What is Biochemistry Biochemistry: Greek : Bios =life It is
branch of science deals with study of chemical basis of life That
means chemistry of living matters at cellular and molecular level
in living beings
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Biochemistry Biochemistry is a special branch of organic
chemistry that deals with matter inside the living cell called
Protoplasm. Biochemistry is a special branch of organic chemistry
that deals with matter inside the living cell called Protoplasm.
Protoplasm is an enormously complex mixture of organic compounds
where high levels of chemical activity occur. Protoplasm is an
enormously complex mixture of organic compounds where high levels
of chemical activity occur.
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What is Life Made of? Physical and Chemical sciences alone may
not completely explain the nature of life, but they at least
provide the essential framework for such an explanation. All
students of life must have a fundamental understanding of organic
chemistry and biochemistry.
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Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the study of Carbon
compounds. Organic compounds are compounds composed primarily of a
Carbon skeleton. All living things are composed of organic
compounds.
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Organic VS. inorganic compounds Organic compound : contain
carbon (C) and hydrogen ( H ). Inorganic compounds: rarely contain
carbon.
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Organic VS. inorganic Organic compound: typically larger
molecules due to carbons bonding capabilities. Inorganic compound:
usually smaller than organic compounds.
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Organic VS. inorganic Organic compound: some dissolve in water.
nonelectrolytes Most dissolve in organic liquids Inorganic :
usually dissociate in water electrolytes.
Organic Chemistry What makes Carbon Special? Why is Carbon so
different from all the other elements on the periodic table?. The
answer derives from the ability of Carbon atoms to bond together to
form long chains and rings.
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Organic Chemistry
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Carbon can covalently bond with up to four other atoms.
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Carbon can form diverse compounds, from simple to complex.
Methane with 1 Carbon atom DNA with tens of Billions of Carbon
atoms
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Biochemistry How much biochemistry do you need to know for this
course? How much biochemistry do you need to know for this course?
1. You need to know the structure of organic molecules important to
major biological processes. 1. You need to know the structure of
organic molecules important to major biological processes. 2. You
will be expected to learn the basic biochemical processes of major
cell functions, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and protein
synthesis.
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Primary Organic Compounds 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3.
Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids You are expected to learn the structure
and functions of these organic compounds:
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Polymers and Monomers Each of these types of molecules are
polymers that are assembled from single units called monomers. Each
of these types of molecules are polymers that are assembled from
single units called monomers. Each type of macromolecule is an
assemblage of a different type of monomer. Each type of
macromolecule is an assemblage of a different type of monomer.
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Monomers
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How do monomers form polymers? In condensation reactions (also
called dehydration synthesis), a molecule of water is removed from
two monomers as they are connected together. In condensation
reactions (also called dehydration synthesis), a molecule of water
is removed from two monomers as they are connected together.
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.
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Hydrolysis In a reaction opposite to condensation, a water
molecule can be added (along with the use of an enzyme) to split a
polymer in two. In a reaction opposite to condensation, a water
molecule can be added (along with the use of an enzyme) to split a
polymer in two.
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Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms, always in a ratio of 1:2:1. Carbohydrates are made of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, always in a ratio of 1:2:1.
Carbohydrates are the key source of energy used by living things.
Carbohydrates are the key source of energy used by living things.
The building blocks of carbohydrates are sugars, such as glucose
and fructose. The building blocks of carbohydrates are sugars, such
as glucose and fructose.
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Carbohydrates What do the roots mono-, di-, oligo-, and poly
mean? What do the roots mono-, di-, oligo-, and poly mean? Each of
these roots can be added to the word saccharide to describe the
type of carbohydrate you have. Each of these roots can be added to
the word saccharide to describe the type of carbohydrate you
have.
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How do two monosaccharides combine to make a
polysaccharide?
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Polysaccharides
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Lipids Lipids are molecules that consist of long hydrocarbon
chains. Attaching the three chains together is usually a glycerol
molecule. Lipids are non polar. Lipids are molecules that consist
of long hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three chains together is
usually a glycerol molecule. Lipids are non polar.
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fat
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Proteins Proteins are building blocks of structures called
amino acids. Proteins are what your DNA codes to make. Proteins are
building blocks of structures called amino acids. Proteins are what
your DNA codes to make. A peptide bond forms between amino acids by
dehydration synthesis. A peptide bond forms between amino acids by
dehydration synthesis.
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Levels of Protein Structure
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Protein Structure
LevelPrimarySecondaryTertiaryQuaternaryDescription The amino acid
sequence Helices and Sheets Disulfide bridges Multiple polypeptides
connect
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Cellular Metabolism
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Cellular metabolism refers to all of the chemical processes
that occur inside living cells. Pathway: a series of biochemical
reactions. In general, we can classify metabolic reactions into two
broad groups: (1) those in which molecules are broken down to
provide the energy needed by cells (Catabolism) (2) those that
synthesize the compounds needed by cells both simple and complex
(anabolism).
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Anabolism: the pathways by which biomolecules are synthsized
(use ATP energy to build larger molecules from smaller building
blocks). Catabolism:the biochemical pathways that are involved in
generating energy by breaking down large nutrient molecules into
smaller molecules with the concurrent production of energy
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Comparison of catabolic and anabolic pathways
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The food we eat consists of many types of compounds,
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. All of them can serve as fuel,
and we derive our energy from them. A biochemical pathway is a
series of consecutive biochemical reactions. The purpose of
catabolic pathways is to convert the chemical energy in foods to
molecules of ATP. To convert those compounds to energy, the body
uses a different pathway for each type of compound. All of these
diverse pathways converge to one common catabolic pathway
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Energy Energy can exist in two states: 1- Kinetic energy energy
of motion. 2- Potential energy stored energy. Chemical energy
potential energy stored in bonds, released when bonds are broken.
Energy can be transformed form one state to another. The ultimate
source of energy for most living things is the sun.
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- ATP consists of adenosine (adenine + ribose) and a
triphosphate group. - The bonds between the phosphate groups are
high energy bonds. A-P~P~P Importance of ATP AMP (adenosine
monophosphate) ADP (adenosine diphosphate) - The energy gained in
the oxidation of food is stored in the form of ATP.
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The mitochondria, which possess two membranes, are the
organelles in which the common catabolic pathway takes place in
higher organisms. The enzymes that catalyze the common pathway are
all located in these organelles The matrix is the inner
nonmembranous portion of a mitochondrion. The inner membrane is
highly corrugated and folded.
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- These enzymes are synthesized in the cytosoltherfore, they
must be imported through the two membranes. - The enzymes are
located inside the inner membrane of mitochondria so,the starting
materials of the reactions in the common pathway must pass through
the two membranes to enter the mitochondria. Products must leave
the same way - We will discuss in detail how the specific sequence
of these enzymes causes the chain of events in the common catabolic
pathway.
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Regulating Cellular Respiration Rate of cellular respiration
slows down when your cells have enough ATP. Enzymes that are
important early in the process have an allosteric (regulating) site
that will bind to ATP. When lots of ATP is present, it will bind to
this site, changing the shape of the enzyme, halting cellular
respiration.