Introduction to Bitumen Stabilised Materials BSMs
Kim Jenkins
SARF Course on BSMsAssagai, Shongweni
14 and 15 July 2015
tellenbosch
Hot
ColdIn Place In Plant
What defines a BSM?
Bitumen
Cem
ent
Rut resistant
Strongly cemented
Lightly cemented
UnboundCrushed stone / gravel / soil
Stress dependent
Less economical
Fatigueresistant
1%
3%
2%
1% 2% 3% 4%
FBS(NZ)
FBS(Aus)
QuickLime
0%
HMA
BSM(RSA)
?
?
5%
1. BSM Binder Type
FOAMED BITUMEN
Mill
Acid orCaustic Soda
Surfactants
Wat BitumenWater
5 microns
Water
Hot bitumen
Air
Expansion chamber
BITUMEN EMULSION
Colloidal Mill
2. Bitumen Dispersion
BSM-emulsion BSM-foam
Microscopic Analysis
Type of Dispersion
BSM-emulsion BSM-foam
Painting Spot-welding
Nature of BSMs (cold)
0.5mm
Bitumen dispersion:Non-continuously bound
BSM-foam (sand)
BITUMEN DISPERSION
Particles < 0.075 mm (# 200 sieve)
± 100°C
Thin bitumen film around steam
± 20°C
Tiny bitumen “pieces”
Natural Gravel
CBR>25%
Crushed Gravel
CBR>45%
GradedCrushed
Stone
50% RAP+ GCS
100% RAP
3. Aggregate TypesRecycled Materials
4. Grading requirements
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.08 0.15 0.3 0.6 1.18 2.36 4.75 6.7 9.5 13.2
Sieve size (mm)
Cum
ulative
% p
ass
ing
Foam
Emulsion
Optimisation of grading curve
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Emulsion
3.3% bitumen
Foam
3.5% bitumen
Indi
rect
Ten
sile
Str
engt
h (k
Pa)
Without blending
With 10% fines blend
Moisture: DurabilityEMULSION FOAMED BITUMEN
Poorly graded Well graded Well graded
5. Bitumen content
BSM Class Aggregate Bitumen (%)
BSM 1 >75% RAP + Crush agg 1.6 – 2.1
BSM 1 >25% RAP + Crush agg 1.8 – 2.5
BSM 1 <25% RAP + Crush agg 2.0 – 3.0
BSM2 Natural Gravel (CBR>45%) 2.2 – 3.5
BSM 3 Natural Gravel (CBR>25%) 2.5 – 4.0
(Wirtgen Recycling Manual, 2012)
Foam > 25ºC
Foam 15ºCEmulsion 10ºC
Foam <15ºCEmulsion<10ºC
Aggregate Mixing Temperature
√
OK
X
Aggregate Temperature vs Particle coating (BSM -foam)
05
101520
25303540
35 45 65 85
Aggregate Mixing Temperature (degC)
Max
imum
Par
ticle
Siz
e (
mm
)
Practically no coating
Partial coating
Completecoating
Jenkins , 2000
7. Moisture Regime (mix & compact)EMULSION
Bitumen coating (thin films)
Some partial coating
FOAMED BITUMEN
Bitumen dispersion selective
Partial coating
Optimum Fluids Content 70% to 90% of OMC
MOISTURE DURABILITY
HVS Cape Town on BSM
Water introduction into 2.3% foamed bitumen stabilised base
PERMEABILITY
Resilient Modulus of BSM -foam (BC = 2%)
150
350
550
750
950
1150
1350
0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0
Sum of Principal Stresses q (kPa)
Res
ilien
t Mod
ulus
Mr
(MP
a)
12kPa24kPa48kPa72kPa
s3
8. Behaviour = Granular type
Stress dependency (triaxial)
Resilient moduli 75C -0 blend
100
1000
10000
100 1000 10000
Bulk stress [kPa]
Res
ilien
t mod
ulus
[MP
a]
A-75C-0
B-75C-0
C-75C-0
Mix:1% cem0% cem
Not main purpose
BSM-emulsionBSM-foam
Visco -elastic properties of BSM-foam
Tref = 20C
HMAHW
Fatigue cracks
Rutting
HOT T or Slow Traffic
Equiv COLD T or Fast Traffic
Equiv
BSM
Validation (100% RAP Foamed Mix)
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000
Number of load repetitions [-]
Per
man
ent a
xial
strai
n [%
]
60C
40C
50C
σ1
σ2
Repeated Load
Triaxial
40ºC
50ºC60ºC
10. Active Filler: Purpose?• Improve adhesion• Improve dispersion• Modify plasticity• Increase stiffness & strength• Accelerate curing
Emulsion Foam• Breaking time Dispersion! • Improve workability
• Improve adhesion PRIMARY• Improve dispersion REASONS• Modify plasticity• Increase stiffness & strength• Accelerate curing
Emulsion Foam• Breaking time Dispersion ! • Improve workability
Influence of Active Filler
Strength and flexibility
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
Cement : Foamed Bitumen Ratio
Str
ain-
at-b
reak
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Unc
onfin
ed C
ompr
essi
ve
Str
engt
h (k
Pa)
Foamed bitumen, StrainCement, Strain*Foamed bitumen, UCS Cement, UCS*
* CSIR
εb
BSM
Cement < 1 %?
Can 1.5% cement work?
BSM-foam + 1.5% cemusing cracked CTB
2 years of traffic
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Strain
Str
ess
(kP
a)Mix Design Testing
A1
Cemented
Bituminous
It’s undeniable: More cement = more strength!
CompressiveTensileShear
strength
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Strain
Str
ess
(kP
a)Dissipated Energy
W = 0.5 σεA1A2
Cemented
Bituminous
It’s undeniable: More cement = more strength!
CompressiveTensileShear
strength
11. Time DependencyMr (field) versus cure
N7 PSPA Mr Analys is ove r 7 Months
0500
1000150020002500300035004000
0 50 100 150 200 250
Tim e (days)
Mr (
MP
a)
B1-B3 B4-B6 Poly. (B4-B6)
PSPA
Moisture
Mr
TG2 : 2nd EDITION
Published inSouth Africa
byAsphalt Academy
(CSIR / SABITA)
May 2009
BITUMEN STABILISED MATERIALS
Conclusions
• Many combinations of aggregates can be used (continuous grading)
• BSMs = asphalt• BSM is granular with higher
cohesion and shear strength• Flexibility is NB! Active filler content
needs to be restricted
/
Thank you
Roads & Enviro !