PRESENTATIONS
Training Workshop on Marine and Coastal Environmental Monitoring Methods
15-17 February 2009 Zayed University, Dubai, UAE
Geórgenes Cavalcante, UNU‐INWEH, Dubai, UAE Oceanographic Equipment Data processing and management, QA/QC and Preliminary Data Analysis
John Burt, Zayed University, Dubai, UAE UNU‐INWEH EMPs for NMPs in DXB: Overview of Coral Monitoring
Ken Drouillard, GLIER, University of Windsor, Canada Sediment chemistry studies
Paolo Usseglio, UNU‐INWEH, Dubai, UAE Monitoring Fish Communities ‘One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish: Fish
Censusing Made Easy'
Setting up a Field Sampling Programme: Staff, Field Instruments & Logistical Requirements for Sampling
Peter Sale, UNU‐INWEH, Canada
Building a Coastal Management Plan
Geórgenes Cavalcante
ContentsTypes of instruments
CharacteristicsApplications
How to install them?Programming a ADCPDownloading data from an ADCP
GPS
Handheld Depth Sounder
Types of instruments
CTD HOBO CT
ADCP
CTD
A profiling Conductivity‐Temperature‐Depth (CTD) probe with internal recording is required for transect sampling.
ConductivityT tTemperatureOxygenpHTurbidityFluorescence
ADCPs use the Doppler effect by transmitting sound at a fixed frequency and listening to echoes returning from sound scatterers in the water.
ADCPs are typically used to create ADCPs are typically used to create profiles of water velocity in everything from open oceans to inland streams, waves, tides and are ideal for time series measurements.
Vc = Vraw ‐ Vb
ADCP ‐ Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers
Deployment
After 30 days
Programming an ADCP
Downloading Data
Geórgenes Cavalcante
ContentsImportanceMetadataData storageDubai case studyyQuality accuracy and Quality controlData analysis
Data inspectionData plottingHarmonic analysisSpectral analysis
ImportanceUtility of physical data in ecological studiesOptimize information and measurements
Selection of parameterspDetermination of sampling rateChoice of duration of measurementsGood design = optimized effort and cost
Define analyses and software
MetadataWhat is metadata?
Structured data which describes the characteristics of a resource
What data are added to a metadata base?ParametersData and timeData and timePosition of the measurementMeasurement of water depthTotal water depth
Why use metadata?Information resources must be made visible in a way that allows people to tell whether the resources are likely to be useful to them.
Metadata
Data storage
Dubai case study
Design and ParametersObjective
Develop a clear understanding of the spatial and temporal variability of parameters, especially the water movement at the variability of parameters, especially the water movement at the various Nakheel Marine Projects (NMPs).
How to obtain informationStationary and additional stationsSpatial and temporal resolution
How to characterize the coastal environment
Movement of water through the system and water budgetAccessing wind and tidal effects Offshore waves characteristicsLongshore sediment transport, accumulation and erosiong p ,Distribution of temperature and salinity
Types of dataTime series from fixed locations
Current speed and directionWind speed and directionTidal elevationSignificant wave height direction frequencySignificant wave height, direction, frequencyHydrographic parameters
Spatial distribution of above parametersTransect measurementsRemote sensing
Quality accuracy and Quality controlQA – ensures that process is defined and appropriate
Methodology and standards development exemplify QAQA review focuses on process elements of a project
QC – ensures activities evaluate a developed work productTesting is one example of a QC activityInspections
Data analysisData inspectionTime seriesVector and scalar dataOrthogonal decompositionOrthogonal decomposition
Data plottingHarmonic analysisSpectral analysis
Data inspectionQuality control
Check suspect or outliers data due:Sensor limitations, biological growth (barnacle, algae), battery power
How to proceed: Electronic spreadsheet through software programValues that lay more than three standard deviations away from the mean of any time (or space) series are suspect
Time seriesVector and scalar data
The wind and current is described as having both a direction and a magnitude (speed), and it is therefore a vector quantity.Scalar ‐ Current speed and tidal elevation
Orthogonal decomposition
)sin(φVuv
=
)cos(φVvv
=
)sin( δαφ ±±= Vuv
)cos( δαφ ±±= Vvv
δαφ Current direction
Magnetic declination
Coastal alignment
Different conventions:
westerly wind westward current
Meteorology Oceanography
)sin(φVuv
−=
)cos(φVvv
−=
Currents Winds
)sin( δαφ ±±= Vuv
)cos( δαφ ±±= Vvv
Data plotting
Palm Jumeirah3D Bathymetry
10 20 30 40 50
30
60300
330
0Current Vectors Time Series for Bin: 2.
210
240
9070
120
150
180
Harmonic AnalysisTidal water level harmonics constituents
Name of partial tide Symbol Period East Entrance
(EE) West Entrance
(WE) Bridge Trunk
(BT) Atlantis Monorail
(AM) Jebel Ali Port
(JAP) (hrs) H (cm) G (º) H (cm) G (º) H (cm) G (º) H (cm) G (º) H (cm) G (º) Long term components Solar semi-annual Ssa 2191.43 - - - - - - - - 4.4 282Lunar monthly Mm 661 30 - - - - - - - - 1 7 169Lunar monthly Mm 661.30 1.7 169 Diurnal components Elliptical lunar Q1 26.87 3.1 83 2.9 83 2.8 79 3.1 80 3.5 77Principal lunar O1 25.82 18.4 101 18.4 99 18.8 99 18.8 100 17.0 101Luni-solar K1 23.93 20.7 157 21.1 157 21.4 156 21.6 157 27.0 153 Semidiurnal components Larger lunar elliptic N2 12.66 9.9 334 9.6 335 9.8 330 9.9 333 9.8 335Principal lunar M2 12.42 44.2 0 43.1 0 45.0 358 44.8 0 44.8 359Principal solar S2 12.00 15.5 44 15.0 42 16.3 43 15.6 44 17.6 47Luni-solar K2 11.97 4.2 48 4.1 49 4.4 47 4.3 48 5.2 30 Shallow-water First M2 over-tide M4 6.21 2.6 0 2.4 358 2.6 354 2.5 1 1.9 359
Spectral AnalysisA procedure that decomposes a time series into a spectrum of cycles of different lengths
Example: Sunspot activity is cyclical, reaching a maximum about every 11 years
3/4/2009
1
UNU-INWEH EMPs for NMPs in DXB
Overview of Coral MonitoringJohn BurtAndrew Bauman
Overview of Coral Monitoring
General Monitoring Methods• Number of sites depends on question• Haphazard placement for ‘general’
picture of community structure• At each site▫ Six 30 m transects▫ Photoquadrat every 1.5 m
Image: P. Jokiel, CRAMP
General Monitoring Methods▫ Photos edited & coded in Photoshop
JR1_21May07_3_07
General Monitoring Methods▫ Corals/Benthos analyzed in CPCe
▫ Download from:▫ http://www nova edu/ocean/cpce/▫ http://www.nova.edu/ocean/cpce/
General Monitoring Methods▫ Results added to Excel file for subsequent analysis
3/4/2009
2
What are the patterns of community development on breakwaters?
1 yr1.5 yr3.5 yr
5.5 yr31 yr
25 yr
Cov
er (%
)
Age
Coral Community Structure
Stress: 4.4
Permanent Vs Haphazard Quadrats
• Permanent quadrats allow understanding of specific temporal changes
• Cover, growth, demographicsg g p▫ 10 permanent quadrats per site▫ Monitored quarterly
3/4/2009
3
Does exposure influence coral community development?
Windward BreakwaterLeeward BreakwaterNatural Reef
Coral Cover
Leeward sites had fewer, smaller colonies
Coral Demographics (mean ± SE colonies m-2)
Recruitment Mortality
Site Summer Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Winter SpringSite Summer Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring
PJ1 1.7 ± 0.8 0.6 ± 0.6 2.3 ± 0.8
PJ2 0.8 ± 0.8 1.6 ± 0.7
PJ3 2.0 ± 1.5 0.5 ± 0.5 1.0 ± 0.7
PJ4 1.5 ± 0.7 1.0 ± 0.7 1.0 ± 0.8 1.0 ± 0.9
Relative Impacts of Mortality Coral Growth
3/4/2009
4
Summary
• Haphazard quadrats can be used to assess general patterns▫ Replication in space and time depends on needs▫ Replication in space and time depends on needs
• Permanent quadrats useful for detailed understanding of demography and growth▫ Time consuming, but useful for certain questions
Ken DrouillardGreat Lakes Institute for Environmental Research,
University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada
Sediment Chemistry Studies
U e s y o dso , O a o, Ca ada
Sediment Assessment Objectives
• Contrast Sediment Contamination Against Sediment Quality Guidelines
• Detect large or smaller scale spatial gradientsgradients– Near field vs. far field effects
• Establish mass balance that can be used for dredging decisions
• Detect changes in sediment contamination over time
• Assess toxicity, bioavailability of contaminants to organisms
Sediment Quality Objectives (Ontario, Canada)
Sediment Quality Objectives (Ontario, Canada)
Sampling Considerations-Balancing comprehensiveness against cost/effort-Provide data & interpretation to managers in a timely manner-Temporal re-sampling / scale of spatial analysis
Weight of Evidence Approaches-Compile data from variety of different programs-Often hindered by ‘Directed sampling approaches’ i.e. frequent targeting of hot spotsfrequent targeting of hot spots-How compatible are data?
-Timing of sample collections-Spatial boundaries & site selection criteria-Similar sampling design & methodology?-Comparability of analytical methods?
-Can be powerful if different monitoring programs adhere to set of guiding principles & common framework
Sampling Designs•BACI, Upstream/Downstream, Effect-Based Sampling
•Designed to contrast ‘concern area’ with ‘reference site’•Localized, synoptic sampling with low capability for
ti l t l tispatial extrapolation•Sediments Move !!!!•Compilation of many BACI designs leads to poor Weightof-Evidence data base if this is the only information available
Lake Huron Outlet
Roberts LandingPort Lambton
Lake St Clair
Trenton Ch
Fleming Ch
Amherstburg Ch
Whole-Water Sampling Sites
St Clair and Detroit Rivers
2001 & 2002.
Ontario Canada
Geostatistical Designs•Grid and Transect Sampling Designs
•Often used to document change in distribution with time. E.g. trends at fixed sampling stations
•Assumes smooth spatial distribution of measured parameters
Can miss hot spots and/or deposition areas•Can miss hot spots and/or deposition areas•In consistent with mass balance & statistical test assumptions•Useful for GIS mapping•Locations of deposition areas can periodically change due to stochastic events
Lake Huron Outlet
Roberts LandingPort Lambton
Whole-Water Sampling Sites
St Clair and Detroit Rivers
2001 & 2002.
. .. . . .
Lake St Clair
Trenton Ch
Fleming Ch
Amherstburg Ch
Ontario Canada
. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .
Geostatistical Designs•Randomization designs
•Equal probability of sampling all areas within geographic boundary
•Complete randomization may lead to poor sample dispersion
E i t l h t it it t t•Environmental heterogeneity necessitates greater sampling intensity
•Process:-Grid generated over study area
(Size of grid = dispersion criteria)-Each grid square given unique identifier number-Use random number generator to pick sampling stations
Stratified random design-Compromise between Grid and Randomization-Samples randomly allocated within pre-selected strata-Station is the unit of replication-Allows statistical testing for differences between strata-Ensures sample dispersion, conserves sampling costs
Geostatistical Designs (Cont.)
-Can compensate for environmental heterogeneity if strata selected based on underlying factors controllingvariability (e.g. water flow, bathymetry etc)
-Strata mean±SD provides localized reference point forhigh resolution sampling programs
-Well suited to deducing regional-scale temporal trends if design is implemented over multiple years
Lake St. Clair StationsUpper Canadian
-7 Analyzed Stations-6 Alternate Unanalyzed Stations
Lower Canadian-11 Analyzed Stations-5 Alternate Unanalyzed Stations
Upper U.S.Upper U.S.-7 Analyzed Stations-5 Alternate Unanalyzed Stations
Lower U.S.-8 Analyzed Stations-10 Alternate Unanalyzed Stations
Sample Collection & Processing
•Grab samplers; Corers
•Issues: Efficiency of grab sampler varies by sediment type
Grab samplers best for soft siltsGrab samplers – best for soft, silts - inefficient on
sands/cobbles
Cores – preservestemporal structure
Diversity of Sediment Types…. Sample Collection & ProcessingField Processing -Multiple Grabs Taken to Achieve 1 L “Organics” and 1.5 L “Trace Elements + Mercury + Grain size” Samples-Homogenization on-vessel of multiple grabs, collection of sediments into pre-cleaned polyethylene bags or solvent rinsed 500 mL mason jarsrinsed 500 mL mason jars
Laboratory Processing-Trace element, Hg and organic contaminants analysis conducted on pre-sieved (2mm mesh) samples
Auxiliary Variables-Grain size analysis conducted on whole sediments-TOC Content, AVS (metals bioavailability)
Case Study: Huron-Erie Corridor Sediment Quality Studies
– On a Corridor-Scale Basis:• Evaluate Sediment Contamination for Conventional
Pollutants (Geostatistical Approach)
Project Objectives:
– Provide Regional Database of Sediment Quality:• Better Interpretation of Localized, High Res. Studies
– (i.e. mass balance studies within RAPs)• Baseline Study for Monitoring Temporal Recovery on
a System-Wide Scale• Compare with 1999 Detroit River Survey
•Entire Corridor-Mixing Waters St. Clair River-L. Huron to Mixing Waters of Detroit River – L. Erie
2004 Sediment Quality Studies in the Huron-Erie Corridor
Scope of Project
•Stratified Random Sampling Design (100 Stations + 59 Alternates)
•Equal Sampling Intensity in U.S./Canadian Waters•Emphasis on near-shore (< 5.5 m depth)•Sample dispersion: 100 m (St. Clair River & Delta), 1000 m (Lake St. Clair)
Geostatistical Design/Site Selection
Localization of sampling sites
Huron Corridor 2004
St. Clair River (SCR)
St. Clair Delta (SCD)
St. Clair Lake (SCL)Detroit River (DR)
HCB in Sediments of the Corridor(Marker for HOC-Dispersion)
1
10
100
mg/
g O
C w
eigh
t)
LEL = 0.9 μg/g OC weight
B
SCRUSA
SCDUSA
SCLUSA
DRUSA
SCRCA
SCDCA
SCLCA
DRCA
HCB Displays Pattern Consistent with Can. LSR – Source with Downstream Dispersion
mean value
25, 75 percentile
min-max range1E-3
0.01
0.1
HC
B C
once
ntra
tion
(m
LEL 0.9 μg/g OC weight
(mean TOC = 2.13%)A A A A
B
AA
1999 Detroit River Sediment Assessment
-150 stations stratified random design-6 Strata: Upper, Middle, Lower Can/US-grain size distribution determined-chemical analysis on <2 mm size fraction
Zone 1-CDN (10%)%Area=6.4%
Zone 1-US (10%)%Area=9.3%
Zone 2-CDN (10%)%Area=3.2%
Zone 2-US (10%)%Area=3.1%
-Sediment Chemistry-Benthic Community Identification
%Area 3.2%
Zone 3-US (30%)%Area=45.3% Zone 3-CDN
30%)%Area=32.7%
PCBs in Detroit River Sediments (1999)
Upper
Middle0.01
0.1
1
10
100
B C
once
ntra
tion
(µg·
g-1 O
C w
eigh
t) Can.
ON LEL
ON PEL 530 ug/g
0 2
Kilometers
4
#
•44 (38 U.S.; 6 Canadian) Sites Exceeded MOE LEL for PCBs (70 ng/g dry wt.); 0 SEL’s
•Csed Elevated Mainly On U.S. Side of River
Upper Middle Lower Upper Middle Lower
Lower
1E-3
tota
l PC
B
U.S
1
10
100
5
6
28
31
33
35
4445
47
48
6063
5859
6567
68
69 7071
72
73
7481
8384
85
86
88
9092
93
9496
104
105108
109
121122125
126
127
129
130131
132
133
Detroit River Sediment PCBs 1999-2001
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 450.01
0.11
7
8
16
21
22
23
26
32
36
37
4159
64
66
82
89
91
108123124
131
Downstream Distance (km) Downstream Distance (km)
Sampling Stations outside of 99% confidence intervals representdistinct sediment hotspots.
Octachlorostyrene as a Tracerof PCB Point Sources
100
1000
9
55
113
118
119
120
135
143
658
71
8688
95% ConfidenceInterval
ng/g
OC
wt.)
US Sites
CDN Sites •Main OCS source from St. Clair
•No differences in sediment OCS
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
1010
11
12
13
14
17
19
24
30
29
39
42
43
49
50
51
52
5776
79
95
99
100
101
102103
107
110
111
113
115
120
128
134
136139 140
142
149
1
6
78 16
22
23
26
32
35
37 44
4547
4859
64
66
676870
72
73
7481
83
84
85
87
89
91
92
93
94
97
104105
108
109
121
123124
125126
127
130131
133
OC
S C
once
ntra
tion
(
Distance Downstream
Geometric MeanAll Sites
concentrations between CND and US Sites
•Enrichment of OCS likely reflects sediment focusing
•Depletion of OCS represents dilution (shoreline erosion or tributary inputs)
13
24
5
7 6 1000
10000
100000
015 030
029
042
049
050
054052
114 144
034
076079
103
099 150147146
031
ratio
n R
atio
Possible Loadings Sources ofContaminated Particles
PCB/OCS ratio as a Tracer of Loading Sources
9
7
8
1011
6
0 10 20 30 40 500.1
1
10
100
003024
011
014
027
043
038
055
051
075
098
114
118
117
009
004
025010013017
019 039
053
057
080078077
100102095101
103
113111
110120
116115119
106
107
148135142134
128
139149141145
143136138140
137
026
022021
018
037
036
035
032
033
041
047
048
063060
058
073
071
068
088
093090094
083
124125123
001008
007006005
023016028
045044
059
072074069
065064067070066
081
097
096092091
084
087
089
085086
082
104
109
108
105133
130129131132
122
127126
12195% ConfidenceInterval of CDN PCB/OCS Ratio
Sum
PC
B/O
CS
Con
cent
r
Distance Downstream of River (km)
Geometric MeanCDN PCB/OCS Ratio
13
24
5
7 6
Contaminated Particle and Biomonitoring PCB Hotspots
0 2
Kilometers
4
#
9
7
8
1011
6
0 2
Kilometers
4
#
Sediment PCB Sources (Tracers) Biomonitoring PCB Hotspots
13
24
5
7 6
Zone Area Depth PCB mass % PCB % Area(m2) (m) (kg) mass
1 5.4x106 0.10 1.1 0.25 4.802 3.4x106 0.10 0.4 0.09 3.023 3 7x106 0 10 2 4 0 52 3 29
PCB Mass Balance in Detroit River Sediments
0 2
Kilometers
4
#
9 8
1011
3 3.7x10 0.10 2.4 0.52 3.294 7.0x106 0.10 5.9 1.31 6.235 7.1x106 0.10 7.2 1.60 6.326 8.5x106 0.10 20.5 4.55 7.567 14.3x106 0.10 27.4 6.09 12.728 7.6x106 0.10 10.8 2.40 6.76 9 4.8x106 0.10 39.8 8.84 4.2710 31.9x106 0.10 55.8 12.41 28.3811 18.7x106 0.10 278.7 61.95 16.64
112.4x106 0.10 449.9 Total:
**70% Surficial sediment PCBs in TT & downstream TT
PCBs in Detroit River Sediments 1999 – 2004 Comparison
Upper
Middle 100
1000
wt)
2004
U.S. Stations Canadian Stations
1:1 Relationship
0 2
Kilometers
4
#
Lower
0.1 1 10 100 10000.1
1
10
tota
l PC
Bs (n
g/g
dry
w
total PCBs (ng/g dry wt) 1999
**No significant differences (paired t-test; p<0.05) in PCBs at replicated stations
Localization of sampling sites
with exceeded LEL for total PCB
In the Huron-Erie Corridor
PCBs in Sediments of Huron-Erie Corridor
mean value
LEL = 3.3 μg/g OC weight
(mean TOC = 2.13%)
10
on (u
g/g
OC
wt)
U.S. Can.
mean value
25, 75 percentile
min-max range
***PCBs localized in U.S. Detroit River (Downstream Reach)
Elevated, but below LEL, PCBs observed in Canadian St. Clair River
0.1
1
tota
l PC
B c
once
ntra
ti o
SCR SCD LSC-N LSC-S DR DR99 SCR SCD LSC-N LSC-S DR DR99
PAHs in Detroit River Sediments (1999)
10
100
1000
10000
PAH
s (u
g/g
OC
wei
ght)
LEL
Upper
Middle
1
10
tota
l P
Upper Middle Lower Upper Middle Lower
0 2
Kilometers
4
#
Lower53 (42 U.S.; 11 Canadian) Sites Exceeded MOE LEL for PAHs (4 ug/g dry wt.)
•Csed Elevated Mainly on U.S. Side of River
PAHs in Sediments of Huron-Erie Corridor
10
100
1000
OC
wt)
0.01
0.1
1
tota
l PAH
s (u
g/g
SCR SCD LS-N LS-S DR SCR SCD LS-N LS-S DR
***PAHs localized in U.S. Detroit River (Downstream Reach)
Localization of sampling sites
with exceeded LEL for total PAH
In the Huron-Erie Corridor
1999 Detroit River Sediments: total Hg
Upper
Middle 0.1
1
3
Con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g·g-1
dry
wt)
MOE LEL
MOE SEL
0 2
Kilometers
4
#
Lower
Upper Middle Lower Upper Middle Lower
•Related BUI – Fish Consumption AdvisoriesRestrictions on Dredging
•69 (39 U.S.; 30 Canadian) Sites Exceeded MOE LEL; 1 U.S. Exceeds OMOE SEL
SEL
0.01Hg
C
Localization of sampling sites
with exceeded LEL for Hg
In the Huron-Erie Corridor
Distribution of Hg in Corridor
1
10
g/g
dry
wei
ght)
AA
B
BA
SEL = 2 μg/g dry weight
mean value
25, 75 percentile
min-max range0.01
0.1
Hg
conc
entra
tion
(μ
SCRUSA
SCDUSA
SCLUSA
DRUSA
SCRCA
SCDCA
SCLCA
DRCA
Total Hg in sediments – Regional Issue – Canada – SCR/LSC; U.S. – Upper DR
LEL = 0.2 μg/g dry weight
A
A
A A
Conclusions: PCBs & PAHs• PCBs and PAHs are a localized issue to Detroit River• PCBs - high sediment concentrations (70% mass)
restricted to Trenton Channel and Downstream T.T.
– PCBs in this Region Are Major Driver of Observed Fish Advisories– PCBs in this Region At Risk for Re-suspension to Lake Erie
• PAHs distributed throughout nearshore & downstream U.S. areas of Detroit River– PAHs in this Region Are Major Driver of Sediment Genotoxicity
• Local Remediation of Sediments & Point Source Control of PCBs in Detroit River Could be Effective for Beneficial Use Impairments due to these Chemicals
Conclusions for total Hg in Sediments
• Hg is a corridor issue, with high sediment concentrations distributed throughout – Canadian St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, Lower Detroit River– U.S. Upper, Middle, Lower Detroit River
-Local sediment remediation will not address Hg in contaminated sediments
-Understanding Hg bioavailability critical to linking sediment/water contamination with fish advisories
Discussion Comments
• Geostatistical design provides unbiased evaluation of corridor contamination trends
• Places localized, high resolution studies in systems contextsystems context
• Permits mass balance• Study should be repeated in time (e.g.
every 5 years) to provide temporal trend
Paolo Usseglio
One fish two fishred fish blue fish:
fish censusing made easy
United Nations University-International Network on Water and Environmental
Health
Paolo Usseglio
Fish censusing
Why census fish?Types of questions to be answered:
– AbundanceDiversity– Diversity
– Distribution– Biomass
Fish censusing
Types of data obtained:– Species abundance
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
PA2 PA4 PJ2 PJ3 TW1 TW2 UNU1 UNU2
Fish censusing
Types of data obtained:– Species richness
50
60
0
10
20
30
40
fort
isla
nd
al h
edla
juss
a w
est
turtl
e be
ach
dibb
a ro
ck
dibb
a si
te 1
al-ja
zeer
a
qant
ab re
ef
al-g
hatta
n
juss
a po
int
Ras
hid
isla
nd w
est
Cor
al g
arde
n
juss
a is
land
sadi
yat i
slan
d
Ras
Gan
adah
Fish censusing
Types of data obtained:– Biomass
100120140160
020406080
100
al h
edla
dibb
a si
te 1
Ras
hid
isla
nd w
est
dibb
a ro
ck
Cor
al g
arde
n
fort
isla
nd
sadi
yat i
slan
d
al-g
hatta
n
turtl
e be
ach
juss
a w
est
al-ja
zeer
a
qant
ab re
ef
juss
a po
int
juss
a is
land
Ras
Gan
adah
80%90%
100%
Fish censusing
Types of data obtained:– Size class distributions
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%
al-
ghat
tan
al-
jaze
era
fort
isla
nd
qant
abre
ef
>3121_3011_20<10
Fish censusing
Types of data obtained:– Species list
abudefduf vaigensis Chaetodon gardineri
acanthurus mata chaetodon melapterus
henionchus acuminatus pomacentrus leptus
labroides dimidiatus pseudochromis aldabraensis
acanthurus sohal chaetodon nigropunctatus
acanthurus sp2 Cheilinus lunulatus
Amphiprion clarkii cheilodipterus novemstriatus
apogon aureus chromis xanthopterygia
apogon holotaenia coris frerei
bodianus macrognathos Dascyllus trimaculatus
caesio lunaris Diagramma pictum
caesio varilineata diodon hystrix
cephalopolis hemistiktos ecsenius pulcher
chaetodon collare gymnothorax favagineus
lutjanus russellii Pterois antennata
myripristis murdjan rastrelliger kanagurta
odonus niger rhinecanthus assasi
ostracion cyanurus Scarus fuscopurpureus
Parupeneus macronemus scarus persicus
Parupeneus margaritatus scolopsis ghanam
plectorhinchus gaterinus siderea grisea
plotosus lineatus siganus javus
pomacanthus imperator Stethojulis interrupta
pomacanthus maculosus sufflamen chrysopterum
Fish censusing
Methods– Belt transects
Fish censusing
Methods– GPS transects
Fish censusing
Methods– Timed swim
Fish censusing
Methods– Roving diver
Fish censusing
Methods– Cylinder
Fish censusing
Methods– Rotenone stations
Fish censusing
Methods– Fishing methods
Fish censusing
Which method?– Will depend on question.Will depend on question.
Fish censusing
“What is the size class distribution of Hamour along the breakwaters of the major developments in Dubai?”
Fish censusing“What is the size class distribution of Hamour along the
breakwaters of the major developments in Dubai?”
- Site fidelity- Low density- Cover large areas- 150m long by 1m wide
Fish censusing“What is the size class distribution of Hamour along the
breakwaters of the major developments in Dubai?”
60%80%
100%
10 15-30 40>
0%20%40%60%
PA
2
PA
4
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PJ3
TW1
TW2
RA
G
SA
D
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U2
Fish censusing
One observer vs. several– Observer bias
• Ability to correctly identify a fish• Precision and accuracy of size estimates
P i i d f t• Precision and accuracy of counts– Inter observer calibration exercises
• Aimed at reducing the uncertainty in estimates carried by several observers
Fish censusing
– Size class estimation• Models• Juveniles capture-measure
Inter observer bias and calibration
Fish censusing
– Analysis– Linear regression analysis. Observed vs. estimated
length. – r^2= precision, slope= accuracy
Inter observer bias and calibration
25
y = 1.2042xR2 = 0.9438
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25
Fish censusingInter observer bias and calibration
• Inter observer calibration exercises• Abundance and diversity
– Side by side transects– Several runs of the same transect
chcystdi
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haga
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-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Dim 1
-0.6
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-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Dim
2
11
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
33
3
3
3
4
4
44
4
5
55
5
5
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
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-0.8
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-0.2
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. 2
Stress=0.075
Fish censusingEMP census methods
EMP fish census methods– 8 belt transects 30x1m wide– Counting every individual observed– Estimating size
•Why 8?
Fish censusingPower analysis
Power analysis• How large a sample is needed to enable
statistical judgments that are accurate and reliablereliable
• How likely your statistical test will be to detect effects of a given size in a particular situation
Fish censusingPower analysis
Power analysis• Pilot study data. Variance, population mean
– 1340 transects over a year at 6 sites• 95% confidence in detecting a 5% change in
abundance of fishabundance of fish species tran. SitePLSOR 13LUFUL 9LUEHR 2POAQU 4SCGHA 2POMAC 3PAMAR 1CHNIG 10POTRIC 10POLEP 4ABVAI 3CHNOV 1SICAN 5AMALB 4
Fish censusingTaxonomy
Taxonomy• Tips to help identify an USO (Unidentified
Swimming Object)– Obtain proper reference material (Randall)– www.fishbase.org
Fish censusingTaxonomy
Taxonomy• Types of tail
Miller and Lea, 1972 "Guide to the Coastal Marine Fishes of California"
Fish censusingTaxonomy
Taxonomy• Dorsal fin
Fish censusingTaxonomy
Taxonomy• Bars, lines, ocelles, spots
Fish censusingTaxonomy
Taxonomy• Tentative family
Fish censusingTaxonomy
–Point and shoot camera–Still vs. video
Fish censusingTaxonomy
Taxonomy• Ontogenic changes
Fish censusingTaxonomy
Taxonomy• Ontogenic changes
Fish censusing
• Questions• Methods• Observer bias and calibration
Summary
• Fish ID resources
Setting up a field sampling programme: staff, field instruments and logistical requirements for sampling in the field
Paolo Usseglio
United Nations University- International Network on Water and Environmental Health
g
Setting up a field sampling programme
Field sampling programme provides data that will be used to guide decisions
within an Environmental Management Program.
FSP should be:• Comprehensive• Homogeneous • Sensitive• Sensible• Consistent • Cost effective
Setting up a field sampling programme
Question drivenDifferent questions will require different methods,
degrees of repetition, accuracy and precision
Identify the question
Develop conceptual
Evaluatesampling/analysis optionsquestion
Evaluate available data
conceptual model
options
Assemble datacollection options(methods)
Train personnel
Develop datacollection manuals
Begin datacollection
Setting up a field sampling programmeSetting a monitoring program
Staff considerations
Different activities require different skills
Postgraduate educationlevel (M Sc Ph D)
Undergraduate education level
High schoolEducationlevel (M.Sc., Ph.D)
PlanningTraining staffDevelop conceptual modelDevelopment of manualsData analysisScientific writingProgram management
education level (B.Sc.)
Field data collectionData entryEquipment maintenancePreliminary data analysis
Education
Data collection (basic)Data entry (basic)Equipment maintenanceField logistics
Setting up a field sampling programme
Equipment considerations
“If the only tool you only have is a hammer, you will see every problem as a nail” Abraham Maslow
• Plethora of field equipmentb d i i l• brands, sizes, price, colour
• Accuracy, sensitivity, operational parameters
•How to choose the most appropriate field equipment?
•Let the question drive your choice
Setting up a field sampling programme
Equipment
• Example:– What are the water movement patterns of the
island of Krakatoa?
• Parameters: current speed, direction.
Setting up a field sampling programmeWhat are the water movement patterns of the island of Krakatoa?
Water direction: compassWater speed: Surface drogueOnce a day at one site
Daily surface water movement patterns. Average monthlycurrent pattern
Setting up a field sampling programmeWhat are the water movement patterns of the island of Krakatoa?
• Analysis- Relationship between hydrodynamic patterns
and fish eggs dispersal in Krakatoa
Setting up a field sampling programme
Relationship between hydrodynamic patterns and fish eggs dispersal in Krakatoa?
Current metersSample every hour Sample every meter3 locations
Setting up a field sampling programme
Relationship between hydrodynamic patterns and fish eggs dispersal in Krakatoa?
Setting up a field sampling programme
Question driven
Different questions will require different methodsrequire different methods, repetition, accuracy and
precision
• Example:– Assessment of the physical characteristics of
the shallow waters surrounding the island of S P d it l t d th t i l t
Setting up a field sampling programme
San Pedrito located on the tropical eastern Antarctic.
• Parameters: Temperature, salinity.
Setting up a field sampling programmeExample: San Pedrito
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D
Setting up a field sampling programmeExample: San Pedrito
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A TemperatureA SalinityB TemperatureB Salinity
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C TemperatureC SalinityD TemperatureD Salinity
Setting up a field sampling programmeExample: San Pedrito
A)WQM Wet labs.
Materials:
B) Sea-bird CTD.
C) HOBO D)Thermometerrefractometer
Setting up a field sampling programmeExample: San Pedrito
WQM CTD HOBO HandheldMeassurements Salinity,
TemperatureSalinity, Temperature
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Temperature, Depth, DO, Turbidity, Chl
Temperature, Depth, DO, ORP, PAR, Chl
Salinity, Temperature
Salinity, Temperature
Boat Days 2 30 2 30Divers 2 0 0 0Personnel days 2 30 2 30Personnel training High High Little LittleEquipment cost 35,000 USD 27,224 USD 120 USD 80 USDPersonnel cost $$$$ $$$ $ $$
Setting up a field sampling programme
Monitoring parameters
BiologicalBiotic (living) elements of
Physico-chemicalAbiotic (non living) conditions.
the environment of interest
Abundance, diversity, biomass.
Determine the ability of organisms to live and reproduce.
Temperature, salinity, oxygen,Nutrients.
Monitoring parameters
Biological parameters
Plankton
Physico-chemical parametersTemperatureSalinity
Benthic invertebratesCoral communitiesFish
CurrentsTurbidityTidesMeteorological parametersNutrients
Monitoring parameters: instruments
Plankton: drifting organisms found in the pelagic zone of the ocean.Method: Plankton towsEquipment: Plankton nets, Niskin/Van Dorn bottles, dissecting scope, microscope, flowcam.
Monitoring parameters: instruments
PlanktonStaff: Postgraduate coordinator, field assistant, lab techLogistics:
• Boat schedules• Sample storage• Gear maintenanceGear maintenance
Monitoring parameters: instruments
Benthic invertebrates: individuals who inhabit sedimentsMethod: sediment coresEquipment: Core sampler, coffee can sampler, sieve, dissecting scope.
Monitoring parameters: instruments
Benthic invertebratesStaff: Postgraduate coordinator, field assistant (diver), lab tech.Logistics:
• Boat and dive schedules• Sample storageSample storage• Gear maintenance, field and dive equipment
Monitoring parameters: instruments
Coral communities: abundance and distribution of corals in a given areaEquipment: dive gear, dive boat, still image camera, video camera, brass chain, slate and underwater paper.
Monitoring parameters: instruments
Coral communitiesStaff: Postgraduate coordinator, field assistant (diver)Logistics:
• Boat and dive schedules• Image storage and backup• Gear maintenance, field and dive equipmentGear maintenance, field and dive equipment
Monitoring parameters: instruments
Fish communities: abundance and distribution of fish in a given areaEquipment: dive gear, dive boat, still image camera, slate and underwater paper, tape measures.
Monitoring parameters: instruments
Fish communitiesStaff: Postgraduate coordinator, field researcher, field assistant (diver)Logistics:
• Boat and dive schedules• Data entry storage and backupData entry storage and backup• Gear maintenance, field and dive equipment
Monitoring parameters: instruments
Water quality: Physico-chemical characteristics of the water columnEquipment: dive gear, dive boat, current meters, water quality monitors, CTD, underwater loggers, tide gauge.
Monitoring parameters: instruments
Water qualityStaff: Postgraduate coordinator (math genius), field researcher, field assistant (diver), technician (maintenance)Logistics:
• Boat and dive schedules• Instrument deployment and maintenance schedulesInstrument deployment and maintenance schedules• Data download, storage and backup• Equipment maintenance, field and dive equipment
•Specialized equipment must be serviced by trained professionals
Setting up a field sampling programme
Setting a monitoring program
Identify the question
Develop conceptual
Evaluatesampling/analysis
tiquestion
Evaluate available data
conceptual model
options
Assemble datacollection options(methods)
Train personnel
Develop datacollection manuals
Begin datacollection
Setting up a field sampling programme
Develop data collection manuals
Begin data collection
Identify the questionEvaluate available data
Develop conceptual model
Assemble methods
Train personnel
Building a Coastal Building a Coastal Management PlanManagement Plan
UNUUNU--INWEH Monitoring WorkshopINWEH Monitoring WorkshopZayed University, February 2009Zayed University, February 2009
Peter F. SalePeter F. SaleUnited Nations UniversityUnited Nations University
International Network on Water, Environment and International Network on Water, Environment and HealthHealth
Hamilton, CanadaHamilton, Canada
Environmental Management Environmental Management ApproachesApproaches•• No management No management
at allat all
UNUUNU--INWEH Monitoring WorkshopINWEH Monitoring WorkshopZayed University, February 2009Zayed University, February 2009
Environmental Management Environmental Management ApproachesApproaches•• No management No management
at allat all•• ReactiveReactive
UNUUNU--INWEH Monitoring WorkshopINWEH Monitoring WorkshopZayed University, February 2009Zayed University, February 2009
•• Reactive Reactive managementmanagement
Environmental Management Environmental Management ApproachesApproaches•• No management No management
at allat all•• ReactiveReactive
•• Monitoring data are Monitoring data are necessary for reactive necessary for reactive or proactiveor proactive
UNUUNU--INWEH Monitoring WorkshopINWEH Monitoring WorkshopZayed University, February 2009Zayed University, February 2009
•• Reactive Reactive managementmanagement
•• Proactive Proactive managementmanagement
or proactive or proactive managementmanagement
•• Data requirements are Data requirements are fewer for reactive fewer for reactive managementmanagement
A Simple Example A Simple Example –– Mussel WatchMussel Watch
•• Uses mussels as biomonitorsUses mussels as biomonitors•• Samples any of 11 species around Samples any of 11 species around
shores of North Americashores of North America•• Flesh analysed for a wide range ofFlesh analysed for a wide range of
UNUUNU--INWEH Monitoring WorkshopINWEH Monitoring WorkshopZayed University, February 2009Zayed University, February 2009
•• Flesh analysed for a wide range of Flesh analysed for a wide range of chemical contaminantschemical contaminants
•• Longest running monitoring program Longest running monitoring program anywhere >20yranywhere >20yr
•• Regular reports on state of the Regular reports on state of the coastscoasts
A Simple Example A Simple Example –– Mussel WatchMussel Watch
•• Collecting methods are simpleCollecting methods are simple•• Analytical methods are Analytical methods are
standardizedstandardized
UNUUNU--INWEH Monitoring WorkshopINWEH Monitoring WorkshopZayed University, February 2009Zayed University, February 2009
•• Data are pooled across Data are pooled across jurisdictionsjurisdictions
•• Data have been used in Data have been used in reactive and in proactive reactive and in proactive management planningmanagement planning
A Simple Example A Simple Example –– Mussel WatchMussel Watch
•• Here is an example of Here is an example of what can be extracted what can be extracted from the datafrom the dataF it i Mi iF it i Mi i
UNUUNU--INWEH Monitoring WorkshopINWEH Monitoring WorkshopZayed University, February 2009Zayed University, February 2009
•• For sites in Miami For sites in Miami harbourharbour
•• Examining Lead, Zinc, Examining Lead, Zinc, total PAHs, and total total PAHs, and total PCBsPCBs
•• Usual approach is to establish environmental Usual approach is to establish environmental quality objectivesquality objectives
•• Then set action criteria for specified parametersThen set action criteria for specified parameters
Conventional Reactive ManagementConventional Reactive Management
UNUUNU--INWEH Monitoring WorkshopINWEH Monitoring WorkshopZayed University, February 2009Zayed University, February 2009
–– Action criterion is the value of parameter that Action criterion is the value of parameter that indicates need for ‘attention’ (engineer approach)indicates need for ‘attention’ (engineer approach)
–– Management action may be a simple as closing a Management action may be a simple as closing a beach to swimmingbeach to swimming
•• Can work well when ecosystem processes are Can work well when ecosystem processes are well understoodwell understood
Proactive ManagementProactive Management
•• Requires a more detailed understanding of Requires a more detailed understanding of the system dynamicsthe system dynamics
•• Based on a deeper analysis of the Based on a deeper analysis of the i i di i d
UNUUNU--INWEH Monitoring WorkshopINWEH Monitoring WorkshopZayed University, February 2009Zayed University, February 2009
monitoring datamonitoring data•• Prognostic models to permit view of likely Prognostic models to permit view of likely
future given current trendsfuture given current trends•• Informed management action in order to Informed management action in order to
change anticipated futurechange anticipated future
Proactive ManagementProactive Management
•• There is no fundamental difference in the There is no fundamental difference in the monitoring program to support reactive or monitoring program to support reactive or proactive managementproactive management
UNUUNU--INWEH Monitoring WorkshopINWEH Monitoring WorkshopZayed University, February 2009Zayed University, February 2009
•• There is a different mindThere is a different mind--set held by the set held by the managersmanagers
•• Reactive = Compliance with RegulationsReactive = Compliance with Regulations•• Proactive = Understand and InvestigateProactive = Understand and Investigate
Proactive ManagementProactive Management•• Proactive managers Proactive managers
visualize scenarios visualize scenarios and use monitoring and use monitoring data to build these data to build these i f th lik li f th lik l
UNUUNU--INWEH Monitoring WorkshopINWEH Monitoring WorkshopZayed University, February 2009Zayed University, February 2009
images of the likely images of the likely futurefuture
•• They seek to They seek to understand the understand the system they managesystem they manage
Proactive ManagementProactive Management
•• Scenarios are more accurate, and solutions to Scenarios are more accurate, and solutions to problems more reliable, when the manager problems more reliable, when the manager understands the behavior of the systemunderstands the behavior of the system
UNUUNU--INWEH Monitoring WorkshopINWEH Monitoring WorkshopZayed University, February 2009Zayed University, February 2009
understands the behavior of the systemunderstands the behavior of the system•• Better monitoring data, and better evaluation, in Better monitoring data, and better evaluation, in
a climate of ‘what if’ questions build this a climate of ‘what if’ questions build this understandingunderstanding
•• Building a research focus into the management Building a research focus into the management agency is a likely precursor to proactive agency is a likely precursor to proactive management management