INTELLIGENCEWhat is it?
Science and the Measurement of Man
• Phrenology
• Franz Joseph Gall– 1758-1828
• Hereditary Genius: It’s Laws and Consequences (1869)– "quite practicable to
produce a high gifted race of men by judicious marriages during several consecutive generations".
Phrenology
• The brain is the organ of the mind.
• The mind is composed of multiple distinct, innate faculties.
• Because they are distinct, each faculty must have a separate seat or "organ" in the brain.
Phrenology
• The size of an organ, other things being equal, is a measure of its power.
• The shape of the brain is determined by the development of the various organs.
Phrenology• As the skull takes its
shape from the brain, the surface of the skull can be read as an accurate index of psychological aptitudes and tendencies
Phrenology
• Pseudo-Science
– Racial bias
– Cultural bias
Measuring IntelligenceMeasuring Intelligence• Alfred Binet
– Asked by the French Ministry of Education to devise a way to identify children who needed special education
– He devised a series of tasks and a scale to assess those tasks
Louis H. Terman
• He created the Stanford Binet “I.Q.” test
• Intelligence was callibrated into minute units- I. Q. points.
• 100= Average IQ
R. M. Yerkes
• He administered I.Q. tests to American soldiers during World War I
• It provided a giant amount of data
• Unfortunately, the testing was flawed in:– Design– Implementation– Conclusions draws from the
data
I. Q. testing
• There were two forms of the test administered to the soldiers– Form A for those who
were literate– Form B to those who
were illiterate or for whom English was not their first language.
I. Q. testing
• How the data was interpreted– White Officers had
highest IQs
– Northern European had higher IQs than Southern/Eastern Europeans
– Southern American Negros had lowest IQs
Intelligence & SchoolingIntelligence & Schooling• Thorndike claimed to
have proven that school subjects made no difference “gain of ability to think.”
• Native Intelligence was all that mattered
H.H. GoddardH.H. Goddard• H.H. Goddard, said in his book
Human Efficiency (1920) that government schooling was about "the perfect organization of the hive."
• He said standardized testing was a way to make lower classes recognize their own inferiority. – Idiots, Imbeciles, Morons
• Like wearing a dunce cap, it would discourage them from breeding and having ambition.
Problems with Traditional IQ testing
• IQ tests are culturally bias
• IQ is static, fixed for life
• IQ is unitary
• IQ has limited predictability
A New Definition of IntelligenceOld ViewIntelligence was fixedIntelligence was measured by
a numberIntelligence was unitaryIntelligence was measured in
isolationIntelligence was used to sort
students and predict their success
New ViewIntelligence changes over timeIntelligence is not numerically
quantifiableIntelligence is exhibited during a
performance or problem-solving process
Intelligence has a number of dimensions – multiple intelligences
Intelligence is measured in context/real-life situations
Intelligence is used to understand human capacities and the many and varied ways students can achieve
Theories of Multiple Intelligence• Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of
Intelligence – “Intelligence is mental activity directed toward
purposive adaptation to, selection and shaping of, real-world environments relevant to one’s life”
• Analytic Intelligence
• Practical Intelligence
• Creative Intelligence
Theories of Multiple Intelligence
• Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
• This theory is a pluralized way of understanding the intellect. Recent advances in cognitive science, developmental psychology and neuroscience suggest that each person's level of intelligence, as it has been traditionally considered, is actually made up of autonomous faculties that can work individually or in concert with other faculties.”
Theories of Multiple Intelligence
• Gardner originally identified 7 faculties which he labeled as “intelligences”– Musical Intelligence– Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence– Logical-Mathematical Intelligence– Linguistic Intelligence– Spatial Intelligence– Interpersonal Intelligence– Intrapersonal Intelligence
Musical Intelligence
Musical
• Ability to discern meaning in or to communicate with tonal patterns, sounds rhythms, and beats. Able to sing on key, keep tempo, analyze musical forms or create in musical expression.
• Composers, performers, critics, music aficionados
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
Bodily-Kinesthetic
• Ability to use and understand physical movement. A mastery over body movement or the ability to manipulate objects with finesse. Skills such as balance, dexterity, coordination, flexibility, strength, and speed.
• Athletes, dancers, surgeons, instrumentalists, sculptors, mechanics, actors, mimes, craftspersons
• May learn best in a hands-on context
Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
Logical-Mathematical
• Ability to use inductive and deductive thinking, numbers, and abstract patterns. Often referred to as scientific thinking – comparing, contrasting, and synthesizing. Think in terms of concepts and questions.
• Scientists, mathematicians, tax accountants, statisticians, computer programmers, logicians
• May learn best with graphic organizers – tables, charts, sketch pads
Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence
Verbal – Linguistic
• Ability to understand and use language both written and spoken. A sensitivity to the meaning of words and the different functions of language.
• Writers, poets, orators, lawyers, teachers, avid readers, storytellers, debaters, politicians, speech writers, journalists, linguists
• May learn best through reading and writing
Visual-Spatial Intelligence
Visual - Spatial
• Ability to perceive and recreate the visual world accurately, to visualize in one’s head, and to give some kind of order and meaning to objects in space. Sensitivity to color, line, shape, form, space, and the relationship between these elements. Orientation of oneself in spatial matrix.
• Guides, artists, architects, decorators, sculptors, navigators, chess players
Interpersonal Intelligence
Interpersonal
• Ability to make distinctions among other individuals in regard to their moods, motivations, and temperaments; and to communicate with others. Sensitivity to facial expressions, body language, voice.
• Politicians, religious leaders, counselors, coaches, directors, managers
• May learn best in groups, by relating to others
Intrapersonal Intelligence
Intrapersonal• Ability to self-reflect and have an awareness of
one’s own state of being. Ability to define one’s own feelings as a means of understanding and guiding one’s behavior. An accurate picture of one’s strengths and weaknesses.
• Psychologist, motivational speaker, counselor• May prefer to work alone
Other Intelligences?
Naturalistic
• Ability to recognize patterns in nature and to classify according to minute detail.
• Naturalists, botanists, geologists
• May learn best in the field