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GUIDE:XXXXX
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol
by which data is sent from one computer to another
on the internet.Each computer (known as a host) on
the Internet has one IP address that uniquely
identifies it from all other computers on the
Internet.
A set of interconnected networks The Internet is the most famous example
Networks can be completely different Ethernet, ATM, modem, …
A protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use when they communicate. Protocols specify interactions between the communicating entities.
In the standard model known as Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), there are one or more protocols at each layer in the telecommunication
Responsible for end to end transmission Sends data in individual packets Maximum size of packet is determined by the
networks Fragmented if too large
Unreliable Packets might be lost, corrupted, duplicated,
delivered out of order
TCP/IP UDP HTTP FTP
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet). When you are set up with direct access to the Internet, your computer is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP program just as every other computer that you may send messages to or get information from also has a copy of TCP/IP.
Different view – 4 layers Layer 1 : Link Layer Layer 2 : Network Layer Layer 3 : Transport Layer Layer 4 : Application Layer
Reliable, full-duplex, connection-oriented, stream delivery Interface presented to the application doesn’t
require data in individual packets Data is guaranteed to arrive, and in the correct
order without duplications Or the connection will be dropped
Imposes significant overheads
Connections are established using a three-way handshake
Data is divided into packets by the operating system Packets are numbered, and received packets are
acknowledged Connections are explicitly closed
(or may abnormally terminate)
OSI: Open Systems Interconnect
OSI Model TCP/IP Hierarchy Protocols
7th
Application Layer
6th
Presentation Layer
5th
Session Layer
4th
Transport Layer
3rd
Network Layer
2nd
Link Layer
1st
Physical Layer
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Link Layer
Link Layer : includes device driver and network interface cardNetwork Layer : handles the movement of packets, i.e. RoutingTransport Layer : provides a reliable flow of data between two hostsApplication Layer : handles the details of the particular application
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet protocol suite.
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a transport layer protocol defined for use with the IP network layer protocol.
The service provided by UDP is an unreliable service that provides no guarantees for delivery and no protection from duplication
UDP provides two services not provided by the IP layer. It provides port numbers to help distinguish different user requests and, optionally, a checksum capability to verify that the data arrived intact.
Destination PortSource Port
Application data
0 16 31
ChecksumLength
Field PurposeSource Port 16-bit port number identifying originating applicationDestination Port 16-bit port number identifying destination applicationLength Length of UDP datagram (UDP header + data)Checksum Checksum of IP pseudo header, UDP header, and data
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for transferring files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World wide web. As soon as a Web user opens their Web browser, the user is indirectly making use of HTTP. HTTP is an application protocol that runs on top of the TCP/IP suite of protocols (the foundation protocols for the Internet).
Methods of transferring data files from one computer to another over a network.
FTP divides files into several segments and assigns a reference number to each one.
FTP also performs automatic error detection and correction in file transfers.
There are hundreds of thousands of FTP files over the internet that can be freely downloaded.
IP as a transport protocol can operate on many different network infrastructures.
It is not bound to a specific technology or topology.
IP addresses and ports form the foundation for these Internet services.
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