Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Introduction for Gary Berg-Cross
Knowledge [email protected]
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
PreAmble…..• I’m a Cognitive Psychologist, interested in the role of comprehension,
how knowledge is acquired and used.• I’ve worked in AI, intelligent system design & knowledge engineering.
– One of the fundamental problems is the challenge of handling better formalization of semantics and pragmatics while simultaneously being more faithful to natural systems and systems of thought.
• My current project involves helping geo-scientist communities collaborate to share information, integrate knowledge and solve common problems.
Formal Theory Natural Systems
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Current Work on NSF INTEROP Grant Spatial Ontology Community of Practice (SOCoP see socop.org) an Interdisciplinary Network to Support Geospatial Data Sharing, Integration, and Interoperability
• Geospatial data are needed for many types of applications such as the geoWeb along with emerging interdisciplinary areas that require collaboration.
• But re-using this data is difficult due in part to semantic heterogeneity resulting from different community views.
• We work on ontology products & semantic technologies to help with semantic interoperability.
GeoSPARQLSpatial Relations
Events
Feature Types
Geometry
Classified geospatial data sets:biology, geology, soil, forestry,
Agricultural, etc.
Various knowledge sources:Human world (commonsense)robot world (programmed, emergent)Geo-knowledge (GML, other standards)Spatial domain (spatial calculi, ontologies)GeoSciences Disciplines(geography, earth science etc.) Language (linguistics)
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Geospatial information is an important kind– Geometry (Precise), Features, Maps, Categories, Imprecise GeoScience Models
A polygonal area. <meta name="DC.coverage.spatial.region" content="1 1, 4 2, 5 4, 3 6, 2 3, 1 1"> Some precise math used for the geometry/shape of “features”
Space
Real & HumanRealm Objects
Boundary Boxes For Natural Regions
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Classification Example - Traditional land cover taxonomy (Source - Ola Ahlqvist OSU)
• Easily translated to an ontology description language as class-subclass relations and class specific properties
• But no agreement on a unified taxonomy –categories change to accommodate agricultural themes, climate change etc. – CORINE & GlobCover &MODIS/IGBP
• Not even our USGS system could stay the same from one time to the other – National Land Cover Data (NLCD) used slightly different classes
in 1992 and 2001• Note: SSoil classifications have similar issues
– http://www.itc.nl/~rossiter/research/rsrch_ss_class.html
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
11 Open Water
21 Low Intensity Residential
22 High Intensity Residential
23 Commercial/Industrial/Transport.
32 Quarries/Strip Mines/Gravel Pits
33 Transitional
41 Deciduous Forest
42 Evergreen Forest
43 Mixed Forest
81 Pasture/Hay
82 Row Crops
85 Urban/Recreational Grasses
91 Woody Wetlands
92 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands
0 5 10 15 20
Kilometers
t
Land CoverChester County, PA
1992
11 Open Water21 Developed, Open Space22 Developed, Low Intensity23 Developed, Medium Intensity24 Developed, High Intensity31 Barren Land (Rock/Sand/Clay)41 Deciduous Forest42 Evergreen Forest43 Mixed Forest81 Pasture/Hay82 Cultivated Crops90 Woody Wetlands95 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands
0 5 10 15 20
Kilometers
t
Land CoverChester County, PA
2001
National Land Cover Data (NLCD) 92-01 PA change example
Different classification systems create problems!Ahlqvist, O., 2008, Extending post classification change detection using semantic similarity metrics to overcome class heterogeneity: a study of 1992 and 2001 National land Cover Database changes, Remote Sensing of Environment, 112(3):1226-1241
??
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 20 40 60 80 100Canopy cover (%)
Tre
e h
eig
ht
(m) Sudan
UNESCO
Tanzania
Jamaica
Zimbabwe
Turkey
United States
Estonia
China
Same issues around global definitions of “forest”
Adds Life forms, leaf phenology, water cycle
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Dr. Tawan BanchuenSchool of EnvironmentUniversity of Auckland
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Understanding is Complicated:Geo-Social-Temporal Semantics of Potholes
• To understand a Domain we start with general usage of terms within the domain• Area feature - A geographic entity that encloses a region; for example, a landscape, lake,
administrative area, or state.–Geographic entity - A real-world feature that is of interest; something about which data is stored.–65 feature classes listed in USGS Gazetteer Feature Classes
But consider some physical definitions:• Potholes are defined variously as cracks (at least in the UK)
–of more than 30mm depth [North East Somerset, UK]–with a width of a ’large dinner plate’ (300mm) and the depth of–a ’golf ball’ (40mm) [Gloucestershire, UK]–with a width of a ’dinner plate’ (200mm) and a minimum depth of–a ’fist’ (40mm) [Worcestershire, UK]–depth of ’a pound coin and a 1p coin side by side’ [Coventry]
• These impact other domains.
• Due to a severe winter (Time) millions of potholes need to be repaired by the local councils (Social aspect) that are legally responsible for the roads maintenance) within their administrative boundaries (also Social) .
After KRZYSZTOF JANOWICZ (PSU/SB)
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Ontology Defined Pothole? Bigger than…
OWL Ontology Defs don’t always fit Intended Conceptualization - Krzysztof Janowicz
We need Ontology Engineering practices as well as an Ontology Language to produce quality ontologies.
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Two Part Process to Create a Quality Ontology
World Situations
InteractionBottle on
Table.Flower in
Vase“in” is
“invariant”
ConceptualizationC starts to model (part of) the world
Abstraction
Bottle on TableIntuition expressed in
semantics
Possible Models in variousLanguages
IntendedModelFitting
C
OntologyModels forDCommitments
OurOntologyProduct
(C for D with K in Ontology L)
Adapted liberally from Guarino’s 1998Formal Ontology in Information Systems(LOA group, Rome)
Models defines relationship between L syntax and interpretations
Pragmatic validation
Approximates
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Backup Slides
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Collaboration Competence Questions (CQ) about Collaboration Sessions (CS)
1. - What are the artifacts of a CS? 2. - Who are the participants of a CS? 3. - What are the objectives of a CS? 4. - When and where a CS happens? 5. - What are the rules of a CS? 6. - What kind of artifact a CS generates? 7. - What kind of participants a CS has? 8. - How the collaborations artifacts are generated? 9. - Who are the participants of a communication action? 10. - What is the protocol of a communication action? 11. - What is the language used to exchange messages among agents? 12. - What is the context of a communication action? 13. What is the media used on a communication action?
From Towards a Collaboration Ontology by Felipe F. Oliveira, Julio C. P. Antunes,, Renata Guizzardi, www.inf.ufes.br/~ffrechiani/files/collaborationontology.pdf
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Start of a Collaboration Ontology
1. A collaboration session (CS) is an event composed of the actions
of its participants.
3. These actions are instantaneous events (atomic event) and they are named here participations (e.g., the action of sending or receiving a message).
1
2. A participationis performed by a participant which can have 1 or more participations.
3.
4. A CS has one or more objectives, defining its main purpose or goal with priorities..
2
4
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
In Context View - Models are Approximate
From “Theories, Models, Reasoning, Language, and Truth” by John F. Sowa.
See also Gary Berg-Cross.” A Pragmatic Approach to Discussing Intelligence in Systems”, PerMIS 2004 and my discussion of Scruffy Vs. Neat Approaches & Models in “Information Assimilation and Indexed Knowledge” presented at NIH’s BCIG 2002
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Martin Doerr/DCC: Ontology Use & Digital Curation Processes
• Ontology-mediated communication may take place with regard to the form and the states of the digital curation processes, the formal structure of documents and metadata &..the subject or knowledge contained in the documents themselves.
• Ontology help in Design phase - system designers, digital curators & content experts can agree on their functional requirements, define data and metadata structures, and identify mechanisms for achieving interoperability and integration between heterogeneous – Prominent application is the indexing of content for resource
discovery
Manual for Digital Curation Centre (DCC)http://www.dcc.ac.uk/sites/default/files/documents/resource/curation-manual/chapters/ontologies/ontologies.pdf
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Portion of CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model
5 of the main hierarchy branches are included in this view: E39 Actor, E51Contact Point, E41 Appellation, E53 Place, & E70 Thing.
Represented Concepts for reasoning about spatial information.http://www.cidoc-crm.org/docs/cidoc_crm_version_4.2.1.pdf
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Pragmatic Problems of Semantic Interpretation of Natural Language Descriptions
What does preposition ‘in’ mean?
What does ‘in’ or “under” functionally mean?
“The cat is in the table”
John Bateman‘s Onto-Space work at the University of Bremen
Everyday uses of spatial prepositions (in) - ambiguous in spatial terms - meaningful as object' function- pragmatics
Although we would all like to think that we have a complete mental model all done up ready for use in our own heads, and writing axioms is just formalizing it, this isn’t borne out by experience.
The very act of writing down ones intuitive knowledge as formal sentences reveals aspects of your own thoughts which weren't apparent before,
much of what we know defies simply being written down formally.
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Ontological Resources? relevant to describe cultural heritage collections ?
CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model Contains 80 classes & 130
http://owl.cs.manchester.ac.uk/browser/ontologies/1430325433/
ISO 21127 ?concepts
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Federating Concepts from Local Partition
Gazetteer Content Standard – minimum definition with Name
After The Role of Ontology in Improving Gazetteer InteractionKrzysztof Janowicz & Carsten Keler, 2007
For GermanCommunity ofInterest - has particular Instancefootprints
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Specializing Example: Evapotransparation Process
Devaraju and Kuhn 2010 developed a design pattern for evaporation as part of a Hydrology domain and mapped it to DOLCE.
“An instance of Vegetation is participant-in an instance of a Transpiration process.”
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Dolce Ultra Lite (DUL) : 29 classes and 43 Properties
isDescribedBy The relation between an Entity & a Description: a Description gives a unity to a Collection of parts (the components), or constituents, by assigning a Role to each of them in the context of a whole Object (the system). A same Entity can be given different descriptions, for example, an old cradle can be given a unifying Description based on the original aesthetic design, the functionality it was built for, or a new aesthetic functionality in which it can be used as a flower pot.URI: http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/DUL.owl#isDescribedBy see also Sensor Network Ontology
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Nearness Model- uses Scale Model
4 Point Scale of nearest, near & close
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
There’s Various Work on Ontologically “Better” Taxonomies & Domain Models
Emergency Event Types Emergency Organization
Command Systems Emergency Equipment
Names and Descriptions Geospatial Coordinate
Systems (OGC paper at ISCRAM)
Units of Measurements
Kruchten, et al (2007, May). A human-centered conceptual model of disasters affecting critical infrastructures. Paper at the Intelligent Human Computer Systems for Crisis Response and Management 2007, combined with Sotoodeh http://www.ece.ubc.ca/~jiirp/JIIRP_Open_Publications/jiirp_i2c_042.pdf.
But many have semantic problems
Workshop on Science Metrics, Classifications, & Mapping Standards Aug.
11-12, 2011. Gary Berg-Cross, Cognitive Psychologist
Faceted Classification