geography? CONCEPTUAL ◦ Why is geography relevant? APPLIED ◦ How are geospatial data gathered, interpreted and illustrated?
UNIT II Population & Migration ❷ ❸
◦ What accounts for shifting population distributions? ◦ Are current population levels sustainable? ◦ What data indicate future patterns of population distribution?
UNIT III Cultural Patterns & Processes ❹ ❺ ❻ ❼
◦ How are landscapes influenced by cultural practices? ◦ How do cultures spread over time and space? ◦ What are the consequences of globalizing culture?
UNIT IV Political Organization of Space ❽
◦ By what processes do states emerge and devolve? ◦ How do states interact on a regional and global scale? ◦ What is the relationship between political boundaries and cultural identity?
UNIT V Food Production & Rural Land Use ❾
◦ Why is agriculture practiced differently in different regions? ◦ How does globalization affect rural land use and agricultural practices? ◦ Are current agricultural practices sustainable?
UNIT VI Development Geography & Industrialization ❿ ⓫
◦ How is location significant to economic development? ◦ What data best indicate uneven levels of regional development? ◦ What are the most appropriate paths to sustainable development?
UNIT VII Cities & Urban Land Use ⓬ ⓭
◦ What factors influence the location of services? ◦ What defines the regional and global significance of cities? ◦ What infrastructure is necessary for urban areas to function? ◦ How do urban landscapes evolve over space and time?
PROVISO MATH & SCIENCE ACADEMY
___________________
AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Academic Year: 2020 - 2021
Instructor: Steven Colwell
Contact: [email protected]
Location: Room 300
Website: pmsageo.weebly.com
NECESSARY MATERIALS
• a notebook devoted solely to Human Geography
• an AP Human Geography test prep book or study guide this is highly recommended yet not provided
• Rubenstein, James M. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography. 12th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2017. this text is provided by the school
refer to course units for the corresponding chapters in Rubenstein e.g., Unit VI ❿ ⓫
TYPICAL ASSESSMENTS
• regular quizzes on readings, lectures, vocabulary, etc.
• analysis of graphs and geospatial data
• individual and group projects some of which are optional and may require local travel outside of school
• participation in discussions
• writing practice
• unit exams For the first day of each unit exam, students will complete two free response questions (FRQs) during the 50-minute class period.
The second day will consist of a fifty-question multiple choice (MCQ) section. These exams weigh heavily on your semester grade. Each is designed to simulate the AP Human Geography exam, which will be administered at noon on Tuesday, May 4th.
CLASSWORK & HOMEWORK POLICY
Unless otherwise instructed, all in-class work will be due at the end of the period. Likewise, homework is to be completed by the beginning of class on the day the assignment is due. Late assignments will not be accepted for credit. When absent, it is the responsibility of the student to obtain any notes, materials, and/or assignments from that class period. Regularly refer to the course website for updated assignments and weekly activities.
GRADING
Please check Power School as grades are regularly updated.
Any challenge to a grade must be presented in writing. Be sure to staple the assignment or assessment in question to the written note. Avoid plagiarism. Plagiarized assignments or assessments will earn zero credit.
For all other grades, the following framework applies…
A 100% through 92%
B 91% through 84%
C 83% through 76%
D 75% through 70%
F 69% and below
LEARNING GOALS & OBJECTIVES
• Interpret maps and analyze geospatial data.
• Understand the perceptual aspects of space.
• Recognize and interpret the relationships among patterns and processes at different scales.
• Define regions and understand the processes by which regions develop.
• Describe and analyze the changing interconnection among places.
• Acquire a spatial perspective to better understand our cultural landscape as well as current events.
• Navigate uncertainties presented by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on our learning and school.
• Develop a deep and lasting appreciation of our local geography. I’m not kidding!
__________________________________________________ 1 The College Board. (2019). “About the AP Human Geography Course.” AP Human Geography: Course Exam and Description, 7.
2 The College Board. (2019). “Course Content.” AP Human Geography: Course Exam and Description, 15.
AP Human Geography Colwell
UNIT I - THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY
KEY TERMS
CARTOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION DIFFUSION
baseline
meridian v. parallel
toponym
cartogram
choropleth map
dot map
isoline map
proportional symbol map
field work
quantitative data v. qualitative data
geospatial data
geog. information system (GIS)
global positioning system (GPS)
remote sensing
sense of place
ethnocentrism
diffusion
hearth
expansion diffusion
contagious diffusion
hierarchical diffusion
stimulus diffusion
relocation diffusion
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
concentration
clustered v. dispersed
REGION
region
formal region or uniform region
functional region or nodal region
vernacular region or perceptual region
mental map
map projection
map projections e.g., Mercator, Polar, Peters, etc.
distortions i.e., shape, area, distance, and direction
MISCELLANY
environmental determinism v. possibilism
globalization v. localism v. glocal
Less Developed Country (LDC) v. More Developed Country (MDC)
spatial analysis carbon footprint
sequent occupance time-space compression
regionalization regionalism
flows networks
accessibility connectivity
natural resource sustainability
cultural landscape landscape analysis
space scale
place placelessness
site situation or relative location
MODELS & CONCEPTS
First Law of Geography Waldo Tobler
Cultural Ecology Julian Steward
Landscape Theory Carl Sauer
Possibilism Paul Vidal de la Blanche
Environmental Determinism Ellsworth Huntington & Ellen Churchill Semple
Time-Space Compression David Harvey
Vernacular Regions Wilbur Zelinski
Climate Classification Vladimir Köppen
UNIT OUTLINE according to the College Board (◦) with topics added for enrichment or rearranged in preparation for subsequent units (•)
1.1 Introduction to Geography and Maps
• Evolution of Geography as a Discipline ◦ Map Types ◦ Distortions ◦ Spatial Patterns
1.2 Geographic Data
◦ Data Types ◦ Data Gathering ◦ Geospatial Technologies
1.3 The Power of Geographic Data
◦ Data Sources ◦ Applications of Geospatial Data
1.4 Spatial Concepts
◦ Absolute Location v. Relative Location ◦ Place ◦ Flows ◦ Distance Decay ◦ Time-Space Compression
• Gendered Space • Types of Diffusion
1.5 Human-Environment Interaction
◦ Environmental Determinism v. Possibilism ◦ Sustainability of Natural Resources and Land Use
1.6 Scales of Analysis
◦ Scalar Variations of Data and Interpretation • Globalization
1.7 Regional Analysis
◦ Region Types ◦ Regionalization ◦ Ambiguity ◦ Boundaries • Toponyms
AP Human Geography Colwell
UNIT II - POPULATION & MIGRATION
KEY TERMS
POPULATION
age distribution
carrying capacity
census
census tract
contraception
crude birth rate (CBR)
crude death rate (CDR)
demographic equation
demographic momentum
demography
dependency ratio
doubling time w/ Rule of 70
ecumene
fertility
infant mortality rate (IMR)
J - Curve v. S - Curve
average life expectancy
maladaptation
mortality
natality antinatalist v. pronatalist
overpopulation
pandemic
population projection
population pyramid to read and interpret
rate of natural increase (RNI)
sex ratio
sustainability
total fertility rate (TFR)
underpopulation
zero population growth
density
arithmetic density
physiological density
agricultural density
MIGRATION PATTERNS
intercontinental
interregional
intraregional
rural-urban
MIGRATION
asylum
chain migration
counterurbanization
cyclic movement
differential migration
distance decay
flyover states
forced migration
guest worker
immigration v. emigration
internal migration
internally displaced person
intervening obstacle
intervening opportunity
periodic movement
push-pull factors
quota
refugee v. migrant
remittances
step migration
transhumance
MODELS & CONCEPTS
Demographic Transition Model Warren Thompson
Malthusian Theory Robert Thomas Malthus w/ Neo-Malthusian Theory & Ester Boserup
Laws of Migration Ernst Ravenstein
Push-Pull Theory Everett Lee
Laws of Intervening Opportunities Samuel Stouffer
The Gravity Model Henry Carey
Epidemiologic Transition Abdel Omran
Migration Transition Wilbur Zelinsky
Tragedy of the Commons Garrett Harding
UNIT OUTLINE according to the College Board (◦) with topics added for enrichment or rearranged in preparation for subsequent units (•)
2.1 Population Distribution
◦ Physical Factors v. Human Factors ◦ Calculating Population Density
2.2 Consequences of Population Distribution
◦ Social Impact ◦ Environmental Impact
2.3 Population Composition
◦ Variation by Region and Scale ◦ Population Pyramids • Census Data
2.4 Population Dynamics
◦ Demographic Factors: Fertility, Mortality and Migration ◦ Rate of Natural Increase ◦ Doubling Time
◦ Key Influences: Sociocultural, Economic and Political
2.5 The Demographic Transition Model
◦ Change Over Time ◦ The Epidemiological Transition Model • Modeling: Pros & Cons
2.6 Malthusian Theory
◦ Proponents ◦ Detractors
2.7 Population Policy
◦ Pronatalist ◦ Antinatalist ◦ Immigration
2.8 Women and Demographic Change
◦ Access to Education, Employment, Health Care and Contraception ◦ Mobility ◦ Regional Variations
2.9 Aging Populations
◦ Political, Economic and Social Consequences ◦ Dependency Ratio
2.10 Causes of Migration
◦ Push Factors v. Pull Factors ◦ Intervening Opportunities v. Intervening Obstacles
2.11 Forces and Voluntary Migration
◦ Slavery ◦ Refugee v. Migrant ◦ Internally Displaced Person ◦ Asylum ◦ Guest Work ◦ Types of Migration
2.12 Effects of Migration
◦ Historic Migrations ◦ Contemporary Migrations ◦ Political, Economic and Cultural
AP Human Geography Colwell
UNIT III - CULTURAL PATTERNS & PROCESSES
KEY TERMS
CULTURE: THE BASICS
acculturation v. assimilation
adaptive strategies
authenticity of place
Anglo-American landscape
built environment
folk culture v. popular culture
folk architecture
folk food
folk songs
indigenous
maladaptive diffusion
material culture v. nonmaterial culture
taboo
terroir
LANGUAGE
creolized language
dialect v. language
extinct language
ideographic v. phonetic
isogloss
lingua franca
language family v. language group
linguistic diversity
monolingual v. multilingual
official language
pidgin language
trade language
RELIGION
agnosticism v. atheism
animism
autonomous v. hierarchical religion
denomination v. sect
diaspora
diocese
fundamentalism
ghetto
missionary
monotheism v. polytheism
pagan
pilgrimage
sacred space
syncretic religion
universalizing v. ethnic religion
ETHNICITY
ethnicity v. nationality
ethnicity v. race
ethnic enclave
cultural relativism
multiculturalism
nation
nationalism
MODELS & CONCEPTS
Anatolian Hypothesis aka Sedentary Farmer Thesis Colin Renfrew
Kurgan Hypothesis aka Nomadic Warrior Thesis Marija Gimbutas
Cultural Relativism MJ Herskovits
UNIT OUTLINE according to the College Board (◦) with topics added for enrichment or rearranged in preparation for subsequent units (•)
3.1 Introduction to Culture
◦ Defining Culture ◦ Folk Culture v. Popular Culture ◦ The Geographic Context of Culture
◦ Cultural Relativism v. Ethnocentrism
3.2 Cultural Landscapes
◦ Defining Features of the Cultural Landscape • Symbolic Landscapes
◦ Impact of Culture on Landscape and Resource Use
3.3 Cultural Patterns
◦ Recognizing Regional Patterns ◦ Influences of Regional Culture on the Global Cultural Landscape
3.4 Types of Diffusion
3.5 Historical Causes of Diffusion
◦ Cultural Interaction ◦ Imperialism ◦ Evolution of Globalization
3.6 Contemporary Causes of Diffusion
◦ Technology ◦ Mass Media ◦ Urbanization ◦ Global Markets
3.7 Diffusion of Religion and Language
◦ Language Families ◦ Origin and Diffusion of Language ◦ Language v. Dialect
◦ Cultural Landscape of Religion ◦ Ethnic Religion v. Universalizing Religion • Sacred Spaces
3.8 Effects of Cultural Diffusion
◦ Assimilation v. Multiculturalism ◦ Lingua franca ◦ Viability of Local and Indigenous Cultures
AP Human Geography Colwell
UNIT IV - THE POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF SPACE
KEY TERMS
STATE SHAPES & SIZES BOUNDARIES POLITICAL ENTITIES
city-state
compact state
elongated state
fragmented state
landlocked state
microstate
perforated state
prorupted state
cultural boundaries
antecedent boundary
relict boundary
subsequent boundary or consequent
superimposed boundary
geometric boundary
physical boundaries
defined boundary
delimited boundary
demarcated boundary
administered boundary
state v. nation
multiethnic states
multinational state
multistate nation
nation state
stateless nation
BORDER DISPUTES
locational or positional dispute
operational or functional dispute
resource or allocational dispute
MISCELLANY
autonomous region
balance of power
bloc
centrifugal v. centripetal forces
colonialism v. neocolonialism
colony
confederation
devolution
enclave v. exclave
exclusive economic zone
federal state v. unitary state
forward capital
frontier
geopolitics
gerrymandering
imperialism
irredentism or revanchism
Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
non-governmental organization (NGO)
political fragmentation
province
reunification
satellite state
shatterbelt
sovereignty
supranationalism
territory
territoriality
SUPRANATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
United Nations
African Union
European Union
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
SCALES OF SUBNATIONAL GOVERNANCE
Regional e.g., Council of Great Lakes Governors, Metra, etc.
State or Provincial
County
Local e.g., Municipal Governments, School Districts, Park Districts, etc.
.
MODELS & CONCEPTS
Heartland Theory Halford Mackinder
Rimland Theory Nicolas Spykman
The Evolution of Boundaries Richard Hartshorne
Geopolitics Friedrich Ratzel
Organic State Theory Friedrich Ratzel
Sea Power Theory Alfred Mahan
Domino Theory Dwight Eisenhower
UNIT OUTLINE according to the College Board (◦) with topics added for enrichment or rearranged in preparation for subsequent units (•)
4.1 Introduction to Political Geography
◦ Types of Political Entities
4.2 Political Processes
◦ Forces Enabling Sovereignty ◦ Forces Inhibiting Sovereignty ◦ Evolution of Current Political Boundaries
4.3 Political Power and Territoriality
◦ Spatial Expressions of Political Power ◦ Cultural Identity and Political Boundaries
4.4 Defining Political Boundaries
◦ Types of Boundaries
4.5 The Function of Political Boundaries
◦ Boundary Making ◦ Contested Boundaries ◦ Maritime Boundaries and UNCLOS
4.6 Internal Boundaries
◦ Voting Districts ◦ Gerrymandering
4.7 Forms of Governance
◦ Unitary States ◦ Federal States
4.8 Devolutionary Factors
◦ Physical Factors ◦ Cultural Factors: Ethnicity, Economics, Terrorism, Irredentism, et al.
4.9 Challenges to Sovereignty
◦ Autonomous Regions ◦ Globalization ◦ Supranationalism • Managing the Great Lakes
4.10 Consequences of Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces
◦ Types of Boundaries
AP Human Geography Colwell
UNIT V - AGRICULTURE & RURAL LAND USE
KEY TERMS
FORMS OF AGRICULTURE
commercial agriculture v. subsistence agriculture
extensive agriculture v. intensive agriculture
collective farming
commercial gardening
dairy
forestry
grain farming
market gardening
Mediterranean
mixed crop and livestock
pastoral nomadism
plantation agriculture
horticulture
livestock ranching
shifting cultivation
slash and burn agriculture
truck farming
wet rice farming
MISCELLANY
agribusiness
agriculture
aquaculture
aquifer
biotechnology
CAFO
cereal grain
chaff
Columbian Exchange
combine
crop rotation
deforestation
desertification
domestication
double cropping
farm crisis
farmers market
feedlot
fertilizer
GMO
growing season
herbicide
hinterland
horticulture
hull
infrastructure
intertillage
irrigation
luxury crop
milkshed
monoculture
Neolithic Revolution
organic farming
paddy
pasture
pesticide
plant domestication
prime agricultural land
reaper
root crops
sewah
soil erosion
specialty crop
sustainable yield
swidden
terracing
thresh
transhumance
wetland
winnow
winter wheat
SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
quinary
PATTERNS OF RURAL SETTLEMENT
dispersed settlement
linear settlement
clustered settlement or nucleated
RURAL SURVEY METHODS
metes & bound v. township & range system v. long lot system
MODELS & CONCEPTS
The Green Revolution Norman Borlaug
The Columbian Exchange Alfred Crosby
Regional Land Use Model from The Isolated State Johann Heinrich von Thünen
Agricultural Origins Carl Sauer
Agricultural Regions Derwent Whittlesey
UNIT OUTLINE according to the College Board (◦) with topics added for enrichment or rearranged in preparation for subsequent units (•)
5.1 Introduction to Agriculture
◦ Climate and Agriculture ◦ Forms of Agriculture ◦ Intensive Farming v. Extensive Farming
5.2 Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods
5.3 Agricultural Origins and Diffusion
◦ The Neolithic Revolution(s) ◦ The Columbian Exchange and Globalization of Agriculture
5.4 The Second Agricultural Revolution
◦ Impact of the Industrialization on Agriculture ◦ Emerging Demographic and Migratory Patterns
5.5 The Green Revolution
◦ Key Practices ◦ The Mixed Legacy of Modern Agriculture
5.6 Agricultural Production Regions
◦ Subsistence Agriculture v. Commercial Agriculture ◦ Influence of Land Values
5.7 Spatial Organization of Agriculture
◦ Commodity Chains ◦ Economies of Scale ◦ Future of the Family Farm
5.8 Von Thünen
◦ Transportation Costs and Land Use Patterns • The Rural-Urban Synergy
5.9 The Global System of Agriculture
◦ Improving Infrastructures ◦ Political Frameworks ◦ Economies Dependent of Agricultural Exports
5.10 Consequences of Agricultural Practices
◦ Altered Landscapes ◦ Social and Economic Impact of Modern Agriculture
5.11 Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture
◦ Environmental Sustainability ◦ Organic Foods ◦ Local Food Movements ◦ Food Insecurity
5.12 Women in Agriculture
AP Human Geography Colwell
UNIT VI - INDUSTRIALIZATION & DEVELOPMENT GEOGRAPHY
KEY TERMS
DEVELOPMENT
core v. periphery
developing world
development
ecotourism
fair trade
foreign direct investment
Global South v. Global North
microloan
neocolonialism
offshore banking
structural adjustment program
technology gap
technology transfer
third world
value added
ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
acid rain
agglomeration
basic v. non-basic industry
break-of-bulk point
bulk-gaining v. bulk-reducing
comparative advantage
complementary advantage
deindustrialization
economies of scale
export processing zone
fixed cost v. variable cost
footloose industry
Fordism v. Post-Fordism
free trade
global supply chain
greenhouse effect
growth pole
Industrial Revolution
industry
international division of labor
just-in-time production
labor-intensive industry
manufacturing
market orientation
multinational corporation
maquiladora
market orientation v. resource orientation
multinational corporation
multiplier effect
neoliberalism
outsourcing
post-industrial
resource crisis
Rust Belt
Silicon Valley
site factor v. situation factor
specialized economic zones
substitution principle
tariff
vertical integration
UN Sustainable Development Goals
SAMPLING OF DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
Gender Empowerment Measure
Gini Coefficient
Gross National Product (GNP)
Human Development Index
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS
Group of Eight (G8)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
North American Free Trade Organization (NAFTA)
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
World Bank
World Trade Organization (WTO)
MODELS & CONCEPTS
The Brandt Line Willie Brandt
Millennium Development Goals United Nations
World Systems Theory w/ Core & Periphery Models Emanuel Wallerstein
Stages of (Economic) Growth a.k.a. The Take-Off Model Walter W. Rostow
Dependency Theories
Least Cost Theory of Industrial Location Alfred Weber
UNIT OUTLINE according to the College Board (◦) with topics added for enrichment or rearranged in preparation for subsequent units (•)
7.1 The Industrial Revolution
◦ Imperialism and Natural Resources ◦ Social Changes
7.2 Economic Sectors and Patterns
◦ Economic Sector as Proxy for Level of Development ◦ Least Cost Theory ◦ Core v. Periphery
7.3 Measures of Development
◦ Assessing Socioeconomic Indicators ◦ Composite Measures • Defining Poverty
7.4 Women and Economic Development
◦ Changing Gender Roles and Levels of Development ◦ Persistent Inequities ◦ Microloans
7.5 Theories to Explain Spatial Variations in Development
◦ Stages of Economic Growth ◦ World Systems Theory ◦ Dependency Theories
7.6 Trade and the World Economy
◦ Neoliberalism ◦ Economic Interdependence ◦ Global Financial Crisis
◦ Government Initiatives in Support and Opposition of Free Trade
7.7 Changes as a Result of the World Economy
◦ Social Changes in Newly Industrialized Countries v. Deindustrializing Societies
◦ Emerging Manufacturing Regions
7.8 Sustainable Development
◦ Resource Depletion in the Globalized Economy ◦ Managing Climate Change ◦ Ecotourism
• Evaluating Poverty Reduction Programs
AP Human Geography Colwell
UNIT VII - CITIES & URBAN LAND USE
KEY TERMS
THE SERVICE SECTOR STATISTICAL REGIONS
big box retailer
central business district
economic base
global city
high-tech corridor
market area
office park v. industrial park
primate city
range v. threshold
rank-size rule
shopping mall
strip mall
primary statistical area (PSA)
combined statistical area (CSA)
core-based statistical area (CBSA)
metropolitan statistical area (MSA)
micropolitan statistical area (µSA)
URBAN GEOGRAPHY - SPATIAL INEQUALITY
blight
blockbusting
disamenity v. amenity
favela
gentrification
informal sector
informal settlement
inner city
public housing
racial steering
redlining
restrictive covenant
speculation
squatter settlement
underclass
urban renewal
white flight
business service v. consumer service v. public service
URBAN GEOGRAPHY - MISCELLANY
annexation
boomburg
conurbation
density gradient
exurb
gateway city
megacity
metacity
megalopolis
municipal
neighborhood
NIMBY
planned community
reverse commute
revitalization
urban v. suburban
urbanization
zoning ordinance
URBAN GEOGRAPHY - SUSTAINABILITY
brownfield
greenbelt
housing bubble
smart growth
sprawl
transit-oriented development
urban heat island
walkability
URBAN HIERARCHY
hamlet › village › town › city › metropolis
MODELS & CONCEPTS
Bid Rent Theory William Alonso
Central Pace Theory Walter Christaller
Concentric Zone Model Ernest Burgess
Sector Model Homer Hoyt
Multiple Nuclei Model Edward Ullman & Chauncey Harris
Edge Cities Joel Garreau
Galactic City Model a.k.a. Peripheral Model Chauncey Harris
Latin American City Model Ernest Griffin & Larry Ford
Sub-Saharan African City Model Harm de Blig
Primate City w/ Rank-Size Rule Mark Jefferson
Epochs of Urban Transportation John Borchert
The Great Inversion Alan Ehrenhalt
New Urbanism Calthorpe, Duany, Plater-Zyberk, et al.
UNIT OUTLINE according to the College Board (◦) with topics added for enrichment or rearranged in preparation for subsequent units (•)
6.1 The Origin and Influences of Urbanization
◦ Site and Situation Factors ◦ Catalysts for Urbanization
6.2 Cities Across the World
◦ Evolving Megacities ◦ Challenges of Decentralization
6.3 Cities and Globalization
◦ Hierarchy of World Cities ◦ Global Connections • Chicago: Local Needs v. Global Aspirations
6.4 The Size and Distribution of Cities
◦ Primate Cities ◦ Rank-Size Rule ◦ Central Place Theory
6.5 The Internal Structure of Cities
◦ United States Models ◦ Latin American Model ◦ Southeast Asian Model ◦ African Model
6.6 Density and Land Use
◦ Variations of Urban Character by Population Density
6.7 Infrastructure
◦ Local Environment and Politics ◦ Impact on Spatial Patterns and Socioeconomic Development
6.8 Urban Sustainability
◦ Sustainability Initiatives ◦ Zoning Practices ◦ Critique of Sustainable Design
6.9 Urban Data
6.10 Challenges of Urban Change
◦ Political Fragmentation ◦ Ongoing Concerns: Exclusion, Crime, Amenities, et al.
6.11 Challenges of Urban Sustainability
◦ Growth Boundaries ◦ Ongoing Concerns: Waste Management, Sprawl, Climate Change, Energy Use, et al.