vii
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ............................................................................. ...................i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................................................................................. ii
SURAT PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN ........................................................iii
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH....................iv
PRAKATA .............................................................................................................. v
DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR TABEL ....................................................................................................x
DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................. xi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................... xii
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... xiii
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... xiv
BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................. 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................. 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ........................................................................... 4
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................. 4
1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ........................................................................ 4
1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ....................................................................... 4
1.4 Orisinalitas Penelitian ...................................................................... 5
1.5 Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................... 5
x
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ......................................................................... 6
2.1 Landasan Teori ................................................................................ 6
2.1.1 Periodontitis ................................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Saliva ........................................................................................... 14
2.2 Kerangka Teori .............................................................................. 24
2.3 Kerangka Konsep .......................................................................... 25
2.4 Hipotesis ........................................................................................ 25
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN ........................................................... 26
3.1 Jenis Penelitian .............................................................................. 26
3.2 Rancangan Penelitian .................................................................... 26
3.3 Variabel Penelitian ........................................................................ 26
3.3.1 Variabel bebas ...................................................................... 26
3.3.2 Variabel terikat ................................................................... 26
3.3.3 Variabel terkendali ............................................................. 26
3.3.4 Variabel tidak terkendali ..................................................... 26
3.4 Definisi Operasional ..................................................................... 27
3.5 Populasi ......................................................................................... 28
3.6 Sampel Penelitian .......................................................................... 28
3.7 Kriteria Inklusi dan Eksklusi ......................................................... 29
3.8 Instrumen Penelitian ...................................................................... 30
3.8.1 Alat penelitian ...................................................................... 30
3.8.2 Bahan penelitian ................................................................... 31
x
3.9 Prosedur Penelitian ........................................................................ 31
3.10 Alur Penelitian ............................................................................. 36
3.11 Analisa Hasil ................................................................................ 37
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ............................................................ 38
4.1 Hasil Penelitian .............................................................................. 38
4.2 Pembahasan ................................................................................... 42
BAB V KESIMPULAN .................................................................................... 47
5.1 Kesimpulan .................................................................................... 47
5.2 Saran .............................................................................................. 47
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................... 48
LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................................... 53
x
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1. Pembentukan Kalkulus . ...................................................................... 23
Tabel 4. 1. Hasil rata – rata distribusi sekresi saliva ............................................. 38
Tabel 4. 2. Hasil rata – rata dan standar deviasi kalsium, fosfat, bikarbonat ....... 39
Tabel 4. 3. Hasil uji normalitas kadar kalsium ...................................................... 39
Tabel 4. 4. Hasil uji normalitas kadar fosfat ......................................................... 40
Tabel 4. 5. Hasil uji normalitas kadar bikarbonat ................................................. 40
Tabel 4. 6. Hasil uji homogenitas kadar kalsium, fosfat dan bikarbonat pada
kelompok periodontal sehat dan periodontitis .................................... 40
Tabel 4. 7. Hasil uji perbedaan kadar kalsium antara kelompok periodontal
sehat dan periodontitis. ........................................................................ 41
Tabel 4. 8. Hasil uji perbedaan kadar fosfat antara kelompok periodontal sehat
dan periodontitis. ................................................................................. 41
Tabel 4. 9. Hasil uji perbedaan kadar bikrbonat antara kelompok periodontal
sehat dan periodontitis. ........................................................................ 42
xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1. Tulang alveolar pada keadaan hemostatik dan terinflamasi yang
berkaitan dengan RANKL dan OPG ............................................... 8
Gambar 2.2. Kemerahan pada gingiva ................................................................ 11
Gambar 2.3. Gambaran Klinis Plak Supragingiva pada Hari ke 10 .................... 11
Gambar2.4. Kalkulus Supragingival digambarkan pada permukaan bukal
geraham rahang atas yang berdekatan dengan lubang saluran
parotis.. ........................................................................................... 12
Gambar 2.5. Poket periodontal .......................................................................... 12
Gambar 2.6. Resesi Gingiva oleh Karena Kehilangan Perlekatan Periodontal .. 13
Gambar 2.7. Keterlibatan furkasi ........................................................................ 13
Gambar 2.8. Ion Anorganik pada saliva .............................................................. 15
Gambar 2.9. Mekanisme Sekresi Saliva .............................................................. 17
Gambar 2.10. Pengaturan Sekresi Saliva melalui Syaraf ....................................... 20
xiv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1. Surat Ijin Penelitian .......................................................................... 53
Lampiran 2. Ethical Clearance ............................................................................. 54
Lampiran 3. Surat Sample Masuk ......................................................................... 55
Lampiran 4. Hasil analisa penelitian ..................................................................... 56
Lampiran 5. Surat penelitian dari Lab Teknik Lingkungan Undip ....................... 57
Lampiran 6. Analisis data penlitian ...................................................................... 58
Lampiran 7. Alat dan Bahan Penelitian ................................................................ 60
Lampiran 8. Formulir PSP dan Informed Consent ................................................ 67