1
izkn'kZ iz'u i= 201izkn'kZ iz'u i= 201izkn'kZ iz'u i= 201izkn'kZ iz'u i= 2013&143&143&143&14
fo"k; & fo"k; & fo"k; & fo"k; & lekt 'kkL=lekt 'kkL=lekt 'kkL=lekt 'kkL= (Sociology)
d{kk & ckjgohad{kk & ckjgohad{kk & ckjgohad{kk & ckjgoha lsV&,lsV&,lsV&,lsV&,
le;& 3 ?kaVsle;& 3 ?kaVsle;& 3 ?kaVsle;& 3 ?kaVs iw.kkZad& iw.kkZad& iw.kkZad& iw.kkZad& 100100100100 Time- 3 Hours Maximum Mark – 100 funsZ'k& funsZ'k& funsZ'k& funsZ'k&
i. lHkh iz'u vfuok;Z gSA ii. iz'u i= esa fn;s x;s funsZ'k lko/kkuh iwoZd i<+dj mRrj fyf[k,A
iii. iz'u 1 ls 5 rd oLrqfu"B iz'u gS ftuds vUrxZr fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ] lR;@vlR;] lgh tksM+h cukuk] ,d okD; esa mRrj rFkk lgh fodYi dk p;u djuk gSA izR;sd iz'u 5 vad dk gSA 1x5= 5x5 = 25 vad
iv. iz'u Øekad 6 ls 24 rd esa vkUrfjd fodYi fn;s x;s gSA v. iz'u Øekad 6 ls 10 rd izR;sd iz'u ds fy, 2 vad ,oa iz'uksa ds mRrj yxHkx 30
'kCnksa esa fy[kuk gSA vi. iz'u Øekad 11 ls 17 rd izR;sd iz'u ds fy;s 4 vad ,oa iz'uksa ds mRRkj yxHkx
75 'kCnksa esa fy[kuk gSA vii. iz'u Øekad 18 ls 22 rd izR;sd iz'u ds fy, 5 vad ,oa iz'uksa ds mRrj yxHkx
120 'kCnksa esa fy[kuk gSA viii. iz'u Øekad 23 rFkk 24 esa izR;sd iz'u ij 6 vad ,oa iz'uksa ds mRrj yxHkx 150
'kCnksa esa fy[kuk gSA Instructions –
i. All question are compulsory. ii. Please read the instructions carefully before writing the answer. iii. Q. No. 1 to 5 are objective type which contain fill up the Blank, True/False, match the
colomn, one sentence answer and choose the correct answers. Each question is allotted 5 marks. 1x1 = 5x5 =25 Marks.
iv. Internal options are given in Q. No. 6 to 24. v. Q. No. 6 to 10 carry 2 marks each and answer should be given in about 30 words. vi. Q. No. 11 to 17 carry 4 marks each and answer should be given in about 75 words. vii. Q. No. 18 to 22 carry 5 marks each and answer should be given in about 120 words. viii. Q. No. 23 and 24 carry 6 marks each and answer should be given in about 150 words.
2
iz'u 1- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A
1- Hkkjr ds iwjc esa fgUnwvksa dk--------------rhFkZ LFkku fLFkr gSA
2- Hkkjr esa lcls /kuh vcknh okyk {ks= ---------------dk eSnku gSA
3- Hkkjr esa igyh jk"Vªh; tula[;k uhfr lu-----------esa ?kksf"kr dh xbZA
4- Hkkjr esa ekpZ 2007 rd------------iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,a iwjh gks pqdh gSA
5- e/;dky esa gksus okys lekt lq/kkj dks----------------vkanksyu dgk tkrk gSA
Fill in the blanks.
(i) The Hindu pligrimages............is situated in the east at India.
(ii) The most densety populated area is...........plain.
(iii) The first National population plane is declared in the year........
(iv) The................five years plance complete in March 2007 in India.
(v) The social reform in middle Era is called ............movement.
iz'u 2- lgh fodYi pqudj fyf[k, &
¼v½ fuEukafdr esa ls Hkkjr ds fdl jkT; esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh
tula[;k dk izfr'kr lcls vf/kd gS &
¼i½ e/;izns'k ¼ii½ NRrhlx<+
¼iii ½ ukxkyS.M ¼iv½ fcgkj
¼c½ Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk vU; fiNM+s oxksZ ds fy, 27 izfr'kr vkj{k.k nsus
dh uhfr dks fdl o"kZ ls ykxw fd;k x;k\
¼i½ lu 1991 ¼ii½ lu 1992
¼iii ½ lu 1993 ¼iv½ lu 1994
¼l½ vYi la[;d oxksZa esa fuEukafdr esa ls fdls Hkkjr esa lcls igys
jk"Vªifr dk in izkIr gqvkA
¼i½ MkW- tkfdj gqlSu ¼ii½ Kkuh tSy flag
¼iii ½ Q[k:n~nhu vyh vgen ¼iv½ MkW- ,-ih-th- vCnqy dyke
¼n½ Hkkjr esa tkfr rFkk oxZ iqLrd ds ys[kd dk uke gS &
3
¼i½ th-,l- /kqj;s ¼ii½ ds-,e- dkifM+;k
¼iii ½ MkW- Hkxoku nkl ¼iv½ Mh-ih- eqdthZ
¼b½ fuEukafdr esa ls lks'ky ,.M dYpjy eksfcfyVh iqLrd dss ys[kd dk
uke gS &
¼i½ ,-,e- 'kkg ¼ii½ lkajksfdu
¼iii ½ Vh-,u- enu ¼iv½ vkUnzs fcrsbZA
Select and write the correct answer.
(a) In which of the following state in India the population persent of tribes
more -
(i) Madhya Pradesh (ii) Chattisgharh
(iii) Nagaland (iv) Bihar
(b) From which year the 27% reservation applied for other Backward class in
India -
(i) Year 1991 (ii) Year 1992
(iii) Year 1993 (iv) Year 1994
(c) Which of the following minority class in India found the past (disgnation)
of president first -
(i) Dr. Zaki Hussain (ii) Gyani Jail Singh
(iii) Fakharuddin Ali Ahamed (iv) Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
(d) The name at the Auhar at the book "caste and class in India".
(i) G.S. Ghurye (ii) K.M. Kapadiya
(iii) Dr. Bhagwan Das (iv) D.P. Mukarjee
(e) In the following the Nameati Authar of the book cultural mobility -
(i) A.M. Shah (ii) Sorokin
(iii) T.N. Madan (iv) Andre Bitei
iz'u 3- fuEufyf[kr dk lR; ;k vlR; crkb;sA
1- Hkkjrh; lekt ea vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k dsoy uxjksa rd lhfer gSA
2- uxjh;rk thou dh ,d fo'ks"k fof/k gSA
4
3- if'pehdj.k ,d rVLFk izfØ;k gSA
4- laLd`frdj.k dk laca/k Hkkjrh; lekt dh lkekftd lajpuk ds ifjorZuksa
dks Li"V djus ls gSA
5- uo e/;e oxZ dk mn; vkS|ksxhdj.k rFkk vk/kqfudhdj.k dk ifj.kke gSA
Answer the following in true or false.
(i) The process of modernization is limited only Urban areas in Indian
Society.
(ii) Urbanism is a special method of life.
(iii) Westernization is a stable process.
(iv) The relation of Sanskritization is to explain the changes of social structure.
(v) Rise of new middle class is the result of Indus trialization and
Modernization.
iz'u 4- izR;sd dk ,d okD; esa mRrj nhft,A
1- xkaoksa esa ftu yksxksa us Hkwfe ds cM+s fgLls ij u;h izkS|ksfxdh ds }kjk [ksrh
djuk vkjaHk dh mUgsa d`"kdksa ds fdl oxZ ds uke ls lEcksf/kr fd;k
tkrk gS\
2- Hkkjr esa fdl iz/kkuea=h us ;gka mnkjhdj.k dh izfØ;k dks vkjaHk fd;k\
3- fczfV'k 'kklu ds nkSjku tehankjh O;oLFkk dk vkjaHk fdlds }kjk fd;k
x;k\
4- vkt ljdkj }kjk lekt ds fdl oxZ dks f'k{kk dh lcls vf/kd lqfo/kk,a
nh tk jgh gS\
5- fdlh lekt esa tc yksxksa ds fopkjksa] lkaLd`frd ewY;ksa] fo'oklksa vkSj
izkS|ksfxdh esa ifjorZu gksrk gS rc ,sls ifjorZu dks ge fdl uke ls
lEcksf/kr djrs gS\
Write the Answer in one sentence each.
5
1. The people who started farming on the large part of land through new
technology by which name these changes are known?
2. Which priminister started the process of liberalization in India?
3. Who started the JAMIDARI system during British Government.
4. Which class of society is getting more facilities of Education by the
government at present.
5. When there is a change in thoughts of people cultural values beliefs
technology in any society then by which name these changes are known?
iz'u 5- LraHk ^v* ds fy, LraHk ^c* ls pqudj lgh tksM+h cukb;s &
vvvv &&&& cccc
¼v½ bjkorh dosZ & lkekftd Je foHkktu
¼c½ eqfLye fookg & vf/kekU; fookg
¼l½ vuqykse & lkekftd le>kSrk
¼n½ la;qDr ifjokj & Hkkjr esa ukrsnkjh O;oLFkk
¼b½ tutkrh; fookg & iRuh dh rqyuk esa ifr dh
mPp lkekftd ifjfLFkfr
Make the correct pair for column 'A' choosing from column 'B'
A - B
(a) Iravati Karve - Social labour division
(b) Muslim Marriage - Preferred Marriage
(c) Morgantically - Social Compromise
(d) Joint Family - Kinship system in India
(e) Tribal Marriage - Husband's High Social Status
to comparison with wife.
iz'u 6- HkkSxksfyd n'kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr ds pkj eq[; Hkkxksa ds uke fyf[k,A
6
Write main four parts of India on the bases of Geografical Conditions.
vFkok Or
vk;Z lekt dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
Who Established the "ARYA SAMAJ".
iz'u 7- tkfr dh dksbZ ,d ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A
Write any one defination of caste.
vFkok Or
tutkfr dh dksbZ ,d ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A
Write any one defination of Tribes.
iz'u 8- mikxe dk vFkZ fyf[k,A
Write the meaning of approach.
vFkok Or
Hkkjrh; lekt ds v/;;u ds fy, fdu pkj mikxeksa dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk
tkrk gS\
Which are the four important approaches to the study of Indian Society.
iz'u 9- f'k{kk dk D;k vFkZ gS\
What is the meaning of Education.
vFkok Or
tu lapkj ds vFkZ dks Li"V dhft,A
Explain the meaning of Mass media.
iz'u 10- Hkkjr esa jked`".k fe'ku dh LFkkiuk fdlus dh\
7
Who Established the Ram Krishna Missiion.
vFkok
Or
;g fu"d"kZ fdlus fn;k fd vijk/kh tUetkr gksrs gS\
Who gave this conelusion that the criminals.
iz'u 11- ltkrh; dk D;k vFkZ gS\
What is the meaning of Ethnicity.
vFkok Or
vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa ,drk ds eq[; rRo D;k Fks\
What were the main elements of unity in Modern India?
iz'u 12- Hkkjr esa tula[;k o`f) ds dksbZ pkj dkj.k fyf[k,A
Write any four causes of population growth in India.
vFkok Or
tukafddh dk vFkZ le>kb;sA
Explain the meaning of demography.
iz'u 13- Hkkjr esa uxjh; leqnk; dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a D;k gS\
What are the main characteristics of urban community in India?
vFkok Or
tkfr rFkk oxZ esa varj fyf[k,A
Write the difference between caste and class.
iz'u 14- la;qDr ifjokj dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a D;k gS\
What are main characteristics of Joint Family.
8
vFkok
Or
fgUnw fookg ds eq[; mn~ns'; D;k gS\
What are the main objectives of Hindu Marriage.
iz'u 15- v"Vkafxd ekxZ D;k gS\
What is Ashtangik Marg?
vFkok
Or
iap _.k ls vki D;k le>rs gS\
What do you mean by Panch Rin?
iz'u 16- laLd`frdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk ,oa fo'ks"krkvksa dh foospuk dhft,A
Discuss the concept and characteristics of Sanskritization.
vFkok Or
if'pehdj.k dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a D;k gS\
What are the main features of Westernization?
iz'u 17- tulapkj ds lk/kuksa ls vki D;k le>rs gS\ tulapkj ds izeq[k lk/kuksa ij
izdk'k Mkfy;sA
What do you mean by the means of Mass media? Throw light on the main means
of mass media.
vFkok
Or
Hkkjr ea f'k{kk leL;kvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
Describe the problems of Education in India.
iz'u 18- tutkfr;ksa dh izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
9
Explain the main features of tribes.
vFkok
Or
tkfr O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k,A
Write the characteristics of caste system.
iz'u 19- cqfu;knh f'k{kk ls vki D;k le>rs gS\
What do you understand by Basic Education?
vFkok
Or
f'k{kk ds eq[; mn~ns'; D;k gS\
What are the main aims of Education?
iz'u 20- Hkkjr esa vYi la[;dksa dh dksbZ ikap leL;k,a fyf[k,A
Write any five problems of minorities in India.
vFkok
Or
fiNM+s oxZ ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\
What do you mean by Backward Class?
iz'u 21- Hkkjrh; ukxfjd ds ekSfyd vf/kdkj fyf[k,A
Write the fundamental rights of Indian Citizen.
vFkok
Or
lkekftd ifjorZu esa iapk;r jkt dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\
What is role of Panchayat Raj in social change?
10
iz'u 22- HkfDr vkanksyu ds mn~ns'; D;k gS\
What are the aims of Bhakti Movement?
vFkok
Or
lekt esa fgalk ds dksbZ ikap dkj.k fyf[k,A
Write down any five causes of violence in Society.
iz'u 23- Hkkjr esa jkT;ksa ds lkeus vkt eq[; pqukSfr;ka D;k gS\
What are the main challenges before the states in India to day.
vFkok
Or
jkT; ds izeq[k vk/kkj D;k gS\
What are main bases of state.
iz'u 24- mnkjhdj.k dh pqukSfr;ka fyf[k, ,oa oS'ohdj.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\
Write the challenges of Liberalization and what is the meaning of Globalization
vFkok
Or
uo e/;e oxZ dh fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k, ,oa vfHktu lewg dks la{ksi esa
le>kb;sA
Write the characteristics of New Middle Class. What do you mean by Elite
groups.
& & & & & &
11
vkn'kZ mRrj vkn'kZ mRrj vkn'kZ mRrj vkn'kZ mRrj
fo"k; & fo"k; & fo"k; & fo"k; & lekt 'kkL=lekt 'kkL=lekt 'kkL=lekt 'kkL= (Sociology) d{kk & ckjgohad{kk & ckjgohad{kk & ckjgohad{kk & ckjgoha
oLrqfu"B iz'uoLrqfu"B iz'uoLrqfu"B iz'uoLrqfu"B iz'uksa ds mRrj &ksa ds mRrj &ksa ds mRrj &ksa ds mRrj &
mRrj 1- fjDr LFkku &
1- txUukFkiqjh
2- xaxk ;equk
3- 1976
4- nl
5- HkfDr vkanksyuA
izR;sd lghizR;sd lghizR;sd lghizR;sd lgh fy[kus ij 1 vad dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA fy[kus ij 1 vad dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA fy[kus ij 1 vad dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA fy[kus ij 1 vad dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA
mRrj 2- lgh fodYi &
1- ukxkyS.M
2- 1993
3- MkW- tkfdj gqlSu
4- th-,l- ?kqj;s
5- lkajksfdu
izR;sd lgh fy[kus ij 1 vad dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAizR;sd lgh fy[kus ij 1 vad dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAizR;sd lgh fy[kus ij 1 vad dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAizR;sd lgh fy[kus ij 1 vad dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA
mRrj 3- lR;@vlR; &
¼i½ vlR;
¼ii½ lR;
¼iii ½ lR;
¼iv½ vlR;
¼v½ lR;
izR;sd lgh fy[kus izR;sd lgh fy[kus izR;sd lgh fy[kus izR;sd lgh fy[kus ij 1 vad dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAij 1 vad dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAij 1 vad dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAij 1 vad dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA
12
mRrj 4- ,d okD; esa mRrj &
1- iwathifr d`"kd oxZA
2- ujflEgk jkoA
3- ykMZ dkuZokfylA
4- nqcZy oxZA
5- lkaLd`frd ifjorZuA
izR;sd lgh fy[kus ij 1 vad dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAizR;sd lgh fy[kus ij 1 vad dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAizR;sd lgh fy[kus ij 1 vad dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAizR;sd lgh fy[kus ij 1 vad dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA
mRrj 5- lgh tksfM;ka &
vvvv &&&& cccc
¼v½ bjkorh dosZ & Hkkjr esa ukrsnkjh O;oLFkk
¼c½ eqfLye fookg & lkekftd le>kSrk
¼l½ vuqykse & iRuh dh rqyuk esa ifr dh
mPp lkekftd ifjfLFkfr
¼n½ la;qDr ifjokj & lkekftd Je foHkktu
¼b½ tutkrh; fookg & vf/kekU; fookg
izR;sd lgh fy[kus ij 1 vad dqy 5 izR;sd lgh fy[kus ij 1 vad dqy 5 izR;sd lgh fy[kus ij 1 vad dqy 5 izR;sd lgh fy[kus ij 1 vad dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAvad izkIr gksaxsAvad izkIr gksaxsAvad izkIr gksaxsA
mRrj 6-
1- foLr`r ioZrh; izns'kA
2- xaxk ;equk o xksnkojh ds eSnkuA
3- jsfxLrkuh {ks= rFkk
4- nf{k.kh izk;}hi dk iBkjA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 2222 vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA
13
vFkok
vk;Z lekt dh LFkkiuk Lokeh n;kuUn us dhA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 2222 vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA
mRrj 7- etwenkj rFkk enu & tkfr ,d can oxZ gSA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 2222 vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA
vFkok
Mh-,u- etwenkj& tutkfr ifjokjksa dk ,d ,slk lewg gS ftldk ,d
lkekU; uke gksrk gS ftlds lnL; ,d fuf'pr {ks= esa fuokl djrs gS ,d
lkekU; Hkk"kk cksyrs gS rFkk fookg vkSj O;oLFkk ds ckjs esa dqN [kkl fu;eksa
dk ikyu djrs gSA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 2222 vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA
mRrj 8- mikxe v/;;u dk og rjhdk gS ftlds vk/kkj ij fdlh fo'ks"k lkekftd
rF; dh foospuk dh tkrh gSA izR;sd mikxe dqN fo'ks"k ekU;rkvksa ij
vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA fofHkUu mikxeksa dh izd`fr ,d nwljs ls blfy, fHkUu
gksrh gS fd muls lacaf/kr vo/kkj.kk,a vkSj v/;;u dh izfof/k;ka vyx&vyx
gksrh gSA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 2222 vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA
vFkok
1- Hkkjrh; fo|k'kkL=h; mikxeA
2- lkaLd`frd mikxeA
3- lajpukRed mikxeA
4- ,sfrgkfld mikxeA
14
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 2222 vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA
mRrj 9- f'k{kk fodkl dh ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk euq"; cpiu ls ysdj
izkS<+koLFkk rd vusd rjhdksa ls vius HkkSfrd] lkekftd vkSj uSfrd i;kZoj.k
ls vuqdwyu djuk lh[krk gSA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 2222 vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA
vFkok
tu lapkj og izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ,d ;k dqN fopkjksa dks vusd lk/kuksa
ds }kjk fdlh cM+s leqnk; rd igqapk;k tkrk gSA blds vUrxZr ge eqfnzr
lapkj] fo|qr lapkj] rFkk n`';&JO; lapkj dks lfEefyr djrs gSA lekpkj
i= fofHkUu if=dk,a] VsyhQksu] QSDl] dEI;wVj] Vsyhfotu] jsfM;ksa vkSj
pyfp= vkfn tulapkj ds izeq[k lk/ku gSA orZeku ;qx esa tu lapkj
lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd ifjorZu dk ,d izeq[k vk/kkj gSA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 2222 vad izkIr vad izkIr vad izkIr vad izkIr gksaxsA gksaxsA gksaxsA gksaxsA
mRrj 10- Hkkjr esa jked`".k fe'ku dh LFkkiuk foosdkuan us dhA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 2222 vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA
vFkok
yEczkslks us ;g fu"d"kZ fn;k dh vijk/kh tUetkr gksrs gS\
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 2222 vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA vad izkIr gksaxsA
mRrj 11- latkrh;rk dk vFkZ & latkrh;rk ,d ,slh Hkkouk gS tks laLd`fr] /keZ] {ks=]
Hkk"kk] os'kHkw"kk vFkok thou 'kSyh ds vk/kkj ij fdlh fo'ks"k leqnk; dks
viuh ,d vyx igpku cuk;s j[kus dk izksRlkgu nsrh gSA latkrh;rk dk
15
laca/k mu iwokZxzgksa ls gS ftuds vk/kkj ij ,d ls ,d latkrh;rk lewg vius
ls fHkUu latkrh; lewg ls iFkdrk eglwl djus yxrk gS vkSj dHkh dHkh
nwljs dh rqyuk esa vius dks vf/kd Js"B ;k mPp fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k djrk
gSA lekt 'kkL= esa bl n'kk dks latkrh;rk dh izo`fRr dgk tkrk gSA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad imijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad imijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad imijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAzkIr gksaxsAzkIr gksaxsAzkIr gksaxsA
vFkok
vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa ,drk ds eq[; rRo &
1- Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa lekurk] Lora=rk vkSj /keZ fujis{krk dks vf/kd egRo
fn;kA
2- ljdkj }kjk lHkh {ks=ksa ds fodkl dks leku egRo fn;k x;kA
3- iapk;rksa ls ysdj laln rd esa lHkh /keksZa vkSj tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa dk
izfrfuf/kRo gSA
4- iwjs ns'k esa lHkh ds fy;s leku dkuwuksa ds }kjk U;k; fn;k tkrk gSA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsA
mRrj 12- Hkkjr esa tula[;k o`f) ds dkj.k &
1- vf'k{kkA
2- fuEu thou LrjA
3- cky fookg dh izFkkA
4- la;qDr ifjokj O;oLFkkA
5- HkkX; esa fo'oklA
6- tUe vkSj e`R;qnj dk vlarqyuA
7- cgqifRu fookg dk izpyuA
8- xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkkA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsA
16
vFkok
tukafddh 'kCn dk iz;ksx lcls igys lu 1855 esa xqbykMZ us fd;kA 'kfCnd
:i ls tukafddh og foKku gS tks tula[;k laca/kh fo'ks"krkvksa dks fooj.k
ds :i esa Li"V djrk gSA
xzscfud ds 'kCnksa esa & xzscfud ds 'kCnksa esa & xzscfud ds 'kCnksa esa & xzscfud ds 'kCnksa esa & tukafddh mu rF;ksa dh v/;;u gS tks ekuo
tula[;k ds fofHkUu i{kksa tSls tUenj] eR;qnj] izoklh; fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj mUgsa
izHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa dk v/;;u djrk gSA
xqbykMxqbykMxqbykMxqbykMZ & Z & Z & Z & tukafddh ,d xf.krh; Kku gS tks tula[;k dh HkkSfrd]
lkekftd] ckSf)d vkSj uSfrd n'kkvksa ds v/;;u ls lacaf/kr gSA O;kid vFkksZa
esa ;g ekuo lekt dk izkd`frd vkSj lkekftd bfrgkl gSA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsA
mRrj 13- Hkkjr esa uxjh; leqnk; dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a &
1- tula[;k dh vf/kdrkA
2- lkekftd fofHkUurkA
3- fodflr izkS|ksfxdhA
4- Je foHkktu vkSj fo'ks"khdj.kA
5- O;kolkf;d fHkUurkA
mijksDrkuqlkj mijksDrkuqlkj mijksDrkuqlkj mijksDrkuqlkj esa ls fdUgha 4 dk foLrkj esa ls fdUgha 4 dk foLrkj esa ls fdUgha 4 dk foLrkj esa ls fdUgha 4 dk foLrkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr
gksaxsAgksaxsAgksaxsAgksaxsA
vFkok
tkfr rFkk oxZ esa varj &
1- tkfr dh lnL;rk tUe ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA oxZ dh lnL;rk O;fDr
dh ;ksX;rk vkSj lEifRr ls lacaf/kr gksrh gSA
17
2- ijaijkxr :i ls izR;sd tkfr dk ,d fuf'pr O;olk; gksrk gSA oxZ
O;oLFkk esa izR;sd O;fDr dksbZ Hkh O;olk; dj ldrk gSA
3- tkfr dh lnL;rk esa ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA oxksZa dh izd`fr
[kqyh gqbZ gksrh gSA
4- tkfr ds fu;eksa dk laca/k ijaijk ls gksrk gSA oxZ ls lacaf/kr fu;e cnyrs
jgrs gSA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsA
mRrj 14- la;qDr ifjokj dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a &
1- cM+k vkdkj & ,d la;qDr ifjokj esa rhu pkj ihf<+;ksa rd ds jDr
lacaf/k;ksa vkSj fookg ds }kjk blesa lfEefyr gksus okys lnL;ksa dk
lekos'k gksrk gSA
2- lkekU; fuokl & la;qDr ifjokj ds lHkh lnL; R;kSgkjksa] mRloksa vkSj iwjk
ds volj ij ,df=r gksdj drZO;ksa dks iwjk djrs gSA
3- lkekU; jlksbZ & ftl ifjokj esa lHkh lnL; ,d gh jlksbZ esa cuk Hkkstu
djrs gSA
4- la;qDr laifRr & dkuwuh vkSj lkekftd rkSj ij ,d la;qDr ifjokj ds
lnL;ksa ds chp laifRr dk dksbZ caVokjk ugha gksrkA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsA
vFkok
fgUnq fookg ds izeq[k mn~ns'; &
1- /kkfeZd drZO;ksa dh iwfrZA
2- iq= tUeA
3- jfrA
18
4- x`gLFk /keZ dk ikyuA
5- O;fDr ds thou dks laxfBr j[kukA
mijksDr fdUgh 4 fcUnqvksa dk foLrkj mijksDr fdUgh 4 fcUnqvksa dk foLrkj mijksDr fdUgh 4 fcUnqvksa dk foLrkj mijksDr fdUgh 4 fcUnqvksa dk foLrkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAfy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAfy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAfy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsA
mRrj 15- v"Vkafxd ekxZ &
5- vk;Z 'kfDr;ksa dk leqfpr KkuA
6- n`<+ fu'p;A
7- lp cksyukA
8- fgalk vkSj nqjkpkj ls cpukA
9- bZekunkjh ls vkthfodk pykukA
10- vPNs dkeksa ds fy;s yxkrkj iz;Ru djukA
11- ykyp vkSj larki ls cpukA
12- jkx vkSj }s"k ls vius vkidks vyx j[kukA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsA
vFkok
iap _.k &
iap _.k fganq /keZ dk ,d fl)kar gSA fgUnq /keZ O;fDrokn dks egRo u nsdj
lkewfgdrk dks egRo nsrk gSA izR;sd ij iokap rjg ds _.k gksrs gS &
6- nso _.kA
7- _f"k _.kA
8- fir` _.kA
9- vfrfFk _.kA
10- tho _.kA
mijksDr fdUgh 4 fcUnqvksa dk foLrkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDr fdUgh 4 fcUnqvksa dk foLrkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDr fdUgh 4 fcUnqvksa dk foLrkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDr fdUgh 4 fcUnqvksa dk foLrkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsA
19
mRrj 16- lkaLd`frdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk &
lkaLd`frdj.k og izfØ;k gS ftlds varxZr fuEu tkfr;ka mPp tkfr;ksa dh
lkaLd`frd fo'ks"krkvksa dks xzg.k djds tkfr lajpuk esa viuh izfLFkfr dks
mapk mBkus dk iz;Ru djrh gSA
lkaLd`frdj.k dh fo'ks"krk,a &
1111---- lkaLd`frdj.k og izfØ;k gS tks fuEu tkfr;ksa dh ijaijkxr] lkekftd
izkfLFkfr esa gksus okys ifjorZu vkSj lq/kkj dks Li"V djrh gSA
2222---- lkaLd`frdj.k dqN ckgjh n'kkvksa dk ifj.kke ugha gS tc lekt dh
lajpuk esa vkarfjd ifjorZu gksrk gS rHkh ;g izfØ;k gksrh gSA
3333---- lkaLd`frdj.k dk vkn'kZ izHkq tkfr vFkok izHkko'kkyh tkfr gh gksrh gSA
4444---- lkaLd`frdj.k dk laca/k ,d cM+s lewg }kjk mPp tkfr dh lkaLd`frd
fo'ks"krkvksa dks xzg.k djus ls gSA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsA
vFkok
if'pehdj.k dh fo'ks"krk,a &
1- ,d rVLFk vo/kkj.kk & ;g izfØ;k uSfrd :i ls blfy;s rVLFk gS fd
blds vuqlkj fdlh ifjorZu dks igys dh rqyuk esa vPNk ;k cqjk ugha
dgk tk ldrkA
2- ,d O;kid vo/kkj.kk & if'pehdj.k dh izfØ;k dk {ks= cgqr O;kid
gSA blesa vusd izdkj ds ifjorZuksa dk lekos'k gSA
3- ,d fuf'pr vkn'kZ dk vHkko & Hkkjr esa if'pehdj.k dh izfØ;k fdlh
,d ns'k dks vkn'kZ ekudj ugha pyrhA
4- u, ewY;ksa dk lekos'k & Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds ijaijkxr ewY;ksa dh txg
if'peh laLd`fr ds bu ewY;ksa dks xzg.k djus dh izfØ;k dk uke gh
if'pehdj.k gSA
20
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsA
mRrj 17- tulapkj ds lk/ku &
tulapkj ds fofHkUu lk/kuksa dk dke ns'k ds vyx&vyx fgLlksa esa ?kfVr
gksus okyh ?kVukvksa] jktuSfrd xfrfof/k;ksa] varjkZ"Vªh; laca/kksa] rjg&rjg dh
lkekftd] vkfFkZd leL;kvksa] fodkl dk;ZØeksa vkSj fofHkUu oxksZa dh
Hkwfedkvksa dh tkudkjh nsus ds lkFk tulk/kkj.k dks euksjatu dh lqfo/kk,a
nsuk gSA
tulapkj ds eq[; lk/ku &
1- VsyhohtuA
2- jsfM;ksaA
3- lekpkj i= if=dk,aA
4- pyfp=A
5- nwjlapkj rFkk
6- O;aX; fp=A
mijksDr esa ls fdUghaa pkj dks foLrkjmijksDr esa ls fdUghaa pkj dks foLrkjmijksDr esa ls fdUghaa pkj dks foLrkjmijksDr esa ls fdUghaa pkj dks foLrkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsA fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsA fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsA fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsA
vFkok
Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dh leL;k,a &
1- f'k{kk ij xSj ljdkjh izca/kdksa dk izHkko c<+us ls lkekftd vlekurk,a
c<+ jgh gSA
2- izkFkfed f'k{kk ds fy;s fn;s tkus okys /ku dk leqfpr mi;ksx ugha
gksrkA
3- f'k{kk esa O;kogkfjd fu;kstu dh cgqr deh gSA blh dkj.k lk{kjrk dk
y{; iwjk ugha gks ikrkA
21
4- f'k{kk ls lacaf/kr uhfr;ksa vkSj f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfDr;kas esa usrkvksa dk c<+rk
gqvk gLr{ksi ,d eq[; leL;k gSA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 4 vad izkIr gksaxsA
mRrj 18- tutkfr;ksa dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a &
1- lkekU; uke & izR;sd tutkfr dk viuk ,d uke gksrk gS tSls xkSaM]
eqaMk] Hkhy vkfnA
2- ,d {ks=h; leqnk; & izR;sd tutkfr ,d fuf'pr Hkw&Hkkx esa fuokl
djrh gSA tSls taxyh] igkM+h [ks=A
3- iFkd Hkk"kk & izR;sd tutkfr dh ,d vyx Hkk"kk gksrh gSA
4- vkRefuHkZjrk & tutkfr ,d vkRefuHkZj leqnk; gSA
5- jktuhfrd laxBu & Hkkjr esa yxHkx lHkh tutkfr;ksa ds vius&vius
lkekftd dkuwu gSA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA
vFkok
tkfr O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,a &
1- lekt dk [kaMukRed foHkktuA
2- laLrj.kA
3- [kku iku esa izfrca/kA
4- lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd fu;ksZX;rk,aA
5- O;kolkf;d foHkktuA
6- vUrfoZokgA
7- vknj izfrekuA
8- tkfr;ksa dh vUrfuHkZjrkA
mijksDrmijksDrmijksDrmijksDr esa fdUgh ikap fcUnq ij foLrkj ls esa fdUgh ikap fcUnq ij foLrkj ls esa fdUgh ikap fcUnq ij foLrkj ls esa fdUgh ikap fcUnq ij foLrkj ls fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA
22
mRrj 19- cqfu;knh f'k{kk &
egkRek xka/kh th us vkfFkZd :i ls detksj ns'k ds fy;s ,d ,slh f'k{kk
O;oLFkk ij tksj fn;k ftldh lgk;rk ls yksx ijaijkxr nLrdkjh vkSj
O;olk; ds }kjk ljyrk ls O;olk; ds volj izkIr dj ldsaA mudk fopkj
Fkk fd drkbZ&cqukbZ] c<+bZfxjh] i'kqikyu] yksgkfxjh] crZu cukus dh dyk
tSls O;olk;ksa dh f'k{kk ls gh uo;qodksa dks O;kogkfjd Kku fey ldrk gSA
bl f'k{kk dks cqfu;knh f'k{kk dk uke fn;k x;k gSA
cqfu;knh f'k{kk dk ;g izko/kku j[kk x;k fd cPps dks lkr o"kZ ls pkSng o"kZ
rd dh vk;q rd vfuok;Z :i ls ;g f'k{kk nh tk;sA f'k{kk dk ek/;e
ekr~Hkk"kk ds :i ea fgUnh gksuk pkfg,A rFkk blds mn~ns'; izR;sd ;qod dks
vkRe fuHkZj cukuk gks rFkk f'k{kk bl izdkj dh gks fd O;fDr Lo;a gh
thfodk mikftZr djuk [kqn gh lh[k tk;sA cPps dh izfrHkk dks fodflr
djuk Hkh bl f'k{kk dk mn~ns'; FkkA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA
vFkok
f'k{kk ds eq[; mn~ns'; &
1- O;fDr dk lekthdj.k djukA
2- vius thou ij Lo;a fu;a=.k j[kukA
3- O;fDr vkthfodk mikftZr djus ds ;ksX; cu ldsA
4- O;fDr esa ,slh {kerk,a fodflr djuk ftlls vius fy;s ,d vyx LFkku
cuk ldsA
5- f'k{kk dk ,d eq[; mn~ns'; uSfrd fodkl djuk gSA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus imijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus imijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus imijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAj dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAj dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAj dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA
mRrj 20- Hkkjr esa vYila[;dksa dh leL;k,a &
23
1- euksoSKkfud :i ls vYila[;d leqnk; ds yksx ;g le>rs gS fd
la[;k esa de gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa vf/kd jktuSfrd vf/kdkj ugha fey
ldsaxsA
2- eqfLye leqnk; vkfFkZd vkSj 'kS{kf.kd fiNM+siu gksus ds dkj.k buds
ifjokjksa dk vkdkj c<+k gksuk gSA
3- Hkkjr eas iwoksZRrj jkT;ksa esa tgka bZlkbZ vYila[;dksa dh tula[;k dkQh
vf/kd gS muesa Hkh vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk ds dkj.k vkanksyudkjh izofRr
c<+rh tk jgh gSA
4- flD[k vYila[;dksa dks m|ksxksa] jktuhfr] ljdkjh lsokvksa vkSj f'k{kk esa
vPNk izfrfuf/kRo gSA budh viuh dksbZ vyx leL;k ugha gSA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA
vFkok
fiNM+k oxZ ls vfHkizk; &
Hkkjrh; lekt esa tks leqnk; vkfFkZd :i ls nqcZy gS mUgsa ge fiNM+k oxZ
dgrs gSA okLrfodrk ;g gS fd vU; fiNM+s oxZ dk rkRi;Z mu tkfr;ksa ls
gS tks tkfr O;oLFkk esa fuEu LFkku ij gksrs gq, Hkh vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa esa
'kkfey ugh gSA ysdu tkfr O;oLFkk ds fu;eksa ds dkj.k lkekftd] vkfFkZd
vkSj 'kS{kf.kd :i ls fiNM+h gqbZ gSA bu tkfr;ksa dh vkfFkZd vkSj 'kS{kf.kd
n'kk es vf/kd lq/kkj ugha gks ldkA bl vk/kkj ij fiNMs+ oxksZa dks ,d
vof'k"V Js.kh vFkok cph gqbZ Js.kh dgk tkrk gSA
lafo/kku esa fiNM+s oxZ dk dksbZ fuf'pr vFkZ Li"V u gksus ds dkj.k ;g
vko';d gks x;k fd ljdkj lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 340 ¼1½ ds vk/kkj ij
fdlh vk;ksx dks fu;qDr djds fiNM+s oxZ dh dlkSfV;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djds
mUgsa fo'ks"k lqfo/kk,a nsus dk iz;Ru djsaA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA
24
mRrj 21- Hkkjrh; ukxfjd ds ekSfyd vf/kdkj &
1- lekurk dk vf/kdkj & dkuwu ds lkeus lHkh yksx leku gSA muds
chp /keZ] oa'k] tkfr] fyax] tUeLFkku ds vk/kkj ij fdlh rjg dk
HksnHkko ugha fd;k tk;sxkA
2- Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj & vius fopkjksa dks O;Dr djuk] ns'k esa vkus tkus
dk vf/kdkj] jgus dk vf/kdkj] O;olk; djus dk vf/kdkj] vU;
vf/kdkjksa ls ns'k dh lqj{kk] iz'kklfud O;oLFkk esa Bsl u igqaprh gks vkSj
viuk thou Lora= fcrk ldsA
3- 'kks"k.k ls j{kk dk vf/kdkj & O;fDr ls csxkj ugha ysuk] cky Jfedksa dk
'kks"k.k ugha djuk] fdlh Hkh Js.kh ds O;fDr dks csapk ;k [kjhnk ugha tk
ldrkA
4- /kkfeZd Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj & izR;sd O;fDr fcuk ncko ds fdlh Hkh
/keZ ds vuqlkj O;ogkj] izpkj dj ldrk gSA
5- laLd`fr vkSj f'k{kk dk vf/kdkjA
6- laoS/kkfud mipkj dk vf/kdkjA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA
vFkok
iapk;rh jkt dh Hkwfedk &
lkekftd ifjorZu esa &
1- xkao Lrj dh mi;ksxh ;kstuk,aA
2- xzkeh.k usr`Ro dk fodklA
3- nqcZy oxksZa dk fodklA
4- xzkeh.kksa ds thou Lrj esa lq/kkjA
5- LokLF; ds fy;s fo'ks"k iz;RuA
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xkao ds fodkl vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu esa iapk;rh jkt dh vkSj vf/kd ls
vf/kd Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSA ysfdu xkao dh leL;k,a tSls xzkeh.k xqVcanh]
pquko] la?k"kZ] Hkz"Vkpkj dh izo`fRr vkfn ds dkj.k ifjorZu lekt esa ck/kk
cuk gqvk gSA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA
mRrj 22- HkfDr vkanksyu ds mn~ns'; &
1111---- nqCkZy yksxks dh lgk;rk djuk gh bZ'oj dks izkIr djus dk lcls vPNk
rjhdk gSA
2222---- HkfDr vkanksyu dk mn~ns'; lekt ds ewy <kaps dks cnys fcuk lekt esa
QSyh gqbZ dqjhfr;ksa] va/kfo'oklksa] lkekftd vlekurkvksa vkSj deZdk.Mksa
dk fojks/k djuk rFkk lkekftd thou dks vf/kd LoLF; cukuk jgk gSA
3333---- bZ'oj ds fy;s lHkh euq"; leku gSA
4444---- HkkbZ&pkjs dh Hkkouk dks fodflr djukA
5555---- NqvkNwr] lfr izFkk vkSj cky fookg dk O;kid fojks/k djukA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA
vFkok
fgalk ds dkj.k &
1111---- dqaBk & vlQyrk ds dkj.k O;fDr esa dqaBk vkSj ghurk iSnk gksus yxrh
gSA ,sls yksx naM dh fpark ugha djrs gSA
2222---- vlarks"k dk jktuhfrdj.k & valrks"k dk dkj.k tSls HksnHkko] Hkz"Vpkj
vkfn ls jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk vius fgrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy;s fd;k
tkus yxrk gSA blls gM+rky] can] rksM+QksM+ tSlh ?kVuk,a gksrh jgrh gSA
3333---- lekt dk vlarqfyr fodkl & fofHkUu lektksa esa vlarqfyr fodkl ds
QyLo:i Hkh ruko] la?k"kZ vkSj fgalk esa o`f) gksrh gSA
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4444---- vkradokn & orZeku ;qx esa nqfu;k ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa vkradoknh
xfrfof/k;ksa esa gksus okyh o`f) fgalk dk ,d izeq[k dkj.k gSA
5555---- laØe.kdkyhu n'kk,a & tc lekt ifjorZu ds nkSj ls xqtjrk gS rks
mlesa le; dh ekax ds vuqlkj fofHkUu laLFkkvksa vkSj O;ogkj ds rjhdksa
esa dfBurk ls gh dksbZ ifjorZu gks ikrk gSA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 5 vad izkIr gksaxsA
mRrj 23- Hkkjr esa jkT; ds lkeus pqukSfr;ka &
1- lkekftd vkanksyuA
2- ncko lewg fgr lewg vkSj la?koknA
3- lkEiznkf;drkA
4- {ks=oknA
5- tkfroknA
6- Hkz"VkpkjA
7- fons'kh dwVuhfrA
mijksDr esa ls fdUgha N% fcUnqvksa dks foLrkj lsmijksDr esa ls fdUgha N% fcUnqvksa dks foLrkj lsmijksDr esa ls fdUgha N% fcUnqvksa dks foLrkj lsmijksDr esa ls fdUgha N% fcUnqvksa dks foLrkj ls fy[kus ij dqy 6 vad izkIr fy[kus ij dqy 6 vad izkIr fy[kus ij dqy 6 vad izkIr fy[kus ij dqy 6 vad izkIr
gksaxsAgksaxsAgksaxsAgksaxsA
vFkok
jkT; ds izeq[k vk/kkj &
1- izHkqlRrkA
2- lalnh; yksdra=A
3- la?kh; lajpukA
4- yksdrkaf=d fodsUnzhdj.kA
5- /keZfujis{krkA
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6- U;k; Lora=rk vkSj lekurkA
7- cgqnyh; iz.kkyhA
mijksDr esa ls fdUgha N% fcUnqvksa dks foLrkj ls fy[kus ij dqy 6 mijksDr esa ls fdUgha N% fcUnqvksa dks foLrkj ls fy[kus ij dqy 6 mijksDr esa ls fdUgha N% fcUnqvksa dks foLrkj ls fy[kus ij dqy 6 mijksDr esa ls fdUgha N% fcUnqvksa dks foLrkj ls fy[kus ij dqy 6 vad izkIr gksaxsAvad izkIr gksaxsAvad izkIr gksaxsAvad izkIr gksaxsA
mRrj 24- mnkjhdj.k dh pqukSfr;ka &
1111---- xjhch dks nwj djukA
2222---- jkstxkj dh leL;k dks nwj djukA
3333---- xzkeh.k m|ksxksa ds fo?kVu ds :i esa izfrdwy izHkko iM+kA
4444---- miHkksDrkokn esa o`f) ls _.kxzLrrk dh leL;k iSnk gks xbZ gSA
5555---- mnkjhdj.k ls ;g vk'kadk gksus yxh gS fd f'k{kk dk {ks= futhdj.k gksus
ls fuEu oxZ lekt oafpr gks ldrk gSA
oS'ohdj.k dk vFkoS'ohdj.k dk vFkoS'ohdj.k dk vFkoS'ohdj.k dk vFkZ & Z & Z & Z &
oS'ohdj.k ds vFkZ fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk eas ,dhdj.k dh izfØ;k ls gSA bldk
vFkZ gS fd tc fofHkUu ns'kksa ds chp O;kikfjd izfrca/k de ;k lekIr gksus
yxrs gS rFkk lHkh ns'k ,d nwljs dh izkS|ksfxdh vkSj vuqHkoksa dk ykHk
mBkdj viuk vkfFkZd fodkl djus yxrs gS rc bl n'kk dks oS'ohdj.k
dgrs gSA
lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd vk/kkj ij oS'ohdj.k mRrj vk/kqfudrk dh mUur
n'kk dk uke gSA fo'o ds izfr O;kogkfjd n`f"Vdks.k tc fofHkUu ns'kksa ds
chp lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd laca/kksa ds :i esa Li"V gksus yxrk gSA rc
blh n'kk dks ge oS'ohdj.k dgrs gSA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 6 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 6 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 6 vad izkIr gksaxsAmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 6 vad izkIr gksaxsA
vFkok
uo e/;e oxZ dh fo'ks"krk, &
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1111---- uo e/;e oxZ lkaLd`frd vlarqyu dh n'kk gSA
2222---- Mh-ih- eq[kthZ }kjk uo e/;e if'peh <ax ls O;ogkjksa ls vf/kd izHkkfor
gSA
3333---- uo e/;e oxZ thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa Lora= rjg ds vkpj.k djuk gSA
4444---- ;g oxZ ,d rjg ds vkRe dsfUnzr oxZ gSA
5555---- bl oxZ eas miHkksDrkoknh laLd`fr dk rsth ls c<+uk gSA
6666---- izn'kZuokn bl oxZ dh ,d vU; fo'ks"krk gSA
vfHktu lewg &
vfHktu dk vFkZ mu yksxksa ds lewg ls gksrk gS tk egRoiw.kZ jktuSfrd inksa
ij vklhu gksrs gSA vFkok ftUgsa cM+s&cM+sa vf/kdkfj;ksa ds :i esa ljdkj dh
vksj ls iz'kklu ds dqN fo'ks"k vf/kdkj lkSais tkrs gSA
ijsVksa us lHkhvfHktuksa dks 'kkldh; vfHktu vkSj xSj 'kkldh; vfHktu tSlh
nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;kA orZeku le; esa mu lHkh lewgksa dks vfHktu
lewg ekuk tkrk gS tks jktuSfrd] iz'kklu] m|ksx] izkS|ksfxdh] izca/k] f'k{kk]
fpfdRlk blh rjg ds vusd {ks=ksa esa viuh ;ksX;rk vkSj dq'kyrk ds dkj.k
lekt dk usrRo djus yxrs gSA
mijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 6 vad izkIr gksaxsmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 6 vad izkIr gksaxsmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 6 vad izkIr gksaxsmijksDrkuqlkj fy[kus ij dqy 6 vad izkIr gksaxsAAAA
& & & & &